2 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND |
JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 3 |
Class D | Class I | Class R | Class Y | |||||
Management fees1 | ||||||||
Distribution and/or service (12b-1) fees | ||||||||
Other expenses | ||||||||
Dividends and interest expense on securities sold short and interest expense on reverse repurchase agreements |
|
|
|
| ||||
Remainder of other expenses |
|
|
|
| ||||
Acquired fund fees & expenses | ||||||||
Total annual fund operating expenses2 |
1 | Includes management fees paid by the Subsidiaries (as defined below under “Principal Investment Strategies”). |
2 | |
1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | |||||
Class D Shares | $ |
$ |
$ |
$ | ||||
Class I Shares | $ |
$ |
$ |
$ | ||||
Class R Shares | $ |
$ |
$ |
$ | ||||
Class Y Shares | $ |
$ |
$ |
$ |
4 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
Discretionary Sub-Advisers | Principal Strategy | |
Bayforest Capital Limited | Multi-Strategy Strategies | |
Bayview Asset Management, LLC | Relative Value Strategies | |
Blackstone Liquid Credit Strategies LLC | Relative Value Strategies | |
Blackstone Real Estate Special Situations Advisors L.L.C. | Relative Value Strategies | |
Caspian Capital LP | Event-Driven Strategies | |
Cerberus Sub-Advisory I, LLC | Relative Value Strategies | |
D. E. Shaw Investment Management, L.L.C. | Multi-Strategy Strategies | |
Emso Asset Management Limited | Macro Strategies | |
Endeavour Capital Advisors Inc. | Equity Hedge Strategies | |
HealthCor Management, L.P. | Equity Hedge Strategies | |
Jasper Capital Hong Kong Limited | Equity Hedge Strategies | |
Luminus Management, LLC | Macro Strategies | |
Magnetar Asset Management LLC | Event-Driven Strategies | |
Mesarete Capital LLP | Relative Value Strategies | |
Nephila Capital Ltd. | Event-Driven Strategies | |
Sage Rock Capital Management LP | Event-Driven Strategies | |
Seiga Asset Management Limited | Equity Hedge Strategies | |
TrailStone Commodity Trading US, LLC | Macro Strategies | |
Two Sigma Advisers, LP | Equity Hedge Strategies | |
Waterfall Asset Management, LLC | Relative Value Strategies |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 5 |
6 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 7 |
• | Contracts for Difference. Contracts for differences are swap arrangements in which the parties agree that their return (or loss) will be based on the relative performance of two different groups or baskets of securities. If the short basket outperforms the long basket, the Fund will realize a loss—even in circumstances when the securities in both the long and short baskets appreciate in value. |
• | Forwards. Forward contracts and options thereon, unlike futures contracts, are not traded on exchanges and are not standardized; rather, banks and dealers act as principals in these markets, negotiating each transaction on an individual basis. Forward trading is substantially unregulated; there is no limitation on daily price movements and speculative position limits are not applicable. These markets can experience periods of illiquidity, sometimes of significant duration, and disruptions, such as unusually high trading volume, political intervention or other factors. In addition, because of the low margin deposits normally required in forward trading, a high degree of leverage is typical of a forward trading account. As a result, a relatively small price movement in a forward contract may result in substantial losses to the Fund. In addition, the Fund is exposed to credit risks with regard to counterparties with whom the Fund trades as well as risks relating to settlement default. Some counterparties with whom the Fund transacts may not be rated investment grade. Such market illiquidity, disruption, or risks could result in substantial losses to the Fund. |
• | Futures. Futures contracts markets are highly volatile and are influenced by a variety of factors, including national and international political and economic developments. In addition, because of the low margin deposits normally required in futures trading, a high degree of leverage is typical of a futures trading account. As a result, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in substantial losses to the Fund. Moreover, futures positions are marked to market each day and variation margin payment must be paid to or by a Fund. Positions in futures contracts may be closed out only on the exchange on which they were entered into or through a linked exchange, and no secondary market exists for such contracts. |
• | Options. Options trading involves certain additional risks. Specific market movements of an option and the instruments underlying an option cannot be predicted. The purchaser of an option is subject to the risk of losing the entire purchase price of the option. The writer of an option is subject to the risk of loss resulting from the difference between the premium received for the option and the price of the futures contract underlying the option that the writer must purchase or deliver upon exercise of the option. The writer of a naked option may have to purchase the underlying contract in the market for substantially more than the exercise price of the option in order to satisfy his delivery obligations. This could result in a large net loss. Equity, foreign currency, or index options that may be purchased or sold by the Fund may include options not traded on a securities exchange, which could increase the risk of nonperformance by the obligor on such an option and decrease the ease with which the Fund can dispose of or enter into closing transactions with respect to such an option. |
• | Swap Agreements. The use of swaps is a highly specialized activity that involves investment techniques, risk analyses, and tax planning different from those associated with ordinary securities transactions. Swaps may be difficult to value and may be considered illiquid. Swaps create significant investment leverage such that a relatively small price movement in a swap may result in immediate and substantial loss. The Fund may only close out a swap with its particular counterparty, and may only transfer a position with the consent of that counterparty. If a counterparty fails to meet its contractual obligations, goes bankrupt, or otherwise experiences a business interruption, the Fund could miss investment opportunities or otherwise hold investments it would prefer to sell, resulting in losses for the Fund. If the counterparty defaults, the Fund will have contractual remedies, but there can be no assurance that the counterparty will be able to meet its contractual obligations or that the Fund will be able to enforce its rights. Certain swaps have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Basket Swaps are subject to the particular risk that the basket does not perform as anticipated. This risk will be amplified by any leverage embedded in the swap. |
8 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
• | Credit Market Liquidity Risk. Some debt securities, including some asset-backed securities and structured credit products, are more thinly traded than equity securities and are subject to the risk of a sudden loss of liquidity in the event of a market disruption or shock that may not be proportionate to, or even related to, the fundamentals of the investment. If the Fund becomes forced to sell such assets at this time, the sales could be subject to significant losses. |
• | Credit Risk. Credit risk refers to the possibility that the issuer of a security will not be able to make payments of interest and principal when due. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. |
• | Event Risk. Event risk is the risk that corporate issuers may undergo restructurings, such as mergers, leveraged buyouts, takeovers, or similar events financed by increased debt. As a result of the added debt, the credit quality and market value of a company’s bonds and/or other debt securities may decline significantly. |
• | Extension Risk. When interest rates rise, certain obligations will be paid off by the obligor more slowly than anticipated, causing the value of these securities to fall. |
• | Inflation Risk. Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from a Fund’s investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of payments at future dates. As inflation increases, the real value of a Fund’s portfolio could decline. Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time. |
• | Interest Rate Risk. Generally, the value of fixed income securities will change inversely with changes in interest rates. As interest rates rise, the market value of fixed income securities tends to decrease. Conversely, as interest rates fall, the market value of fixed income securities tends to increase. This risk will be greater for long-term securities than for short-term securities. In recent periods, interest rates in the United States have been at low levels. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in fixed income securities face an increased exposure to the risks associated with rising interest rates. In addition, after a brief period during which it increased interest rates above the historically low levels that followed the 2008 financial crisis, the U.S. Federal Reserve has recently decreased interest rates back to historically low levels and has promised to increase quantitative easing again. If governmental financial regulators, including the U.S. Federal Reserve raise interest rates, there is a risk that rates across the financial system may rise. A substantial increase in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on fixed income investments and on the performance of the Fund. Changes in government intervention may have adverse effects on investments, volatility, and illiquidity in debt markets. |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 9 |
• | Prepayment Risk. When interest rates fall, certain obligations will be paid off by the obligor more quickly than originally anticipated, and the Fund may have to invest the proceeds in securities with lower yields. |
• | Variable and Floating Rate Instrument Risk. The absence of an active market for these securities could make it difficult for the Fund to dispose of them if the issuer defaults. |
10 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 11 |
• | Differential Strategy Risk. Certain Managers have experience in investment related activities and in managing private investment funds, but limited experience as managers of a registered investment company, which, unlike private investment funds, are subject to daily inflows and outflows of investor cash and are subject to certain legal and tax-related restrictions on their investments and operations. Due to differences in regulatory requirements, the investment strategies of such Managers may have different results in the Fund than they do for other funds or accounts managed by the Managers that are not subject to the protections of the 1940 Act. |
• | New Sub-Adviser Risk. Certain Managers have limited operating and performance histories and/or limited experience managing investment funds. This may result in lower than expected performance, operational and investment inefficiencies, and/or errors. |
• | Use of Multiple Sub-Advisers Risk. No assurance can be given that the collective performance of the Managers will result in profitable returns for the Fund as a whole. Positive performance achieved by one or more Manager may be offset – or even outweighed—by negative performance experienced by other Managers. In addition, Managers may make investment decisions that conflict with each other; for example, at any particular time, one Manager may be purchasing shares of an issuer whose shares are being sold by another Manager. Consequently, the Fund could indirectly incur transaction costs without accomplishing any net investment result. Alternatively, two or more Managers may employ similar strategies or invest in some of the same assets, resulting in less diversification to the Fund than is expected or desired. |
12 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
• | Allocation of Investment Opportunities. The Adviser and Sub-Advisers (or their affiliates) manage other investment funds and/or accounts (including proprietary accounts) and have other clients with investment objectives and strategies that are similar to, or overlap with, the investment objective and strategy of the Fund, creating conflicts of interest in investment and allocation decisions regarding the allocation of investments that could be appropriate for the Fund and other clients of the Adviser, a Sub-Adviser or their affiliates. None of the Adviser, the Sub-Advisers or their affiliates will have any obligation to make available any information regarding their proprietary activities or strategies, or the activities or strategies used for other funds and/or accounts managed by them, for the benefit of the management of the Fund. No affiliate of the Adviser or a Sub-Adviser is under any obligation to share any investment opportunity, including an investment technique, idea, model or strategy, with the Fund. The portfolio compositions and performance results therefore will differ across the Fund and other such funds and/or accounts. These conflicts of interest are exacerbated to the extent that the Adviser’s or Sub-Advisers’ other clients are proprietary or pay them higher fees or performance-based fees. In addition, as a registered investment company under the 1940 Act, the Fund is subject to certain limitations relating to co-investments and joint transactions with affiliates, which in certain circumstances will limit the Fund’s ability to make investments or enter into other transactions alongside other clients. There can be no assurance that such regulatory restrictions will not adversely affect the Fund’s ability to capitalize on attractive investment opportunities. The Fund has received an exemptive order from the SEC that permits it, among other things, to co-invest with certain affiliates of the Adviser and certain funds managed and controlled by the Adviser and its affiliates, subject to certain terms and conditions. Even if the Fund and any such other clients and/or co-investment or other vehicles invest in the same securities, conflicts of interest may still arise. |
• | Financial Interests in Service Providers. The Adviser or Sub-Advisers and their affiliates have financial interests in certain service providers to the Fund. For example, the Adviser utilizes technology offered by Arcesium LLC (“Arcesium”) to provide certain middle- and back-office services to the Fund. The parent company of a Sub-Adviser owns a controlling, majority interest in Arcesium and the Adviser owns a non-controlling, minority interest in Arcesium. |
• | Financial Interests in Sub-Advisers. The Adviser and its affiliates have financial interests in asset managers that may sub-advise the Fund. Any allocation by the Adviser to a subsidiary or other affiliate that is a Sub-Adviser to the Fund benefits Blackstone Inc. |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 13 |
(“Blackstone”) and any redemption or reduction of such allocation would be detrimental to Blackstone, creating potential conflicts of interest in allocation decisions. |
• | Other Activities of the Adviser or Sub-Advisers. The activities in which the Adviser or Sub-Advisers and their affiliates are involved in on behalf of other accounts could limit or preclude the flexibility that the Fund could otherwise have to participate in certain investments. |
• | Selection of Sub-Advisers. The Adviser compensates the Sub-Advisers out of the management fee it receives from the Fund, which creates an incentive for the Adviser to select Sub-Advisers with lower fee rates, select Sub-Advisers that are affiliated with the Adviser, or manage assets directly. |
14 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 15 |
16 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
|
1 Year | 5 Years | Since Inception | |||
CLASS I | ( | |||||
Return Before Taxes | ‑ |
|||||
Return After Taxes on Distributions | ‑ |
|||||
Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares | ‑ |
|||||
HFRX Global Hedge Fund Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) | ||||||
MSCI World Index TR (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) | ||||||
Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) | ||||||
CLASS D | ( | |||||
Return Before Taxes | ‑ |
|||||
HFRX Global Hedge Fund Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) | ||||||
MSCI World Index TR (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) | ||||||
Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) | ||||||
CLASS Y | ( | |||||
Return Before Taxes | ‑ |
|||||
HFRX Global Hedge Fund Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) | ||||||
MSCI World Index TR (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) | ||||||
Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deductions for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 17 |
Name | Portfolio Manager of the Fund Since |
Title | ||
Raymond Chan | 2019 | Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Min Htoo | 2017 | Senior Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Max Jaffe | 2021 | Principal, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Robert Jordan | 2016 | Senior Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Ian Morris | 2016 | Senior Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Stephen Sullens | 2014 | Senior Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Alberto Santulin | 2014 | Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) |
18 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 19 |
• | Equity Hedge Strategies, which employ both long and short positions in primarily equity securities and equity-related derivatives. A wide variety of investment processes, including both fundamental and quantitative techniques, can be employed to arrive at an investment decision. Investment strategies can be broadly diversified or narrowly focused on specific sectors and can range broadly in terms of the levels of net exposure, leverage employed, holding periods, and concentrations of market capitalizations of typical portfolios. Equity hedge strategies include: |
Ø | Equity Long/Short Strategies, which combine core long and short positions in stocks, stock indices, or derivatives related to the equity markets. Equity long/short investment managers attempt to generate capital appreciation by developing and actively managing equity portfolios that include both long and short positions and by purchasing perceived undervalued securities and selling perceived overvalued securities to generate returns and to reduce a portion of general market risk. In generating non-market related returns, this investment approach emphasizes an investment manager’s discretionary approach based on fundamental research. Investment managers employing equity long/short strategies may focus on a particular sector of the market or invest in a broad range of investments. |
Ø | Equity Market Neutral Strategies, which employ fundamental or quantitative techniques of analyzing price data to seek to ascertain information about future price movement and relationships between securities. Equity market neutral investment managers attempt to generate capital appreciation by developing and actively managing equity portfolios that contain relatively balanced long and short positions. This strategy can, among other things, include an investment approach based on company-specific fundamental valuation and analysis or analysis of correlations in security price movements across securities. Additionally, this strategy can include statistical arbitrage/trading strategies that seek to exploit pricing anomalies and new information the investment manager believes has not been fully, completely, or accurately discounted into current security prices. |
Ø | Quantitative Directional Strategies, which employ sophisticated quantitative techniques of analyzing price data to ascertain information about future price movement and relationships between securities in order to select securities for purchase and sale. These can include both factor-based and statistical arbitrage/trading strategies. Factor-based investment strategies include strategies in which the investment thesis is predicated on the systematic analysis of common relationships between securities. Statistical arbitrage/trading strategies consist of strategies in which the investment thesis is predicated on exploiting pricing anomalies which may occur as a function of expected mean reversion inherent in security prices. Quantitative Directional Strategies may involve high frequency techniques, trading strategies employed on the basis of technical analysis, and strategies intended to exploit opportunistically new information the investment manager believes has not been completely or accurately reflected in current securities prices. Quantitative Directional Strategies typically maintain varying levels of net long or short equity market exposure over various market cycles. |
• | Event-Driven Strategies, which focus on event-linked, reinsurance-related, acquisition-related, and other types of instruments including equity, debt income securities and derivatives that are currently or may be prospectively affected by transactions or events, including mergers, restructurings, financial distress, tender offers, shareholder buybacks, debt exchanges, security issuance, other capital structure adjustments, shareholder activism, or triggering events relating to weather, natural disasters and other catastrophes. The investment focus is predicated on fundamental or systematic analysis of the anticipated effect of such transactions or events on the price of the securities of a company. Security types can range across equities, fixed income, and derivatives and from the most senior in the capital structure to the most junior or subordinated. Event-driven strategies include: |
Ø | Distressed/Restructuring Strategies, which focus on corporate debt securities, primarily corporate credit instruments of companies trading at significant discounts to their value at issuance or obliged (par value) at maturity as a result of either formal bankruptcy or restructuring proceeding or financial market perception of near term proceedings. Managers typically employ fundamental or systematic credit processes focused on valuation and asset coverage of securities of distressed firms. In doing so, Managers may also employ processes designed to identify attractive opportunities in securities of companies that are under- or over-valued or expected to experience high or low levels of growth. Such portfolio exposures may be concentrated in instruments that are publicly traded, in some cases actively and in others under reduced liquidity. |
Ø | Event-Driven Multi-Strategy Strategies, which focus on positions in companies currently or prospectively involved in corporation transactions or events of a wide variety including mergers, restructurings, financial distress, tender offers, |
