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Table of Contents                                                  
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 ________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
________________________________________
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Transition Period from              to             
Commission File Number 033-37587        
____________________________________________________________ 
Pruco Life Insurance Company
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Arizona 22-1944557
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
213 Washington Street
Newark, NJ 07102
(973) 802-6000
(Address and Telephone Number of Registrant's Principal Executive Offices)
SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:
Title of Each ClassTrading Symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Not ApplicableNot ApplicableNot Applicable
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes      No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of the Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes      No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated FilerAccelerated Filer
Non-accelerated FilerSmaller Reporting Company
Emerging Growth Company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐  No  
As of November 9, 2023, 250,000 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock (par value $10) were outstanding. As of such date, The Prudential Insurance Company of America, a New Jersey corporation, owned all of the registrant’s Common Stock.
Pruco Life Insurance Company meets the conditions set
forth in General Instruction (H) (1) (a) and (b) on Form 10-Q and
is therefore filing this Form 10-Q in the reduced disclosure format.


Table of Contents                                                  
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
  Page
Number
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 6.


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Table of Contents                                                  
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain of the statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “expects,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “includes,” “plans,” “assumes,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “should,” “will,” “shall” or variations of such words are generally part of forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are made based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects upon Pruco Life Insurance Company and its subsidiary. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting Pruco Life Insurance Company and its subsidiary will be those anticipated by management. These forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and there are certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ, possibly materially, from expectations or estimates reflected in such forward-looking statements, including, among others: (1) rapidly rising interest rates and equity market declines and their impact on our liquidity, capital positions, cash flows, results of operations and financial position, (2) losses on investments or financial contracts due to deterioration in credit quality or value, or counterparty default; (3) losses on insurance products due to mortality experience or policyholder behavior experience that differs significantly from our expectations when we price our products; (4) changes in interest rates and equity prices that may (a) adversely impact the profitability of our products, the value of separate accounts supporting these products or the value of assets we manage, (b) result in losses on derivatives we use to hedge risk or increase collateral posting requirements and (c) limit opportunities to invest at appropriate returns; (5) guarantees within certain of our products which are market sensitive and may decrease our earnings or increase the volatility of our results of operations or financial position; (6) liquidity needs resulting from (a) derivative collateral market exposure, (b) asset/liability mismatches, (c) the lack of available funding in the financial markets or (d) unexpected cash demands due to severe mortality calamity or lapse events; (7) financial or customer losses, or regulatory and legal actions, due to inadequate or failed processes or systems, external events and human error or misconduct such as (a) disruption of our systems and data, (b) an information security breach, (c) a failure to protect the privacy of sensitive data (d) reliance on third parties or (e) labor and employment matters; (8) changes in the regulatory landscape, including related to (a) financial sector regulatory reform, (b) changes in tax laws, (c) fiduciary rules and other standards of care, (d) state insurance laws and developments regarding group-wide supervision, capital and reserves, and (e) privacy and cybersecurity regulation; (9) technological changes which may adversely impact companies in our investment portfolio or cause insurance experience to deviate from our assumptions; (10) ratings downgrades; (11) market conditions that may adversely affect the sales or persistency of our products; (12) competition; (13) reputational damage; and (14) risks related to COVID-19 could reemerge. Pruco Life Insurance Company does not intend, and is under no obligation, to update any particular forward-looking statement included in this document. See “Risk Factors” included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for discussion of certain risks relating to our business and investment in our securities.


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Table of Contents                                                  
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands, except share amounts)
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available for sale, at fair value (allowance for credit losses: 2023-$4,315; 2022-$4,769) (amortized cost: 2023–$26,682,558; 2022–$21,311,087)
$23,798,355 $19,025,401 
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value (amortized cost: 2023–$3,369,161; 2022–$2,682,022)
2,444,273 1,936,159 
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2023– $232,311; 2022–$148,179)
224,397 143,072 
Policy loans1,455,484 505,367 
Short-term investments266,069 124,491 
Commercial mortgage and other loans (net of $27,100 and $20,263 allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)
5,492,869 4,928,680 
Other invested assets (includes $99,566 and $116,110 of assets measured at fair value at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)
1,203,591 1,088,613 
Total investments34,885,038 27,751,783 
Cash and cash equivalents1,845,278 2,397,627 
Deferred policy acquisition costs(1)6,923,554 6,930,425 
Accrued investment income308,908 219,635 
Reinsurance recoverables(1)36,860,011 37,096,562 
Receivables from parent and affiliates231,879 224,921 
Deferred sales inducements(1)359,674 381,504 
Income tax assets(1)2,319,041 1,694,751 
Market risk benefit assets(1)2,519,234 1,393,237 
Other assets(1)2,029,917 1,331,427 
Separate account assets111,611,386 114,051,246 
TOTAL ASSETS$199,893,920 $193,473,118 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Policyholders’ account balances(1)$49,662,070 $41,912,536 
Future policy benefits(1)21,257,134 20,829,033 
Market risk benefit liabilities(1)4,371,178 5,521,601 
Cash collateral for loaned securities184,001 86,750 
Short-term debt to affiliates304,317 126,250 
Long-term debt to affiliates0 185,563 
Payables to parent and affiliates3,966,688 2,126,571 
Other liabilities(1)4,720,229 3,597,373 
Separate account liabilities111,611,386 114,051,246 
Total liabilities196,077,003 188,436,923 
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (See Note 15)
EQUITY
Common stock ($10 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; 250,000 shares issued and outstanding)
2,500 2,500 
Additional paid-in capital5,495,220 6,037,914 
Retained earnings / (accumulated deficit)(1)(941,204)(994,154)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(1)(739,599)(10,065)
Total equity3,816,917 5,036,195 
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY$199,893,920 $193,473,118 
(1)    Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.
See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements


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Table of Contents                                                  
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands)
 
  Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2023202220232022
REVENUES
Premiums(1)$85,140 $61,716 $251,761 $185,545 
Policy charges and fee income(1)346,481 369,946 1,096,508 857,881 
Net investment income460,864 210,762 1,203,389 582,190 
Asset administration fees56,754 68,554 177,744 219,576 
Other income (loss)(1)(63,555)(161,407)286,750 (795,129)
Realized investment gains (losses), net(1)(468,256)97,271 (581,241)810,771 
Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gain (loss)(1)(247,471)(80,078)(266,156)(1,235,415)
TOTAL REVENUES169,957 566,764 2,168,755 625,419 
BENEFITS AND EXPENSES
Policyholders’ benefits(1)145,409 87,685 397,552 367,543 
Change in estimates of liability for future policy benefits(1)6,565 (2,935)1,030 42,865 
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances(1)163,074 97,649 467,112 318,586 
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs(1)132,242 128,420 398,884 384,384 
General, administrative and other expenses(1)271,473 243,205 858,809 795,922 
TOTAL BENEFITS AND EXPENSES718,763 554,024 2,123,387 1,909,300 
INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND EQUITY IN EARNINGS OF OPERATING JOINT VENTURE(548,806)12,740 45,368 (1,283,881)
Income tax expense (benefit)(1)(104,883)(7,660)(8,318)(350,214)
INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE EQUITY IN EARNINGS OF OPERATING JOINT VENTURE(443,923)20,400 53,686 (933,667)
Equity in earnings of operating joint venture, net of taxes(404)(253)(736)(75,411)
NET INCOME (LOSS)$(444,327)$20,147 $52,950 $(1,009,078)
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments(2,835)(3,649)431 (11,519)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)(1)(618,892)(790,108)(500,018)(2,608,049)
Interest rate remeasurement of future policy benefits(1)90,909 97,171 73,321 346,865 
Gain (loss) from changes in non-performance risk on market risk benefits(1)(429,966)(3,233)(497,289)1,786,353 
Total(960,784)(699,819)(923,555)(486,350)
Less: Income tax expense (benefit) related to other comprehensive income (loss)(1)(201,437)(146,711)(194,021)(100,893)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes(759,347)(553,108)(729,534)(385,457)
Comprehensive income (loss)$(1,203,674)$(532,961)$(676,584)$(1,394,535)
(1)    Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.




See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements


5


Table of Contents                                                  
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Equity
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands)
  Common  
Stock
 Additional  
Paid-in
Capital
Retained Earnings / (Accumulated Deficit)Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive  
Income (Loss)
Total Equity  
Balance, December 31, 2022(1)$2,500 $6,037,914 $(994,154)$(10,065)$5,036,195 
Contributed capital405,000 405,000 
Contributed (distributed) capital-parent/child asset transfers1,870 1,870 
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)279,679 279,679 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax416,704 416,704 
Total comprehensive income (loss)696,383 
Balance, March 31, 20232,500 6,444,784 (714,475)406,639 6,139,448 
Return of capital(300,000)(300,000)
Contributed (distributed) capital-parent/child asset transfers498 498 
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)217,598 217,598 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes(386,891)(386,891)
Total comprehensive income (loss)(169,293)
Balance, June 30, 20232,500 6,145,282 (496,877)19,748 5,670,653 
Return of capital(650,000)(650,000)
Contributed (distributed) capital-parent/child asset transfers(62)(62)
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)(444,327)(444,327)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(759,347)(759,347)
Total comprehensive income (loss)(1,203,674)
Balance, September 30, 2023$2,500 $5,495,220 $(941,204)$(739,599)$3,816,917 
(1)    Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.


6


Table of Contents                                                  
 Common  
Stock
Additional  
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings / (Accumulated Deficit)
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive  
Income (Loss)
Total Equity  
Balance, December 31, 2021(1)$2,500 $6,042,491 $(227,449)$396,454 $6,213,996 
Contributed capital8,160 8,160 
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)(482,207)(482,207)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax66,559 66,559 
Total comprehensive income (loss)(415,648)
Balance, March 31, 2022(1)2,500 6,050,651 (709,656)463,013 5,806,508 
Contributed capital3,194 3,194 
Contributed (distributed) capital-parent/child asset transfers(13,504)(13,504)
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)(547,018)(547,018)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax101,092 101,092 
Total comprehensive income (loss)(445,926)
Balance, June 30, 2022(1)2,500 6,040,341 (1,256,674)564,105 5,350,272 
Contributed capital6,508 6,508 
Contributed (distributed) capital-parent/child asset transfers(12,009)(12,009)
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income (loss)20,147 20,147 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(553,108)(553,108)
Total comprehensive income (loss)(532,961)
Balance, September 30, 2022(1)$2,500 $6,034,840 $(1,236,527)$10,997 $4,811,810 
(1)    Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.


























See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements


7


Table of Contents                                                  
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands)

20232022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss)(1)$52,950 $(1,009,078)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Policy charges and fee income(1)47,830 89,744 
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances(1)467,112 318,586 
Realized investment (gains) losses, net(1)581,241 (810,771)
Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging (gains) losses(1)266,156 1,235,415 
Change in:
Future policy benefits and other insurance liabilities(1)1,722,582 3,283,649 
Reinsurance recoverables(1)(447,411)(1,936,549)
Accrued investment income(85,831)(35,718)
Net payables to/receivables from parent and affiliates(9,978)97,663 
Deferred policy acquisition costs(1)(386,514)(336,285)
Income taxes(1)(430,883)(446,118)
Derivatives, net(547,545)(1,144,519)
Other, net(1)(2)107,768 1,717,442 
Cash flows from (used in) operating activities1,337,477 1,023,461 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from the sale/maturity/prepayment of:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale1,096,571 1,511,002 
Fixed maturities, trading68,734 871,217 
Equity securities189,090 109,213 
Policy loans141,484 126,551 
Ceded policy loans(94,874)(85,231)
Short-term investments352,689 212,518 
Commercial mortgage and other loans98,558 179,274 
Other invested assets11,800 70,570 
Payments for the purchase/origination of:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale(5,957,466)(5,061,674)
Fixed maturities, trading(746,093)(186,069)
Equity securities(86,748)(281,610)
Policy loans(1,111,590)(111,949)
Ceded policy loans127,365 55,194 
Short-term investments(473,889)(485,509)
Commercial mortgage and other loans(665,136)(547,112)
Other invested assets(137,809)(108,025)
Notes receivable from parent and affiliates, net4,302 410 
Derivatives, net(56,949)(331,816)
Other, net(3,924)35,618 
Cash flows from (used in) investing activities(7,243,885)(4,027,428)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Policyholders’ account deposits 9,193,418 9,164,371 
Ceded policyholders’ account deposits(875,022)(916,797)
Policyholders’ account withdrawals (2,805,559)(4,338,707)
Ceded policyholders’ account withdrawals454,740 425,911 
Net change in securities sold under agreement to repurchase and cash collateral for loaned securities97,263 191,938 
Contributed / (return of) capital(545,000)0 
Contributed (distributed) capital - parent/child asset transfers2,919 (15,366)
Net change in all other financing arrangements (maturities 90 days or less)(584)0 
Drafts outstanding(109,199)(49,310)
Other, net (58,917)23,476 
Cash flows from (used in) financing activities5,354,059 4,485,516 
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS(552,349)1,481,549 
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR2,397,627 918,931 
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD$1,845,278 $2,400,480 

(1)    Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.
(2)    Prior period has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Significant Non-Cash Transactions
"Cash flows from (used in) operating activities" for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 excludes certain non-cash activities in the amount of $470 million related to the novated indexed variable annuities under the reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Life Insurance & Annuity Company (“FLIAC”). See Note 11 for more details regarding this transaction.

"Cash flows from (used in) operating activities" for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 excludes certain non-cash activities in the amount of $531 million related to the Company entering into an affiliated reinsurance agreement with Lotus Reinsurance Company Ltd. ("Lotus Re") on January 1, 2022 and $4,130 million related to the novated indexed variable annuities under the reinsurance agreement with FLIAC. See Note 11 for more details regarding these transactions. The Company also received $18 million of non-cash assets from its parent, The Prudential Insurance Company of America. See Note 14 for additional information.
























See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements


8


Table of Contents                                          
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements


1.    BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Pruco Life Insurance Company (“Pruco Life”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Prudential Insurance Company of America (“Prudential Insurance”), which in turn is a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential Financial, Inc. (“Prudential Financial”). Pruco Life is a stock life insurance company organized in 1971 under the laws of the State of Arizona. It is licensed to sell life insurance and annuities in the District of Columbia, Guam and in all states except New York, and sells such products primarily through affiliated and unaffiliated distributors.

Pruco Life has one wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, Pruco Life Insurance Company of New Jersey (“PLNJ”). PLNJ is a stock life insurance company organized in 1982 under the laws of the State of New Jersey. It is licensed to sell life insurance and annuities in New Jersey and New York only. Pruco Life and its subsidiary are together referred to as the "Company", "we" or "our" and all financial information is shown on a consolidated basis.

Prudential Financial Sale of PALAC

Effective April 1, 2022, Prudential Financial completed the sale of Prudential Annuities Life Assurance Corporation (“PALAC”) to Fortitude Group Holdings, LLC (“Fortitude”). As such, PALAC is no longer an affiliate of Prudential Financial or the Company. Fortitude subsequently renamed the company Fortitude Life Insurance & Annuity Company (“FLIAC”).

Reinsurance Agreement with FLIAC

Effective December 1, 2021, the Company entered into a reinsurance agreement with FLIAC (previously named PALAC) under which the Company assumed all of its variable and fixed indexed annuities, and fixed annuities with a guaranteed lifetime withdrawal income feature from FLIAC. See Note 11 for additional information regarding this reinsurance arrangement.

Basis of Presentation

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2018-12, Financial Services— Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, which provided new authoritative guidance impacting the accounting and disclosure requirements for long-duration insurance and investment contracts issued by the Company. See “Adoption of ASU 2018-12” below for additional information regarding this adoption, including the impacts to the Company’s 2022 financial statements from implementing the new accounting standard as well as the transition impacts recorded as of January 1, 2021. See Note 2 for additional details regarding the key policy changes effected by this ASU and updated accounting policies resulting from the adoption of this ASU for all periods presented in the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) on a basis consistent with reporting interim financial information in accordance with instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and results of operations have been made. All such adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the Company's restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023.



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Table of Contents                                     
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Adoption of ASU 2018-12

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts which provides new authoritative guidance impacting the accounting and disclosure requirements for long-duration insurance and investment contracts issued by the Company. The Company adopted this guidance, effective January 1, 2023, using the modified retrospective transition method, where permitted, for changes to the liability for future policy benefits and deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC") and related balances, and using the retrospective transition method, as required, for market risk benefits. The Company applied the guidance as of the transition date of January 1, 2021 and retrospectively adjusted prior period amounts shown in the 2023 financial statements to reflect the new guidance.

The following tables present amounts as previously reported in 2022, the effect upon those amounts from the adoption of the new guidance under ASU 2018-12, and the adjusted amounts that are reflected in the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.

Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position:
December 31, 2022
IMPACTED LINES ONLYAs Previously ReportedEffect of
Change
As Currently Reported
(in thousands)
Deferred policy acquisition costs$6,616,097 $314,328 $6,930,425 
Reinsurance recoverables34,561,825 2,534,737 37,096,562 
Deferred sales inducements275,574 105,930 381,504 
Income tax assets1,873,740 (178,989)1,694,751 
Market risk benefit assets0 1,393,237 1,393,237 
Other assets1,327,393 4,034 1,331,427 
TOTAL ASSETS$189,299,841 $4,173,277 $193,473,118 
Policyholders’ account balances$41,748,241 $164,295 $41,912,536 
Future policy benefits23,204,533 (2,375,500)20,829,033 
Market risk benefit liabilities0 5,521,601 5,521,601 
Other liabilities3,407,156 190,217 3,597,373 
Total liabilities184,936,310 3,500,613 188,436,923 
Retained earnings / (accumulated deficit)(95,583)(898,571)(994,154)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(1,581,300)1,571,235 (10,065)
Total equity4,363,531 672,664 5,036,195 
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY$189,299,841 $4,173,277 $193,473,118 














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Table of Contents                                     
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss):
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
IMPACTED LINES ONLYAs Previously ReportedEffect of ChangeAs Currently Reported
(in thousands)
REVENUES
Premiums$63,354 $(1,638)$61,716 
Policy charges and fee income438,781 (68,835)369,946 
Other income (loss)(163,701)2,294 (161,407)
Realized investment gains (losses), net23,958 73,313 97,271 
Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gain (loss)0 (80,078)(80,078)
TOTAL REVENUES641,708 (74,944)566,764 
BENEFITS AND EXPENSES
Policyholders’ benefits122,139 (34,454)87,685 
Change in estimates of liability for future policy benefits0 (2,935)(2,935)
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances105,170 (7,521)97,649 
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs96,048 32,372 128,420 
General, administrative and other expenses241,370 1,835 243,205 
TOTAL BENEFITS AND EXPENSES564,727 (10,703)554,024 
INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND EQUITY IN EARNINGS OF OPERATING JOINT VENTURE76,981 (64,241)12,740 
Income tax expense (benefit)(1,983)(5,677)(7,660)
INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE EQUITY IN EARNINGS OF OPERATING JOINT VENTURE78,964 (58,564)20,400 
NET INCOME (LOSS)$78,711 $(58,564)$20,147 
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)(862,220)72,112 (790,108)
Interest rate remeasurement of future policy benefits0 97,171 97,171 
Gain (loss) from changes in non-performance risk on market risk benefits0 (3,233)(3,233)
Total(865,869)166,050 (699,819)
Less: Income tax expense (benefit) related to other comprehensive income (loss)(181,602)34,891 (146,711)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes(684,267)131,159 (553,108)
Comprehensive income (loss)$(605,556)$72,595 $(532,961)



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Table of Contents                                     
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
IMPACTED LINES ONLYAs Previously ReportedEffect of ChangeAs Currently Reported
(in thousands)
REVENUES
Premiums$195,020 $(9,475)$185,545 
Policy charges and fee income1,256,155 (398,274)857,881 
Other income (loss)(803,321)8,192 (795,129)
Realized investment gains (losses), net1,522,774 (712,003)810,771 
Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gain (loss)0 (1,235,415)(1,235,415)
TOTAL REVENUES2,972,394 (2,346,975)625,419 
BENEFITS AND EXPENSES
Policyholders’ benefits500,009 (132,466)367,543 
Change in estimates of liability for future policy benefits0 42,865 42,865 
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances391,640 (73,054)318,586 
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs731,768 (347,384)384,384 
General, administrative and other expenses795,514 408 795,922 
TOTAL BENEFITS AND EXPENSES2,418,931 (509,631)1,909,300 
INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND EQUITY IN EARNINGS OF OPERATING JOINT VENTURE553,463 (1,837,344)(1,283,881)
Income tax expense (benefit)69,090 (419,304)(350,214)
INCOME (LOSS) FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE EQUITY IN EARNINGS OF OPERATING JOINT VENTURE484,373 (1,418,040)(933,667)
NET INCOME (LOSS)$408,962 $(1,418,040)$(1,009,078)
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)(2,775,879)167,830 (2,608,049)
Interest rate remeasurement of future policy benefits0 346,865 346,865 
Gain (loss) from changes in non-performance risk on market risk benefits0 1,786,353 1,786,353 
Total(2,787,398)2,301,048 (486,350)
Less: Income tax expense (benefit) related to other comprehensive income (loss)(584,114)483,221 (100,893)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes(2,203,284)1,817,827 (385,457)
Comprehensive income (loss)$(1,794,322)$399,787 $(1,394,535)



12


Table of Contents                                     
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
IMPACTED LINES ONLYAs Previously ReportedEffect of
Change
As Currently Reported
(in thousands)
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss)$408,962 $(1,418,040)$(1,009,078)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Policy charges and fee income(70,540)160,284 89,744 
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances391,640 (73,054)318,586 
Realized investment (gains) losses, net(1,522,774)712,003 (810,771)
Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging (gains) losses0 1,235,415 1,235,415 
Change in:
Future policy benefits and other insurance liabilities2,021,063 1,262,586 3,283,649 
Reinsurance recoverables(875,612)(1,060,937)(1,936,549)
Deferred policy acquisition costs11,130 (347,415)(336,285)
Income taxes(26,802)(419,316)(446,118)
Other, net(1)1,768,968 (51,526)1,717,442 
Cash flows from (used in) operating activities$1,023,461 $0 $1,023,461 
(1)    Prior period has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

The following tables detail the January 1, 2021 transition adjustments by providing a rollforward of the ending reported balances as of December 31, 2020 to the opening balances as of January 1, 2021 for retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) and the impacted insurance-related balances.

January 1, 2021
Retained Earnings
(in thousands)
Balance after-tax, prior to transition $1,772,398 
Reclassification of market risk benefits non-performance risk to accumulated other comprehensive income(1)
(722,837)
Updates to certain universal life contract liabilities(2)(116,120)
Other(3)72,950 
Total pre-tax adjustments(766,007)
Tax impacts160,861 
Balance after-tax, after transition
$1,167,252 
(1)    Reflects the cumulative impact of changes in the fair value of market risk benefits (“MRB”) non-performance risk (“NPR”) from the date of contract issuance to January 1, 2021. These amounts were previously recorded in retained earnings but are now reflected in AOCI under the new guidance.
(2)    Reflects the impact on additional insurance reserves ("AIR") and other related balances primarily related to the no-lapse guarantee features on certain universal life contracts. For additional information, see Note 2.
(3)    Primarily reflects the reassessment of deferred reinsurance gains ("DRG") and losses ("DRL").




13


Table of Contents                                     
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



January 1, 2021
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
(in thousands)
Balance after-tax, prior to transition$546,128 
Interest rate remeasurement of future policy benefits
(196,526)
Reclassification of market risk benefits non-performance risk to accumulated other comprehensive income(1)722,837 
Unwinding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses(2)(102,042)
Change in operating joint ventures(753)
Total pre-tax adjustments423,516 
Tax impacts(89,096)
Balance after-tax, after transition$880,548 
(1)    Reflects the cumulative impact of changes in NPR on the fair value of market risk benefits from the date of contract issuance to January 1, 2021. These amounts were previously recorded in retained earnings but are now reflected in AOCI under the new guidance.
(2)    Primarily reflects amounts related to DAC and other balances as unrealized investment gains or losses no longer impact the amortization pattern of such balances under the new guidance. Also includes the impacts from updates to reserves and other related balances for certain universal life contracts. For additional information, see Note 2.

January 1, 2021
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Term LifeVariable/Universal LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance prior to transition$462,098 $1,971,838 $2,433,936 
Unwinding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses0 74,702 74,702 
Other(1)1 (15,557)(15,556)
Balance after transition$462,099 $2,030,983 $2,493,082 
(1)    Represents miscellaneous model refinements.

January 1, 2021
Deferred Reinsurance Losses(1)
Variable AnnuitiesTerm LifeVariable/Universal LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance prior to transition$118,579 $87,932 $27,167 $233,678 
Unwinding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses14,804 0 0 14,804 
Effect of change in reserve basis to market risk benefits141,032 0 0 141,032 
Effect of change in SOP 03-1 reserve basis0 0 (27,167)(27,167)
Balance after transition$274,415 $87,932 $0 $362,347 
(1)    Deferred reinsurance losses are included in “Other assets”.

January 1, 2021
Deferred Reinsurance Gains(1)
Variable/Universal Life
(in thousands)
Balance prior to transition$134,213 
Effect of change in SOP 03-1 reserve basis40,046 
Balance after transition$174,259 
(1)    Deferred reinsurance gains are included in “Other liabilities”.


14


Table of Contents                                     
PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



January 1, 2021
Benefit Reserves(1)
Term LifeLife Insurance - TaiwanOther(2)Total
(in thousands)
Balance prior to transition$6,674,490 $1,592,329 $219,744 $8,486,563 
Changes in cash flow assumptions and other activity(259)43,233 (7,283)35,691 
Balance after transition, at original discount rate6,674,231 1,635,562 212,461 8,522,254 
Cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions2,432,010 3,316,991 27,818 5,776,819 
Balance after transition, at current discount rate9,106,241 4,952,553 240,279 14,299,073 
   Less: Reinsurance recoverable8,536,200 4,952,553 239,874 13,728,627 
Balance after transition, net of reinsurance recoverable$570,041 $0 $405 $570,446 
(1)    Benefit reserves, excluding amounts for reinsurance recoverable, are included in "Future policy benefits". For additional information on the liability for future policy benefits, see Note 8.
(2)    Other includes fixed annuities and retirement products.

January 1, 2021
Deferred Profit Liability(1)
Life Insurance - TaiwanOther(2)Total
(in thousands)
Balance prior to transition$49,127 $1,689 $50,816 
Changes in benefit reserves(6,671)8,521 1,850 
Balance after transition42,456 10,210 52,666 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable42,456 10,210 52,666 
Balance after transition, net of reinsurance recoverable$0 $0 $0 
(1)    Deferred profit liability ("DPL"), excluding amounts for reinsurance recoverable, is included in "Future policy benefits". For additional information regarding the liability for future policy benefits, see Note 8.
(2)    Other includes fixed annuities and retirement products.

January 1, 2021
Additional Insurance Reserves(1)
Variable/Universal LifeVariable AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Balance prior to transition$9,363,585 $588,311 $9,951,896 
Unwinding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses(1,426,811)(53,889)(1,480,700)
Balance prior to transition, excluding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses7,936,774 534,422 8,471,196 
Reclassification of future policy benefits additional insurance reserves to market risk benefits0 (534,422)(534,422)
Updates to certain universal life contract liabilities(2)1,771,341 0 1,771,341 
Balance after transition, excluding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses9,708,115 0 9,708,115 
Amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses after transition1,169,972 0 1,169,972 
Balance after transition10,878,087 0 10,878,087 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable10,685,150 0 10,685,150 
Balance after transition, net of reinsurance recoverable$192,937 $0 $192,937 
(1)    AIR, excluding amounts for reinsurance recoverable, are included in "Future policy benefits". For additional information regarding the liability for future policy benefits, see Note 8.
(2)    For additional information regarding updates to reserves and other related balances for certain universal life contracts, see Note 2.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



January 1, 2021
Unearned Revenue Reserves(1)
Variable/Universal Life
(in thousands)
Balance prior to transition$1,377,669 
Unwinding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses and other activity367,599 
Balance after transition1,745,268 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable751,517 
Balance after transition, net of reinsurance recoverable$993,751 
(1)    Unearned revenue reserves ("URR") are included in "Policyholders' account balances". For additional information regarding the liability for policyholders' account balances, see Note 9.

January 1, 2021
Market Risk Benefits(1)
Variable Annuities
(in thousands)
Liability for guaranteed benefits recorded at fair value, prior to transition$13,227,814 
Additional insurance reserves to be reclassed to market risk benefits, prior to transition, excluding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses534,422 
Total liability prior to transition13,762,236 
Change in reserve basis to market risk benefits framework(184,693)
Market risk benefits after transition, at current non-performance risk value13,577,543 
Less: Reinsured market risk benefits13,589,575 
Market risk benefits after transition, net of reinsurance$(12,032)
Market risk benefits after transition, at contract inception non-performance risk value14,300,380 
Cumulative change in non-performance risk722,837 
Market risk benefits after transition, at current non-performance risk value$13,577,543 
(1)    For additional information regarding market risk benefits, see Note 10.

January 1, 2021
Cost of Reinsurance(1)
Variable/Universal Life
(in thousands)
Balance prior to transition$602,294 
Unwinding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses(246,899)
Balance prior to transition, excluding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses355,395 
Impact from updates to certain universal life contract liabilities(2)81,920 
Balance after transition, excluding amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses437,315 
Amounts related to unrealized investment gains and losses after transition191,098 
Balance after transition$628,413 
(1)    Cost of reinsurance is included in "Other liabilities".
(2)    For additional information regarding updates to reserves and other related balances for certain universal life contracts, see Note 2.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



The most significant estimates include those used in determining future policy benefits; policyholders' account balances and reinsurance related to the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with the index-linked features of certain universal life and annuity products; market risk benefits; the valuation of investments including derivatives, the measurement of allowance for credit losses, and the recognition of other-than-temporary impairments; reinsurance recoverables; any provision for income taxes and valuation of deferred tax assets; and accruals for contingent liabilities, including estimates for losses in connection with unresolved legal and regulatory matters.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Out of Period Adjustments

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded out of period adjustments resulting in an aggregate net charge of $73 million to “Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of operating joint venture”. The adjustments primarily relate to the valuation of the embedded derivative associated with the variable indexed annuities reinsurance recoverable that should have been recorded in the second quarter of 2022 to “Realized investment gains (losses), net”.

The aggregate impact of out of period adjustments recorded in the first nine months of 2022 was a net charge of $72 million to “Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of operating joint ventures”. These adjustments relate to reserves for certain universal and variable life products and certain portions of variable life and annuities reinsurance activity.

Management has evaluated the impact of all out of period adjustments, both individually and in the aggregate, and concluded that they are not material to any current or previously reported quarterly or annual financial statements.

2.    SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") in the form of ASUs to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"). The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs listed below include those that have been adopted during the current fiscal year and/or those that have been issued but not yet adopted as of September 30, 2023, and as of the date of this filing. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or not material.

Adoption of ASU 2018-12

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. Adoption of this ASU impacted, at least to some extent, the accounting and disclosure requirements for all long-duration insurance and investment contracts issued by the Company and had a significant financial impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements and disclosures. See Note 1 for additional information.

As of the January 1, 2021 transition date, the adoption of the standard resulted in a decrease to “Total equity” of $271 million, primarily from remeasuring in force contract liabilities using upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yields as of the transition date and from other changes in reserves. As of the January 1, 2023 adoption date, the impact amounted to an increase to "Total equity" of $673 million. The changes in the impacts from January 1, 2021 to January 1, 2023 primarily reflect the increase in market interest rates during 2021 and 2022.

Outlined below are: (1) key accounting policy changes effected by the ASU and (2) updated accounting policies for all of the periods presented in the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.




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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



(1) Key Accounting Policy Changes

Area of ChangeDescriptionMethod of adoptionEffect on the financial statements or other significant matters
Cash flow assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits for non-participating traditional and limited-payment insurance productsRequires an entity to review, and if necessary, update the cash flow assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits, for both changes in future assumptions and actual experience, at least annually using a retrospective update method with a cumulative catch-up adjustment recorded in a separate line item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.Effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transition method, which includes a cumulative effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of January 1, 2021 (the “transition date”). Under this method, the amendments to contracts in force were applied as of January 1, 2021 on the basis of their existing carrying amounts, adjusted for the removal of any related amounts in AOCI
The impact upon transition reflects the impact on in force contract liabilities in instances where expected net premiums exceeded expected gross premiums at an issue-year cohort level as a result of updating to current best estimate cash flow assumptions as of the transition date. As a result of the modified retrospective transition method, the vast majority of the impact of updating cash flow assumptions to best estimates as of the transition date will be reflected in the pattern of earnings in subsequent periods. See Note 1 for additional information regarding the effect on the financial statements. Adoption of the standard also resulted in additional required disclosures. See Note 8 for additional information.
Discount rate assumption used to measure the liability for future policy benefits for non-participating traditional and limited-payment insurance productsRequires discount rate assumptions to be based on an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yields, which will be updated each quarter with the impact recorded through OCI. An entity shall maximize the use of relevant observable information and minimize the use of unobservable information in determining the discount rate assumptions.As noted above, the guidance for the liability for future policy benefits was adopted effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transition method, which includes a cumulative effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of January 1, 2021. Under this method, for balance sheet remeasurement purposes, the liability for future policy benefits is remeasured using discount rates as of January 1, 2021 with the impact recorded as a cumulative effect adjustment to AOCI.
Adoption of the ASU resulted in a significant impact to AOCI as a result of remeasuring in force contract liabilities using current upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yields. This adjustment largely reflects the difference between discount rates locked-in at contract inception versus current discount rates. See Note 1 for additional information regarding the effect on the financial statements. Adoption of the standard also resulted in additional required disclosures. See Note 8 for additional information.


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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Area of ChangeDescriptionMethod of adoptionEffect on the financial statements or other significant matters
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and other balancesRequires DAC and other balances, such as URR and Deferred Sales Inducements ("DSI"), to be amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contract, independent of expected profitability.Effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transition method, which includes a cumulative effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of January 1, 2021. Under this method, the amendments to contracts in force were applied as of January 1, 2021 on the basis of their existing carrying amounts, adjusted for the removal of any related amounts in AOCI.
Adoption of the ASU did not have a significant impact on DAC and other balances upon transition, other than the impact of the removal of any related amounts in AOCI. See Note 1 for additional information regarding the effect on the financial statements. Adoption of the standard also resulted in additional required disclosures. See Note 6 for additional information.
Market Risk BenefitsRequires an entity to measure all market risk benefits (e.g., living benefit and death benefit guarantees associated with variable annuities) at fair value, and record MRB assets and liabilities separately on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Changes in the fair value of market risk benefits are recorded in net income, except for the portion attributable to changes in an entity’s NPR, which is recognized in OCI. An entity shall maximize the use of relevant observable information and minimize the use of unobservable information in determining the balance of the market risk benefits upon adoption.Effective January 1, 2023 using the retrospective transition method, which includes a cumulative effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of January 1, 2021.
Adoption of the ASU resulted in an adjustment to retained earnings for the difference between the fair value and carrying value of benefits not measured at fair value prior to the adoption of the ASU (e.g., guaranteed minimum death benefits on variable annuities) and a reclass of the cumulative effect of changes in NPR from retained earnings to AOCI. See Note 1 for additional information regarding the effect on the financial statements. Adoption of the standard also resulted in additional required disclosures. See Note 10 for additional information.

In addition to the significant key accounting changes noted above, ASU 2018-12 also clarified the definition of assessments used to accrue additional insurance reserves and other related balances, primarily for no-lapse guarantee features on certain universal life contracts. Application of the new guidance changed the pattern of reserve recognition for these guarantees and resulted in an increase to the net contract liabilities related to these products at transition. See Note 1 for additional information regarding the effect on the financial statements.

ASU 2022-05, Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944) Transition for Sold Contracts was issued on December 15, 2022, to amend the transition guidance in ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. The amendment allows an insurance entity to make an accounting policy election to not apply ASU 2018-12 to contracts or legal entities sold or disposed of before the effective date, and in which the insurance entity has no significant continuing involvement with the derecognized contracts. An insurance entity is permitted to apply the policy election on a transaction by transaction basis to each sale or disposal transaction. An insurance entity is required to disclose whether it has chosen to apply this accounting policy election and provide a qualitative description of the sale or disposal transactions to which the accounting policy election is applied. The Company did not apply this accounting policy election.



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



(2) Updated Accounting Policies

This section includes the updated accounting policies resulting from the adoption of ASU 2018-12 which are applicable to all of the periods presented in the Unaudited Interim Financial Statements. This section is meant to serve as an update to, and should be read in conjunction with, Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023.

ASSETS

Deferred policy acquisition costs represents costs directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance and annuity business. Such DAC primarily includes commissions, costs of policy issuance and underwriting, and certain other expenses that are directly related to successfully acquired contracts. In each reporting period, previously capitalized DAC is amortized and included in “Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs”. Upon the adoption of ASU 2018-12, the carrying amount of DAC for long-duration contracts is no longer subject to recoverability testing.

DAC for most long-duration contracts is amortized on a constant-level basis at a grouped contract level over the expected life of the underlying insurance contracts. Contracts are grouped consistent with the groupings used to estimate the liability for future policy benefits (or other related balances) for the corresponding contracts. Since contracts within a grouping may be of different sizes, contracts within a group are weighted to achieve appropriate amortization and to ensure that DAC is derecognized when a policy is no longer in force. The constant-level basis used to weight contracts within a grouping and amortize DAC is generally defined as follows:

Life insurance contracts – DAC associated with life insurance contracts is generally amortized in proportion to the initial face amount of life insurance in force. This is applicable to traditional and universal life insurance.

Payout annuity contracts – DAC associated with payout annuity contracts is amortized in proportion to annual benefit payments.

Deferred annuity contracts – DAC associated with fixed and variable deferred annuity contracts is amortized in proportion to deposits.

For single premium immediate annuities without life contingencies, acquisition expenses are deferred and amortized over the expected life of the contracts using the interest method.

Current period DAC amortization reflects the impact of changes in actual insurance in force during the period and changes in future assumptions effected as of the end of the quarter, where applicable. The Company typically updates actuarial assumptions annually in the second quarter, (see "Annual Assumptions Review" below), unless a material change is observed in an interim period that is indicative of a long-term trend. Generally, the Company does not expect trends to change significantly in the short-term and, to the extent these trends may change, the Company expects such changes to be gradual over the long-term.

Assumptions used for DAC are consistent with those used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits (or any other related balance) for the corresponding contract. Determining the level of aggregation and actuarial assumptions used in projecting in force terminations requires judgment. Internal criteria are developed to determine the level of aggregation by considering both qualitative and quantitative materiality thresholds. The assumptions used in projecting in force terminations are mortality, mortality improvement, and lapse assumptions. These assumptions are generally based on the Company’s experience, industry experience and/or other factors, as applicable. For variable deferred annuity contracts, lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on the in-the-moneyness of the living benefits and reflect other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. Lapse rates are reduced when contracts are more in-the-money. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower for the period where surrender charges apply.



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



For some products, policyholders can elect to modify product benefits, features, rights or coverages by exchanging a contract for a new contract or by amendment, endorsement, or rider to a contract, or by the election of a feature or coverage within a contract. These transactions are known as internal replacements. If policyholders surrender traditional life insurance policies in exchange for life insurance policies that do not have fixed and guaranteed terms, the Company immediately charges to expense the remaining unamortized DAC on the surrendered policies. For other internal replacement transactions, except those that involve the addition of a non-integrated contract feature that does not change the existing base contract, the unamortized DAC is immediately charged to expense if the terms of the new policies are not substantially similar to those of the former policies. If the new terms are substantially similar to those of the earlier policies, the DAC is retained with respect to the new policies and amortized over the expected life of the new policies. See Note 6 for additional information regarding DAC.

Reinsurance recoverables include corresponding receivables associated with reinsurance arrangements with affiliates and third party reinsurers, and are reported on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position net of the CECL allowance. Reinsurance recoverables also include assumed modified coinsurance arrangements which generally reflect the value of the invested assets retained by the cedant and the associated asset returns. Modified coinsurance recoverables contain an embedded derivative (bifurcated and accounted for separately from the host contract) that is presented together with the derivative embedded in the modified coinsurance payables as one compound derivative. For additional information about these arrangements see Note 11.

The CECL allowance considers the credit quality of the reinsurance counterparty and is generally determined based on the probability of default and loss given default assumptions, after considering any applicable collateral arrangements. The CECL allowance does not apply to reinsurance recoverables with affiliated counterparties under common control. Additions to or releases of the allowance are reported in “Policyholders’ benefits.” Prior to the adoption of this standard, an allowance for credit losses for reinsurance recoverables was established only when it was deemed probable that a reinsurer may fail to make payments to us in a timely manner. Reinsurance premiums, commissions, expense reimbursements, benefits and reserves related to reinsured long-duration contracts under coinsurance arrangements are accounted for over the life of the underlying reinsured contracts using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying contracts. For reinsurance of in force blocks of non-participating traditional and limited-payment contracts, the current value of the direct liability as of inception of the reinsurance agreement is used to calculate the reinsurance recoverable and cost of reinsurance such that there is no immediate other comprehensive income or loss from recognition of the reinsurance recoverable at inception. Consistent with the direct liability, the reinsurance recoverable for non-participating traditional and limited-payment contracts is remeasured each period using current single A rates with the effect on the liability resulting from such updates recorded in "Interest rate remeasurement of future policy benefits" in OCI.

Coinsurance arrangements contrast with the Company’s yearly renewable term ("YRT") arrangements, where only mortality risk is transferred to the reinsurer and premiums are paid to the reinsurer to reinsure that risk. The mortality risk that is reinsured under YRT arrangements represents the difference between the stated death benefits in the underlying reinsured contracts and the corresponding reserves or account value carried by the Company on those same contracts. The premiums paid to the reinsurer are based upon negotiated amounts, not on the actual premiums paid by the underlying contractholders to the Company. As YRT arrangements are usually entered into by the Company with the expectation that the contracts will be in force for the lives of the underlying policies, they are considered to be long-duration reinsurance contracts. The cost of reinsurance for universal life products is generally recognized based on the gross assessments of the underlying direct policies. The cost of reinsurance for term insurance products is generally recognized in proportion to direct premiums over the life of the underlying policies.

Market risk benefit assets represents MRBs in an asset position and are presented separately from MRBs in a liability position. See “Market risk benefit liabilities” below. MRB assets also reflect ceded MRBs resulting from reinsurance of the Company's Prudential Defined Income ("PDI") traditional variable annuity contracts. See Note 11 for additional information regarding the reinsurance of PDI.

Other assets consists primarily of deposit assets related to a reinsurance agreement entered into with a third-party reinsurer during 2021 using deposit accounting under U.S. GAAP, see Note 11 for additional information. Included in these deposit assets are amounts representing fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with the index-linked features of certain annuity products. For additional information regarding the valuation of these embedded derivatives, see Note 5. Also included are premiums due, deferred loss on reinsurance which is amortized over the expected life of the reinsured contracts on a constant-level basis, receivables resulting from sales of securities that had not yet settled at the balance sheet date, prepaid tax expenses, and the Company’s investments in operating joint ventures. Investments in operating joint ventures are generally accounted for under the equity method. The carrying value of these investments is written down, or impaired, to fair value when a decline in value is considered to be other-than-temporary.



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Deferred Sales Inducements are amounts that are credited to a policyholders’ account balance primarily as an inducement to purchase fixed and/or variable deferred annuity contracts. The Company defers sales inducements and amortizes them over the expected life of the policy using the same methodology, factors and assumptions used to amortize DAC. The Company records amortization of DSI in “Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances.” Unlike DAC, DSI are considered contractual cash flows and, as a result, are subject to periodic recoverability testing. See Note 6 for additional information regarding DSI.

Separate account assets represents segregated funds that are invested for certain policyholders, and other customers. The assets consist primarily of equity securities, fixed maturities, real estate-related investments, real estate mortgage loans, short-term investments and derivative instruments and are reported at fair value. The assets of each account are legally segregated and are not subject to claims that arise out of any other business of the Company. Investment risks associated with market value changes are borne by the customers, except to the extent of minimum guarantees made by the Company with respect to certain accounts. The investment income and realized investment gains or losses from separate account assets generally accrue to the policyholders and are not included in the Company’s results of operations. Mortality, policy administration and surrender charges assessed against the accounts are included in “Policy charges and fee income”. Asset administration fees charged to the accounts are included in “Asset administration fees”. Seed money that the Company invests in separate accounts is reported in the appropriate general account asset line. Investment income and realized investment gains or losses from seed money invested in separate accounts accrue to the Company and are included in the Company’s results of operations. See Note 7 for additional information regarding separate account arrangements with contractual guarantees. See also “Separate account liabilities below.

LIABILITIES

Future policy benefits is primarily comprised of the present value of expected future payments to or on behalf of policyholders, where the timing and amount of such payments depend on policyholder mortality or morbidity, less the present value of expected future net premiums (where net premiums are gross premiums multiplied by the Net-To-Gross ("NTG") ratio discussed below). The liability for future policy benefits is accrued over time as premium revenue is recognized. See Note 8 for additional information regarding future policy benefits.

The reserving methodology used for non-participating traditional and limited-payment contracts include the following:

Cash Flow Assumptions. In measuring the liability for future policy benefits, the net premium valuation methodology is utilized. Under this methodology, a liability for future policy benefits is established using current best estimate insurance assumptions and interest rate assumptions locked-in at contract issuance date. The NTG ratio is calculated as the ratio of the present value of expected policy benefits and non-level claim settlement expenses divided by the present value of expected gross premiums. The NTG ratio is applied to gross premiums, as premium revenue is recognized, to determine net premiums. The liability is then determined as the present value of expected future policy benefits and non-level claim settlement expenses less the present value of expected future net premiums. For purposes of liability measurement, contracts are grouped into cohorts based primarily on issue year and major product line.

The NTG ratio is generally updated quarterly for actual experience and annually for future cash flow assumption updates during the Company’s annual assumptions review process in the second quarter of each year unless a material change is observed in an interim period that is indicative of a long-term trend (see Annual Assumptions Review” below), with the exception of claim settlement expense assumptions which the Company has made an entity-wide election to lock-in as of contract issuance. The NTG ratio is subject to a retrospective unlocking method whereby the Company updates its best estimate of cash flows expected over the life of the cohort using actual historical experience and updated future cash flow assumptions. These updated cash flows are used to calculate the revised NTG ratio, which is used to derive an updated liability for future policy benefits as of the beginning of the current reporting period, discounted at the original contract issuance discount rate. The updated liability for future policy benefit amount as of the beginning of the quarter is then compared to the carrying amount of the liability as of that same date, before the updates for actual experience or future cash flow assumptions, to determine the current period change in liability estimate. This current period change in the liability is the liability remeasurement gain or loss that is recorded through current period earnings in “Change in estimates of liability for future policy benefits.” In subsequent periods, the revised NTG ratio is used to measure the liability for future policy benefits, subject to future revisions.



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



If a cohort is in a loss position where the liability for future policy benefits plus the present value of expected future gross premiums are determined to be insufficient to provide for expected future policy benefits and non-level claim settlement expenses, the NTG ratio is capped at 100%. In these instances, all changes in expected benefits resulting from both actual experience deviations and changes in future assumptions are reflected immediately. While the liability for future policy benefits cannot be less than zero (i.e., a contra-liability) at the cohort level and thus the balance is floored at zero (i.e., “flooring”), the NTG ratio may be negative. This would be the case whereby conditions have improved such that the present value of future net premiums plus the existing liability for future policy benefits as of the valuation date exceed the present value of expected future policy benefits and non-level claim settlement expenses. In this case, the negative NTG ratio would be applied going forward to gross premiums received, effectively amortizing the gain into income and reducing the liability over time.

In addition, for limited-payment contracts, the liability for future policy benefits also includes a Deferred Profit Liability representing gross premiums received in excess of net premiums and is generally recognized in revenue in a constant relationship with insurance in force for life contracts or with the amount of expected future benefit payments for annuity contracts. The DPL is subject to a retrospective unlocking adjustment consistent with the liability for future policy benefits discussed above. The DPL cannot be less than zero (i.e., a contra-liability) at the cohort level and thus the balance is floored at zero (i.e., “flooring”).

For contracts issued prior to January 1, 2021, the modified retrospective transition method was used to transition to ASU 2018-12. Under this method, the transition date of January 1, 2021 serves as the new issue date of the contracts in force for purposes of retrospectively unlocking the NTG ratio and DPL as described above.

Discount Rate Assumption. The locked-in discount rate is generally based on expected investment returns at contract inception for contracts issued prior to January 1, 2021 and the upper medium grade fixed income corporate instrument yield (i.e., global single A) at contract inception for contracts issued after January 1, 2021. The discount rate in effect at contract inception is locked-in for the calculation of the NTG ratio and accretion of interest cost on the liability through net income. However, for balance sheet remeasurement purposes, the discount rate is updated using the current single A rate at each reporting period, with the effect on the liability resulting from such update recorded in “Interest rate remeasurement of future policy benefits" in OCI.

The methodology used in constructing the single A discount rate curve for discounting cash flows used to calculate the liability for future policy benefits is intended to be reflective of the characteristics of the applicable insurance liabilities. The single A discount rate curve is developed by reference to upper medium grade (low credit risk) fixed income instrument yields that reflect the duration characteristics of the applicable insurance liabilities. The single A discount curve for the United States and foreign economies, such as Japan, with observable corporate A spreads, is developed using government bond rates, plus globally equivalent public corporate A spreads in the observable periods. The definition of upper medium grade is based on Moody’s definition which includes the spectrum of A (i.e., A- to A+). The rate used in foreign operations (with the exception of certain emerging markets, as discussed below) is based on the equivalent of a single A rate from a global rating agency for corporate bonds issued in the same currency and country in which the insurance contract is written. Liquidity is considered in defining the observable period and linear extrapolation is performed to the Company's ultimate long-term economic assumptions. See “Annual Assumptions Review” below for further discussion regarding the Company’s long-term economic assumption setting process.

The Company’s liability for future policy benefits also includes net liabilities for guaranteed benefits related to certain long-duration life contracts, such as no-lapse guarantee contract features (AIR liability), for which a liability is established when associated assessments are recognized (which include investment margin on policyholders' account balances in the general account and all policy charges including charges for administration, mortality, expense, surrender, and other charges). This liability is established using current best estimate assumptions and is based on the ratio of the present value of total expected excess payments (i.e., payments in excess of account value) over the life of the contract divided by the present value of total expected assessments (i.e., benefit ratio).



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



For universal life type contracts and participating contracts, the Company performs premium deficiency tests using best estimate assumptions as of the testing date. If the liabilities determined based on these best estimate assumptions are greater than the net reserves (i.e., GAAP reserves including URR, net of reinsurance and any DSI asset), the existing net reserves are adjusted by first reducing these assets by the amount of the deficiency or to zero through a charge to current period earnings. If the deficiency is more than these asset balances for insurance contracts, the net reserves are increased by the excess through a charge to current period earnings included in "policyholders' benefits". Since investment yields are used as the discount rate, the premium deficiency test is also performed using a discount rate based on the market yield (i.e., assuming what would be the impact if any unrealized gains (losses) were realized as of the testing date). In the event that by using the market yield a deficiency occurs, an adjustment is established for the deficiency and is included in AOCI.

In certain instances, for universal life type contracts and participating contracts, the policyholder liability for a particular line of business may not be deficient in the aggregate to trigger loss recognition, but the pattern of earnings may be such that profits are expected to be recognized in earlier years followed by losses in later years. In these situations, accounting standards require that an additional liability (Profits Followed by Losses or “PFL” liability) be recognized by an amount necessary to sufficiently offset the losses that would be recognized in later years. To date, the Company has not recorded a PFL liability on any such contracts.

The Company’s liability for future policy benefits also includes a liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses. The Company does not establish claim liabilities until a loss has been incurred. However, unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses include estimates of claims that the Company believes have been incurred but have not yet been reported as of the balance sheet date.

Policyholders’ account balances liability represents the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date. This liability is primarily associated with the accumulated account deposits, plus interest credited, less policyholder withdrawals and other charges assessed against the account balance, as applicable. These policyholders’ account balances also include provision for benefits under non-life contingent payout annuities and certain unearned revenues. The unearned revenue liability represents policy charges for services to be provided in future periods. The charges are deferred as incurred and are generally amortized over the expected life of the contract using the same methodology, factors, and assumption used to amortize DAC. See Note 9 for additional information regarding policyholders’ account balances. Policyholders' account balances also include amounts representing the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with the index-linked feature of certain universal life and annuity products. For additional information regarding the valuation of these embedded derivatives, see Note 5.

Market risk benefit liabilities represents contracts or contract features that provide protection to the contractholder and exposes the Company to other than nominal capital market risk, primarily related to deferred annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits associated with annuities products including guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”), guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”), guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”), guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”) and guaranteed minimum income and withdrawal benefits (“GMIWB”). The benefits are accounted for using a fair value measurement framework. If a contract contains multiple market risk benefits, the benefits are bundled together and accounted for as a single compound market risk benefit. Market risk benefits in an asset position are presented separately from those in a liability position as there is no legal right of offset between contracts. The fair value of market risk benefits is calculated as the present value of expected future benefit payments to contractholders less the present value of expected future rider fees attributable to the market risk benefit. The fair value of market risk benefits is based on assumptions a market participant would use in valuing market risk benefits. For additional information regarding the valuation of market risk benefits, see Note 5. On a quarterly basis, changes in the fair value of market risk benefits are recorded in net income, net of related hedges, in "Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gains (losses)", except for the portion of the change attributable to changes in the Company’s NPR which is recorded in OCI. See Note 10 for additional information regarding market risk benefits.

Consistent with direct contracts, reinsurance agreements may also include features that meet the definition of an MRB and, if so, are accounted for at fair value. The fair value of direct or assumed MRBs reflects the Company's NPR, while the fair value of ceded MRBs reflects the counterparty credit risk of the reinsurer. Changes in the fair value of ceded MRBs, including the impact of changes in counterparty credit risk, are recorded in net income in "Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gain (loss)".



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Other liabilities consists primarily of reinsurance payables associated with reinsurance arrangements that correspond to reinsurance receivables included above in “Reinsurance recoverables”. Also included is a funds withheld liability for assets retained under a reinsurance agreement that corresponds to the deposit assets above in "Other assets". For additional information about these arrangements see Note 11. Additionally other liabilities includes accrued expenses, technical overdrafts, payables resulting from purchases of securities that had not yet settled at the balance sheet date and deferred gain on reinsurance. The amortization method for deferred gain on reinsurance is amortized over the expected life of the reinsured contracts on a constant-level basis. Other liabilities may also include derivative instruments for which fair values are determined as described below under "Derivative Financial Instruments".

Separate account liabilities primarily represents the contractholders’ account balance in separate account assets and to a lesser extent borrowings of the separate account, and will be equal and offsetting to total separate account assets. See also “Separate account assets above.

REVENUES AND BENEFITS AND EXPENSES

Insurance Revenue and Expense Recognition

Premiums from individual life products, other than universal and variable life contracts, are recognized when due. When premiums are due over a significantly shorter period than the period over which benefits are provided, any gross premium in excess of the net premium (i.e., the portion of the gross premium required to provide for all expected future policy benefits and non-level claim settlement expenses) is generally deferred and recognized into revenue in a constant relationship to insurance in force. Benefits are recorded as an expense when they are incurred. A liability for future policy benefits is recorded when premiums are recognized as described in "Future policy benefits" above.

Premiums from single premium immediate annuities with life contingencies are recognized when due. When premiums are due over a significantly shorter period than the period over which benefits are provided, any gross premium in excess of the net premium is generally deferred and recognized into revenue based on expected future benefit payments. Benefits are recorded as an expense when they are incurred. A liability for future policy benefits is recorded when premiums are recognized as described in "Future policy benefits" above.

Certain individual annuity contracts provide the contractholder a guarantee that the benefit received upon death or annuitization will be no less than a minimum prescribed amount. These benefits are generally accounted for as market risk benefits (see “Market risk benefits” above).

Amounts received from policyholders as payment for universal or variable individual life contracts, deferred fixed or variable annuities and other contracts without life contingencies are reported as deposits to “Policyholders’ account balances” and/or “Separate account liabilities.” Revenues from these contracts are reflected in “Policy charges and fee income” consisting primarily of fees assessed during the period against the policyholders’ account balances for mortality and other benefit charges, policy administration charges and surrender charges. In addition to fees, the Company earns investment income from the investment of deposits in the Company’s general account portfolio. Fees assessed that represent compensation to the Company for services to be provided in future periods and certain other fees are generally deferred and amortized into revenue over the life of the related contracts using the same methodology, factors, and assumption used to amortize DAC as described above. Benefits and expenses for these products include claims in excess of related account balances, expenses of contract administration, interest credited to policyholders’ account balances and amortization of DAC and DSI.

