turnover rate was 0% of the average value of its portfolio. The Fund’s portfolio turnover rate is calculated without regard to cash instruments and most derivatives. If such instruments were included, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate might be significantly higher.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The Fund seeks to gain inverse exposure to the performance of the high yield bond market by investing in credit default swaps, futures, total return swaps on exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), and other financial instruments with economic characteristics opposite to those of the high yield bond market as represented by U.S. and Canadian high yield bonds. Generally, high yield bonds, which also are commonly referred to as “junk bonds,” are those bonds rated BB+ and lower by S&P Global Ratings or Ba1 and lower by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., but may include unrated bonds that the Advisor determines are of similar quality. The Advisor will consider the liquidity, transaction costs and relative value of available investments in seeking to meet the Fund’s objective.
The Fund will primarily invest in credit default swaps, swaps on ETFs, and bond futures to gain inverse exposure to the high yield bond market. Credit default swaps are instruments which allow for the full or partial transfer of third party credit risk, with respect to a particular entity or entities, from one counterparty to the other. The Fund will normally be a buyer of credit protection (mitigating credit risk) as it seeks to gain inverse exposure to the high yield bond market, but also may sell credit protection from time to time in order to maintain the appropriate level of exposure to the high yield bond market, such as during times of heavy redemption activity. The Fund will invest in bond futures to obtain exposure to interest rate risk comparable to that experienced in the high yield bond market, and will complement the Fund's swap investments exposure to produce inverse investment exposure to the high yield bond market.
For cash management purposes, the Fund may invest in other fixed
income securities and money market instruments. The Fund also may invest in other financial instruments including corporate notes, convertible debt securities, preferred securities and derivatives thereof, as well as other investment companies, consisting of ETFs, unit investment trusts, and closed-end funds, that provide inverse exposure to the high yield debt market. While the Fund anticipates investing in these instruments to seek to achieve its investment objective, the extent of the Fund’s investment in these instruments may vary from day to day depending on a number of different factors, including price, availability, and general market conditions. Certain of the Fund’s derivatives investments may be traded in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market.
Investments in derivative instruments, such as futures and swap agreements, have the economic effect of creating financial leverage in the Fund’s portfolio because such investments may give rise to losses that exceed the amount the Fund has invested in those instruments. Financial leverage will magnify, sometimes significantly, the Fund’s exposure to any increase or decrease in prices associated with a particular reference asset resulting in increased volatility in the value of the Fund’s portfolio. The value of the Fund’s portfolio is likely to experience greater volatility over short-term periods. While such financial leverage has the potential to produce greater gains, it also may result in greater losses, which in some cases may cause the Fund to liquidate other portfolio investments at a loss to comply with limits on leverage imposed by the Investment Company Act of 1940, satisfy margin or collateral requirements, or meet redemption requests. The Fund’s use of derivatives and the leveraged investment exposure created by the use of derivatives are expected to be significant.
The Fund also may enter into repurchase agreements with
counterparties that are deemed to present acceptable credit risks. In an effort to ensure that the Fund is fully invested on a day-to-day basis, the Fund may
conduct any necessary trading activity at or just prior to the close of the U.S. financial markets. The Fund is non-diversified and, therefore, may invest a greater percentage of its assets in a particular issuer in comparison to a diversified fund.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in financial instruments that in combination should provide inverse exposure to the U.S. and Canadian high yield bond markets.
Under certain circumstances the Fund may invest a substantial portion of its assets in other short-term fixed-income investment companies advised by the Advisor, or an affiliate of the Advisor, for liquidity management purposes, including in order to increase yield on liquid investments used to collateralize derivatives positions. Investments in these investment companies will significantly increase the portfolio’s exposure to certain other asset categories, including: (i) a broad range of high yield, high risk debt securities rated below the top four long-term rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization or, if unrated, determined by the Advisor, to be of comparable quality (also known as “junk bonds”); (ii) securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies and