Principal Occupation(s)

Position(s)

Vanguard

During the Past FiveYears,

Number of

Held With

Funds'Trustee/

Outside Directorships,

Vanguard Funds Overseen by

Name,Year of Birth

Funds

Officer Since

and Other Experience

Trustee/Officer

InterestedTrustee1

Mortimer J. Buckley

Chairman of the

January 2018

Chairman of the board (2019–present) of

217

(1969)

Board, Chief

Vanguard and of each of the investment

Executive

companies served by Vanguard; chief

Officer, and

executive officer (2018–present) of

President

Vanguard; chief executive officer,

president, and trustee (2018–present) of

each of the investment companies

served by Vanguard; president and

director (2017–present) of Vanguard; and

president (2018–present) of Vanguard

Marketing Corporation. Chief investment

officer (2013–2017), managing director

(2002–2017), head of the Retail Investor

Group (2006–2012), and chief

information officer (2001–2006) of

Vanguard. Chairman of the board

(2011–2017) and trustee (2009–2017) of

the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia;

and trustee (2018–present) and vice

chair (2019–present) of The Shipley

School.

1 Mr. Buckley is considered an "interested person" as defined in the 1940 Act because he is an officer of the Trust.

Independent Trustees

Tara Bunch

Trustee

November 2021

Head of Global Operations at Airbnb

217

(1962)

(2020–present). Vice President of

AppleCare (2012–2020). Member of the

board of Out & Equal (2002-2006), the

University of California, Berkeley School

of Engineering (2020-present), and Santa

Clara University's School of Business

(2018-present).

Emerson U. Fullwood

Trustee

January 2008

Executive chief staff and marketing

217

(1948)

officer for North America and corporate

vice president (retired 2008) of Xerox

Corporation (document management

products and services). Former president

of the Worldwide Channels Group, Latin

Principal Occupation(s)

Position(s)

Vanguard

During the Past FiveYears,

Number of

Held With

Funds'Trustee/

Outside Directorships,

Vanguard Funds Overseen by

Name,Year of Birth

Funds

Officer Since

and Other Experience

Trustee/Officer

Amy Gutmann

Trustee

June 2006

President (2004–present) of the

217

(1949)

University of Pennsylvania. Christopher

H. Browne Distinguished Professor of

Political Science, School of Arts and

Sciences, and professor of

communication, Annenberg School for

Communication, with secondary faculty

appointments in the Department of

Philosophy, School of Arts and Sciences,

and at the Graduate School of Education,

University of Pennsylvania.

F. Joseph Loughrey

Trustee

October 2009

President and chief operating officer

217

(1949)

(retired 2009) and vice chairman of the

board (2008–2009) of Cummins Inc.

(industrial machinery). Chairman of the

board of Hillenbrand, Inc. (specialized

consumer services). Director of the V

Foundation. Member of the advisory

council for the College of Arts and

Letters and chair of the advisory board to

the Kellogg Institute for International

Studies, both at the University of Notre

Dame. Chairman of the board of Saint

Anselm College.

Mark Loughridge

Lead

March 2012

Senior vice president and chief financial

217

(1953)

Independent

officer (retired 2013) of IBM (information

Trustee

technology services). Fiduciary member

of IBM's Retirement Plan Committee

(2004–2013), senior vice president and

general manager (2002–2004) of IBM

Global Financing, vice president and

controller (1998–2002) of IBM, and a

variety of other prior management roles

at IBM. Member of the Council on

Chicago Booth.

Scott C. Malpass

Trustee

March 2012

Chief investment officer and vice

217

(1962)

president of the University of Notre

Dame (retired 2020). Assistant professor

of finance at the Mendoza College of

Principal Occupation(s)

Position(s)

Vanguard

During the Past FiveYears,

Number of

Held With

Funds'Trustee/

Outside Directorships,

Vanguard Funds Overseen by

Name,Year of Birth

Funds

Officer Since

and Other Experience

Trustee/Officer

Deanna Mulligan

Trustee

January 2018

Board chair (2020), chief executive officer

217

(1963)

(2011–2020), and president (2010–2019)

of The Guardian Life Insurance Company

of America. Chief operating officer

(2010–2011) and executive vice

president (2008–2010) of Individual Life

and Disability of The Guardian Life

Insurance Company of America.