Policyholders’ account balances also includes amounts representing the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with the index-linked features of certain universal life and annuity products where changes in the value of the embedded derivatives are recorded through "Realized investment gains (losses), net". For additional information regarding the valuation of these embedded derivatives, see Note 5.



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Annual Assumptions Review

Annually, the Company performs a comprehensive review of the assumptions set for purposes of estimating future premiums, benefits, and other cash flows. Assumptions include those that are economic and those that are insurance related. Insurance related assumptions are based on the Company’s best estimates of future rates of mortality, morbidity, lapse, surrender, annuitization, expenses and other items. The Company generally looks to relevant Company experience as the primary basis for these assumptions. If relevant Company experience is not available or does not have sufficient credibility, the Company may look to experience of similar blocks of business, either in the Company or the industry. Mortality rate assumptions are generally based on Company experience, sometimes blending Company experience with an industry table where the Company experience alone is not sufficiently credible. The Company sets mortality and morbidity assumptions that vary by major type of business. Within type of business, rates vary by age and gender. The Company applies an adjustment for future mortality improvement, consistent with observed long-term trends of population mortality over time. Lapse and surrender assumptions are based on Company and industry experience, where available. The Company sets rates that vary by product type, taking into account features specific to the product.

As part of this review, the Company may update these assumptions and make refinements to its models based upon emerging experience, future expectations and other data, including any observable market data it feels is indicative of a long-term trend. These assumptions are generally updated annually, unless a material change is observed in an interim period that the Company feels is also indicative of a long-term trend. Generally, the Company does not expect trends to change significantly in the short-term and, to the extent these trends may change, it expects such changes to be gradual over the long-term.

The Company also performs a comprehensive review of the economic assumptions, including long-term interest rate assumptions and equity return assumptions that impact reserve calculations. The Company generally utilizes relevant economic outlook information and industry survey as the primary basis for these assumptions. The Company may use those economic assumptions to project future rates of return on investments.

Other ASUs adopted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023

The Company adopted ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosure, effective January 1, 2023, on a prospective basis. This ASU eliminates the accounting guidance for Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) for creditors and adds enhanced disclosure requirements. Following adoption of the ASU, all loan refinancings and restructurings are subject to the modification guidance in ASC 310-20. Specific to the accounting policy for commercial mortgage and other loans, adoption of the ASU resulted in the elimination of TDRs such that, on a prospective basis, all modifications are evaluated under the existing modification guidance in ASC 310-20 to determine whether a modification results in a new financial instrument or a continuation of the existing financial instrument. Furthermore, for modifications of loans that have a CECL allowance and result in a continuation of the existing loan, the CECL allowance of the loan is remeasured using the modified terms and the post-modification effective yield. Prior to the adoption of the ASU, if a loan modification was a TDR, the CECL allowance of the loan was remeasured using the modified terms and the loan’s original effective yield. Adoption of the ASU did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.


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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)




3.    INVESTMENTS

Fixed Maturity Securities

The following tables set forth the composition of fixed maturity securities (excluding investments classified as trading), as of the dates indicated:
 September 30, 2023
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$392,452 $119 $99,511 $0 $293,060 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions794,103 562 62,748 0 731,917 
Foreign government bonds341,894 628 75,489 0 267,033 
U.S. public corporate securities10,141,650 9,571 1,313,950 1,097 8,836,174 
U.S. private corporate securities4,958,820 3,596 427,455 2,946 4,532,015 
Foreign public corporate securities1,883,846 1,134 190,248 264 1,694,468 
Foreign private corporate securities4,802,652 19,942 622,422 0 4,200,172 
Asset-backed securities(1)2,037,295 15,615 23,202 0 2,029,708 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities926,653 32 93,898 0 832,787 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(2)403,193 139 22,303 8 381,021 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$26,682,558 $51,338 $2,931,226 $4,315 $23,798,355 
(1)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, auto loans, education loans and credit cards.
(2)Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

 December 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$354,348 $300 $72,856 $0 $281,792 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions654,884 4,275 30,959 0 628,200 
Foreign government bonds330,967 1,140 58,640 5 273,462 
U.S. public corporate securities7,414,790 21,299 992,145 0 6,443,944 
U.S. private corporate securities4,140,734 13,071 335,205 1,871 3,816,729 
Foreign public corporate securities1,539,172 2,455 163,384 21 1,378,222 
Foreign private corporate securities4,338,585 19,761 589,153 2,863 3,766,330 
Asset-backed securities(1)1,467,955 6,976 32,577 0 1,442,354 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities727,159 94 69,101 0 658,152 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(2)342,493 3,211 9,479 9 336,216 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$21,311,087 $72,582 $2,353,499 $4,769 $19,025,401 
(1)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, education loans, auto loans and home equity.
(2)Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)




The following tables set forth the fair value and gross unrealized losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities without an allowance for credit losses aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual fixed maturity securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of the dates indicated:
 September 30, 2023
 Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or MoreTotal
 Fair Value  Gross
  Unrealized  Losses
Fair Value  Gross
  Unrealized  Losses
Fair Value  Gross
  Unrealized  Losses
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$97,348 $3,963 $191,991 $95,548 $289,339 $99,511 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions448,520 24,252 212,638 38,496 661,158 62,748 
Foreign government bonds36,806 3,030 223,995 72,459 260,801 75,489 
U.S. public corporate securities3,555,490 173,174 4,847,346 1,140,717 8,402,836 1,313,891 
U.S. private corporate securities1,574,199 66,338 2,620,568 361,085 4,194,767 427,423 
Foreign public corporate securities588,547 15,738 951,916 174,194 1,540,463 189,932 
Foreign private corporate securities1,426,572 58,934 2,293,089 563,488 3,719,661 622,422 
Asset-backed securities580,841 7,610 599,359 15,592 1,180,200 23,202 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities177,533 3,454 584,984 90,444 762,517 93,898 
Residential mortgage-backed securities258,938 8,288 119,993 14,014 378,931 22,302 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$8,744,794 $364,781 $12,645,879 $2,566,037 $21,390,673 $2,930,818 


 December 31, 2022
 Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or MoreTotal
 Fair ValueGross
  Unrealized  Losses
Fair ValueGross
  Unrealized  Losses
Fair ValueGross
  Unrealized  Losses
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of
U.S. government authorities and agencies
$212,991 $46,928 $62,630 $25,928 $275,621 $72,856 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions307,734 16,851 61,915 14,108 369,649 30,959 
Foreign government bonds139,577 19,435 111,371 39,205 250,948 58,640 
U.S. public corporate securities3,873,275 389,937 1,979,725 602,208 5,853,000 992,145 
U.S. private corporate securities2,506,932 157,853 948,686 177,352 3,455,618 335,205 
Foreign public corporate securities548,083 40,508 596,437 122,856 1,144,520 163,364 
Foreign private corporate securities1,772,413 199,124 1,479,608 390,029 3,252,021 589,153 
Asset-backed securities625,710 15,146 289,581 17,431 915,291 32,577 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities459,186 30,408 176,349 38,693 635,535 69,101 
Residential mortgage-backed securities129,721 9,220 1,294 259 131,015 9,479 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$10,575,622 $925,410 $5,707,596 $1,428,069 $16,283,218 $2,353,479 








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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities without an allowance of $2,754.1 million and $2,164.1 million, respectively, related to “1” highest quality or “2” high quality securities based on the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) or equivalent rating and $176.7 million and $189.4 million, respectively, related to other than high or highest quality securities based on NAIC or equivalent rating. As of September 30, 2023, the $2,566.0 million of gross unrealized losses of twelve months or more were concentrated in the Company’s corporate securities within the finance, consumer non-cyclical and utility sectors. As of December 31, 2022, the $1,428.1 million of gross unrealized losses of twelve months or more were concentrated in the Company's corporate securities within the finance, consumer non-cyclical and utility sectors.

In accordance with its policy described in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023, the Company concluded that an adjustment to earnings for credit losses related to these fixed maturity securities was not warranted at September 30, 2023. This conclusion was based on detailed analysis of the underlying credit and cash flows for each security. Gross unrealized losses are primarily attributable to increases in interest rates, general credit spread widening and foreign currency exchange rate movements . As of September 30, 2023, the Company did not intend to sell these securities, and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of the amortized cost basis.

The following table sets forth the amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities by contractual maturities, as of the date indicated:
September 30, 2023
 Amortized CostFair Value
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less$753,797 $735,127 
Due after one year through five years8,340,245 7,851,028 
Due after five years through ten years6,783,822 6,071,535 
Due after ten years7,437,553 5,897,149 
Asset-backed securities2,037,295 2,029,708 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities926,653 832,787 
Residential mortgage-backed securities403,193 381,021 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$26,682,558 $23,798,355 

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and residential mortgage-backed securities are shown separately in the table above, as they do not have a single maturity date.

The following table sets forth the sources of fixed maturity proceeds and related investment gains (losses), as well as losses on write-downs and the allowance for credit losses of fixed maturities, for the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2023202220232022
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Proceeds from sales(1)$151,383 $377,344 $280,064 $1,055,433 
Proceeds from maturities/prepayments318,188 222,454 806,521 453,241 
Gross investment gains from sales and maturities1,377 (2,527)10,826 (3,885)
Gross investment losses from sales and maturities(10,920)(2,371)(28,445)(44,274)
Write-downs recognized in earnings(2)4 (1,088)11 (20,604)
(Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses608 98 454 (563)



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



(1)Excludes activity from non-cash related proceeds due to the timing of trade settlements of $10.0 million and $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(2)Amounts represent write-downs of credit adverse securities and securities actively marketed for sale.

The following tables set forth the activity in the allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities, as of the dates indicated:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$0 $0 $4,917 $0 $0 $6 $4,923 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded0 0 374 0 0 0 374 
Reductions for securities sold during the period0 0 (1,280)0 0 0 (1,280)
Reductions for securities with intent to sell0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance0 0 296 0 0 2 298 
Balance, end of period$0 $0 $4,307 $0 $0 $8 $4,315 

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$0 $116 $4,694 $0 $0 $0 $4,810 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded0 0 534 0 0 7 541 
Reductions for securities sold during the period0 (92)(21)0 0 0 (113)
Reductions for securities with intent to sell0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance0 (14)(512)0 0 0 (526)
Balance, end of period$0 $10 $4,695 $0 $0 $7 4,712 



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$0 $5 $4,755 $0 $0 $9 $4,769 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded0 0 3,539 0 0 0 3,539 
Reductions for securities sold during the period0 (1)(5,054)0 0 0 (5,055)
Reductions for securities with intent to sell0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance0 (4)1,067 0 0 (1)1,062 
Balance, end of period$0 $0 $4,307 $0 $0 $8 $4,315 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$0 $11 $4,138 $0 $0 $0 $4,149 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded0 329 12,696 0 0 7 13,032 
Reductions for securities sold during the period0 (96)(1,223)0 0 0 (1,319)
Reductions for securities with intent to sell0 (324)(16,666)0 0 0 (16,990)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance0 90 5,750 0 0 0 5,840 
Balance, end of period$0 $10 $4,695 $0 $0 $7 $4,712 

See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023 for additional information about the Company's methodology for developing our allowance and expected losses.



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)




For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the net decrease in the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities was primarily related to net reductions within the utility sector within corporate securities, due to an investment restructuring. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the net decrease in the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities was primarily related to recoveries in the capital goods and transportation sectors within corporate securities.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the net decrease in the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities was primarily related to net reductions within the capital goods and utility sectors within corporate securities due to restructurings, partially offset by net additions within the technology and finance sectors within corporate securities due to adverse projected cashflows. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the net increase in the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities was primarily related to adverse projected cash flows in the consumer non-cyclical and utility sectors within corporate securities, partially offset by a recovery in the transportation sector.

The Company did not have any fixed maturity securities purchased with credit deterioration, as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Fixed Maturities, Trading
The net change in unrealized gains (losses) from fixed maturities, trading still held at period end, recorded within “Other income (loss),” was $(221.6) million and $(194.6) million during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $(179.0) million and $(715.1) million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Equity Securities

The net change in unrealized gains (losses) from equity securities still held at period end, recorded within “Other income (loss),” was $(10.9) million and $(10.2) million during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $(2.8) million and $(24.3) million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans

The following table sets forth the composition of “Commercial mortgage and other loans”, as of the dates indicated:
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 Amount
(in thousands)
% of
Total
Amount
(in thousands)
% of
Total
Commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans by property type:
Apartments/Multi-Family$1,450,305 26.3 %$1,289,026 26.0 %
Hospitality102,536 1.9 104,177 2.1 
Industrial2,097,019 38.0 1,766,247 35.8 
Office580,189 10.5 590,897 11.9 
Other410,324 7.4 380,121 7.7 
Retail364,678 6.6 351,457 7.1 
Total commercial mortgage loans5,005,051 90.7 4,481,925 90.6 
Agricultural property loans514,918 9.3 467,018 9.4 
Total commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans5,519,969 100.0 %4,948,943 100.0 %
Allowance for credit losses(27,100)(20,263)
Total net commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans$5,492,869 $4,928,680 

As of September 30, 2023, the commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans were secured by properties geographically dispersed throughout the United States with the largest concentrations in California (29%), Texas (12%) and New York (5%), and included loans secured by properties in Europe (9%), Mexico (2%) and Australia (1%).



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)




The following tables set forth the activity in the allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage and other loans, as of the dates indicated:
Three Months Ended September 30,
20232022
Commercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotalCommercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotal
(in thousands)
Allowance, beginning of period$21,133 $960 $22,093 $9,704 $220 $9,924 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses5,055 (48)5,007 6,116 92 6,208 
Allowance, end of period$26,188 $912 $27,100 $15,820 $312 $16,132 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
Commercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotalCommercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotal
(in thousands)
Allowance, beginning of period$19,665 $598 $20,263 $5,847 $104 $5,951 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses6,523 314 6,837 9,973 208 10,181 
Allowance, end of period$26,188 $912 $27,100 $15,820 $312 $16,132 

See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023 for additional information about the Company's methodology for developing our allowance and expected losses.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the net increase in the allowance for credit losses on commercial mortgage and other loans was due to an increase in loan specific reserves and an increase in the general allowance due to declining market conditions and loan originations. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the net increase in the allowance for credit losses on commercial mortgage and other loans was primarily related to an increase in the general allowance due to declining market conditions and loan originations.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the net increase in the allowance for credit losses on commercial mortgage and other loans was primarily related to an increase in loan specific reserves and an increase in the general allowance due to current market conditions and loan originations. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the net increase in the allowance for credit losses on commercial mortgage and other loans was primarily related to an increase in the general allowance due to declining market conditions and loan originations.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



The following tables set forth key credit quality indicators based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as of the dates indicated:
September 30, 2023
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20232022202120202019PriorRevolving LoansTotal
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$195,586 $245,400 $454,857 $98,187 $256,820 $1,126,765 $0 $2,377,615 
60%-69.99%194,755 378,576 503,195 180,257 215,928 188,358 0 1,661,069 
70%-79.99%197,272 155,548 222,693 71,335 20,950 74,022 0 741,820 
80% or greater0 0 73,415 3,801 13,316 134,015 0 224,547 
Total$587,613 $779,524 $1,254,160 $353,580 $507,014 $1,523,160 $0 $5,005,051 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$495,769 $775,990 $1,254,160 $282,245 $468,051 $1,422,566 $0 $4,698,781 
1.0 - 1.2x91,844 3,534 0 0 23,667 7,904 0 126,949 
Less than 1.0x0 0 0 71,335 15,296 92,690 0 179,321 
Total$587,613 $779,524 $1,254,160 $353,580 $507,014 $1,523,160 $0 $5,005,051 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$27,184 $186,471 $132,028 $26,052 $15,880 $26,342 $4,750 $418,707 
60%-69.99%34,315 56,210 0 0 0 0 0 90,525 
70%-79.99%5,686 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,686 
80% or greater0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Total$67,185 $242,681 $132,028 $26,052 $15,880 $26,342 $4,750 $514,918 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$67,185 $240,681 $132,028 $26,052 $15,880 $26,342 $4,750 $512,918 
1.0 - 1.2x0 2,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,000 
Less than 1.0x0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Total$67,185 $242,681 $132,028 $26,052 $15,880 $26,342 $4,750 $514,918 



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



December 31, 2022
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20222021202020192018PriorTotal
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$266,453 $262,095 $63,558 $222,638 $201,087 $894,646 $1,910,477 
60%-69.99%344,110 681,996 243,800 219,593 61,757 305,175 1,856,431 
70%-79.99%166,629 304,386 47,388 66,148 2,409 53,336 640,296 
80% or greater0 0 0 3,249 0 71,472 74,721 
Total$777,192 $1,248,477 $354,746 $511,628 $265,253 $1,324,629 $4,481,925 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$744,301 $1,248,477 $243,325 $452,626 $258,617 $1,203,807 $4,151,153 
1.0 - 1.2x32,891 0 83,655 26,558 6,636 45,742 195,482 
Less than 1.0x0 0 27,766 32,444 0 75,080 135,290 
Total$777,192 $1,248,477 $354,746 $511,628 $265,253 $1,324,629 $4,481,925 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$208,708 $133,126 $25,894 $16,053 $6,327 $20,700 $410,808 
60%-69.99%56,210 0 0 0 0 0 56,210 
70%-79.99%0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
80% or greater0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Total$264,918 $133,126 $25,894 $16,053 $6,327 $20,700 $467,018 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$262,918 $133,126 $25,894 $16,053 $6,327 $20,700 $465,018 
1.0 - 1.2x2,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,000 
Less than 1.0x0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Total$264,918 $133,126 $25,894 $16,053 $6,327 $20,700 $467,018 

See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023 for additional information about the Company’s commercial mortgage and other loans credit quality monitoring process.

The following tables set forth an aging of past due commercial mortgage and other loans based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as well as the amount of commercial mortgage and other loans on non-accrual status, as of the dates indicated:
September 30, 2023
Current30-59 Days Past Due60-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past Due(1)Total LoansNon-Accrual Status(2)
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans$5,005,051 $0 $0 $0 $5,005,051 $0 
Agricultural property loans514,918 0 0 0 514,918 0 
Total$5,519,969 $0 $0 $0 $5,519,969 $0 
(1)As of September 30, 2023, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023.



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December 31, 2022
Current30-59 Days Past Due60-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past Due(1)Total LoansNon-Accrual Status(2)
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans$4,481,925 $0 $0 $0 $4,481,925 $0 
Agricultural property loans465,689 0 1,329 0 467,018 0 
Total$4,947,614 $0 $1,329 $0 $4,948,943 $0 
(1)As of December 31, 2022, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023.

For both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no commercial mortgage and other loans acquired, other than those through direct origination, and there were no commercial mortgage and other loans sold.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were $0.0 million and $27.6 million of commercial mortgage and other loans acquired, other than those through direct origination, and there were $0.0 million and $24.8 million of commercial mortgage and other loans sold.

The Company did not have any commercial mortgage and other loans purchased with credit deterioration, as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Other Invested Assets

The following table sets forth the composition of “Other invested assets,” as of the dates indicated:
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (in thousands)
Company’s investment in separate accounts$426 $510 
LPs/LLCs:
Equity method:
Private equity340,262 287,969 
Hedge funds670,663 576,595 
Real estate-related92,674 107,429 
Subtotal equity method1,103,599 971,993 
Fair value:
Private equity56,468 59,146 
Hedge funds194 396 
Real estate-related8,313 9,457 
Subtotal fair value64,975 68,999 
Total LPs/LLCs1,168,574 1,040,992 
Derivative instruments34,591 47,111 
Total other invested assets$1,203,591 $1,088,613 



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)




Accrued Investment Income

The following table sets forth the composition of “Accrued investment income,” as of the dates indicated:
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities$258,396 $187,628 
Equity securities403 349 
Commercial mortgage and other loans17,985 13,335 
Policy loans25,416 14,525 
Other invested assets43 48 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents6,665 3,750 
Total accrued investment income$308,908 $219,635 

There were no significant write-downs on accrued investment income for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Net Investment Income

The following table sets forth “Net investment income” by investment type, for the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2023202220232022
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$312,405 $153,170 $822,933 $384,347 
Fixed maturities, trading26,104 12,752 65,739 40,796 
Equity securities3,886 3,077 9,206 4,429 
Commercial mortgage and other loans58,673 29,682 163,646 74,731 
Policy loans15,962 5,354 31,580 15,573 
Other invested assets36,152 7,109 77,875 82,142 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents27,347 14,444 88,105 18,533 
Gross investment income480,529 225,588 1,259,084 620,551 
Less: investment expenses(19,665)(14,826)(55,695)(38,361)
Net investment income$460,864 $210,762 $1,203,389 $582,190 
            
Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net 

The following table sets forth “Realized investment gains (losses), net” by investment type, for the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2023202220232022
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities(1)$(8,931)$(5,888)$(17,154)$(69,326)
Commercial mortgage and other loans(5,059)(7,513)(7,143)(13,872)
Other invested assets10,856 (75,864)24,052 (72,328)
Derivatives(2)(465,176)186,514 (582,846)966,487 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents54 22 1,850 (190)
Realized investment gains (losses), net(2)$(468,256)$97,271 $(581,241)$810,771 
(1)Includes fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale and excludes fixed maturity securities classified as trading.
(2)Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments within AOCI

The following table sets forth net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, as of the dates indicated:
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale with an allowance$742 $4,371 
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale without an allowance(2,880,630)(2,285,288)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges(1)94,460 138,627 
Affiliated notes(12,218)(13,189)
Other investments(2)(3)(1,255)(1,176)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments$(2,798,901)$(2,156,655)
(1)For more information on cash flow hedges, see Note 4.
(2)Includes net unrealized gains (losses) on certain joint ventures that are strategic in nature and are included in "Other assets".
(3)Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.

Repurchase Agreements and Securities Lending

In the normal course of business, the Company sells securities under agreements to repurchase and enters into securities lending transactions. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had no repurchase agreements.

The following table sets forth the composition of “Cash collateral for loaned securities”, which represents the liability to return cash collateral received for the following types of securities loaned, as of the dates indicated:
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Remaining Contractual Maturities of the AgreementsRemaining Contractual Maturities of the Agreements
Overnight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotalOvernight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotal
(in thousands)
Foreign government bonds$490 $0 $490 $506 $0 $506 
U.S. public corporate securities6,879 0 6,879 7,903 0 7,903 
Foreign public corporate securities3,362 0 3,362 12,873 0 12,873 
Equity securities173,270 0 173,270 65,468 0 65,468 
Total cash collateral for loaned securities(1)$184,001 $0 $184,001 $86,750 $0 $86,750 
(1)The Company did not have any agreements with remaining contractual maturities greater than thirty days, as of the dates indicated.

4.    DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING

Types of Derivative Instruments and Derivative Strategies

The Company utilizes various derivative instruments and strategies to manage its risk. Commonly used derivative instruments include, but are not necessarily limited to:
Interest rate contracts: futures, swaps, options, caps and floors
Equity contracts: futures, options and total return swaps
Foreign exchange contracts: futures, options, forwards and swaps
Credit contracts: single and index reference credit default swaps

Other types of financial contracts that the Company accounts for as derivatives include:
Embedded derivatives

For detailed information on these contracts and the related strategies, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Primary Risks Managed by Derivatives

The table below provides a summary of the gross notional amount and fair value of derivative contracts by the primary underlying risks, excluding embedded derivatives and associated reinsurance recoverables. Many derivative instruments contain multiple underlying risks. The fair value amounts below represent the value of derivative contracts prior to taking into account of the netting effects of master netting agreements and cash collateral.
 September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Primary Underlying Risk/Instrument Type Fair Value Fair Value
Gross NotionalAssetsLiabilitiesGross NotionalAssetsLiabilities
 (in thousands)
Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Currency/Interest Rate
Interest Rate Swaps$6,172 $0 $(356)$3,225 $0 $(316)
Foreign Currency Swaps2,100,808 187,257 (18,111)1,933,343 233,812 (10,462)
Total Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments$2,106,980 $187,257 $(18,467)$1,936,568 $233,812 $(10,778)
Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Interest Rate
Interest Rate Swaps$160,769,460 $10,293,935 $(22,659,077)$138,419,110 $6,757,890 $(17,092,749)
Interest Rate Options29,418,000 311,893 (1,404,581)8,368,000 123,168 (225,125)
Interest Rate Futures2,557,132 495 (5,251)2,425,500 3,267 (201)
Interest Rate Forwards1,104,000 84,165 (86,244)1,104,000 11,265 (12,359)
Foreign Currency
Foreign Currency Forwards929,085 18,545(6,270)364,946 590 (10,423)
Credit
Credit Default Swaps144,300885(316)47,450 346 0 
Currency/Interest Rate
Foreign Currency Swaps2,332,940167,484(15,371)2,289,170 194,412 (14,624)
Equity
Total Return Swaps13,759,916 440,719 (253,318)15,958,130 120,341 (175,104)
Equity Options45,258,330 805,583 (1,363,539)25,187,516 239,003 (1,112,196)
Equity Futures803,642 364 (4,063)876,790 956 (513)
Total Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments$257,076,805 $12,124,068 $(25,798,030)$195,040,612 $7,451,238 $(18,643,294)
Total Derivatives(1)(2)$259,183,785 $12,311,325 $(25,816,497)$196,977,180 $7,685,050 $(18,654,072)
(1)Excludes embedded derivatives and associated reinsurance recoverables which contain multiple underlying risks. The fair value of these embedded derivatives was a net liability of $5,731 million and $3,351 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, primarily included in "Policyholders' account balances".
(2)Recorded in “Other invested assets” and “Payables to parent and affiliates” on the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents recognized derivative instruments (excluding embedded derivatives and associated reinsurance recoverables), and repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are offset in the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, and/or are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement, irrespective of whether they are offset in the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

 September 30, 2023
 Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Financial
Instruments
Gross
Amounts
Offset in the
Consolidated Statements of
Financial
Position
Net Amounts
Presented in
the Consolidated Statements
of Financial
Position
Financial
Instruments/
Collateral(1)
Net
Amount
 (in thousands)
Offsetting of Financial Assets:
Derivatives$12,311,325 $(12,276,734)$34,591 $0 $34,591 
Securities purchased under agreements to resell140,000 0 140,000 0 140,000 
Total Assets$12,451,325 $(12,276,734)$174,591 $0 $174,591 
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives$25,816,497 $(21,871,933)$3,944,564 $(3,944,564)$0 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase0 0 0 0 0 
Total Liabilities$25,816,497 $(21,871,933)$3,944,564 $(3,944,564)$0 

 December 31, 2022
 Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Financial
Instruments
Gross
Amounts
Offset in the Consolidated
Statements of
Financial
Position
Net Amounts
Presented in
the Consolidated Statements
of Financial
Position
Financial
Instruments/
Collateral(1)
Net
Amount
 (in thousands)
Offsetting of Financial Assets:
Derivatives$7,685,050 $(7,637,939)$47,111 $0 $47,111 
Securities purchased under agreements to resell290,000 0 290,000 (290,000)0 
Total Assets$7,975,050 $(7,637,939)$337,111 $(290,000)$47,111 
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives$18,654,072 $(16,568,912)$2,085,160 $(2,085,160)$0 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase0 0 0 0 0 
Total Liabilities$18,654,072 $(16,568,912)$2,085,160 $(2,085,160)$0 
(1)Amounts exclude the excess of collateral received/pledged from/to the counterparty.

For information regarding the rights of offset associated with the derivative assets and liabilities in the table above see “Credit Risk” below and Note 14. For securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase, the Company monitors the value of the securities and maintains collateral, as appropriate, to protect against credit exposure. Where the Company has entered into repurchase and resale agreements with the same counterparty, in the event of default, the Company would generally be permitted to exercise rights of offset. For additional information on the Company’s accounting policy for securities repurchase and resale agreements, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Cash Flow Hedges

The primary derivative instruments used by the Company in its cash flow hedge accounting relationships are currency swaps and interest rate swaps. These instruments are only designated for hedge accounting in instances where the appropriate criteria are met. The Company does not use futures, options, credit, or equity derivatives in any of its cash flow hedge accounting relationships.