20 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
shareholder buybacks, debt exchanges, security issuance or other capital structure adjustments. Event driven exposure includes a combination of sensitivities to equity markets, credit markets, and idiosyncratic, company specific developments. |
Ø | Reinsurance Strategies, which focus on investing in reinsurance-related securities, including, but not limited to, catastrophe bonds, event-linked bonds, and reinsurance-related securitizations (i.e. securitizations that are backed by a pool of reinsurance-related obligations). The performance of reinsurance-related securities and the reinsurance industry itself are tied to the occurrence of various triggering events, including weather, natural disasters (hurricanes, earthquakes, etc.), non-natural large catastrophes (e.g., technical or man-made hazards including terrorist attacks, cyber-attacks, and industrial accidents), and other specified events (e.g., strikes, service interruptions, and quarantine events, etc.) causing physical and/or economic loss. Investment decisions are typically not based on prospects for the economy or based on movements of traditional equities and debt securities markets. |
Ø | Risk Arbitrage Strategies, which focus on securities of companies that are targets of merger transactions in order to capture the difference in the value of the target company and its price in the marketplace. Managers typically employ a process-driven and quantitative approach to value complex merger offers and to measure and manage risk, though fundamental analysis may also be employed. Risk arbitrage transactions are generally affected by (i) the risk-free rate of return at the time a position is established; (ii) the likelihood a transaction is completed or fails, and the gains or losses associated with each outcome; (iii) market risk; and (iv) a risk arbitrage premium. |
• | Macro Strategies, which seek to profit from movements in, or risks related to, underlying macroeconomic variables and/or risk premia factors and the impact those variables and factors have on equity, fixed income, currency, and/or commodity markets. Macroeconomic variables are indicators of the overall state of the global economy or the economy of a country or region. Such variables may include, among other things, consumer price indices, benchmark interest rates, leading stock indices, or inflation rates. A risk premia strategy seeks to profit from premia caused by factors such as risk aversion or other behavioral biases. These strategies employ a variety of techniques, including discretionary and systematic approaches, combinations of top-down and bottom up analysis, fundamental and quantitative techniques, and long- and short-term holding periods. These strategies invest across various countries, markets, sectors, and companies, and have the flexibility to invest in numerous financial instruments, including derivatives. Macro strategies include: |
Ø | Commodity – Energy Strategies, which are reliant on the evaluation of market data, relationships and influences as they pertain primarily to energy commodity and carbon credit markets. The investment process can be predicated on fundamental, systematic or technical analysis. |
Ø | Discretionary Thematic Strategies, which focus on the evaluation of market data, market relationships, and market influences, as interpreted by investment personnel, to identify themes in markets that are expected to outperform the relevant market as a whole. These strategies employ investment processes primarily influenced by top-down analysis of macroeconomic variables. Investment managers may trade actively in developed and emerging markets, focusing on both absolute and relative levels on equity markets, interest rates/fixed income markets, currency, and/or commodity markets. Investment managers frequently employ spread trades to isolate a differential between instruments (i.e., use a combination of direct investments and/or derivatives to profit from the spread or price differential between related instruments) identified by the investment manager to be inconsistent with expected value. |
Ø | Systematic Diversified Strategies, which employ mathematical, algorithmic, and technical models, with little or no influence of investment personnel over the portfolio positioning. These strategies typically seek to identify opportunities in markets exhibiting trending or momentum, value, or carry characteristics across individual instruments or asset classes. Such strategies typically employ a quantitative process that focuses on statistically robust or technical patterns in the return series of the asset and highly liquid instruments. |
• | Relative Value Strategies, which focus on potential valuation discrepancies in related financial instruments. These strategies generally involve taking a position in one financial instrument and simultaneously taking an offsetting position in a related instrument in an attempt to profit from incremental changes in the price differential. These strategies may use a combination of direct investments and/or derivatives to profit from the price differential. Investment managers seek to exploit these discrepancies while achieving a low correlation to the market. These strategies employ a variety of fundamental and quantitative techniques and financial instruments may range broadly across asset classes and security types. Relative value strategies include: |
Ø | Fixed Income – Asset Backed Strategies, which focus on the realization of a spread between related instruments (e.g., collateralized bond obligations), at least one of which is a fixed income instrument backed by physical collateral or other financial obligations other than those of a specific corporation (e.g., a collateralized loan obligation). These strategies seek to isolate attractive opportunities between a variety of fixed income instruments specifically securitized by collateral commitments, which frequently include loans, pools and portfolios of loans, receivables, real estate, machinery, or other tangible financial commitments. In many cases, investment managers hedge, limit, or offset interest rate exposure in the interest of isolating the risk of the position to strictly the yield disparity of the instrument relative to the lower risk instruments. |
Ø | Fixed Income – Corporate Strategies, which focus on realization of a spread between related instruments, at least one of which is a corporate fixed income instrument (e.g., a corporate bond or government bond). These strategies employ an investment process designed to isolate attractive opportunities between a variety of fixed income instruments, typically realizing an attractive spread between multiple corporate bonds or between a corporate and risk free government bond. |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 21 |
Ø | Fixed Income – Sovereign Strategies, which focus on realization of a spread between related instruments in which one or multiple components of the spread is a sovereign fixed income instrument. These strategies employ an investment process designed to isolate attractive opportunities between a variety of fixed income instruments, typically aiming to realize an attractive spread between multiple sovereign bonds or between a corporate and risk free government bond. Fixed income – sovereign strategies typically employ multiple investment processes including both quantitative and fundamental discretionary approaches. |
• | Multi-Strategy Strategies, which employ a wide variety of strategies, including some or all of those described above, with allocations among such strategies based upon analysis of fundamental, statistical, technical, or other factors. Generally, investment managers employing a multi-strategy strategy will have different teams focusing on different strategies and an investment committee and/or chief investment officer that allocates among the teams based on perceived market opportunities. |
Discretionary Sub-Advisers | Principal Strategy | Principal Sub-Strategy | ||
Bayforest Capital Limited | Multi-Strategy Strategies | N/A | ||
Bayview Asset Management, LLC | Relative Value Strategies | Fixed Income—Asset Backed | ||
Blackstone Liquid Credit Strategies LLC | Relative Value Strategies | Fixed Income—Asset Backed | ||
Blackstone Real Estate Special Situations Advisors L.L.C. | Relative Value Strategies | Fixed Income—Asset Backed |
22 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
Discretionary Sub-Advisers | Principal Strategy | Principal Sub-Strategy | ||
Caspian Capital LP | Event-Driven Strategies | Distressed/Restructuring | ||
Cerberus Sub-Advisory I, LLC | Relative Value Strategies | Fixed Income—Asset Backed | ||
D. E. Shaw Investment Management, L.L.C. | Multi-Strategy Strategies | N/A | ||
Emso Asset Management Limited | Macro Strategies | Discretionary Thematic | ||
Endeavour Capital Advisors Inc. | Equity Hedge Strategies | Equity Long/Short | ||
HealthCor Management, L.P. | Equity Hedge Strategies | Equity Long/Short | ||
Jasper Capital Hong Kong Limited | Equity Hedge Strategies | Quantitative Directional | ||
Luminus Management, LLC | Macro Strategies | Commodity—Energy | ||
Magnetar Asset Management LLC | Event-Driven Strategies | Risk Arbitrage Strategies | ||
Mesarete Capital LLP | Relative Value Strategies | Fixed Income—Sovereign | ||
Nephila Capital Ltd. | Event-Driven Strategies | Reinsurance | ||
Sage Rock Capital Management LP | Event-Driven Strategies | Event-Driven Multi-Strategy | ||
Seiga Asset Management Limited | Equity Hedge Strategies | Equity Long/Short | ||
TrailStone Commodity Trading US, LLC | Macro Strategies | Commodity—Energy | ||
Two Sigma Advisers, LP | Equity Hedge Strategies | Equity Market Neutral | ||
Waterfall Asset Management, LLC | Relative Value Strategies | Fixed Income—Asset Backed |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 23 |
24 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 25 |
• | Contracts for Difference. Contracts for differences are swap arrangements in which the parties agree that their return (or loss) will be based on the relative performance of two different groups or baskets of securities. Often, one or both baskets will be an established securities index. The Fund’s return will be based on changes in value of theoretical long futures positions in the securities comprising one basket (with an aggregate face value equal to the notional amount of the contract for differences) and |
26 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
theoretical short futures positions in the securities comprising the other basket. The Fund also may use actual long and short futures positions and achieve similar market exposure by netting the payment obligations of the two contracts. If the short basket outperforms the long basket, the Fund will realize a loss—even in circumstances when the securities in both the long and short baskets appreciate in value. |
• | Forwards. Forward contracts and options thereon, unlike futures contracts, are not traded on exchanges and are not standardized; rather, banks and dealers act as principals in these markets, negotiating each transaction on an individual basis. Forward contracts may also include TBAs in which the exact securities to be delivered to the buyer are chosen just before delivery rather than at the time of the original trade. Forward trading is substantially unregulated; there is no limitation on daily price movements and speculative position limits are not applicable. The principals who deal in the forward markets are not required to continue to make markets in the currencies or commodities they trade and these markets can experience periods of illiquidity, sometimes of significant duration. There have been periods during which certain participants in these markets have refused to quote prices for certain currencies or commodities or have quoted prices with an unusually wide spread between the price at which they were prepared to buy and that at which they were prepared to sell. Disruptions can occur in any market traded by the Fund due to unusually high trading volume, political intervention or other factors. In addition, because of the low margin deposits normally required in forward trading, a high degree of leverage is typical of a forward trading account. As a result, a relatively small price movement in a forward contract may result in substantial losses to the Fund. The banks and dealers that provide financing to Managers can apply essentially discretionary margin, haircut, financing, and collateral valuation policies. Changes by banks and dealers in any of the foregoing may result in large margin calls, loss of financing, and forced liquidation of positions at potentially disadvantageous prices. The imposition of controls by governmental authorities might also limit such forward (and futures) trading to less than that which the Fund would otherwise recommend, to the possible detriment of the Fund. Market illiquidity or disruption could result in major losses to the Fund. In addition, the Fund is exposed to credit risks with regard to counterparties with whom the Fund trades as well as risks relating to settlement default. Such risks could result in substantial losses to the Fund. Some counterparties with whom the Fund transacts may not be rated investment grade. |
• | Futures. Futures contracts markets are highly volatile and are influenced by a variety of factors, including national and international political and economic developments. In addition, because of the low margin deposits normally required in futures trading, a high degree of leverage is typical of a futures trading account. As a result, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in substantial losses to the Fund. Moreover, futures positions are marked to market each day and variation margin payment must be paid to or by a Fund. The banks and dealers that provide financing to Managers can apply essentially discretionary margin, haircut, financing, and collateral valuation policies. Changes by banks and dealers in any of the foregoing may result in large margin calls, loss of financing, and forced liquidation of positions at potentially disadvantageous prices. |
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• | Options. Options trading involves certain additional risks. Specific market movements of an option and the instruments underlying an option cannot be predicted. No assurance can be given that a liquid offset market will exist for any particular option or at any particular time. If no liquid offset market exists, the Fund might not be able to effect an offsetting transaction in a particular option. To realize any profit in the case of an option, therefore, the option holder would need to exercise the option and comply with margin requirements for the underlying instrument. A writer could not terminate the obligation until the option expired or the writer was assigned an exercise notice. The purchaser of an option is subject to the risk of losing the entire purchase price of the option. The writer of an option is subject to the risk of loss resulting from the difference between the premium received for the option and the price of the futures contract underlying the option that the writer must purchase or deliver upon exercise of the option. The writer of a naked option may have to purchase the underlying contract in the market for substantially more than the exercise price of the option in order to satisfy his delivery obligations. This could result in a large net loss. |
• | Swap Agreements. Swap agreements are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors. In a standard swap transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns earned on specified assets, such as the return on, or increase in value of, a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate, in a particular non-U.S. currency, or in a security or a “basket” of securities representing a particular index. The use of swaps is a highly specialized activity that involves investment techniques, risk analyses, and tax planning different from those associated with ordinary securities transactions, and the successful use of derivatives depends on the Adviser’s or a Sub-Adviser’s ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. Swaps could result in Fund losses if the underlying asset or reference does not perform as anticipated. Swaps may be difficult to value and may be considered illiquid. Swaps create significant investment leverage such that a relatively small price movement in a swap may result in immediate and substantial loss. The Fund may only close out a swap with its particular counterparty, and may only transfer a position with the consent of that counterparty. If a counterparty fails to meet its contractual obligations, goes bankrupt, or otherwise experiences a business interruption, the Fund could miss investment opportunities or otherwise hold investments it would prefer to sell, resulting in losses for the Fund. If the counterparty defaults, the Fund will have contractual remedies, but there can be no assurance that the counterparty will be able to meet its contractual obligations or that the Fund