Member of the board of the Economic

Club of New York. Trustee of the

Partnership for New York City (business

leadership), the Chief Executives for

Corporate Purpose, the New

York-Presbyterian Hospital, and the

Bruce Museum (arts and science).

Member of the Advisory Council for the

Stanford Graduate School of Business.

André F. Perold

Trustee

December 2004

George Gund Professor of Finance and

217

(1952)

Banking, Emeritus at the Harvard

Business School (retired 2011). Chief

investment officer and co-managing

partner of HighVista Strategies LLC

(private investment firm). Board member

(2018–present) of RIT Capital Partners

(investment firm); investment committee

member of Partners Health Care

System.

Sarah Bloom Raskin

Trustee

January 2018

Deputy secretary (2014–2017) of the

217

(1961)

United States Department of the

Treasury. Governor (2010–2014) of the

Federal Reserve Board. Commissioner

(2007–2010) of financial regulation for

the State of Maryland. Professor

(2020–present), Distinguished Fellow of

the Global Financial Markets Center

(2020–present), and Rubenstein Fellow

(2017–2020) of Duke University; trustee

(2017–present) of Amherst College;

member of the Amherst College

Investment Committee (2019–present);

and member of the Regenerative Crisis

Response Committee (2020–present).

David Thomas

Trustee

July 2021

President of Morehouse College

217

(1956)

(2018–present). Professor of Business

Administration Emeritus at Harvard

University (2017–2018) and Dean

(2011–2016) and Professor of

Management at Georgetown University,

McDonough School of Business

(2016–2017). Director of DTE Energy

Company (2013–present). Trustee of

Common Fund (2019–present).

Principal Occupation(s)

Position(s)

Vanguard

During the Past FiveYears,

Number of

Held With

Funds'Trustee/

Outside Directorships,

Vanguard Funds Overseen by

Name,Year of Birth

Funds

Officer Since

and Other Experience

Trustee/Officer

Peter F. Volanakis

Trustee

July 2009

President and chief operating officer

217

(1955)

(retired 2010) of Corning Incorporated

(communications equipment) and

director of Corning Incorporated

(2000–2010) and Dow Corning

(2001–2010). Director (2012) of SPX

Corporation (multi-industry

manufacturing). Overseer of the Amos

Tuck School of Business Administration,

Dartmouth College (2001–2013).

Chairman of the board of trustees of

Colby-Sawyer College. Member of the

BMW Group Mobility Council.

Executive Officers

Christine M. Buchanan

Chief Financial

November 2017

Principal of Vanguard. Chief financial

217

(1970)

Officer and

officer (2021-present) and treasurer

Acting Treasurer

(2017-present; acting October

2021-present) of each of the investment

companies served by Vanguard. Partner

(2005–2017) at KPMG (audit, tax, and

advisory services).

David Cermak

Finance Director

October 2019

Principal of Vanguard. Finance director

217

(1960)

(2019–present) of each of the

investment companies served by

Vanguard. Managing director and head

(2017–present) of Vanguard Investments

Singapore. Managing director and head

(2017–2019) of Vanguard Investments

Hong Kong. Representative director and

head (2014–2017) of Vanguard

Investments Japan.

John Galloway

Investment

September 2020

Principal of Vanguard. Investment

217

(1973)

Stewardship

stewardship officer (2020–present) of

Officer

each of the investment companies

served by Vanguard. Head of Investor

Advocacy (2020–present) and head of

Marketing Strategy and Planning

(2017–2020) at Vanguard. Deputy

Assistant to the President of the United

States (2015).

Peter Mahoney

Controller

May 2015

Principal of Vanguard. Controller

217

(1974)

(2015–present) of each of the

investment companies served by

Vanguard. Head of International Fund

Services (2008– 2014) at Vanguard.

Anne E. Robinson

Secretary

September 2016

General counsel (2016–present) of

217

(1970)

Vanguard. Secretary (2016–present) of

Vanguard and of each of the investment

companies served by Vanguard.

Managing director (2016–present) of

Vanguard. Managing director and general

counsel of Global Cards and Consumer

Services (2014–2016) at Citigroup.

Counsel (2003–2014) at American

Express.