The following tables provide the financial statement classification and impact of derivatives used in qualifying and non-qualifying hedge relationships, excluding the offset of the hedged item in an effective hedge relationship.

 Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
 Realized
Investment
Gains (Losses)
Change in Value of Market Risk Benefits, Net of Related Hedging Gain (Loss)Net
Investment
Income
Other
Income
Change in AOCI
 (in thousands)
Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Cash flow hedges
Interest Rate$1 $0 $(32)$0 $(12)
Currency/Interest Rate(936)0 10,629 19,494 (5,189)
Total cash flow hedges(935)0 10,597 19,494 (5,201)
Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Interest Rate53,990 (2,059,987)0 0 0 
Currency20,401 0 0 0 0 
Currency/Interest Rate8,059 0 0 262 0 
Credit(253)0 0 0 0 
Equity(449,655)266,623 0 0 0 
Embedded Derivatives(96,783)0 0 0 0 
Total Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments(464,241)(1,793,364)0 262 0 
Total$(465,176)$(1,793,364)$10,597 $19,756 $(5,201)



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 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
 Realized
Investment
Gains (Losses)
Change in Value of Market Risk Benefits, Net of Related Hedging Gain (Loss)Net
Investment
Income
Other
Income
Change in AOCI
 (in thousands)
Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Cash flow hedges
Interest Rate$2 $0 $(86)$0 $(13)
Currency/Interest Rate(365)0 33,308 2,041 (44,154)
Total cash flow hedges(363)0 33,222 2,041 (44,167)
Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Interest Rate69,702 (2,767,152)0 0 0 
Currency8,375 0 0 0 0 
Currency/Interest Rate(28,263)0 0 62 0 
Credit2,073 0 0 0 0 
Equity694,236 (331,444)0 0 0 
Embedded Derivatives(1,325,493)0 0 0 0 
Total Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments(579,370)(3,098,596)0 62 0 
Total$(579,733)$(3,098,596)$33,222 $2,103 $(44,167)

 Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
 Realized
Investment
Gains (Losses)(1)
Change in Value of Market Risk Benefits, Net of Related Hedging Gain (Loss)(1)Net
Investment
Income
Other
Income
Change in AOCI
 (in thousands)
Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Cash flow hedges
Interest Rate$1 $0 $(6)$0 $(113)
Currency/Interest Rate10,342 0 9,735 48,729 84,011 
Total cash flow hedges10,343 0 9,729 48,729 83,898 
Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Interest Rate140,569 (1,204,876)0 0 0 
Currency19,236 0 0 0 0 
Currency/Interest Rate79,436 0 0 383 0 
Credit9,495 0 0 0 0 
Equity(348,314)233,542 0 0 0 
Embedded Derivatives275,749 0 0 0 0 
Total Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments176,171 (971,334)0 383 0 
Total$186,514 $(971,334)$9,729 $49,112 $83,898 



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 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
 Realized
Investment
Gains (Losses)(1)
Change in Value of Market Risk Benefits, Net of Related Hedging Gain (Loss)(1)Net
Investment
Income
Other
Income
Change in AOCI
 (in thousands)
Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Cash flow hedges
Interest Rate$1 $0 $10 $0 $(334)
Currency/Interest Rate9,989 0 26,301 88,912 188,727 
Total cash flow hedges9,990 0 26,311 88,912 188,393 
Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Interest Rate623,761 (4,984,420)0 0 0 
Currency39,037 0 0 0 0 
Currency/Interest Rate192,373 0 0 786 0 
Credit(31,954)0 0 0 0 
Equity(173,413)1,383,178 0 0 0 
Embedded Derivatives306,693 0 0 0 0 
Total Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments956,497 (3,601,242)0 786 0 
Total$966,487 $(3,601,242)$26,311 $89,698 $188,393 
(1)Amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.

Presented below is a rollforward of current period cash flow hedges in AOCI before taxes:
 (in thousands)    
Balance, December 31, 2022$138,627 
Amount recorded in AOCI
Interest Rate(97)
Currency/Interest Rate(9,170)
Total amount recorded in AOCI(9,267)
Amount reclassified from AOCI to income
Interest Rate84 
Currency/Interest Rate(34,984)
Total amount reclassified from AOCI to income(34,900)
Balance, September 30, 2023$94,460 

The changes in fair value of cash flow hedges are deferred in AOCI and are included in "Net unrealized investment gains (losses)" in the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss); these amounts are then reclassified to earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. Using September 30, 2023 values, it is estimated that a pre-tax gain of $21 million is expected to be reclassified from AOCI to earnings during the subsequent twelve months ending September 30, 2024.

The exposures the Company is hedging with these qualifying cash flow hedges include the variability of the payment or receipt of interest or foreign currency amounts on existing financial instruments.

There were no material amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings relating to instances in which the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transaction did not occur by the anticipated date or within the additional time period permitted by the authoritative guidance for the accounting for derivatives and hedging.



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Credit Derivatives

Credit Derivatives, where the Company has written credit protection on certain index references, have outstanding notional amounts of $144 million and $47 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. These credit derivatives are reported at fair value as an asset of $1 million and $0 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 the notional amount of these credit derivatives had the following NAIC rating: $42 million in NAIC 3 and $102 million in NAIC 6.

The Company has no exposure on purchased credit protection as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Counterparty Credit Risk

The Company is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to financial derivative transactions with a positive fair value. The Company manages credit risk by entering into derivative transactions with regulated derivatives exchanges for exchange traded derivatives and its affiliate, Prudential Global Funding LLC (“PGF”), related to its over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives. PGF, in turn, manages its credit risk by: (i) entering into derivative transactions with highly rated major international financial institutions and other creditworthy counterparties governed by master netting agreement, as applicable; (ii) trading through central clearing and OTC parties; (iii) obtaining collateral, such as cash and securities, when appropriate; and (iv) setting limits on single-party credit exposures which are subject to periodic management review.

Substantially all of the Company’s derivative agreements have zero thresholds which require daily full collateralization by the party in a liability position.


5.    FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Fair Value Measurement - Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The authoritative fair value guidance establishes a framework for measuring fair value that includes a hierarchy used to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 Fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible to the Company for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 Fair value is based on significant inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability through corroboration with observable market data. Level 2 inputs include quoted market prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted market prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, and other market observable inputs.

Level 3 Fair value is based on at least one significant unobservable input for the asset or liability. The assets and liabilities in this category may require significant judgment or estimation in determining the fair value.

For a discussion of the Company's valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value and the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023.

As a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 in the first quarter of 2023, the Company is required to measure all market risk benefits (e.g., living benefit and death benefit guarantees associated with variable annuities) at fair value. Market risk benefit liabilities (or assets) represent contracts or contract features that provide protection to the contractholder and exposes the Company to other than nominal capital market risk, primarily related to deferred annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits in the annuities products including GMDB, GMIB, GMAB, GMWB and GMIWB. The benefits are bundled together and accounted for as single compound market risk benefits using a fair value measurement framework.



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The fair value of these market risk benefits is calculated as the present value of expected future benefit payments to contractholders less the present value of expected future rider fees attributable to the market risk benefit. The fair value of these benefit features is based on assumptions a market participant would use in valuing market risk benefits. This methodology could result in either a liability or asset balance, given changing capital market conditions and various actuarial assumptions. Since there is no observable active market for the transfer of these obligations, the valuations are calculated using internally-developed models with option pricing techniques. The models are based on a risk neutral valuation framework and incorporate premiums for risks inherent in valuation techniques, inputs, and the general uncertainty around the timing and amount of future cash flows. The determination of these risk premiums requires the use of management’s judgment.

The significant inputs to the valuation models for these market risk benefits include capital market assumptions, such as interest rate levels and volatility assumptions, the Company’s market-perceived NPR, as well as actuarially determined assumptions, including contractholder behavior, such as lapse rates, benefit utilization rates, withdrawal rates, and mortality rates. Since many of these assumptions are unobservable and are considered to be significant inputs to the valuations, the assets and liabilities included in market risk benefits have been reflected within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Capital market inputs and actual policyholders’ account values are updated each quarter based on capital market conditions as of the end of the quarter, including interest rates, equity markets and volatility. In the risk neutral valuation, the initial swap curve drives the total return used to grow the policyholders’ account values. The Company’s discount rate assumption is based on the SOFR swap curve adjusted for an additional spread relative to SOFR to reflect the Company’s market-perceived NPR, which is the risk that the obligation will not be fulfilled by the Company. NPR is primarily estimated by utilizing the credit spreads associated with the Company issued funding agreements, adjusted for any illiquidity risk premium. In order to reflect the financial strength ratings of the Company, credit spreads associated with funding agreements, as opposed to credit spread associated with debt, are utilized in developing this estimate because funding agreements are insurance liabilities and are therefore senior to debt.

Actuarial assumptions, including contractholder behavior and mortality, are reviewed at least annually, and updated based upon company emerging experience and industry studies, future expectations and other data, including any observable market data. These assumptions are generally updated annually unless a material change that the Company feels is indicative of a long-term trend is observed in an interim period. See "Annual Assumptions Review" in Note 2 for additional information.



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Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level The tables below present the balances of assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis, as of the dates indicated.
 September 30, 2023
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting(1)Total
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$0 $293,060 $0 $$293,060 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions0 731,917 0 731,917 
Foreign government bonds0 266,347 686 267,033 
U.S. corporate public securities0 8,836,174 0 8,836,174 
U.S. corporate private securities0 4,065,855 466,160 4,532,015 
Foreign corporate public securities0 1,687,936 6,532 1,694,468 
Foreign corporate private securities0 3,728,278 471,894 4,200,172 
Asset-backed securities(2)0 1,916,281 113,427 2,029,708 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities0 756,036 76,751 832,787 
Residential mortgage-backed securities0 381,021 0 381,021 
Subtotal0 22,662,905 1,135,450 23,798,355 
Market risk benefit assets0 0 2,519,234 2,519,234 
Fixed maturities, trading0 2,443,548 725 2,444,273 
Equity securities169,378 10,333 44,686 224,397 
Short-term investments19,809 200,674 584 221,067 
Cash equivalents0 1,144,914 0 1,144,914 
Other invested assets(3)9,208 12,302,117 0 (12,276,734)34,591 
Other assets0 0 270,490 270,490 
Reinsurance recoverable0 0 15,544 15,544 
Receivables from parent and affiliates0 144,699 0 144,699 
Subtotal excluding separate account assets198,395 38,909,190 3,986,713 (12,276,734)30,817,564 
Separate account assets(4)(5)130,896 106,518,193 5,500 106,654,589 
Total assets$329,291 $145,427,383 $3,992,213 $(12,276,734)$137,472,153 
Market risk benefit liabilities$0 $0 $4,371,178 $ $4,371,178 
Policyholders' account balances0 0 6,005,729 6,005,729 
Payables to parent and affiliates0 25,806,000 0 (21,870,566)3,935,434 
Other liabilities(6)10,497 (5,396)0 (1,367)3,734 
Total liabilities$10,497 $25,800,604 $10,376,907 $(21,871,933)$14,316,075 

 


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 December 31, 2022
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Netting(1)Total
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$0 $281,792 $0 $$281,792 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions0 628,200 0 628,200 
Foreign government bonds0 272,738 724 273,462 
U.S. corporate public securities0 6,443,944 0 6,443,944 
U.S. corporate private securities0 3,573,269 243,460 3,816,729 
Foreign corporate public securities0 1,371,354 6,868 1,378,222 
Foreign corporate private securities0 3,509,162 257,168 3,766,330 
Asset-backed securities(2)0 1,421,852 20,502 1,442,354 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities0 573,930 84,222 658,152 
Residential mortgage-backed securities0 336,216 0 336,216 
Subtotal0 18,412,457 612,944 19,025,401 
Market risk benefit assets(7)0 0 1,393,237 1,393,237 
Fixed maturities, trading0 1,936,159 0 1,936,159 
Equity securities108,076 6,403 28,593 143,072 
Short-term investments0 81,215 16,945 98,160 
Cash equivalents0 1,432,182 0 1,432,182 
Other invested assets(3)4,223 7,680,827 0 (7,637,939)47,111 
Other assets0 0 141,041 141,041 
Receivables from parent and affiliates0 148,075 0 148,075 
Subtotal excluding separate account assets112,299 29,697,318 2,192,760 (7,637,939)24,364,438 
Separate account assets(4)(5)102,243 108,682,425 4,645 108,789,313 
Total assets$214,542 $138,379,743 $2,197,405 $(7,637,939)$133,153,751 
Market risk benefit liabilities(7)$0 $0 $5,521,601 $ $5,521,601 
Policyholders' account balances0 0 3,502,096 3,502,096 
Payables to parent and affiliates0 18,653,159 0 (16,568,242)2,084,917 
Other liabilities(6)899 (9,496)0 (670)(9,267)
Total liabilities$899 $18,643,663 $9,023,697 $(16,568,912)$11,099,347 
(1)“Netting” amounts represent cash collateral of $(9,595) million and $(8,931) million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(2)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by syndicated bank loans, sub-prime mortgages, auto loans, credit cards, education loans and other asset types.
(3)Other invested assets excluded from the fair value hierarchy include certain hedge funds, private equity funds and other funds for which fair value is measured at net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair values of such investments were $65 million and $69 million, respectively.
(4)Separate account assets represent segregated funds that are invested for certain customers. Investment risks associated with market value changes are borne by the customers, except to the extent of minimum guarantees made by the Company with respect to certain accounts. Separate account liabilities are not included in the above table as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the Company's Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
(5)Separate account assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude investments in entities that calculate NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. Such investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy include investments in real estate, hedge funds and a corporate owned life insurance fund, for which fair value is measured at NAV per share (or its equivalent). At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments were $4,957 million and $5,262 million, respectively.
(6)Other liabilities includes embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance agreements.
(7)Amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.



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Quantitative Information Regarding Internally Priced Level 3 Assets and Liabilities The tables below present quantitative information regarding significant internally-priced Level 3 assets and liabilities.
 September 30, 2023
 Fair Value  Valuation  
Techniques
Unobservable Inputs  Minimum  MaximumWeighted Average  Impact of 
Increase in 
Input on 
Fair Value(1)
 (in thousands)
Assets:
Corporate securities(2)$726,528 Discounted cash flowDiscount rate8.23 %20 %12.16 %Decrease
LiquidationLiquidation value63.62 %63.62 %63.62 %Increase
Market risk benefit assets(4)$2,519,234 Discounted cash flowLapse rate(5)1 %20 %Increase
Spread over SOFR(6)0.48 %2.10 %Increase
Utilization rate(7)38 %95 %Decrease
Withdrawal rateSee table footnote (8) below.
Mortality rate(9)0 %15 %Increase
Equity volatility curve15 %25 %Decrease
Liabilities:
Market risk benefit liabilities(4)$4,371,178 Discounted cash flowLapse rate(5)1 %20 %Decrease
Spread over SOFR(6)0.48 %2.10 %Decrease
Utilization rate(7)38 %95 %Increase
Withdrawal rateSee table footnote (8) below.
Mortality rate(9)0 %15 %Decrease
Equity volatility curve15 %25 %Increase
Policyholders' account balances(10)$6,005,729 Discounted cash flowLapse rate(5)1 %80 %Decrease
Spread over SOFR(6)0.48 %2.15 %Decrease
Mortality rate(9)0 %23 %Decrease
Equity volatility curve6 %28 %Increase
Option budget(11)(1)%6 %Increase


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 December 31, 2022
 Fair Value     Valuation  
Techniques
  Unobservable
Inputs  
Minimum  Maximum    Weighted  
Average
  Impact of 
Increase in 
Input on 
Fair Value(1)
 (in thousands)
Assets:
Corporate securities(2)$408,494 Discounted cash flowDiscount rate9.77 %20 %16.53 %Decrease
Market ComparablesEBITDA multiples(3)2.2 X23.5 X8.1 XIncrease
Market risk benefit assets(4)(12)$1,393,237 Discounted cash flowLapse rate(5)1 %20 %Increase
Spread over SOFR(6)0.50 %2.20 %Increase
Utilization rate(7)38 %95 %Decrease
Withdrawal rateSee table footnote (8) below.
Mortality rate(9)0 %15 %Increase
Equity volatility curve18 %26 %Decrease
Liabilities:
Market risk benefit liabilities(4)(12)$5,521,601 Discounted cash flowLapse rate(5)1 %20 %Decrease
Spread over SOFR(6)0.50 %2.20 %Decrease
Utilization rate(7)38 %95 %Increase
Withdrawal rateSee table footnote (8) below.
Mortality rate(9)0 %15 %Decrease
Equity volatility curve18 %26 %Increase
Policyholders' account balances(10)$3,502,096 Discounted cash flowLapse rate(5)1 %80 %Decrease
Spread over SOFR(6)0.22 %2.26 %Decrease
Mortality rate(9)0 %23 %Decrease
Equity volatility curve6 %30 %Increase
Option budget(11)(2)%6 %Increase
(1)Conversely, the impact of a decrease in input would have the opposite impact on fair value as that presented in the table.
(2)Includes assets classified as fixed maturities, available-for-sale.
(3)Represents multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), and are amounts used when the Company has determined that market participants would use such multiples when valuing the investments.
(4)Market risk benefits primarily represent fair value for all living benefit guarantees including accumulation, withdrawal and income benefits. Since the valuation methodology for these assets and liabilities uses a range of inputs that vary at the contract level over the cash flow projection period, presenting a range, rather than weighted average, is a more meaningful representation of the unobservable inputs used in the valuation.
(5)Lapse rates for contracts with living benefit guarantees are adjusted at the contract level based on the in-the-moneyness of the living benefit and reflect other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. Lapse rates are reduced when contracts are more in-the-money. Lapse rates for contracts with index-linked crediting guarantees may be adjusted at the contract level based on the applicability of any surrender charges, product type, and market related factors such as interest rates. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower for the period where surrender charges apply. For any given contract, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for the purposes of valuing these embedded derivatives.
(6)The spread over the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) swap curve and the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) swap curve represents the premium added to the proxy for the risk-free rate (SOFR or LIBOR, as applicable) to reflect the Company’s estimates of rates that a market participant would use to value the living benefits in both the accumulation and payout phases and index-linked interest crediting guarantees as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. This spread includes an estimate of NPR, which is the risk that the obligation will not be fulfilled by the Company. NPR is primarily estimated by utilizing the credit spreads associated with issuing funding agreements, adjusted for any illiquidity risk premium. In order to reflect the financial strength ratings of the Company, credit spreads associated with funding agreements, as opposed to credit spread associated with debt, are utilized in developing this estimate because funding agreements are insurance liabilities and are therefore senior to debt. Effective April 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with The Ohio National Life Insurance Company ("Ohio National"), an affiliate of Constellation Insurance Holdings, Inc., to reinsure approximately $10 billion of account values of PDI traditional variable annuity contracts with guaranteed living benefits. See Note 11 for additional information regarding this transaction. As a result of this transaction, a ceded MRB asset balance was established to fair value the reinsurance reimbursements to the Company. The establishment of the fair value also required an estimate of NPR for Ohio National, which may differ from that of the Company's; however, the NPR spreads for Ohio National were developed using a methodology similar to that of the Company.



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(7)The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contracts that will utilize the benefit during the contract duration and begin lifetime withdrawals at various time intervals from contract inception. The remaining contractholders are assumed to either begin lifetime withdrawals immediately or never utilize the benefit. Utilization assumptions may vary by product type, tax status and age. The impact of changes in these assumptions is highly dependent on the product type, the age of the contractholder at the time of the sale, and the timing of the first lifetime income withdrawal. Range reflects the utilization rate for the vast majority of business with living benefits.
(8)The withdrawal rate assumption estimates the magnitude of annual contractholder withdrawals relative to the maximum allowable amount under the contract. These assumptions vary based on the age of the contractholder, the tax status of the contract and the duration since the contractholder began lifetime withdrawals. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the minimum withdrawal rate assumption is 81% and 77%, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the maximum withdrawal rate assumption may be greater than 100%. The fair value of the liability will generally increase the closer the withdrawal rate is to 100% and decrease as the withdrawal rate moves further away from 100%.
(9)The range reflects the mortality rates for the vast majority of business with living benefits and other contracts, with policyholders ranging from 50 to 90 years old. While the majority of living benefits have a minimum age requirement, certain other contracts do not have an age restriction. This results in contractholders with mortality rates approaching 0% for certain benefits. Mortality rates may vary by product, age, and duration. A mortality improvement assumption is also incorporated into the overall mortality table.
(10)Policyholders’ account balances primarily represent general account liabilities for the index-linked interest credited on certain of the Company’s life and annuity products that are accounted for as embedded derivatives. Since the valuation methodology for these liabilities uses a range of inputs that vary at the contract level over the cash flow projection period, presenting a range, rather than weighted average, is a more meaningful representation of the unobservable inputs used in the valuation.
(11)Option budget estimates the expected long-term cost of options used to hedge exposures associated with equity price and interest rate changes. The level of option budgets determines future costs of the options, which impacts the growth in account value and the valuation of embedded derivatives.
(12)Amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.

Interrelationships Between Unobservable Inputs In addition to the sensitivities of fair value measurements to changes in each unobservable input in isolation, as reflected in the table above, interrelationships between these inputs may also exist, such that a change in one unobservable input may give rise to a change in another or multiple inputs. Examples of such interrelationships for significant internally-priced Level 3 assets and liabilities are as follows:

Corporate Securities – The rate used to discount future cash flows reflects current risk-free rates plus credit and liquidity spread requirements that market participants would use to value an asset. The discount rate may be influenced by many factors, including market cycles, expectations of default, collateral, term, and asset complexity. Each of these factors can influence discount rates, either in isolation, or in response to other factors. During weaker economic cycles, as the expectations of default increases, credit spreads widen, which results in a decrease in fair value.

Market Risk Benefits – The Company expects efficient benefit utilization and withdrawal rates to generally be correlated with lapse rates. However, behavior is generally highly dependent on the facts and circumstances surrounding the individual contractholder, such as their liquidity needs or tax situation, which could drive lapse behavior independent of other contractholder behavior assumptions. To the extent more efficient contractholder behavior results in greater in-the-moneyness at the contract level, lapse rates may decline for those contracts. Similarly, to the extent that increases in equity volatility are correlated with overall declines in the capital markets, lapse rates may decline as contracts become more in-the-money.

Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities The following tables describe changes in fair values of Level 3 assets and liabilities as of the dates indicated, as well as the portion of gains or losses included in income attributable to unrealized gains or losses related to those assets and liabilities still held at the end of their respective periods (excluding MRBs disclosed in Note 10). When a determination is made to classify assets and liabilities within Level 3, the determination is based on significance of the unobservable inputs in the overall fair value measurement. All transfers are based on changes in the observability of the valuation inputs, including the availability of pricing service information that the Company can validate. Transfers into Level 3 are generally the result of unobservable inputs utilized within valuation methodologies and the use of indicative broker quotes for assets that were previously valued using observable inputs. Transfers out of Level 3 are generally due to the use of observable inputs in valuation methodologies as well as the availability of pricing service information for certain assets that the Company can validate.


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Three Months Ended September 30, 2023(6)(7)
Fair Value, beginning of periodTotal realized and unrealized gains (losses)PurchasesSalesIssuancesSettlementsOther(1)Transfers into Level 3Transfers out of Level 3Fair Value, end of periodUnrealized gains (losses) for assets still held(2)
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Foreign government$701 $(15)$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $686 $(17)
Corporate securities(3)721,247 (27,838)182,465 (10,882)0 (27,762)(708)117,152 (9,088)944,586 (28,256)
Structured securities(4)146,339 (3,871)53,352 0 0 (339)0 2,297 (7,600)190,178 (3,836)
Other assets:
Fixed maturities, trading0 18 0 0 0 0 707 0 0 725 18 
Equity securities43,374 (1,219)2,531 0 0 0 0 0 0 44,686 (1,219)
Short-term investments1,209 0 802 0 0 (1,427)0 0 0 584 0 
Other assets217,613 25,539 33,850 0 0 (6,512)0 0 0 270,490 19,028 
Reinsurance recoverables1,465 14,079 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,544 14,079 
Separate account assets4,982 (7)1,049 (524)0 0 0 0 0 5,500 (6)
Liabilities:
Policyholders' account balances(5)(5,513,449)(107,528)0 0 (413,219)0 28,467 0 0 (6,005,729)(273,135)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023(6)
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)Unrealized gains (losses) for assets still held(2)
Realized investment gains (losses), netOther income (loss)Interest credited to policyholders' account balancesIncluded in other comprehensive income (loss)Net investment incomeRealized investment gains (losses), netOther income (loss)Interest credited to policyholders' account balancesIncluded in other comprehensive income (loss)
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$(1,048)$0 $0 $(31,183)$507 $(674)$0 $0 $(31,435)
Other assets:
Fixed maturities, trading0 18 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 
Equity securities0 (1,219)0 0 0 0 (1,219)0 0 
Other assets25,539 0 0 0 0 19,028 0 0 0 
Reinsurance recoverables14,079 0 0 0 0 14,079 0 0 0 
Separate account assets0 0 (7)0 0 0 0 (6)0 
Liabilities:
Policyholders' account balances(107,528)0 0 0 0 (273,135)0 0 0 







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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023(6)(7)
Fair Value, beginning of periodTotal realized and unrealized gains (losses)PurchasesSalesIssuancesSettlementsOther(1)Transfers into Level 3Transfers out of Level 3Fair Value, end of periodUnrealized gains (losses) for assets still held(2)
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Foreign government$724 $(38)$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $686 $(46)
Corporate securities(3)507,496 (20,639)493,339 (39,721)0 (104,604)651 117,152 (9,088)944,586 (21,842)
Structured securities(4)104,724 (7,070)200,659 (27)0 (1,677)0 4,537 (110,968)190,178 (6,965)
Other assets:
Fixed maturities, trading0 18 6,250 0 0 0 707 0 (6,250)725 18 
Equity securities28,593 (2,030)2,531 0 0 0 15,592 0 0 44,686 (2,030)
Short-term investments16,945 2,573 3,490 0 0 (21,065)(1,359)0 0 584 51 
Other assets141,041 33,559 107,453 0 0 (11,563)0 0 0 270,490 21,997 
Reinsurance recoverables0 15,544 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,544 15,544 
Separate account assets4,645 250 1,889 (1,124)0 (160)0 0 0 5,500 249 
Liabilities:
Policyholders' account balances(5)(3,502,096)(1,355,011)0 0 (1,251,457)0 102,835 0 0 (6,005,729)(508,105)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023(6)
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)Unrealized gains (losses) for assets still held(2)
Realized investment gains (losses), netOther income (loss)Interest credited to policyholders' account balancesIncluded in other comprehensive income (loss)Net investment incomeRealized investment gains (losses), netOther income (loss)Interest credited to policyholders' account balancesIncluded in other comprehensive income (loss)
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$(1,861)$0 $0 $(26,743)$857 $(2,693)$0 $0 $(26,160)
Other assets:
Fixed maturities, trading0 18 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 
Equity securities0 (2,030)0 0 0 0 (2,030)0 0 
Short-term investments1,857 0 0 (73)789 0 0 0 51 
Other assets33,559 0 0 0 0 21,997 0 0 0 
Reinsurance recoverables15,544 0 0 0 0 15,544 0 0 0 
Separate account assets0 0 250 0 0 0 0 249 0 
Liabilities:
Policyholders' account balances(1,355,011)0 0 0 0 (508,105)0 0 0 



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Three Months Ended September 30, 2022(6)(7)
Fair Value, beginning of periodTotal realized and unrealized gains (losses)PurchasesSalesIssuancesSettlementsOther(1)Transfers into Level 3Transfers out of Level 3Fair Value, end of periodUnrealized gains (losses) for assets still held(2)
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Foreign government$135 $88 $501 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $724 $86 
Corporate securities(3)317,878 (7,376)66,826 (11,975)0 (54,455)106,408 6,259 0 423,565 (6,546)
Structured securities(4)123,288 (2,903)28,250 0 0 (403)0 0 (33,490)114,742 (2,860)
Other assets:
Equity securities29,783 (1,111)0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28,672 (1,110)
Short-term investments2,772 2 0 0 0 (5,876)7,290 0 0 4,188 0 
Other assets75,858 56,595 (24,914)0 0 (104)0 0 0 107,435 56,700 
Separate account assets0 (46)7,000 (3,000)0 0 0 0 0 3,954 (46)
Liabilities:
Policyholders' account balances(5)(3,427,667)217,837 0 0 0 (433,009)0 0 0 (3,642,839)843,341 

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022(6)
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)Unrealized gains (losses) for assets still held(2)
Realized investment gains (losses), netOther income (loss)Interest credited to policyholders' account balancesIncluded in other comprehensive income (loss)Net investment incomeRealized investment gains (losses), netOther income (loss)Interest credited to policyholders' account balancesIncluded in other comprehensive income (loss)
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$307 $0 $0 $(9,226)$(1,272)$491 $0 $0 $(9,811)
Other assets:
Equity securities0 (1,111)0 0 0 0 (1,110)0 0 
Short-term investments0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 
Other assets56,595 0 0 0 0 56,700 0 0 0 
Separate account assets0 0 (46)0 0 0 0 (46)0 
Liabilities:
Policyholders' account balances217,837 0 0 0 0 843,341 0 0 0 






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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022(6)(7)
Fair Value, beginning of periodTotal realized and unrealized gains (losses)PurchasesSalesIssuancesSettlementsOther(1)Transfers into Level 3Transfers out of Level 3Fair Value, end of periodUnrealized gains (losses) for assets still held(2)
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Foreign government$150 $73 $501 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $724 $71 
Corporate securities(3)385,634 (56,596)200,137 (24,363)0 (87,790)106,408 6,259 (106,124)423,565 (53,687)
Structured securities(4)173,944 (25,231)61,740 0 0 (1,476)0 0 (94,235)114,742 (25,140)
Other assets:
Equity securities12,472 (3,231)10,000 (230)0 0 9,661 0 0 28,672 (3,249)
Short-term investments0 7 2,766 0 0 (5,930)7,290 55 0 4,188 0 
Other assets72,937 60,932 (23,673)0 0 (2,761)0 0 0 107,435 63,692 
Separate account assets0 (46)7,000 (3,000)0 0 0 0 0 3,954 (46)
Liabilities:
Policyholders' account balances(5)(3,245,773)188,287 0 0 0 (824,375)239,022 0 0 (3,642,839)1,272,540 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022(6)
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)Unrealized gains (losses) for assets still held(2)
Realized investment gains (losses), netOther income (loss)Interest credited to policyholders' account balancesIncluded in other comprehensive income (loss)Net investment incomeRealized investment gains (losses), netOther income (loss)Interest credited to policyholders' account balancesIncluded in other comprehensive income (loss)
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$(16,505)$0 $0 $(64,307)$(942)$(13,988)$0 $0 $(64,768)
Other assets:
Equity securities0 (3,231)0 0 0 0 (3,249)0 0 
Short-term investments0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 
Other assets60,932 0 0 0 0 63,692 0 0 0 
Separate account assets0 0 (46)0 0 0 0 (46)0 
Liabilities:
Policyholders' account balances188,287 0 0 0 0 1,272,540 0 0 0 
(1)"Other" largely represents non-cash moves related to novated variable indexed annuities under the reinsurance agreement with FLIAC. See Note 11 for more details regarding these transactions. In addition, for the prior year Policyholders' account balances represents an out of period adjustment related to certain portions of reinsurance activity that had been incorrectly recorded on the balance sheet during the fourth quarter of 2021.
(2)Unrealized gains or losses related to assets still held at the end of the period do not include amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts.
(3)Includes U.S. corporate private, foreign corporate public, foreign corporate private securities and foreign government bonds.
(4)Includes asset-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities.
(5)Issuances and settlements for Policyholders' account balances are presented net in the rollforward.
(6)Effective January 1, 2021, Future policy benefits previously included in “Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities” are now reported as Market Risk Benefits. See Note 10 for additional information.
(7)Excludes MRB assets of $2,519 million and $1,306 million and MRB liabilities of $4,371 million and $5,945 million for period ending September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 10 for additional information.




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Nonrecurring Fair Value MeasurementsThe following tables represent information for assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The fair value measurement is nonrecurring as these assets are measured at fair value only when there is a triggering event (e.g., an evidence of impairment). Assets included in the table are those that were impaired during the respective reporting periods and that are still held as of the reporting date. The estimated fair values for these amounts were determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were no triggering events.

 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2023202220232022
 (in thousands)(in thousands)
Equity in earnings of operating joint venture, net of taxes
Investment in joint venture$0 $0 $0 $(75,000)

 September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (in thousands)
Carrying value after measurement as of period end:
Investment in joint venture(1)$0 $60,456 
(1)Reported carrying value includes value as of the measurement period of June 30, 2022 for "Investment in joint venture".

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The tables below present the carrying amount and fair value by fair value hierarchy level of certain financial instruments that are not reported at fair value. The financial instruments presented below are reported at carrying value on the Company’s Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. In some cases, as described below, the carrying amount equals or approximates fair value.
 September 30, 2023
 Fair ValueCarrying
Amount(1)
 Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalTotal
 (in thousands)
Assets:
Commercial mortgage and other loans$0 $0 $5,093,398 $5,093,398 $5,492,869 
Policy loans0 0 1,455,484 1,455,484 1,455,484 
Short-term investments45,002 0 0 45,002 45,002 
Cash and cash equivalents560,365 139,999 0 700,364 700,364 
Accrued investment income0 308,908 0 308,908 308,908 
Reinsurance recoverables0 0 22,899 22,899 24,942 
Receivables from parent and affiliates0 87,180 0 87,180 87,180 
Other assets0 89,142 1,378,029 1,467,171 1,467,171 
Total assets$605,367 $625,229 $7,949,810 $9,180,406 $9,581,920 
Liabilities:
Policyholders’ account balances - investment contracts$0 $1,017,396 $4,687,310 $5,704,706 $5,726,015 
Cash collateral for loaned securities0 184,001 0 184,001 184,001 
Short-term debt to affiliates0 297,280 0 297,280 304,317 
Payables to parent and affiliates0 31,254 0 31,254 31,254 
Other liabilities0 1,953,309 32,423 1,985,732 1,985,732 
Total liabilities$0 $3,483,240 $4,719,733 $8,202,973 $8,231,319 


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 December 31, 2022
 Fair ValueCarrying
Amount(1)
 Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalTotal
 (in thousands)
Assets:
Commercial mortgage and other loans$0 $0 $4,602,177 $4,602,177 $4,928,680 
Policy loans0 0 505,367 505,367 505,367 
Short-term investments26,331 0 0 26,331 26,331 
Cash and cash equivalents675,445 290,000 0 965,445 965,445 
Accrued investment income0 219,635 0 219,635 219,635 
Reinsurance recoverables0 0 25,127 25,127 27,183 
Receivables from parent and affiliates0 76,846 0 76,846 76,846 
Other assets0 94,200 730,682 824,882 824,882 
Total assets$701,776 $680,681 $5,863,353 $7,245,810 $7,574,369 
Liabilities:
Policyholders’ account balances - investment contracts$0 $1,192,271 $3,141,000 $4,333,271 $4,351,945 
Cash collateral for loaned securities0 86,750 0 86,750 86,750 
Short-term debt to affiliates0 120,325 0 120,325 126,250 
Long-term debt to affiliates0 173,905 0 173,905 185,563 
Payables to parent and affiliates0 41,654 0 41,654 41,654 
Other liabilities0 1,269,615 33,250 1,302,865 1,302,866 
Total liabilities$0 $2,884,520 $3,174,250 $6,058,770 $6,095,028 
(1) Carrying values presented herein differ from those in the Company’s Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position because certain items within the respective financial statement captions are not considered financial instruments or out of scope under authoritative guidance relating to disclosures of the fair value of financial instruments.

6.    DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS, DEFERRED REINSURANCE AND DEFERRED SALES INDUCEMENTS

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

The following tables show a rollforward for the lines of business that contain DAC balances, along with a reconciliation to the Company's total DAC balance:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Fixed AnnuitiesVariable AnnuitiesTerm LifeVariable / Universal LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$102,251 $3,736,454 $648,837 $2,442,883 $6,930,425 
Capitalization77,409 180,239 114,860 412,902 785,410 
Amortization expense(15,270)(245,590)(47,256)(90,768)(398,884)
Other(1)0 (393,385)0 (12)(393,397)
Balance, end of period$164,390 $3,277,718 $716,441 $2,765,005 $6,923,554 
(1) Other includes the impact of the reinsurance agreement with Ohio National. See Note 11 for additional information.



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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Fixed AnnuitiesVariable AnnuitiesTerm LifeVariable / Universal LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$84,479 $3,806,733 $577,084 $2,561,011 $7,029,307 
   Capitalization14,235 213,698 97,395 395,907 721,235 
   Amortization expense(10,059)(255,420)(40,383)(78,522)(384,384)
   Other(1)0 0 (322)(541,429)(541,751)
Balance, end of period$88,655 $3,765,011 $633,774 $2,336,967 $6,824,407 
(1) Other includes the impact of the reinsurance agreement with Lotus Re.

Deferred Reinsurance Losses

The following tables show a rollforward for the lines of business that contain DRL balances, along with a reconciliation to the Company's total DRL balance:

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Variable AnnuitiesTerm LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$223,515 $69,378 $292,893 
  Amortization expense(22,283)(6,350)(28,633)
  Other(8)0 (8)
Balance, end of period$201,224 $63,028 $264,252 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Variable AnnuitiesTerm LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$254,577 $78,426 $333,003 
  Amortization expense(23,225)(6,841)(30,066)
  Other(8)0 (8)
Balance, end of period$231,344 $71,585 $302,929 



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Deferred Reinsurance Gains

The following tables show a rollforward for the lines of business that contain DRG balances, along with a reconciliation to the Company's total DRG balance:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Fixed AnnuitiesVariable AnnuitiesVariable / Universal LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$57,898 $0 $1,434,958 $1,492,856 
  Amortization(7,141)(10,265)(53,834)(71,240)
Other(1)28 277,133 0 277,161 
Balance, end of period$50,785 $266,868 $1,381,124 $1,698,777 
(1) Other includes the impact of the reinsurance agreement with Ohio National. See Note 11 for additional information.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Fixed AnnuitiesVariable AnnuitiesVariable / Universal LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$78,138 $0 $174,598 $252,736 
Amortization(4,815)0 (61,631)(66,446)
Other(1)(13,803)0 1,340,312 1,326,509 
Balance, end of period$59,520 $0 $1,453,279 $1,512,799 
(1) Includes $1,352 million deferred gain related to the reinsurance agreement with Lotus Re, entered into January 1, 2022.

Deferred Sales Inducements

The following table shows a rollforward of DSI balances for variable annuity products, which is the only line of business that contains a DSI balance, along with a reconciliation to the Company's total DSI balance:

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
Variable Annuities
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$381,504 $414,619 
Capitalization2,053 751 
Amortization expense(23,881)(25,546)
Other(2)0 
Balance, end of period$359,674 $389,824 

7. SEPARATE ACCOUNTS

The Company issues variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts through its separate accounts for which investment income and investment gains and losses accrue directly to, and investment risk is borne by, the contractholder. Most variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts are offered with both separate and general account options. See Note 9 for additional information.

The assets supporting the variable portion of variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts are carried at fair value and reported as “Separate account assets” with an equivalent amount reported as “Separate account liabilities”. The liabilities related to the net amount at risk are reflected within future policy benefits or market risk benefits. Amounts assessed against the contractholders for mortality, administration, and other services are included within revenue in “Policy charges and fee income” and changes in liabilities for minimum guarantees are generally included in “Policyholders’ benefits” or “Realized investment gains (losses), net”.



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Separate Account Assets

The aggregate fair value of assets, by major investment asset category, supporting separate accounts is as follows:

September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Asset Type:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$2,439 $2,510 
 U.S. corporate securities4,289 8,702 
 Foreign corporate securities1,614 1,420 
Mortgage-backed securities177 276 
Mutual funds:
Equity64,287,893 67,144,660 
Fixed Income38,483,909 38,109,374 
Other3,777,729 3,441,016 
Equity securities83,292 49,260 
Other invested assets4,958,037 5,262,178 
Short-term investments9,688 1,237 
   Cash and cash equivalents2,319 30,613 
Total$111,611,386 $114,051,246 

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022, there were no transfers of assets, other than cash, from the general account to a separate account; therefore, no gains or losses were recorded.

Separate Account Liabilities
The balances of and changes in separate account liabilities as of and for the periods indicated are as follows:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Variable AnnuitiesVariable LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$91,785,448 $22,265,798 $114,051,246 
     Deposits327,045 2,013,783 2,340,828 
     Investment performance4,080,782 2,022,446 6,103,228 
     Policy charges(1,740,555)(615,562)(2,356,117)
     Surrenders and withdrawals(6,989,586)(249,911)(7,239,497)
     Benefit payments(57,037)(158,198)(215,235)
     Net transfers (to) from general account(1)(4,467)(1,115,178)(1,119,645)
     Other8,355 38,223 46,578 
Balance, end of period$87,409,985 $24,201,401 $111,611,386 
Cash surrender value(2)$86,152,668 $21,219,141 $107,371,809 



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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Variable AnnuitiesVariable LifeTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$123,977,624 $25,820,204 $149,797,828 
Deposits562,208 1,699,430 2,261,638 
Investment performance(26,283,957)(5,354,052)(31,638,009)
Policy charges(1,929,880)(570,639)(2,500,519)
Surrenders and withdrawals(6,480,743)(274,650)(6,755,393)
Benefit payments(49,586)(238,873)(288,459)
Net transfers (to) from general account(201,039)(170,926)(371,965)
Other9,839 29,687 39,526 
Balance, end of period$89,604,466 $20,940,181 $110,544,647 
Cash surrender value(2)$87,929,884 $18,336,152 $106,266,036 

(1) Variable life includes $900 million of funding for a policy loan to an affiliated irrevocable trust. See Note 14 for additional information.
(2) Represents the amount of the contractholder's account balances distributable at the balance sheet date less certain surrender charges.

8. LIABILITY FOR FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS

Liability for Future Policy Benefits primarily consists of the following sub-components, which are discussed in greater detail below.

Benefit Reserves;
Deferred Profit Liability; and
Additional Insurance Reserves

In 2023, the Company recognized an immaterial impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed benefit reserves. Additionally, the Company recognized an unfavorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update and other refinements for direct and assumed additional insurance reserves, primarily due to unfavorable model refinements, partially offset by favorable updates to economic assumptions, including expected future rates of returns on investments on universal life policies with secondary guarantees.

In 2022, the Company recognized an unfavorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed benefit reserves, primarily due to updates to mortality assumptions on individual term life insurance. Additionally, the Company recognized an unfavorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update and other refinements for direct and assumed additional insurance reserves, primarily due to updates to policyholder behavior assumptions on universal life policies with secondary guarantees.



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Benefit Reserves

The balances of and changes in Benefit Reserves as of and for the periods indicated consist of the three tables presented below: Present Value of Expected Net Premiums rollforward, Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits rollforward, and Net Liability for Future Policy Benefits.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Term LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$10,911,794 $0 $10,911,794 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, beginning of period554,896 0 554,896 
Balance at original discount rate, beginning of period11,466,690 0 11,466,690 
Effect of assumption update(790)0 (790)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity(144,504)(1,257)(145,761)
Adjusted balance, beginning of period11,321,396 (1,257)11,320,139 
Issuances512,379 28,889 541,268 
Net premiums / considerations collected(1,008,159)(27,632)(1,035,791)
Interest accrual391,662 0 391,662 
Balance at original discount rate, end of period11,217,278 0 11,217,278 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, end of period(939,494)0 (939,494)
Balance, end of period$10,277,784 $0 $10,277,784 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Term LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$17,835,251 $204,727 $18,039,978 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, beginning of period962,034 24,876 986,910 
Balance at original discount rate, beginning of period18,797,285 229,603 19,026,888 
Effect of assumption update(1,044)0 (1,044)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity(191,864)6,793 (185,071)
Adjusted balance, beginning of period18,604,377 236,396 18,840,773 
Issuances512,379 28,889 541,268 
Interest accrual670,905 6,300 677,205 
Benefit payments(1,019,151)(25,504)(1,044,655)
Other adjustments2,845 (84)2,761 
Balance at original discount rate, end of period18,771,355 245,997 19,017,352 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, end of period(1,767,981)(34,327)(1,802,308)
Balance, end of period$17,003,374 $211,670 $17,215,044 
Other, end of period1,838 
Total balance, end of period$17,216,882 



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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Net Liability for Future Policy Benefits (Benefit Reserves)
Term LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, end of period, pre-flooring$6,725,590 $211,670 $6,937,260 
Flooring impact, end of period1,773 0 1,773 
Balance, end of period, post-flooring6,727,363 211,670 6,939,033 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable6,241,505 17,097 6,258,602 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable, end of period, post-flooring$485,858 $194,573 $680,431 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Term LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$12,485,056 $0 $12,485,056 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, beginning of period(1,826,120)0 (1,826,120)
Balance at original discount rate, beginning of period10,658,936 0 10,658,936 
Effect of assumption update1,295,294 0 1,295,294 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity(86,611)(1,032)(87,643)
Adjusted balance, beginning of period11,867,619 (1,032)11,866,587 
Issuances317,058 23,787 340,845 
Net premiums / considerations collected(1,000,325)(22,755)(1,023,080)
Interest accrual392,917 0 392,917 
Balance at original discount rate, end of period11,577,269 0 11,577,269 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, end of period(751,597)0 (751,597)
Balance, end of period$10,825,672 $0 $10,825,672 




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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Term LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$20,937,097 $237,065 $21,174,162 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, beginning of period(3,607,275)(16,704)(3,623,979)
Balance at original discount rate, beginning of period17,329,822 220,361 17,550,183 
Effect of assumption update1,756,995 0 1,756,995 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity(171,967)(1,489)(173,456)
Adjusted balance, beginning of period18,914,850 218,872 19,133,722 
Issuances317,058 23,787 340,845 
Interest accrual664,008 5,798 669,806 
Benefit payments(1,046,082)(20,263)(1,066,345)
Other adjustments3,692 (285)3,407 
Balance at original discount rate, end of period18,853,526 227,909 19,081,435 
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions, end of period(1,370,645)(28,806)(1,399,451)
Balance, end of period$17,482,881 $199,103 $17,681,984 
Other, end of period2,186 
Total balance, end of period$17,684,170 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Net Liability for Future Policy Benefits (Benefit Reserves)
Term LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Balance, end of period, post-flooring$6,657,281 $199,103 $6,856,384 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable6,293,473 16,408 6,309,881 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable, end of period, post-flooring$363,808 $182,695 $546,503 
The following tables provide supplemental information related to the balances of and changes in Benefit Reserves included in the disaggregated tables above, on a gross (direct and assumed) basis, as of and for the periods indicated:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Term LifeFixed Annuities
($ in thousands)
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums$21,914,391 $0 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at original discount rate)$15,083,578 $0 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at current discount rate)$13,840,343 $0 
Undiscounted expected future benefits and expenses$29,147,479 $328,212 
Interest accrual$279,242 $6,300 
Gross premiums$1,351,460 $32,677 
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at original discount rate)107
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at current discount rate)96
Weighted-average interest rate (at original discount rate)5.18 %3.62 %
Weighted-average interest rate (at current discount rate)6.02 %5.95 %


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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Term LifeFixed Annuities
($ in thousands)
Undiscounted expected future gross premiums$22,344,548 $0 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at original discount rate)$15,403,622 $0 
Discounted expected future gross premiums (at current discount rate)$14,404,899 $0 
Undiscounted expected future benefits and expenses$29,477,887 $303,385 
Interest accrual$271,091 $5,798 
Gross premiums$1,379,044 $25,058 
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at original discount rate)117
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at current discount rate)106
Weighted-average interest rate (at original discount rate)5.26 %3.55 %
Weighted-average interest rate (at current discount rate)5.67 %5.58 %
For additional information regarding observable market information and the techniques used to determine the interest rate assumptions seen above, see Note 2.
For non-participating traditional and limited-payment products, if a cohort is in a loss position where the liability for future policy benefits plus the present value of expected future gross premiums are determined to be insufficient to provide for the present value of expected future policy benefits and non-level claim settlement expenses, then the liability for future policy benefits is adjusted at that time, and thereafter such that all changes, both favorable and unfavorable, in expected benefits resulting from both actual experience deviations and changes in future assumptions are recognized immediately as a gain or loss.

In the first nine months of 2023, there was a $35 million gain in net income for non-participating traditional and limited-payment products, where net premiums exceeded gross premiums for certain issue-year cohorts, which was offset by a $34 million charge, reflecting the impact of ceded reinsurance on the affected cohorts.

In the first nine months of 2022, there was a $99 million charge to net income for non-participating traditional and limited-payment products, where net premiums exceeded gross premiums for certain issue-year cohorts, mostly offset by a $97 million gain, reflecting the impact of ceded reinsurance on the affected cohorts. The unfavorable impact in the first nine months of 2022 is primarily due to unfavorable assumption updates related to individual term life products.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Deferred Profit Liability

The balances of and changes in Deferred Profit Liability as of and for the periods indicated are as follows:

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
Fixed Annuities
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$18,193 $15,765 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity(6,924)834 
Adjusted balance, beginning of period11,269 16,599 
Profits deferred4,834 2,173 
Interest accrual423 444 
Amortization(1,647)(1,424)
Other adjustments(11)(25)
Balance, end of period14,868 17,767 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable1,435 1,710 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable$13,433 $16,057 

The following table provides supplemental information related to the balances of and changes in Deferred Profit Liability, included in the disaggregated table above, on a gross (direct and assumed) basis, as of and for the period indicated:

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
Fixed Annuities
(in thousands)
Revenue(1)$3,325 $(2,002)
Interest accrual423 444 
(1) Represents the gross premiums collected in changes in deferred profit liability.




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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Additional Insurance Reserves

AIR represents the additional liability for annuitization, death, or other insurance benefits, including GMDB and GMIB contract features, that are above and beyond the contractholder's account balance.

The following table shows a rollforward of AIR balances for variable and universal life products for the periods indicated:

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
(in thousands)
Balance, including amounts in AOCI, beginning of period, post-flooring$12,664,445 $11,660,527 
Flooring impact and amounts in AOCI1,269,237 (896,930)
Balance, excluding amounts in AOCI, beginning of period, pre-flooring13,933,682 10,763,597 
Effect of assumption update22,910 2,197,592 
Effect of actual variances from expected experience and other activity(12,611)(215,658)
Adjusted balance, beginning of period13,943,981 12,745,531 
Assessments collected(1)828,657 738,061 
Interest accrual360,309 318,069 
Benefits paid(219,784)(131,667)
Balance, excluding amounts in AOCI, end of period, pre-flooring14,913,163 13,669,994 
Flooring impact and amounts in AOCI(1,714,686)(1,576,731)
Balance, including amounts in AOCI, end of period, post-flooring13,198,477 12,093,263 
Less: Reinsurance recoverable12,979,687 11,902,756 
Balance after reinsurance recoverable, including amounts in AOCI, end of period$218,790 $190,507 
(1) Represents the portion of gross assessments required to fund the future policy benefits.
Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
($ in thousands)
Interest accrual$360,309 $318,069 
Gross assessments$1,168,206 $1,020,763 
Weighted-average duration of the liability in years (at original discount rate)2223
Weighted-average interest rate (at original discount rate)3.36 %3.38 %


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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Future Policy Benefits Reconciliation

The following table presents the reconciliation of the ending balances from the above rollforwards, Benefit Reserves, Additional Insurance Reserves, and Deferred Profit Liability including other liabilities, gross of related reinsurance recoverables, to the total liability for Future Policy Benefits as reported on the Company's Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of the periods indicated:

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
(in thousands)
Benefit reserves, end of period, post-flooring$6,939,033 $6,856,384 
Deferred profit liability, end of period, post-flooring14,868 17,767 
Additional insurance reserves, including amounts in AOCI, end of period, post-flooring13,198,477 12,093,263 
Subtotal of amounts disclosed above20,152,378 18,967,414 
Other Future policy benefits reserves(1)1,104,756 1,036,278 
Total Future policy benefits$21,257,134 $20,003,692 
(1)Represents balances for which disaggregated rollforward disclosures are not required, including unpaid claims and claims expenses, and incurred but not reported and in course of settlement claim liabilities.
    
Revenue and Interest Expense

The following tables present revenue and interest expense related to Benefit Reserves, Additional Insurance Reserves, and Deferred Profit Liability, as well as related revenue and interest expense not presented in the above supplemental tables, in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations for the periods indicated:

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Revenues(1)
Term LifeVariable/ Universal LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Benefit reserves$1,351,460 $0 $32,677 $1,384,137 
Deferred profit liability0 0 3,325 3,325 
Additional insurance reserves0 1,168,206 0 1,168,206 
Total$1,351,460 $1,168,206 $36,002 $2,555,668 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Revenues(1)
Term LifeVariable/ Universal LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Benefit reserves$1,379,044 $0 $25,058 $1,404,102 
Deferred profit liability0 0 (2,002)(2,002)
Additional insurance reserves0 1,020,763 0 1,020,763 
Total$1,379,044 $1,020,763 $23,056 $2,422,863 
(1)Represents "Gross premiums" for benefit reserves; "Revenue" for deferred profit liability and "Gross assessments" for additional insurance reserves.



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Interest Expense
Term LifeVariable/ Universal LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Benefit reserves$279,242 $0 $6,300 $285,542 
Deferred profit liability0 0 423 423 
Additional insurance reserves0 360,309 0 360,309 
Total$279,242 $360,309 $6,723 $646,274 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Interest Expense
Term LifeVariable/ Universal LifeFixed AnnuitiesTotal
(in thousands)
Benefit reserves$271,091 $0 $5,798 $276,889 
Deferred profit liability0 0 444 444 
Additional insurance reserves0 318,069 0 318,069 
Total$271,091 $318,069 $6,242 $595,402 


9. POLICYHOLDERS' ACCOUNT BALANCES

Policyholders' Account Balances

The balance of and changes in policyholders' account balances as of and for the periods ended are as follows:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Fixed AnnuitiesVariable AnnuitiesVariable Life / Universal LifeTotal
($ in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$3,575,824 $16,432,032 $18,736,365 $38,744,221 
Deposits1,801,985 3,439,562 1,543,230 6,784,777 
Interest credited73,763 194,853 415,843 684,459 
Policy charges(5,683)(16,564)(1,357,363)(1,379,610)
Surrenders and withdrawals(161,929)(351,475)(579,913)(1,093,317)
Benefit payments(37,459)(22,285)(62,055)(121,799)
Net transfers (to) from separate account(1)0 4,467 1,115,178 1,119,645 
Change in market value and other adjustments(2)81,544 1,095,144 76,107 1,252,795 
Balance, end of period5,328,045 20,775,734 19,887,392 45,991,171 
Less: Reinsurance and other recoverables(3)22,276 495,506 12,859,492 13,377,274 
Policyholders' account balance net of reinsurance and other recoverables$5,305,769 $20,280,228 $7,027,900 $32,613,897 
Unearned revenue reserve3,568,084 
Other102,815 
Total Policyholders' account balance$49,662,070 
Weighted-average crediting rate2.21 %1.40 %2.87 %2.15 %
Net amount at risk(4)$12 $0 $318,075,705 $318,075,717 
Cash surrender value(5)$4,491,679 $17,981,713 $18,517,769 $40,991,161 


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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



(1) Variable life includes $900 million of funding for a policy loan to an affiliated irrevocable trust. See Note 14 for additional information.
(2) Primarily relates to changes in the value of embedded derivative instruments associated with the indexed options of certain products.
(3) The amount of recoverables related to reinsurance agreements that reduce the risk of the policyholders' account balances gross liability.
(4) The net amount at risk calculation includes both general and separate account balances.
(5) Represents the amount of the contractholder's account balances distributable at the balance sheet date less certain surrender charges.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Fixed AnnuitiesVariable AnnuitiesVariable Life / Universal LifeTotal
($ in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$3,005,867 $11,465,411 $18,762,548 $33,233,826 
Deposits352,985 3,742,495 1,624,685 5,720,165 
Interest credited38,232 120,516 435,694 594,442 
Policy charges(3,393)(2,343)(1,343,735)(1,349,471)
Surrenders and withdrawals(44,124)(182,878)(597,867)(824,869)
Benefit payments(68,319)(28,907)(76,017)(173,243)
Net transfers (to) from separate account0 201,039 170,926 371,965 
Change in market value and other adjustments(1)(97,166)559,351 (278,141)184,044 
Balance, end of period3,184,082 15,874,684 18,698,093 37,756,859 
Less: Reinsurance and other recoverables(2)4,664 328,079 12,970,107 13,302,850 
Policyholders' account balance net of reinsurance and other recoverables$3,179,418 $15,546,605 $5,727,986 $24,454,009 
Unearned revenue reserve2,896,790 
Other98,896 
Total Policyholders' account balance$40,752,545 
Weighted-average crediting rate1.65 %1.18 %3.10 %2.23 %
Net amount at risk(3)$235 $0 $300,033,962 $300,034,197 
Cash surrender value(4)$2,617,105 $12,395,474 $17,084,598 $32,097,177 
(1) Primarily relates to changes in the value of embedded derivative instruments associated with the indexed options of certain products.
(2) The amount of recoverables related to reinsurance agreements that reduce the risk of the policyholders’ account balances gross liability.
(3) The net amount at risk calculation includes both general and separate account balances.
(4) Represents the amount of the contractholder's account balances distributable at the balance sheet date less certain surrender charges.

The Company issues variable life and universal life insurance contracts which may also include a “no-lapse guarantee” where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a death benefit even when the account value drops to zero, as long as the “no-lapse guarantee” premium is paid.

The net amount at risk is generally defined as the current death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including contractholder mortality, contract lapses, and premium pattern, as well as interest rate and equity market returns.

The Company also issues annuity contracts that provide certain death benefit and/or living benefit guarantees and are accounted for as MRBs. See Note 10 for additional information, including the net amount at risk associated with these guarantees.




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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



The balance of account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums are as follows:
September 30, 2023
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate (1)At guaranteed minimum
1 -50 bps above guaranteed minimum
51 -150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Greater than 150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Total
(in thousands)
Fixed Annuities
Less than 1.00%
$85 $188 $430 $20,481 $21,184 
1.00% - 1.99%
497,237 74,579 237,130 82,040 890,986 
2.00% - 2.99%
280,760 469,123 319,721 12,466 1,082,070 
3.00% - 4.00%
31,048 0 0 0 31,048 
Greater than 4.00%
0 0 0 0 0 
Total$809,130 $543,890 $557,281 $114,987 $2,025,288 
Variable Annuities
Less than 1.00%
$944,205 $821,295 $18,262 $2 $1,783,764 
1.00% - 1.99%
221,831 2,113 1,086 0 225,030 
2.00% - 2.99%
26,319 4,332 2,979 0 33,630 
3.00% - 4.00%
956,761 3,416 0 0 960,177 
Greater than 4.00%
2,027 0 0 0 2,027 
Total$2,151,143 $831,156 $22,327 $2 $3,004,628 
Variable Life / Universal Life
Less than 1.00%
$0 $0 $0 $217,003 $217,003 
1.00% - 1.99%
185,341 0 2,528,250 572,113 3,285,704 
2.00% - 2.99%
27,536 1,418,150 2,778,586 268,998 4,493,270 
3.00% - 4.00%
4,008,791 2,241,159 1,114,429 0 7,364,379 
Greater than 4.00%
2,147,756 0 0 0 2,147,756 
Total$6,369,424 $3,659,309 $6,421,265 $1,058,114 $17,508,112 
(1) Excludes contracts without minimum guaranteed crediting rates, such as funds with indexed-linked crediting options.


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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



September 30, 2022
Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate (1)At guaranteed minimum
1 - 50 bps above guaranteed minimum
51 -150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Greater than 150 bps above guaranteed minimum
Total
(in thousands)
Fixed Annuities
Less than 1.00%
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 
1.00% - 1.99%
520,312 66,011 127,370 48,257 761,950 
2.00% - 2.99%
212,983 0 0 0 212,983 
3.00% - 4.00%
40,381 0 0 0 40,381 
Greater than 4.00%
0 0 0 0 0 
Total$773,676 $66,011 $127,370 $48,257 $1,015,314 
Variable Annuities
Less than 1.00%
$1,034,346 $869,636 $18,847 $2 $1,922,831 
1.00% - 1.99%
247,033 2,223 339 0 249,595 
2.00% - 2.99%
29,299 63 0 0 29,362 
3.00% - 4.00%
1,110,933 0 0 0 1,110,933 
Greater than 4.00%
2,167 0 0 0 2,167 
Total$2,423,778 $871,922 $19,186 $2 $3,314,888 
Variable Life / Universal Life
Less than 1.00%
$14,603 $0 $0 $0 $14,603 
1.00% - 1.99%
323,385 0 733,182 2,014,152 3,070,719 
2.00% - 2.99%
8,479 3,540 2,405,601 2,003,691 4,421,311 
3.00% - 4.00%
4,559,965 11,551 2,316,936 139,908 7,028,360 
Greater than 4.00%
2,085,177 0 0 0 2,085,177 
Total$6,991,609 $15,091 $5,455,719 $4,157,751 $16,620,170 
(1) Excludes contracts without minimum guaranteed crediting rates, such as funds with indexed-linked crediting options.

Unearned Revenue Reserve

The balances of and changes in URR as of and for the periods ended are as follows:

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
Variable Life / Universal Life
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$3,067,336 $2,398,788 
Unearned revenue612,196594,026
Amortization expense(111,353)(96,077)
Other adjustments(95)53 
Balance, end of period3,568,084 2,896,790 
Less: Reinsurance recoverables1,656,2991,498,140
Unearned revenue reserve net of reinsurance recoverables$1,911,785 $1,398,650 



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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY    
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



10. MARKET RISK BENEFITS

The following tables show a rollforward of MRB balances for variable annuity products, along with a reconciliation to the Company’s total net MRB positions as of the following dates:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Variable AnnuitiesLess: Reinsured Market Risk BenefitsTotal, Net of Reinsurance
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$4,550,625 $(422,261)$4,128,364 
Effect of cumulative changes in non-performance risk1,727,910 0 1,727,910 
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of changes in non-performance risk6,278,535 (422,261)5,856,274 
Attributed fees collected878,381 (179,211)699,170 
Claims paid(62,128)5,903 (56,225)
Interest accrual235,979 (38,016)197,963 
Actual in force different from expected52,753 (6,588)46,165 
Effect of changes in interest rates(2,869,989)484,168 (2,385,821)
Effect of changes in equity markets(940,654)90,742 (849,912)
Effect of assumption update330,769 (54,067)276,702 
Issuances21,271 8,206 29,477 
Other adjustments(1)(17,436)(638,198)(655,634)
Effect of changes in current period counterparty non-performance risk0 (75,594)(75,594)
Balance, end of period, before effect of changes in non-performance risk3,907,481 (824,916)3,082,565 
Effect of cumulative changes in non-performance risk(1,230,621)0 (1,230,621)
Balance, end of period$2,676,860 $(824,916)$1,851,944 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Variable AnnuitiesLess: Reinsured Market Risk BenefitsTotal, Net of Reinsurance
(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period$8,884,362 $(906,484)$7,977,878 
Effect of cumulative changes in non-performance risk287,605 0 287,605 
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of changes in non-performance risk9,171,967 (906,484)8,265,483 
Attributed fees collected958,638 (113,016)845,622 
Claims paid(36,684)1,567 (35,117)
Interest accrual71,646 (6,801)64,845 
Actual in force different from expected77,474 (6,817)70,657 
Effect of changes in interest rates(6,853,674)715,370 (6,138,304)
Effect of changes in equity markets3,966,792 (416,593)3,550,199 
Effect of assumption update(160,596)23,170 (137,426)
Effect of changes in current period counterparty non-performance risk0 226,717 226,717 
Balance, end of period, before effect of changes in non-performance risk7,195,563 (482,887)6,712,676 
Effect of cumulative changes in non-performance risk(2,073,958)0 (2,073,958)
Balance, end of period$5,121,605 $(482,887)$4,638,718 
(1)    Other adjustments for September 30, 2023 primarily includes $638 million related to the reinsurance transaction with Ohio National. See Note 11 for additional information.


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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)




In 2023, the Company recognized an unfavorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed market risk benefits, primarily due to updates to policyholder behavior assumptions on certain variable annuities.

In 2022, the Company recognized a favorable impact to net income attributable to the actuarial assumption update for direct and assumed market risk benefits, primarily due to updates to mortality and policyholder behavior assumptions on certain variable annuities.

The Company issues certain variable annuity insurance contracts where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a return of no less than (1) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return, and/or (2) the highest anniversary contract value on a specified date adjusted for any withdrawals. These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death, annuitization or at specified dates during the accumulation period and withdrawal and income benefits payable during specified periods.

The Company also issues indexed variable annuity contracts for which the return is tied to the return of specific indices where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a return of no less than total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals upon death. In certain of these indexed variable annuity contracts, the Company also contractually guarantees to the contractholder withdrawal benefits payable during specific periods.

For guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including fixed income and equity market returns, contract lapses and contractholder mortality.

For guarantees of benefits that are payable at annuitization, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the present value of the minimum guaranteed annuity payments available to the contractholder determined in accordance with the terms of the contract in excess of the current account balance. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including fixed income and equity market returns, timing of annuitization, contract lapses and contractholder mortality.

For guarantees of benefits that are payable at withdrawal, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the present value of the minimum guaranteed withdrawal payments available to the contractholder determined in accordance with the terms of the contract in excess of the current account balance.

For guarantees of accumulation balances, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the guaranteed minimum accumulation balance minus the current account balance. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including equity market returns, interest rates, market volatility and contractholder behavior.

The following table presents accompanying information to the rollforward table above.
September 30, 2023September 30, 2022
Variable Annuities
($ in thousands)
Net amount at risk(1)$12,504,440 $14,124,120 
Weighted-average attained age of contractholders7069
(1)For contracts with multiple benefit features, the highest net amount at risk for each contract is included.










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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



The table below reconciles MRB asset and liability positions as of the following dates:
September 30, 2023September 30, 2022
Variable Annuities
(in thousands)
Market risk benefit assets$2,519,234 $1,306,404 
Market risk benefit liabilities4,371,178 5,945,122 
Net liability$1,851,944 $4,638,718 


11.    REINSURANCE

The Company participates in reinsurance with its affiliates Prudential Arizona Reinsurance Captive Company (“PARCC”), Prudential Arizona Reinsurance Term Company (“PAR Term”), Prudential Arizona Reinsurance Universal Company (“PAR U”), Prudential Universal Reinsurance Company ("PURC"), Prudential Term Reinsurance Company (“Term Re”), Gibraltar Universal Life Reinsurance Company ("GUL Re"), Dryden Arizona Reinsurance Term Company (“DART”), Lotus Re, and PALAC, a former subsidiary of Prudential Financial that was sold to Fortitude on April 1, 2022, which is discussed in Note 1. The Company also participates in reinsurance with its parent company Prudential Insurance, as well as third parties. The reinsurance agreements provide risk diversification and additional capacity for future growth, limit the maximum net loss potential, manage statutory capital, and facilitate the Company's capital market hedging program. Life reinsurance is accomplished through various plans of reinsurance, primarily YRT and coinsurance. Reinsurance ceded arrangements do not discharge the Company as the primary insurer. Ceded balances would represent a liability of the Company in the event the reinsurers were unable to meet their obligations to the Company under the terms of the reinsurance agreements. The Company believes a material reinsurance liability resulting from such inability of reinsurers to meet their obligations is unlikely.

Reserves related to reinsured long-duration contracts are accounted for using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying contracts. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers for long-duration reinsurance arrangements are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liabilities and policy benefits associated with the reinsured policies. Reinsurance policy charges and fee income ceded for universal life and variable annuity products are accounted for as a reduction of policy charges and fee income. Reinsurance premiums ceded for term insurance products are accounted for as a reduction of premiums.

Reinsurance agreements that do not expose the Company to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk are recorded using the deposit method of accounting. The deposit assets on reinsurance are recorded within “Other assets” and the corresponding funds withheld liability for assets retained under these reinsurance agreements are recorded within “Other liabilities.” Balances associated with these agreements are included in the tables below.

"Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gain (loss)" include the impact of reinsurance agreements, particularly reinsurance agreements involving living benefit guarantees. The Company has entered into reinsurance agreements to transfer the risk related to the living benefit guarantees on variable annuities within the PLNJ business to Prudential Insurance. These reinsurance agreements are market risk benefits and have been accounted for in the same manner. See Note 4 for additional information related to the accounting for market risk benefits.



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Reinsurance amounts included in the Company’s Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (in thousands)
Reinsurance recoverables(1)$36,860,011 $37,096,562 
Policy loans(1,073,903)(1,011,112)
Deferred policy acquisition costs(1)(3,236,759)(3,343,270)
Deferred sales inducements(1)(36,080)(38,146)
Market risk benefit assets(1)1,108,690 543,177 
Other assets(1)1,851,596 1,146,794 
Policyholders’ account balances(1)6,026,901 7,157,639 
Future policy benefits(1)6,672,884 6,320,863 
Market risk benefit liabilities(1)286,622 120,916 
Other liabilities(1)4,039,544 2,891,433 
(1)Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.
Unaffiliated reinsurance amounts included in the table above and in the Company's Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position were as follows:
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Deferred policy acquisition costs(1)$74,341 $111,379 
Market risk benefit assets(1)757,038 64,738 
Other assets1,745,370 1,034,000 
Policyholders’ account balances(1)1,823,542 2,771,961 
Future policy benefits159 0 
Market risk benefit liabilities(1)149,460 40,731 
Other liabilities1,793,934 820,185 
(1)Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.
The deposit assets on reinsurance totaled $1,601 million and $828 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The funds withheld liabilities totaled $1,398 million and $705 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Reinsurance recoverables by counterparty are broken out below:
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022(1)
 (in thousands)
PAR U$15,272,691 $15,051,337 
PURC7,169,637 6,928,950 
PARCC2,237,002 2,437,589 
GUL Re3,096,035 3,124,697 
PAR Term1,902,278 2,040,599 
Prudential Insurance1,112,606 986,013 
Term Re1,829,064 1,830,197 
Lotus Re2,034,218 1,952,215 
DART604,117 578,462 
Unaffiliated1,602,363 2,166,503 
Total reinsurance recoverables$36,860,011 $37,096,562 
(1)Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.


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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Reinsurance amounts, included in the Company’s Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, were as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023202220232022
(in thousands)
Premiums:
Direct(1)$457,967 $462,478 $1,396,506 $1,406,822 
Assumed32 (2,653)(90)(10,730)
Ceded(1)(372,859)(398,109)(1,144,655)(1,210,547)
Net premiums(1)85,140 61,716 251,761 185,545 
Policy charges and fee income:
Direct(1)753,291 746,814 2,238,266 2,295,350 
Assumed(1)151,927 149,564 453,006 455,114 
Ceded(1)(558,737)(526,432)(1,594,764)(1,892,583)
Net policy charges and fee income(1)346,481 369,946 1,096,508 857,881 
Net investment income:
Direct463,070 226,827 1,216,154 617,818 
Assumed338 349 1,024 1,167 
Ceded(2,544)(16,414)(13,789)(36,795)
Net investment income460,864 210,762 1,203,389 582,190 
Asset administration fees:
Direct81,422 84,959 242,730 271,071 
Assumed0 0 0 0 
Ceded(24,668)(16,405)(64,986)(51,495)
Net asset administration fees56,754 68,554 177,744 219,576 
Other income (loss):
Direct(89,144)(181,634)216,247 (855,885)
Assumed116 3,059 (233)550 
Ceded(1)25,473 17,168 70,736 60,206 
Net Other income (loss)(1)(63,555)(161,407)286,750 (795,129)
Realized investment gains (losses), net:
Direct(1)(492,184)(44,847)(826,822)1,080,351 
Assumed(1)(31,544)122,364 189,400 (363,266)
Ceded(1)55,472 19,754 56,181 93,686 
Realized investment gains (losses), net(1)(468,256)97,271 (581,241)810,771 
Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gain (loss):
Direct(1)(54,544)29,320 152,660 (698,317)
Assumed(1)283 0 (3,160)0 
Ceded(1)(193,210)(109,398)(415,656)(537,098)
Net change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gain (loss)(1)(247,471)(80,078)(266,156)(1,235,415)
Policyholders’ benefits (including change in reserves):
Direct(1)912,588 880,240 2,639,868 2,460,564 
Assumed(1)336,300 289,093 985,635 868,301 
Ceded(1)(1,103,479)(1,081,648)(3,227,951)(2,961,322)
Net policyholders’ benefits (including change in reserves)(1)145,409 87,685 397,552 367,543 


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Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023202220232022
Change in estimates of liability for future policy benefits:
Direct(1)(44,155)(69,944)(61,510)1,748,781 
Assumed(1)(17,580)(12,640)8,071 676,754 
Ceded(1)68,300 79,649 54,469 (2,382,670)
Net change in estimates of liability for future policy benefits(1)6,565 (2,935)1,030 42,865 
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances:
Direct(1)228,399 259,175 666,947 593,160 
Assumed33,602 (52,300)100,065 49,803 
Ceded(1)(98,927)(109,226)(299,900)(324,377)
Net interest credited to policyholders’ account balances(1)163,074 97,649 467,112 318,586 
Reinsurance expense allowances and general and administrative expenses, net of capitalization and amortization(1)(57,368)146,690 (280,393)(71,962)
(1)Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.


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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Unaffiliated reinsurance assumed and ceded amounts included in the table above and in the Company's Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022(1)20232022(1)
(in thousands)
Premiums:
Assumed(2)$32 $(2,653)$(100)$(16,061)
Ceded(2)(13,942)(10,036)(47,319)(32,606)
Policy charges and fee income:
Assumed460 1,929 1,383 13,350 
Ceded(39,143)(21,196)(101,419)(59,453)
Net investment income:
Ceded10,109 (4,122)23,022 195 
Asset administration fees:
Ceded(7,464)0 (15,204)0 
Other income (loss):
Assumed185 3,059 (53)549 
Ceded7,887 1,622 17,540 1,622 
Realized investment gains (losses), net:
Assumed(31,544)122,365 189,400 (159,280)
Ceded(2)41,007 19,601 40,378 92,377 
Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gain (loss):
Assumed(2)283 0 (3,160)0 
Ceded(2)(70,693)(20,174)(150,791)(106,676)
Policyholders’ benefits (including change in reserves):
Assumed265 587 545 1,941 
Ceded(2)(42,655)(18,206)(106,475)(61,248)
Change in estimates of liability for future policy benefits:
Ceded(1,407)0 (1,823)(6,594)
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances:
Assumed3,651 (83,932)8,750 (86,713)
Ceded85 0 0 0 
(1)Prior period has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
(2)Prior period amounts adjusted for the implementation of ASU 2018-12: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



The gross and net amounts of life insurance face amount in force as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
20232022
 (in thousands)
Direct gross life insurance face amount in force$1,115,174,542 $1,089,504,288 
Assumed gross life insurance face amount in force35,824,627 36,865,826 
Reinsurance ceded(1,010,577,960)(1,010,441,444)
Net life insurance face amount in force$140,421,209 $115,928,670 

Significant Affiliated Reinsurance Agreements

PAR U

Pruco Life reinsures an amount equal to 70% of all the risks associated with Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees as well as certain of its universal policies, with effective dates prior to January 1, 2011.

Effective July 1, 2012, PLNJ reinsures an amount equal to 95% of all the risks associated with Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees as well as certain of its universal policies, with effective dates through December 31, 2019, excluding those policies that are subject to principle-based reserving.

On January 2, 2013, Pruco Life began to assume Guaranteed Universal Life ("GUL") business from Prudential Insurance in connection with the acquisition of the Hartford Life Business. The GUL business assumed from Prudential Insurance was subsequently retroceded to PAR U.

PALAC

Effective April 1, 2016, the Company entered into a reinsurance agreement to reinsure its variable annuity base contracts, along with the living benefit guarantees to PALAC, excluding the PLNJ business, which was reinsured to Prudential Insurance. This reinsurance agreement excluded business reinsured externally. As of December 31, 2020, the Company discontinued the sales of traditional variable annuities with guaranteed living benefit riders. This discontinuation had no impact on the reinsurance agreement between PALAC, Prudential Insurance, and the Company.

Effective July 1, 2021, the Company recaptured the risks related to its business, as discussed above, that had previously been reinsured to PALAC from April 1, 2016 through June 30, 2021. The recapture did not impact PLNJ, which continued to reinsure its business to Prudential Insurance. The product risks related to the previously reinsured business that were being managed in PALAC, were transferred to the Company. In addition, the living benefit hedging program related to the previously reinsured living benefit riders were being managed within the Company.

On April 1, 2022, PALAC was sold to Fortitude as discussed in Note 1 and is no longer considered an affiliate of the Company.

PURC

Pruco Life reinsures an amount equal to 70% of all the risks associated with its Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees as well as certain of its universal policies, with effective dates from January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2013, with PURC and 95% of all the risks associated with Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees, as well as certain of its universal policies, with effective dates from January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016.

PARCC

Prior to July 1, 2019, the Company reinsured 90% of the risks under its term life insurance policies, with effective dates prior to January 1, 2010 through an automatic coinsurance agreement with PARCC. Effective July 1, 2019, the Company amended the coinsurance agreement to increase the percentage from 90% to 100% of the policy risk amount reinsured. The amended agreement does not impact contracts issued by PLNJ, which remain at the original percentage.



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GUL Re

Effective January 1, 2017, Pruco Life entered into an automatic coinsurance agreement with GUL Re to reinsure an amount equal to 95% of all the risks associated with Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees, as well as certain of its universal policies, with effective dates on or after January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2019, excluding those policies that are subject to principle-based reserving.

Effective July 1, 2017, Pruco Life amended this agreement to include 30% of Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees as well as certain of its universal policies with effective dates prior to January 1, 2014.

PAR Term

Prior to July 1, 2019, the Company reinsures 95% of the risks under its term life insurance policies with effective dates January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2013, through an automatic coinsurance agreement with PAR Term. Effective July 1, 2019, the Company amended the coinsurance agreement to increase the percentage from 95% to 100% of the policy risk amount reinsured. The amended agreement does not impact contracts issued by PLNJ, which remain at the original percentage.

Term Re

The Company reinsures 95% of the risks under its term life insurance policies, with effective dates on or after January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2017, through an automatic coinsurance agreement with Term Re.

Prudential Insurance

The Company has a YRT reinsurance agreement with Prudential Insurance and reinsures the majority of all mortality risks not otherwise reinsured. This agreement was terminated for new business effective January 1, 2020, with certain new business (primarily universal life policies) terminated as early as 2017. The Company now reinsures a portion of the mortality risk directly to third-party reinsurers and retains all of the non-reinsured portion of the mortality risk. Effective July 1, 2019, certain term life insurance policies were recaptured and subsequently reinsured to PARCC and PAR Term as noted above. As of January 1, 2022, most of the variable life insurance policies were recaptured resulting in a $305 million loss recorded through "Policy charges and fee income." Those policies were then reinsured to Lotus Re as mentioned below.

On January 2, 2013, Pruco Life began to assume GUL business from Prudential Insurance in connection with the acquisition of the Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. ("Hartford Financial"). The GUL business assumed from Prudential Insurance was subsequently retroceded to PAR U. In May 2018, Hartford Financial sold a group of operating subsidiaries, which includes two of Prudential Insurance's counterparties to these reinsurance arrangements. There was no impact to the terms, rights or obligations of Prudential Insurance, or operation of these reinsurance arrangements, as a result of this change in control of such counterparties. Similarly, there was no impact to the Company's reinsurance arrangements with respect to such GUL business as a result of this change in control. In January 2021, there was a definitive agreement announced to subsequently sell the two counterparties mentioned above, which were then acquired by Sixth Street in July 2021. There was no impact to the terms, rights or obligations of the Company, or operation of these reinsurance arrangements, as a result of this change in control of such counterparties.

The Company has reinsured a group annuity contract with Prudential Insurance, in consideration for a single premium payment by the Company, providing reinsurance equal to 100% of all payments due under the contract.

Effective April 1, 2016, PLNJ entered into a reinsurance agreement to reinsure its variable annuity base contracts, along with the living benefit guarantees to Prudential Insurance. This reinsurance agreement covers new and in force business. Effective February 1, 2023, PLNJ began selling indexed variable annuities products, which is reinsured to Prudential Insurance through the existing reinsurance agreement. The reinsurance of the indexed variable annuities transfers all significant risks, including mortality risk, embedded in the reinsured contracts to Prudential Insurance. As a result of the agreement, reinsurance payables includes the ceded modified coinsurance arrangement, which reflects the value of the invested assets retained by the Company and the associated asset returns.



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Lotus Re

Effective October 1, 2021, the Company entered into an automatic coinsurance agreement with Lotus Re to reinsure $32 million of liabilities associated with the risks associated with a portion of its variable life policies in the extended term policy status.

Effective January 1, 2022 the Company recaptured the risks that were previously ceded to Lotus Re from October 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. Immediately thereafter, the Company entered into a reinsurance agreement with Lotus Re to cede 100% of the risks associated with a closed block of variable life business on a coinsurance and modified coinsurance basis including policies in the extended term policy status. The amount of the net liabilities associated with the transaction for coinsurance and modified coinsurance were $1,387 million and $14,037 million, respectively. As part of the consideration, the Company also ceded to Lotus Re $855 million of policy loan assets associated with the reinsured policies while receiving $820 million in cash from Lotus Re. As a result, the Company recorded a $1,352 million deferred gain, which will be recognized over the remaining life of the underlying policies. In tandem with the transaction, effective January 1, 2022, Lotus Re established an automatic YRT agreement with the Company to cede back a portion of the mortality risks associated with the reinsured policies for the purposes of the Company maintaining YRT reinsurance with external counterparties.

DART

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company entered into an automatic coinsurance agreement with DART to reinsure an amount equal to 95% of the risks associated with its term life insurance policies with effective dates on or after January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019, excluding those policies that are subject to principle-based reserving.

Significant Third-Party Reinsurance Arrangements

The Ohio National Life Insurance Company

Effective April 1, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with Ohio National, an affiliate of Constellation Insurance Holdings, Inc., to reinsure approximately $10 billion of account values of PDI traditional variable annuity contracts with guaranteed living benefits. This block represents approximately 10% of the Company’s remaining legacy in force traditional variable annuity block by account value. The Company ceded 100% of separate account liabilities under modified coinsurance and 100% of general account liabilities under coinsurance of its PDI traditional variable annuity contracts. The general account liabilities associated with PDI's guaranteed living and death benefits and the corresponding reinsurance of those liabilities are accounted for as market risk benefits. As a result of the transaction, the Company recognized a $277 million deferred reinsurance gain that will be amortized into income over the estimated remaining life of the reinsured policies.

FLIAC

Effective December 1, 2021, the Company entered into a reinsurance agreement with FLIAC under which the Company assumed all of its indexed variable annuities under modified coinsurance. The reinsurance of the indexed variable annuities transfers all significant risks, including mortality risk, embedded in the reinsured contracts to the Company. As a result of the agreement, "Reinsurance recoverables" includes the assumed modified coinsurance receivable, which reflects the value of the invested assets retained by FLIAC and the associated asset returns. The Company also assumed via coinsurance all of FLIAC’s fixed indexed annuities and fixed annuities with a guaranteed lifetime withdrawal income feature which are accounted for under deposit accounting. The reinsurance agreement offers the policyholders the opportunity to novate their contracts from FLIAC to the Company and any such novated contracts shall cease to be reinsured under this agreement. As of September 30, 2023, the total account value of contracts novated from FLIAC to the Company were $5.3 billion for indexed variable annuities contracts and $2.0 billion for fixed annuities and fixed indexed annuities contracts, which is approximately 80% of the total reinsured block.

Union Hamilton

Between April 1, 2015 and December 31, 2016, the Company, excluding its subsidiary, reinsured approximately 50% of the new business related to “highest daily” living benefits rider guarantees on HDI v.3.0 product, available with Prudential Premier® Retirement Variable Annuity, to Union Hamilton Reinsurance Ltd. ("Union Hamilton"). This reinsurance remains in force for the duration of the underlying annuity contracts. New sales of HDI v.3.0 subsequent to December 31, 2016 are not covered by this external reinsurance agreement. As of September 30, 2023, $2.3 billion of HDI v.3.0 account values are reinsured to Union Hamilton.


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12.    INCOME TAXES

The Company uses a full year projected effective tax rate approach to calculate year-to-date taxes. In determining the full year projected tax rate, the Company considers the realizability of deferred tax assets, including those associated with unrealized investment losses, and has determined based upon the weight of available evidence that no valuation allowance is necessary related to unrealized investment losses. In addition, certain items impacting total income tax expense are recorded in the periods in which they occur. The projected effective tax rate is the ratio of projected “Income tax expense (benefit)” divided by projected “Income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of operating joint venture.” Taxes attributable to operating joint ventures are recorded within “Equity in earnings of operating joint ventures, net of taxes.” The interim period tax expense (or benefit) is the difference between the year-to-date income tax provision and the amounts reported for the previous interim periods of the fiscal year.

The Company's income tax provision, on a consolidated basis, amounted to an income tax benefit of $(8.3) million, or (18.34)% of income (loss) from operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of operating joint venture, in the first nine months of 2023, compared to $(350.2) million, or 27.28%, in the first nine months of 2022. The Company's current and prior effective tax rates differed from the U.S. statutory tax rate of 21% primarily due to non-taxable investment income and tax credits.

Inflation Reduction Act. On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Inflation Reduction Act”). One of the most significant provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act is a 15% alternative minimum tax based on the Company’s GAAP income, with certain adjustments. This provision which is applicable only to companies with average applicable financial statement income over $1 billion for any three-year period ending in 2022 or later, is effective in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022. The impact of the book-income alternative minimum tax, if any, will vary from year to year based on the relationship of the Company’s GAAP income to the Company’s taxable income. Any tax paid pursuant to this provision is available as a tax credit in future years when the Company’s tax rate exceeds the 15% minimum tax threshold.

13.    EQUITY

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

AOCI represents the cumulative OCI items that are reported separate from net income and detailed on the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). The balance of and changes in each component of AOCI as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, are as follows:

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustment
Net Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses)(1)
Interest Rate Remeasurement of Future Policy BenefitsGain (loss) from Changes in Non-Performance Risk on Market Risk BenefitsTotal Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 (in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2022$(20,007)$(1,474,475)$119,368 $1,365,049 $(10,065)
Change in OCI before reclassifications431 (482,272)73,321 (497,289)(905,809)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI0 (17,746)0 0 (17,746)
Income tax benefit (expense)(51)105,037 (15,396)104,431 194,021 
Balance, September 30, 2023$(19,627)$(1,869,456)$177,293 $972,191 $(739,599)



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustment
Net Unrealized
Investment Gains
(Losses)(1)
Interest Rate Remeasurement of Future Policy BenefitsGain (loss) from Changes in Non-Performance Risk on Market Risk BenefitsTotal Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 (in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2021$(11,274)$306,331 $(125,809)$227,206 $396,454 
Change in OCI before reclassifications(11,519)(2,552,163)346,865 1,786,353 (430,464)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI0 (55,886)0 0 (55,886)
Income tax benefit (expense)1,357 547,513 (72,842)(375,135)100,893 
Balance, September 30, 2022$(21,436)$(1,754,205)$148,214 $1,638,424 $10,997 

(1)Includes cash flow hedges of $94 million and $40 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and $228 million and $40 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2023202220232022
 (in thousands)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(1)(2):
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Cash flow hedges - Currency/Interest rate(3)$29,156 $68,800 $34,900 $125,212 
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities(8,931)(5,888)(17,154)(69,326)
Total net unrealized investment gains (losses)(4)20,225 62,912 17,746 55,886 
Total reclassifications for the period$20,225 $62,912 $17,746 $55,886 

(1)All amounts are shown before tax.
(2)Positive amounts indicate gains/benefits reclassified out of AOCI. Negative amounts indicate losses/costs reclassified out of AOCI.
(3)See Note 4 for additional information on cash flow hedges.
(4)See table below for additional information on unrealized investment gains (losses), including the impact on DAC and other costs, future policy benefits, policyholders’ account balances and other liabilities.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)

Net unrealized investment gains (losses) on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities and certain other invested assets and other assets are included in the Company’s Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as a component of AOCI. Changes in these amounts include reclassification adjustments to exclude from OCI those items that are included as part of “Net income (loss)” for a period that had been part of OCI in earlier periods. The amounts for the periods indicated below, split between amounts related to net unrealized investment gains (losses) on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities on which an allowance for credit losses has been recognized, and all other net unrealized investment gains (losses), are as follows:

Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments on Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities on Which an Allowance for Credit Losses has been RecognizedNet Unrealized
Gains (Losses)
on All Other Investments(1)
Other Costs(2) Future Policy Benefits, Policyholders' Account Balances and Other Liabilities(3)
Income Tax
Benefit (Expense)
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Related To Net
Unrealized
Investment
Gains (Losses)
 (in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2022$4,371 $(2,161,026)$(1,198,422)$1,488,679 $391,923 $(1,474,475)
Net investment gains (losses) on investments arising during the period(5,723)(618,777)0 0 131,182 (493,318)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income(269)(17,477)0 0 3,731 (14,015)
Reclassification due to allowance for credit losses recorded during the period2,363 (2,363)0 0 0 0 
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses
0 0 (432,798)575,026 (29,876)112,352 
Balance, September 30, 2023$742 $(2,799,643)$(1,631,220)$2,063,705 $496,960 $(1,869,456)

(1)Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 4 for information on cash flow hedges.
(2)"Other costs" primarily includes reinsurance recoverables and deferred reinsurance losses.
(3)"Other liabilities" primarily includes reinsurance payables.

14.    RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The Company has extensive transactions and relationships with Prudential Insurance and other affiliates. Although we seek to ensure that these transactions and relationships are fair and reasonable, it is possible that the terms of these transactions are not the same as those that would result from transactions among unrelated parties.

Expense Charges and Allocations

The majority of the Company’s expenses are allocations or charges from Prudential Insurance or other affiliates. These expenses can be grouped into general and administrative expenses and agency distribution expenses.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



The Company’s general and administrative expenses are charged to the Company using allocation methodologies based on business production processes. Management believes that the methodology is reasonable and reflects costs incurred by Prudential Insurance to process transactions on behalf of the Company. The Company operates under service and lease agreements whereby services of officers and employees, supplies, use of equipment and office space are provided by Prudential Insurance. The Company reviews its allocation methodology periodically which it may adjust accordingly. General and administrative expenses include allocations of stock compensation expenses related to a stock-based awards program and a deferred compensation program issued by Prudential Financial. The expense charged to the Company for the stock-based awards program was $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.7 million and $0.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The expense charged to the Company for the deferred compensation program was $1.0 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4.4 million and $3.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company is charged for its share of employee benefit expenses. These expenses include costs for funded and non-funded, non-contributory defined benefit pension plans. Some of these benefits are based on final earnings and length of service while others are based on an account balance, which takes into consideration age, service and earnings during a career. The Company’s share of net expense for the pension plans was $3 million and $4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $10 million and $14 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company is also charged for its share of the costs associated with welfare plans issued by Prudential Insurance. These expenses include costs related to medical, dental, life insurance and disability. The Company's share of net expense for the welfare plans was $4 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and $11 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Prudential Insurance sponsors voluntary savings plans for its employee 401(k) plans. The plans provide for salary reduction contributions by employees and matching contributions by the Company of up to 4% of annual salary. The Company’s expense for its share of the voluntary savings plan was $2 million and $3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $6 million and $7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company is charged distribution expenses from Prudential’s proprietary nationwide sales organization, “Prudential Advisors” through a transfer pricing agreement, which is intended to reflect a market-based pricing arrangement. Prudential Advisors distributes Prudential life insurance, annuities, and investment products with proprietary and non-proprietary product options.

The Company pays commissions and certain other fees to Prudential Annuities Distributors, Inc. (“PAD”) in consideration for PAD’s marketing and underwriting of the Company’s annuity products. Commissions and fees are paid by PAD to broker-dealers who sell the Company’s annuity products. Commissions and fees paid by the Company to PAD were $153 million and $139 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $440 million and $471 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company is charged for its share of corporate expenses incurred by Prudential Financial to benefit its businesses, such as advertising, executive oversight, external affairs and philanthropic activity. The Company’s share of corporate expenses was $31 million and $24 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $104 million and $58 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Corporate-Owned Life Insurance

The Company has sold five Corporate-Owned Life Insurance (“COLI”) policies to Prudential Insurance, and one to Prudential Financial. The cash surrender value included in separate accounts for these COLI policies was $3,857 million and $4,512 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Fees related to these COLI policies were $13 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and $38 million and $40 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company reinsures the risk associated with these COLI policies to an affiliate reinsurer as part of a broader program related to variable insurance policies.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



In May 2023, the Company funded a policy loan from the Prudential Financial COLI policy noted above in an amount of $900 million to an affiliated irrevocable trust, commonly referred to as a “rabbi trust”, which Prudential Financial created to support certain non-qualified retirement plans. The outstanding balance of the policy loan with the rabbi trust was $898 million as of September 30, 2023. Interest income related to the policy loan was $10 million and $15 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Affiliated Investment Management Expenses

In accordance with an agreement with PGIM, Inc. ("PGIM"), the Company pays investment management expenses to PGIM who acts as investment manager to certain Company general account and separate account assets. Investment management expenses paid to PGIM related to this agreement were $14 million and $11 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $39 million and $29 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These expenses are recorded as “Net investment income” in the Company's Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Derivative Trades

In its ordinary course of business, the Company enters into OTC derivative contracts with an affiliate, PGF. For these OTC derivative contracts, PGF has a substantially equal and offsetting position with an external counterparty. See Note 4 for additional information.

The interest income to the Company from PGF related to affiliated cash collateral was $132 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, and $363 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Joint Ventures
The Company has made investments in joint ventures with certain subsidiaries of Prudential Financial. "Other invested assets" includes $710 million and $606 million of investments in joint ventures as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. "Net investment income" related to these ventures includes gains(losses) of $6 million and $2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $2 million and $21 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Affiliated Asset Administration Fee Income

The Company has a revenue sharing agreement with AST Investment Services, Inc. ("ASTISI") and PGIM Investments LLC ("PGIM Investments") whereby the Company receives fee income based on policyholders' separate account balances invested in the Advanced Series Trust. Income received from ASTISI and PGIM Investments related to this agreement was $69 million and $74 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $208 million and $237 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These revenues are recorded as “Asset administration fees” in the Company's Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The Company has a revenue sharing agreement with PGIM Investments, whereby the Company receives fee income based on policyholders' separate account balances invested in The Prudential Series Fund. Income received from PGIM Investments related to this agreement was $10 million and $9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $28 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. These revenues are recorded as “Asset administration fees” in the Company's Unaudited Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Affiliated Notes Receivable

Affiliated notes receivable included in “Receivables from parent and affiliates” at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
Maturity DatesInterest RatesSeptember 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(in thousands)
U.S. dollar fixed rate notes2025-20270.00%-14.85 %$144,698 $148,076 
Total notes receivable - affiliated(1)$144,698 $148,076 

(1)All notes receivable may be called for prepayment prior to the respective maturity dates under specified circumstances.

The affiliated notes receivable shown above are classified as available-for-sale securities and other trading assets carried at fair value. The Company monitors the internal and external credit ratings of these loans and loan performance. The Company also considers any guarantees made by Prudential Insurance for loans due from affiliates.

Accrued interest receivable related to these loans was $0.3 million and $1.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in “Other assets”. Revenues related to these loans were $0 million and $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $2 million and $3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included in “Other income (loss)”.

Affiliated Commercial Mortgage Loan

The affiliated commercial mortgage loan included in "Commercial mortgage and other loans" at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
Maturity DateInterest RateSeptember 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Affiliated Commercial Mortgage Loan20259.83 %$71,335 $72,225 

The commercial mortgage loan shown above is carried at unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses, and net of an allowance for losses. The Company reviews the performance and credit quality of the commercial mortgage loan on an on-going basis.

Accrued interest receivable related to the loan was $0.5 million for both the September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and is included in "Accrued investment income". Revenues were $2 million and $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $5 million and $3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included in "Net investment income".

Affiliated Asset Transfers

The Company participates in affiliated asset trades with parent and sister companies. Book and market value differences for trades with a parent and sister are recognized within "Additional paid-in capital" (“APIC”) and "Realized investment gains (losses), net", respectively. The table below shows affiliated asset trades for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



AffiliateDateTransaction Security Type  Fair Value  Book Value  APIC, Net of Tax Increase/(Decrease)Realized
Investment
Gain (Loss)
 (in thousands)
PALACJanuary 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$4,432 $4,432 $0 $0 
PALACJanuary 2022PurchaseDerivatives$404 $404 $0 $0 
PALACFebruary 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$128,909 $128,909 $0 $0 
PAR UApril 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$48,970 $48,970 $0 $0 
Prudential InsuranceMay 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$233,426 $241,128 $6,085 $0 
Prudential InsuranceJune 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$88,754 $81,216 $(5,955)$0 
Prudential InsuranceJune 2022Transfer InFixed Maturities$52,089 $45,031 $(5,577)$0 
Prudential InsuranceJune 2022Transfer OutFixed Maturities$48,786 $58,984 $(8,057)$0 
PAR UJune 2022PurchaseCommercial Mortgage and Other Loans$6,492 $6,492 $0 $0 
PAR UJune 2022SaleCommercial Mortgage and Other Loans$14,853 $15,725 $0 $(872)
GUL ReJune 2022PurchaseCommercial Mortgage and Other Loans$13,551 $13,551 $0 $0 
GUL ReJune 2022SaleCommercial Mortgage and Other Loans$8,692 $9,033 $0 $(341)
PURCJune 2022PurchaseCommercial Mortgage and Other Loans$4,403 $4,403 $0 $0 
Prudential InsuranceJuly 2022Transfer InFixed Maturities$6,319 $7,230 $719 $0 
PAR UJuly 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$16,284 $16,284 $0 $0 
Prudential InsuranceAugust 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$155,823 $139,712 $(12,728)$0 
Vantage Casualty Insurance CoSeptember 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$3,497 $3,497 $0 $0 
WH Warehouse LtdOctober 2022SaleFixed Maturities$26,536 $26,388 $0 $148 
PAR UNovember 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$91,051 $91,051 $0 $0 
Prudential InsuranceDecember 2022PurchaseFixed Maturities$67,477 $71,369 $3,075 $0 
Prudential InsuranceJanuary 2023PurchaseFixed Maturities$48,329 $50,372 $1,614 $0 
Prudential InsuranceMarch 2023PurchaseFixed Maturities$7,175 $7,500 $256 $0 
PURCApril 2023PurchaseFixed Maturities$102,804 $102,804 $0 $0 
Term ReJune 2023PurchaseFixed Maturities$115,573 $115,573 $0 $0 
Prudential InsuranceJune 2023PurchaseFixed Maturities$4,298 $4,443 $114 $0 
Prudential InsuranceJune 2023PurchaseFixed Maturities$4,394 $4,494 $80 $0 
Prudential InsuranceJune 2023PurchaseFixed Maturities$19,453 $19,203 $(198)$0 
Prudential InsuranceJune 2023PurchaseFixed Maturities$14,452 $15,086 $502 $0 
Prudential InsuranceSeptember 2023PurchaseFixed Maturities$15,880 $15,801 $(62)$0 



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Debt Agreements

The Company is authorized to borrow funds up to $7 billion from affiliates to meet its capital and other funding needs. The following table provides the breakout of the Company's short-term and long-term debt to affiliates as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
AffiliateDate
Issued
Amount of Notes - September 30, 2023Amount of Notes - December 31, 2022Interest Rate  Date of Maturity  
  (in thousands) 
Prudential Insurance8/13/2021$94,318 $96,666 4.39 %12/15/2023
Prudential Insurance8/13/202128,295 29,000 4.39 %12/15/2023
Prudential Insurance8/13/202195,634 97,665 3.95 %6/20/2024
Prudential Insurance8/13/202138,253 39,066 3.95 %6/20/2024
Prudential Insurance8/13/202147,817 48,832 3.95 %6/20/2024
Prudential Funding LLC12/28/20220 138 4.73 %1/31/2023
Prudential Funding LLC12/29/20220 62 4.73 %1/31/2023
Prudential Funding LLC12/30/20220 384 4.73 %1/31/2023
Total Loans Payable to Affiliates$304,317 $311,813 

The total interest expense to the Company related to affiliated loans and cash collateral with PGF was $5 million and $(32) million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $10 million and $(37) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Contributed Capital and Dividends

In February 2023, the Company received a capital contribution in the amount of $405 million from Prudential Insurance. In March, June and September 2022, the Company received capital contributions in the amount of $8 million, $3 million and $7 million, respectively, from Prudential Insurance.

In June and September 2023, there was $300 million and $650 million return of capital, respectively, to Prudential Insurance.

Through September 2023 and December 2022, the Company did not pay any dividends to Prudential Insurance.

Reinsurance with Affiliates

As discussed in Note 11, the Company participates in reinsurance transactions with certain affiliates.


15.    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

Commitments

The Company has made commitments to fund commercial mortgage loans. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the outstanding balances on these commitments were $506 million and $333 million, respectively. These amounts include unfunded commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. For related credit exposure, there was an allowance for credit losses of $0.0 million and $0.1 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There were $0.1 million and $0.0 million changes in allowance for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.0 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The Company also made commitments to purchase or fund investments, mostly private fixed maturities. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $1,279 million and $582 million, respectively, of these commitments were outstanding. These amounts include unfunded commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable. There were no related charges for credit losses for either the three or nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



Guarantees

In July 2017, the Company formed a joint venture with CT Corp to provide life insurance solutions in Indonesia. The Company owns a 49% interest in the joint venture and has entered into a shareholders agreement with CT Corp that sets out their respective rights and obligations with respect to the joint venture. Among other things, the shareholders agreement obligates the Company and CT Corp to provide capital to the joint venture, as necessary to comply with applicable law or to maintain a specified minimum amount of capital in the joint venture. This obligation is not limited to a maximum amount. The Company does not expect to make any payments on this guarantee and is not carrying any liabilities associated with the guarantee.

Since 2001, the Company entered into an arrangement with Prudential of Taiwan. In June 2021, PIIH completed the sale of Prudential of Taiwan. As a result of the sale, the Company has a financial guarantee to stand ready to perform in an event that both Prudential of Taiwan and the Buyer default and fail to perform their obligations to make payments to the policyholders. The Company has a liability of $32 million and $33 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which represents the fair value of the guarantee and is amortized in revenue over a period which approximates the life of the underlying insurance in force. Since this obligation is not subject to limitations, it is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this guarantee.

Contingent Liabilities

On an ongoing basis, the Company and its regulators review its operations including, but not limited to, sales and other customer interface procedures and practices, and procedures for meeting obligations to its customers and other parties. These reviews may result in the modification or enhancement of processes or the imposition of other action plans, including concerning management oversight, sales and other customer interface procedures and practices, and the timing or computation of payments to customers and other parties. In certain cases, if appropriate, the Company may offer customers or other parties remediation and may incur charges, including the cost of such remediation, administrative costs and regulatory fines.

The Company is subject to the laws and regulations of states and other jurisdictions concerning the identification, reporting and escheatment of unclaimed or abandoned funds, and is subject to audit and examination for compliance with these requirements.

It is possible that the results of operations or the cash flows of the Company in a particular quarterly or annual period could be materially affected as a result of payments in connection with the matters discussed above or other matters depending, in part, upon the results of operations or cash flows for such period. Management believes, however, that ultimate payments in connection with these matters, after consideration of applicable reserves and rights to indemnification, should not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position.

Litigation and Regulatory Matters

The Company is subject to legal and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of its business. Pending legal and regulatory actions include proceedings specific to the Company and proceedings generally applicable to business practices in the industry in which it operates. The Company is subject to class action lawsuits and other litigation involving a variety of issues and allegations involving sales practices, claims payments and procedures, premium charges, policy servicing and breach of fiduciary duty to customers. The Company is also subject to litigation arising out of its general business activities, such as its investments, contracts, leases and labor and employment relationships, including claims of discrimination and harassment, and could be exposed to claims or litigation concerning certain business or process patents. In addition, the Company, along with other participants in the businesses in which it engages, may be subject from time to time to investigations, examinations and inquiries, in some cases industry-wide, concerning issues or matters upon which such regulators have determined to focus. In some of the Company’s pending legal and regulatory actions, parties are seeking large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive or exemplary damages. The outcome of litigation or a regulatory matter, and the amount or range of potential loss at any particular time, is often inherently uncertain.



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Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)



The Company establishes accruals for litigation and regulatory matters when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. For litigation and regulatory matters where a loss may be reasonably possible, but not probable, or is probable but not reasonably estimable, no accrual is established, but the matter, if material, is disclosed. The Company estimates that as of September 30, 2023, the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accruals established for those litigation and regulatory matters for which such an estimate currently can be made is less than $100 million. This estimate is not an indication of expected loss, if any, or the Company's maximum possible loss exposure on such matters. The Company reviews relevant information with respect to its litigation and regulatory matters on a quarterly and annual basis and updates its accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible loss based on such reviews.

The following discussion of litigation and regulatory matters provides an update of those matters discussed in Note 16 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company's restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023, and should be read in conjunction with the complete descriptions provided therein.

Individual Annuities and Individual Life

Moreland, Socorro v. PICA, et al.

In September 2023, the court issued an Order denying plaintiff’s class certification motion.

Summary

The Company’s litigation and regulatory matters are subject to many uncertainties, and given their complexity and scope, their outcome cannot be predicted. It is possible that the Company’s results of operations or cash flows in a particular quarterly or annual period could be materially affected by an ultimate unfavorable resolution of pending litigation and regulatory matters depending, in part, upon the results of operations or cash flows for such period. In light of the unpredictability of the Company’s litigation and regulatory matters, it is also possible that in certain cases an ultimate unfavorable resolution of one or more pending litigation or regulatory matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial statements. Management believes, however, that, based on information currently known to it, the ultimate outcome of all pending litigation and regulatory matters, after consideration of applicable reserves and rights to indemnification, is not likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial statements.



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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) addresses the consolidated financial condition of Pruco Life Insurance Company, or the “Company,” as of September 30, 2023, compared with December 31, 2022, and its consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. You should read the following analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the MD&A, the "Risk Factors" section, and the audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the MD&A and the restated audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023, as well as the statements under “Forward-Looking Statements” and the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

The Company sells variable annuities, universal life insurance, variable life insurance and term life insurance primarily through affiliated and unaffiliated distributors in the United States. As of December 31, 2020, the Company discontinued the sales of traditional variable annuities with guaranteed living benefit riders.

In July 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with Somerset Reinsurance Ltd. (“Somerset Re”) to coinsure a closed block of guaranteed universal life policies to the Prudential Universal Reinsurance Entity Company (“PURE”), a newly formed wholly-owned subsidiary of The Prudential Insurance Company of America (“Prudential Insurance”), with retrocession by PURE of such liabilities, on a modified coinsurance basis, to Somerset Re. The deal is subject to receipt of regulatory approvals and the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. We will continue to manage financing related to Guideline AXXX reserves for the business reinsured to Somerset Re; as a result, we anticipate changes to our current captive financing arrangements upon closing of the reinsurance transaction, including an increase in the amount of financing related to Guideline AXXX reserves. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity—Term and Universal Life Reserve Financing” below for discussion of our current captive financing arrangements.

In May 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with The Ohio National Life Insurance Company, an affiliate of Constellation Insurance Holdings, Inc., to reinsure approximately $10 billion of account values of PDI traditional variable annuity contracts with guaranteed living benefits. The transaction was completed on June 30, 2023 with an effective date of April 1, 2023. See Note 11 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Effective April 1, 2022, Prudential Financial completed the sale of Prudential Annuities Life Assurance Corporation (“PALAC”) to Fortitude Group Holdings, LLC (“Fortitude”). As such, PALAC is no longer an affiliate of Prudential Financial or the Company. Fortitude subsequently renamed the company Fortitude Life Insurance & Annuity Company (“FLIAC”).

Effective December 1, 2021, the Company entered into a reinsurance agreement with FLIAC (previously named PALAC) under which the Company assumed all of its variable indexed annuities, fixed indexed annuities and fixed annuities with a guaranteed lifetime withdrawal income feature from FLIAC.

Regulatory Developments

Interest Maintenance Reserves. In August 2023, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) adopted a temporary change in the statutory accounting treatment of net negative interest maintenance reserves (“IMR”) that permits an insurer to admit net negative IMR up to 10% of their adjusted statutory surplus, provided such insurer’s risk-based capital (“RBC”) ratio remains above 300% of its Authorized Control Level RBC. This change is currently scheduled to expire on January 1, 2026.















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Impact of Changes in the Interest Rate Environment

As a global financial services company, market interest rates are a key driver of our results of operations and financial condition. Changes in interest rates can affect our results of operations and/or our financial condition in several ways, including favorable or adverse impacts to:

investment-related activity, including: investment income returns, net interest margins, net investment spread results, new money rates, mortgage loan prepayments and bond redemptions;
the valuation of fixed income investments and derivative instruments;
collateral posting requirements, hedging costs and other risk mitigation activities;
customer account values, including their impact on fee income;
insurance reserve levels, including market risk benefits ("MRB"), and market experience true-ups;
policyholder behavior, including surrender or withdrawal activity; and
product offerings, design features, crediting rates and sales mix.

For additional information regarding interest rate risks, see “Risk Factors—Market Risk” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Revenues and Expenses

The Company earns revenues principally from insurance premiums, mortality and expense fees, asset administration fees from insurance and investment products, and from net investment income on the investment of general account and other funds. The Company receives premiums primarily from the sale of individual life insurance and annuity products. The Company earns mortality and expense fees, and asset administration fees, primarily from the sale and servicing of universal life insurance and separate account products including variable life insurance and variable annuities. The Company’s operating expenses principally consist of insurance benefits provided and reserves established for anticipated future insurance benefits, general business expenses, reinsurance premiums, commissions and other costs of selling and servicing the various products sold and interest credited on general account liabilities.

Accounting Policies & Pronouncements

Application of Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") requires the application of accounting policies that often involve a significant degree of judgment. Management, on an ongoing basis, reviews the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the Company's financial statements. If management determines that modifications to assumptions and estimates are appropriate given current facts and circumstances, the Company’s results of operations and financial position as reported in the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements could change significantly.

The following sections discuss the accounting policies applied in preparing our financial statements that management believes are most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions and require management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments.



















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Insurance Liabilities

Future Policy Benefits

Future Policy Benefit Reserves, including Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses

We establish reserves for future policy benefits to, or on behalf of, policyholders using methodologies prescribed by U.S. GAAP. The reserving methodologies used include the following:

For some long-duration contracts, we utilize a net premium valuation methodology in measuring the liability for future policy benefits. Under this methodology, the Company accrues a liability for future policy benefits when premium revenue is recognized. The liability represents the present value of expected future benefits to be paid to or on behalf of policyholders and related non-level claim settlement expenses less the present value of expected future net premiums (portion of the gross premium required to provide for all benefits and related non-level claim settlement expenses using current best estimate assumptions). A net-to-gross (“NTG”) ratio is calculated as the ratio of the present value of expected policy benefits and non-level claim settlement expenses divided by the present value of expected gross premiums. The NTG ratio is applied to gross premiums, as premium revenue is recognized, to determine net premiums that are subtracted from the present value of expected benefits and non-level claim settlement expenses to determine the liability for future policy benefits, which cannot be less than zero. The NTG ratio at the cohort measurement unit level cannot exceed 100%, and if it exceeds 100%, the excess benefit expenses are recorded as a charge to current period earnings. The result of the net premium valuation methodology is that the liability at any point in time represents an accumulation of the portion of premiums received to date expected to fund future benefits (i.e., net premiums received to date), less any benefits and expenses already paid. The liability does not necessarily reflect the full policyholder obligation the Company expects to pay at the conclusion of the contract since a portion of that obligation would be funded by net premiums received in the future and would be recognized in the liability at that time. The insurance cash flow projections are updated quarterly to reflect actual experience and are generally updated annually to reflect changes in best estimate future insurance assumptions using a retrospective unlocking method with the impact recorded through current period earnings. At the time of an experience or best estimate assumption unlocking, a revised NTG ratio is calculated using actual historical cash flow experience and updated, if any, best estimate future cash flow projections, discounted using the locked-in discount rate. The revised NTG ratio is then applied to prior period cash flows to derive a cumulative catch-up adjustment as of the beginning of the quarter. The revised NTG ratio is then used going forward to accrue the reserve, until the next unlocking. The liability is also remeasured each quarter using a current discount rate, based on an upper medium grade fixed-income instrument yield, with the impact recorded through accumulated other comprehensive income. Expense assumptions included in the liability only include claim related expenses and exclude acquisition costs and non-claim related costs such as costs relating to investments, general administration, policy maintenance, product development, market research, and general overhead. For limited-payment contracts, a deferred profit liability (“DPL”) is established for the amount of gross premiums received in excess of expected net premiums and is amortized into premium income in relation to the discounted amount of insurance in force for life insurance or expected benefit payments for annuity contracts. The DPL is subject to a retrospective unlocking adjustment consistent with the liability for future policy benefits.

















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For certain contract features, such as no-lapse guarantees, a liability is established when associated assessments (which include investment margin on policyholders' account balances in the general account and policy charges for administration, mortality, expense, surrender, and other charges) are recognized. This liability is established using current best estimate assumptions and is based on the ratio of the present value of total expected excess payments (e.g., payments in excess of account value) over the life of the contract divided by the present value of total expected assessments (i.e., benefit ratio). The liability equals the current benefit ratio multiplied by cumulative assessments recognized to date, plus interest, less cumulative excess payments to date. The liability does not necessarily reflect the full policyholder obligation the Company expects to pay at the conclusion of the contract since a portion of that excess payment would be funded by assessments received in the future and would be recognized in the liability at that time. The reserves are subject to adjustments based on annual reviews of assumptions and quarterly adjustments for experience as described below, including market performance. These adjustments reflect the impact on the benefit ratio of using actual historical experience from the issuance date to the balance sheet date plus updated estimates of future experience. The updated benefit ratio is then applied to all prior periods’ assessments to derive an adjustment to the reserve recognized through a benefit or charge to current period earnings.

For universal life type contracts and participating contracts, the Company performs premium deficiency tests using best estimate assumptions, at a minimum, on an annual basis, and on a quarterly basis for business whose profitability is closely tied to equity market performance. If the current net reserves are less than the best estimate liability, the existing net reserves are adjusted by first reducing the associated deferred sales inducements (“DSI”) by the amount of the deficiency or to zero through a charge to current period earnings. If the deficiency is more than the DSI for insurance contracts, the net reserves are increased by the excess through a charge to current period earnings. Since investment yields are used as the discount rate, the premium deficiency test is also performed using a discount rate based on the market yield (i.e., assuming what would be the impact if any unrealized gains (losses) were realized as of the testing date). In the event that by using the market yield a deficiency occurs, an adjustment is established for the deficiency and is included in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" ("AOCI").

Annual assumptions review and quarterly adjustments

The assumptions used in establishing reserves are generally based on the Company’s experience, industry experience and/or other factors, as applicable. We update our actuarial assumptions, such as mortality, morbidity, retirement and policyholder behavior assumptions, annually unless a material change in our own experience or in industry experience made available to us is observed in an interim period that we feel is indicative of a long-term trend. Generally, we do not expect trends to change significantly in the short-term and, to the extent these trends may change, we expect such changes to be gradual over the long-term.

We perform an annual comprehensive review of the assumptions used for estimating future premiums, benefits, and other cash flows, including reviews related to mortality, morbidity, lapse, surrender, other contractholder behavior assumptions, economic assumptions, and expected future rates of returns on investments. The Company generally looks to relevant Company experience as the primary basis for these assumptions. If relevant Company experience is not available or does not have sufficient credibility, the Company may look to experience of similar blocks of business, either elsewhere within the Company or within the industry. As part of this review, we may update these assumptions and make refinements to our models based upon emerging experience, future expectations and other data, including any observable market data we feel is indicative of a long-term trend. The impact on our results of operations of changes in these assumptions can be offsetting and we are unable to predict their movement or offsetting impact over time.

The quarterly adjustments for market performance referred to above reflect the impact of changes to our estimate of future rates of returns on investments to reflect actual fund performance and market conditions. A portion of returns on investments for our variable life contracts are dependent upon the total rate of return on assets held in separate account investment options. This rate of return influences the fees we earn and expected claims to be paid on variable life contracts, as well as other sources of profit. Returns that are higher than our expectations for a given period produce higher than expected account balances, which increase the future fees we expect to earn on variable life contracts and decrease expected claims to be paid on variable life contracts. The opposite occurs when returns are lower than our expectations.





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The weighted average rate of return assumptions used in developing estimated market returns consider many factors specific to each product type, including asset durations, asset allocations and other factors. With regard to equity market assumptions, the near-term future rate of return assumption used in evaluating liabilities for future policy benefits for certain of our products, primarily our domestic variable life insurance products, is generally updated each quarter and is derived using a reversion to the mean approach, a common industry practice. Under this approach, we consider historical equity returns and adjust projected equity returns over an initial future period of five years (the “near-term”) so that equity returns converge to the long-term expected rate of return. If the near-term projected future rate of return is greater than our near-term maximum future rate of return of 15.0%, we use our maximum future rate of return. If the near-term projected future rate of return is lower than our near-term minimum future rate of return of 0%, we use our minimum future rate of return. As of September 30, 2023, our variable life insurance businesses assume an 8.0% long-term equity expected rate of return and a 5.4% near-term mean reversion equity expected rate of return.

With regard to interest rate assumptions used in evaluating liabilities for future policy benefits for certain of our products, we generally update the long-term and near-term future rates used to project fixed income returns annually and quarterly, respectively. As a result of our 2023 annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements, we kept our long-term expectation of the U.S. Treasury rate unchanged and continue to grade to a rate of 3.25% over ten years. As part of our quarterly market experience updates, we update our near-term projections of interest rates to reflect changes in current rates. For additional information regarding discount rates used to establish the liability for future policy benefits, see Note 2 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

Policyholders’ Account Balances

Policyholders’ account balances liability represents the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date. This liability is primarily associated with the accumulated account deposits, plus interest credited, less policyholder withdrawals and other charges assessed against the account balance, as applicable. The liability also includes provisions for benefits under non-life contingent payout annuities. Policyholders’ account balances also include amounts representing the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with the index-linked features of certain universal life and annuity products. The changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives, including changes in non-performance risk (“NPR”) are recorded in net income. For additional information regarding the valuation of these embedded derivatives, see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s restated Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023.

Market Risk Benefits

Market risk benefit liabilities (or assets) represent contracts or contract features that provide protection to the contractholder and exposes the Company to other than nominal capital market risk. MRBs are primarily related to deferred annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits including guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”), guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”), guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) and guaranteed minimum income and withdrawal benefits ("GMIWB”). The liability (or asset) for MRBs is estimated using a fair value measurement methodology. The fair value of these MRBs is based on assumptions a market participant would use in valuing market risk benefits. On a quarterly basis, the fair value of these MRBs is calculated as the present value of expected future benefit payments to contractholders less the present value of expected future rider fees attributable to the market risk benefits. The changes in the fair value of market risk benefits are recorded in net income, net of related hedges, in "Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedging gains (losses)", except for the portion of the change attributable to changes in the Company’s own NPR which is recorded in other comprehensive income ("OCI") for the direct and assumed businesses. However, the change in NPR for the ceded MRB will go through net income. The Company estimates that a hypothetical change to its own credit risk of plus 50 and minus 50 basis points would result in an increase and a decrease to OCI of $885 million and $975 million, respectively, and a decrease and an increase to net income of $95 million and $105 million, respectively. For additional information regarding the valuation of these MRB features, see Note 10 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.



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Sensitivities for Insurance Assets and Liabilities

The following table summarizes the impact that could result on each of the listed financial statement balances from changes in certain key assumptions. The information below is for illustrative purposes and includes only the hypothetical direct impact on December 31, 2022, balances of changes in a single assumption and not changes in any combination of assumptions. Additionally, the illustration of the insurance assumption impacts below reflects a parallel shift in the insurance assumptions; however, these may be non-parallel in practice. Changes in current assumptions could result in impacts to financial statement balances that are in excess of the amounts illustrated. A description of the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of each of these financial statement balances is provided above. Changes to the insurance cash flow assumptions are reflected in net income through the retrospective unlocking method for traditional long duration, limited-payment and universal life type products.

The impacts presented within this table exclude the impacts of our asset liability management strategy, which seeks to offset the changes in the balances presented within this table and is primarily composed of investments and derivatives. See further below for a discussion of the estimates and assumptions involved with the application of U.S. GAAP accounting policies for these instruments and “Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for hypothetical impacts on related balances as a result of changes in certain significant assumptions.

Increase (Decrease) in Net Income due to changes in Future Policy Benefits, Market Risk Benefits(1), and Policyholders' Account Balances, Net of Reinsurance
(in millions)
Hypothetical change in current assumptions:
Long-term interest rate:
          Increase by 25 basis points$(5)
          Decrease by 25 basis points$
Long-term equity expected rate of return:
          Increase by 50 basis points$(5)
          Decrease by 50 basis points$
Mortality:
          Increase by 1%$95 
          Decrease by 1%$(85)
Lapse(2)(3):
          Increase by 10%$345 
          Decrease by 10%$(355)

(1)    MRB impact reflects the net impact of MRB assets and liabilities prior to hedging.
(2)    The lapse sensitivity shocks applied for the post-level premium period for term products are capped at the level where the rates would equal 100% under an increase lapse scenario. The same capped shock levels are also applied for the decrease lapse scenario.
(3)    Assumes the same shock across all products; however, we would not expect lapse rates of different products to move uniformly.

Other Accounting Policies

In addition to the items listed above, management believes the accounting policies relating to the following areas are also most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions and require management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments:

Valuation of investments including derivatives, measurement of allowance for credit losses, and recognition of other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”);
Reinsurance recoverables;
Taxes on income; and
Reserves for contingencies, including reserves for losses in connection with unresolved legal matters





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For further discussion of impacts that could result from changes in these key estimates and assumptions, see our restated “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Accounting Policies and Pronouncements—Application of Critical Accounting Estimates” for the year ended December 31, 2022 included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023.

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. Adoption of this ASU impacted, at least to some extent, the accounting and disclosure requirements for all long-duration insurance and investment contracts issued by the Company and had a significant financial impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements disclosures. See Note 1 for additional information.

As of the January 1, 2021 transition date, the adoption of the standard resulted in a decrease to “Total equity” of $271 million, primarily from remeasuring in force contract liabilities using upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yields as of the transition date and from other changes in reserves. As of the January 1, 2023 adoption date, the impact amounted to an increase to "Total equity" of $673 million. The changes in the impacts from January 1, 2021 to January 1, 2023 primarily reflect the increase in market interest rates during 2021 and 2022. See Note 2 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements. for a more detailed discussion of ASU 2018-12, as well as other accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted and newly adopted accounting pronouncements.

Changes in Financial Position

Total assets increased $6.4 billion from $193.5 billion at December 31, 2022 to $199.9 billion at September 30, 2023. Significant components were:
Total investments increased $7.1 billion driven by new sales of general account annuity products and policy loans from variable life contracts, partially offset by mark to market losses on investments primarily due to rising interest rates; and
Separate account assets decreased $2.5 billion primarily driven by net outflows including separate account transfers to fund variable life contract policy loans, partially offset by favorable equity market performance.
Total liabilities increased $7.7 billion from $188.4 billion at December 31, 2022 to $196.1 billion at September 30, 2023. Significant components were:
Policyholder account balances increased $7.8 billion primarily driven by incremental indexed product sales and separate account transfers to fund variable life contract policy loans; and
Separate account liabilities decreased $2.5 billion corresponding to the decrease in separate account assets, as discussed above.
Total equity decreased $1.2 billion from $5.0 billion at December 31, 2022 to $3.8 billion at September 30, 2023 mainly due to unrealized losses on investments due to rising rates and return of capital, partially offset by earnings during the year.

Results of Operations

Income (loss) from Operations before Income Taxes

Three Months Comparison

Income (loss) from operations before income taxes decreased $562 million from income of $13 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 to a loss of $549 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily driven by:
Lower Realized investments gains (losses), net driven by changes in interest rates; and
Higher loss in Change in value of market risk benefits net of related hedging gain (loss) due to interest and equity market changes.
Partially offset by:
Higher Other income mainly due to higher trading gains and collateral income reflecting changes in interest rates.


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Nine Months Comparison

Income (loss) from operations before income taxes increased $1,329 million from a loss of $1,284 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to income of $45 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The impact from our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements was a net loss of $354 million. Excluding the comparative impact of our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements, income (loss) from operations increased $1,683 million primarily driven by:
Higher gain in Change in value of market risk benefits, net of related hedge gain (loss) due to net losses from 2022 driven by market volatility in prior year;
Higher Other income (loss) mainly due to significant trading losses in prior year and increase in collateral income reflecting changes in interest rates; and
Higher Policy charges and fee income is driven by the absence of the 2022 fee paid to Prudential Insurance for the recapture of the yearly renewable term reinsurance for most of the Company's variable life insurance policies.
Partially offset by:
Lower Realized investments gains (losses), net driven by changes in interest rates.

Revenues, Benefits and Expenses
Three Months Comparison
Revenues decreased $397 million from $567 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 to $170 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily driven by the items mentioned above in Income (loss) from operations before income taxes.
Benefits and expenses increased $165 million from $554 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 to $719 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily driven by:
Higher Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances due to growth in variable indexed annuities;
Higher Policyholders' benefits from business growth driving an increase in reserves and benefit expenses, net of reinsurance; and
Higher General, administrative and other expenses due to higher interest expense.

Nine Months Comparison
Revenues increased $1,544 million from $625 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $2,169 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This includes an unfavorable comparative decrease of $403 million from our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements. Excluding the comparative impact of our annual review and update of assumptions and other refinements, revenues increased $1,947 million primarily driven by the items mentioned above in Income (loss) from operations before income taxes.
Benefits and expenses increased $214 million from $1,909 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $2,123 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This includes a favorable comparative decrease of $49 million from our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements. Excluding the comparative impact of our annual reviews and update of assumptions and other refinements, benefits and expenses increased $263 million primarily driven by:
Higher Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances due to growth in variable indexed annuities; and
Higher General, administrative and other expenses due to higher interest expense.
Risks and Risk Mitigants:
Fixed Annuity Risks and Risk Mitigants. The primary risk exposure of these fixed annuity products relates to investment risks we bear for providing customers a minimum guaranteed interest rate or an index-linked interest rate required to be credited to the customer’s account value, which include interest rate fluctuations and/or sustained periods of low interest rates, and credit risk related to the underlying investments. We manage these risk exposures primarily through our investment strategies and product design features, which include credit rate resetting subject to the minimum guaranteed interest rate, as well as surrender charges applied during the early years of the contract that help to provide protection for premature withdrawals. In addition, a portion of our fixed annuity products has a market value adjustment provision that affords protection of lapse in the case of rising interest rates. We also manage these risk exposures through external reinsurance for certain of our fixed annuity products.


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Indexed Variable Annuity Risks and Risk Mitigants. The primary risk exposure of these indexed variable annuity products relates to the investment risks we bear in order to credit to the customer’s account balance the required crediting rate based on the performance of the elected indices at the end of each term. We manage this risk primarily through our investment strategies including derivatives and product design features, which include credit rate resetting subject to contractual minimums as well as surrender charges applied during the early years of the contract that help to provide protection for premature withdrawals. In addition, our indexed variable annuity strategies have an interim value provision that provides protection from lapse in the case of rising interest rates.
Variable Annuity Risks and Risk Mitigants. The primary risk exposures of our variable annuity contracts relate to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including capital markets assumptions such as equity market returns, interest rates and market volatility, along with actuarial assumptions such as contractholder mortality, the timing and amount of annuitization and withdrawals, and contract lapses. For these risk exposures, achievement of our expected returns is subject to the risk that actual experience will differ from the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products. Prudential Financial manages our exposure to certain risks driven by fluctuations in capital markets primarily through a combination of i) Product Design Features, and ii) our Asset Liability Management Strategy ("ALM"), as discussed below. The Company also manages these risk exposures through external reinsurance for certain of our variable annuity products. For additional information regarding our external reinsurance agreements, see Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Sales of traditional variable annuities with guaranteed living benefit riders were discontinued as of December 31, 2020, and, in April 2022, the sale of a portion of our in force traditional variable annuity block was completed, as discussed in Note 1.
Product Design Features:
A portion of the variable annuity contracts that we offer include an asset transfer feature. This feature is implemented at the contract level, and transfers assets between certain variable investment sub-accounts selected by the annuity contractholder and, depending on the benefit feature, a fixed-rate account in the general account or a bond fund sub-account within the separate account. The objective of the asset transfer feature is to reduce our exposure to equity market risk and market volatility. The asset transfer feature associated with highest daily living benefit products uses a designated bond fund sub-account within the separate account. The transfers are based on a static mathematical formula used with the particular benefit which considers a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the impact of investment performance on the contractholder’s total account value. Other product design features we utilize include, among others, asset allocation restrictions, minimum issuance age requirements and certain limitations on the amount of purchase payments, as well as a required minimum allocation to our general account for certain of our products. In addition, there is diversity in our fee arrangements, as certain fees are primarily based on the benefit guarantee amount, the contractholder account value and/or premiums, which helps preserve certain revenue streams when market fluctuations cause account values to decline.
Asset Liability Management Strategy (including fixed income instruments and derivatives):
We employ an ALM strategy that utilizes a combination of both traditional fixed income instruments and derivatives to meet expected liabilities associated with our annuity guarantees. The MRB liability that we hedge consists of expected living and death benefit claims under various market conditions, which are managed using fixed income instruments, derivatives, or a combination thereof. For our Prudential Defined Income variable annuity, we utilize fixed income instruments to meet expected liabilities. For the portion of our ALM strategy executed with derivatives, we enter into a range of exchange-traded and over-the-counter (“OTC”) equity, interest rate and credit derivatives, including, but not limited to: equity and treasury futures; total return, credit default and interest rate swaps; and options including equity options, swaptions, and floors and caps. The intent of this strategy is to more efficiently manage the capital and liquidity associated with these products while continuing to mitigate fluctuations in net income due to movements in capital markets. To achieve this, we periodically review and recalibrate the ALM strategy by optimizing the mix of derivatives and fixed income instruments to achieve expected outcomes.

Under our ALM strategy, we expect differences in the U.S. GAAP net income impact between the changes in value of the fixed income instruments (either designated as available-for-sale or designated as trading) and derivatives as compared to the changes in the MRB liability these assets support. These differences can be primarily attributed to two distinct areas:

Different accounting treatment between liabilities and assets supporting those liabilities. Under U.S. GAAP, changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments and fixed income instruments designated as trading, and MRB, excluding the changes in the Company’s NPR spreads, are immediately reflected in net income, while changes in the fair value of fixed income instruments that are designated as available-for-sale are recorded as unrealized gains (losses) in other comprehensive income.



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General hedge results. For the derivative portion of the ALM strategy, the net hedging impact (the extent to which the changes in value of the hedging instruments offset the change in value of the portion of the MRB we are hedging) may be impacted by a number of factors, including: cash flow timing differences between our hedging instruments and the corresponding portion of the MRB we are hedging, basis differences attributable to actual underlying contractholder funds to be hedged versus hedgeable indices, rebalancing costs related to dynamic rebalancing of hedging instruments as markets move, certain elements of the MRB that may not be hedged (including certain actuarial assumptions), and implied and realized market volatility on the hedge positions relative to the portion of the MRB we seek to hedge.

Income Taxes
    
For information regarding income taxes, see Note 12 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.


Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Liquidity refers to the ability to generate sufficient cash resources to meet the payment obligations of the Company. Capital refers to the long-term financial resources available to support the operations of our business, fund business growth, and provide a cushion to withstand adverse circumstances. Our ability to generate and maintain sufficient liquidity and capital depends on the profitability of our business, general economic conditions, our ability to borrow from affiliates and our access to the capital markets through affiliates as described herein.
Effective and prudent liquidity and capital management is a priority across the organization. Management monitors the liquidity of the Company on a daily basis and projects borrowing and capital needs over a multi-year time horizon. We use a Risk Appetite Framework ("RAF") to ensure that all risks taken by the Company align with our capacity and willingness to take those risks. The RAF provides a dynamic assessment of capital and liquidity stress impacts, including scenarios similar to, and more severe than, those occurring due to COVID-19, and is intended to ensure that sufficient resources are available to absorb those impacts. We believe that our capital and liquidity resources are sufficient to satisfy the capital and liquidity requirements of the Company.
Our businesses are subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision by domestic and international regulators. These regulations currently include requirements (many of which are the subject of ongoing rule-making) relating to capital and liquidity management. For information on these regulatory initiatives and their potential impact on us, see “Business—Regulation" and “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Capital
We manage the Company to regulatory capital levels consistent with our "AA" ratings targets. We utilize the risk-based capital (“RBC”) ratio as a primary measure of capital adequacy. RBC is calculated based on statutory financial statements and risk formulas consistent with the practices of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). RBC considers, among other things, risks related to the type and quality of the invested assets, insurance-related risks associated with an insurer’s products and liabilities, interest rate risks, and general business risks. RBC ratio calculations are intended to assist insurance regulators in measuring an insurer’s solvency and ability to pay future claims. The reporting of RBC measures is not intended for the purpose of ranking any insurance company or for use in connection with any marketing, advertising or promotional activities, but is available to the public. The Company’s capital levels substantially exceed the minimum level required by applicable insurance regulations. Our regulatory capital levels may be affected in the future by changes to the applicable regulations, proposals for which are currently under consideration by both domestic and international insurance regulators.
The regulatory capital level of the Company can be materially impacted by interest rate and equity market fluctuations, changes in the values of derivatives, the level of impairments recorded, and credit quality migration of the investment portfolio, among other items. In addition, the reinsurance of business or the recapture of business subject to reinsurance arrangements due to defaults by, or credit quality migration affecting, the reinsurers or for other reasons could negatively impact regulatory capital levels. The Company’s regulatory capital level is also affected by statutory accounting rules, which are subject to change by each applicable insurance regulator. For information regarding the NAIC’s August 2023 adoption of changes to the treatment of negative interest maintenance reserves, see “Regulatory Developments” above.
Captive Reinsurance Companies:
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital—Affiliated Captive Reinsurance Companies” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, for a discussion of our use of captive reinsurance companies.


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Liquidity
Our liquidity is managed to ensure stable, reliable and cost-effective sources of cash flows to meet all of our obligations. Liquidity is provided by a variety of sources, as described more fully below, including portfolios of liquid assets. Our investment portfolios are integral to the overall liquidity of the Company. We use a projection process for cash flows from operations to ensure sufficient liquidity to meet projected cash outflows, including claims. The impact of Prudential Funding, LLC’s ("Prudential Funding"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential Insurance, financing capacity on liquidity (as described below) is considered in the internal liquidity measures of the Company.
Liquidity is measured against internally-developed benchmarks that take into account the characteristics of both the asset portfolio and the liabilities that they support. We consider attributes of the various categories of liquid assets (for example, type of asset and credit quality) in calculating internal liquidity measures to evaluate our liquidity under various stress scenarios, including company-specific and market-wide events. We continue to believe that cash generated by ongoing operations and the liquidity profile of our assets provide sufficient liquidity under reasonably foreseeable stress scenarios.
The principal sources of the Company’s liquidity are premiums and certain annuity considerations, investment and fee income, investment maturities, sales of investments and internal borrowings. The principal uses of that liquidity include benefits, claims, and payments to policyholders and contractholders in connection with surrenders, withdrawals and net policy loan activity. Other uses of liquidity include commissions, general and administrative expenses, purchases of investments, the payment of dividends and returns of capital to the parent company, hedging and reinsurance activity and payments in connection with financing activities.
In managing liquidity, we consider the risk of policyholder and contractholder withdrawals of funds earlier than our assumptions when selecting assets to support these contractual obligations. We use surrender charges and other contract provisions to mitigate the extent, timing and profitability impact of withdrawals of funds by customers.
Liquid Assets
Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, U.S. Treasury fixed maturities, and fixed maturities that are not designated as held-to-maturity and public equity securities. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had liquid assets of $28,578 million and $23,627 million, respectively. The portion of liquid assets comprised of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments was $2,111 million and $2,522 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, $21,762 million, or 91%, of the fixed maturity investments in the Company's general account portfolios, were rated high or highest quality based on NAIC or equivalent rating.
Prudential Funding, LLC
Prudential Financial and Prudential Funding borrow funds in the capital markets primarily through the direct issuance of commercial paper. The borrowings serve as an additional source of financing to meet our working capital needs. Prudential Funding operates under a support agreement with Prudential Insurance whereby Prudential Insurance has agreed to maintain Prudential Funding’s positive tangible net worth at all times.
Hedging activities associated with Annuities
For the portion of the risk management strategy executed through hedging, we enter into a range of exchange-traded, cleared and other OTC equity and interest rate derivatives in order to hedge certain capital market risks related to more severe market conditions. This portion of our ALM strategy requires access to liquidity to meet payment obligations relating to these derivatives, such as payments for periodic settlements, purchases, maturities and terminations. These liquidity needs can vary materially due to, among other items, changes in interest rates, equity markets, mortality and policyholder behavior.

The hedging portion of our ALM strategy may also result in derivative-related collateral postings to (when we are in a net pay position) or from (when we are in a net receive position) counterparties. The net collateral position depends on changes in interest rates and equity markets related to the amount of the exposures hedged. Depending on market conditions, the collateral posting requirements can result in material liquidity needs when we are in a net post position.
Term and Universal Life Reserve Financing
The Company uses captive reinsurance subsidiaries to finance the portion of the statutory reserves required to be held under Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX that is considered to be non-economic. The financing arrangements involve the reinsurance of term and universal life business to our affiliated captive reinsurers and the issuance of surplus notes by those affiliated captives that are treated as capital for statutory purposes. These surplus notes are subordinated to policyholder obligations, and the payment of principal and interest on the surplus notes can only be made with prior insurance regulatory approval.



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As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the affiliated captive reinsurance companies have entered into agreements with external counterparties providing for the issuance of up to an aggregate of $16,050 million of surplus notes by our affiliated captive reinsurers in return for the receipt of credit-linked notes (“Credit-Linked Note Structures”), of which $14,070 million of surplus notes was outstanding. Under the agreements, the affiliated captive receives in exchange for the surplus notes one or more credit-linked notes issued by a special-purpose affiliate of the Company with an aggregate principal amount equal to the surplus notes outstanding. The affiliated captive holds the credit-linked notes as assets supporting Regulation XXX or Guideline AXXX non-economic reserves, as applicable.

As of September 30, 2023, our affiliated captive reinsurance companies had outstanding an aggregate of $2,800 million of debt issued for the purpose of financing Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX non-economic reserves, of which approximately $700 million relates to Regulation XXX reserves and approximately $2,100 million relates to Guideline AXXX reserves. In addition, as of September 30, 2023, for purposes of financing Guideline AXXX reserves, one of our affiliated captives had approximately $3,982 million of surplus notes outstanding that were issued to affiliates.

The Company has introduced updated versions of its individual life products in conjunction with the requirement to adopt principle-based reserving by January 1, 2020. These updated products are currently priced to support the principle-based statutory reserve level without the need for reserve financing.



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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk is the risk of fluctuations in the value of financial instruments as a result of absolute or relative changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, equity prices or commodity prices. To varying degrees, our products and services, and the investment activities supporting them, generate exposure to market risk. The market risk incurred, and our strategies for managing this risk, vary by product. As of September 30, 2023, there have been no material changes in our exposure to market risk from December 31, 2022, a description of which may be found in our restated Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” for the year ended December 31, 2022, included as Exhibit 99.1 within the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 14, 2023. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors” included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, for a discussion of how difficult conditions in the financial markets and the economy generally may materially adversely affect our business and results of our operations.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

In order to ensure that the information we must disclose in our filings with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported on a timely basis, the Company’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) Rule 15d-15(e), as of September 30, 2023. Based on such evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. No change in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 15d-15(f), occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.




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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

See Note 15 to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements under “—Litigation and Regulatory Matters” for a description of certain pending litigation and regulatory matters affecting us, and certain risks to our business presented by such matters, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. These risks could materially affect our business, results of operations or financial condition or cause our actual results to differ materially from those expected or those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by, or on behalf of, the Company. These risks are not exclusive, and additional risks to which we are subject include, but are not limited to, the factors mentioned under “Forward-Looking Statements” and the risks of our businesses described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


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Item 6. Exhibits
EXHIBIT INDEX
101.INS - XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF - XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)



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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pruco Life Insurance Company
By:/s/ Elizabeth Dietrich
Name:Elizabeth Dietrich
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer
(Authorized Signatory and Principal Financial Officer)
Date: November 9, 2023



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