will be able to enforce its rights. Certain swaps, such as short swap transactions and total return swaps, have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Swaps can increase the Fund’s theoretical risk exposure to underlying references and their attendant risks, such as credit risk, market risk, foreign currency risk, and interest rate risk, while also exposing the Fund to counterparty risk, hedging transaction risk, inflation risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, pricing risk, and volatility risk. In addition, Basket Swaps are subject to the particular risk that the basket does not perform as anticipated. This risk will be amplified by any leverage embedded in the swap. The Fund will have no direct interest in the securities and other instruments underlying a Basket Swap and those securities and other instruments will not be held in custody by the Fund’s custodian, thus increasing counterparty risk and risk of loss. In addition, because the Fund does not hold any voting securities underlying the Basket Swap directly, the Fund will not have the ability to vote the shares of underlying issuers in the Basket Swap, even when doing so would be beneficial to the Fund. Further, the Fund will pay the counterparty to any Basket Swap structuring fees and ongoing transaction fees, which will reduce the investment performance of the Fund. Finally, certain aspects of the appropriate U.S. federal income tax treatment of such Basket Swaps are uncertain and, if the Fund’s U.S. federal income tax treatment of such instruments proves to be inappropriate, an investor’s after-tax return from its investment in the Fund may be adversely affected. |
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• | Credit Market Liquidity Risk. Some debt securities, including some asset-backed securities and structured credit products, may be more thinly traded than equity securities and may be subject to sudden loss of liquidity in the event of a market disruption or shock that may not be proportionate to, or even related to, the fundamentals of the investment. If the Fund becomes forced to sell such assets at this time, the sales could be subject to significant losses. |
• | Credit Risk. Credit risk refers to the possibility that the issuer of a security will not be able to make payments of interest and principal when due. Changes in an issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of an issuer’s creditworthiness may also affect the value of the Fund’s investment in that issuer. The degree of credit risk depends on both the financial condition of the issuer and the terms of the obligation. |
• | Event Risk. Event risk is the risk that corporate issuers may undergo restructurings, such as mergers, leveraged buyouts, takeovers, or similar events financed by increased debt. As a result of the added debt, the credit quality and market value of a company’s bonds and/or other debt securities may decline significantly. |
• | Extension Risk. When interest rates rise, certain obligations will be paid off by the obligor more slowly than anticipated, causing the value of these securities to fall. Rising interest rates tend to extend the duration of securities, making them more sensitive to future changes in interest rates. The value of longer-term securities generally changes more in response to changes in interest rates than the value of shorter-term securities. As a result, in a period of rising interest rates, securities may exhibit additional volatility and may lose value. |
• | Inflation Risk. Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from a Fund’s investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of payments at future dates. As inflation increases, the real value of a Fund’s portfolio could decline. Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time. Deflation may have an adverse effect on the creditworthiness of issuers and may make issuer default more likely or materially impair the ability of distressed issuers to restructure, which may result in a decline in the net asset value of a Fund’s portfolio. |
• | Interest Rate Risk. Generally, the value of fixed income securities will change inversely with changes in interest rates. As interest rates rise, the market value of fixed income securities tends to decrease. Conversely, as interest rates fall, the market value of fixed income securities tends to increase. This impact will be greater for long-term securities than for short-term securities. Furthermore, the higher a debt security’s duration, the greater its price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. The Fund may take steps to attempt to reduce the exposure of its portfolio to interest rate changes; however, there can be no guarantee that the Fund will take such actions or that the Fund will be successful in reducing the impact of interest rate changes on the portfolio. In recent periods, interest rates in the United States have been at low levels. Accordingly, the Fund’s investments in fixed income securities face an increased exposure to the risks associated with rising interest rates. In addition, after a brief period during which it increased interest rates above the historically low levels that followed the 2008 financial crisis, the U.S. Federal Reserve has recently decreased interest rates back to historically low levels and has promised to increase quantitative easing again. If the U.S. Federal Reserve raises interest rates, there is a risk that rates across the financial system may rise. A substantial increase in interest rates could have a |
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material adverse effect on fixed income investments and on the performance of the Fund. This and other changes in government intervention may have adverse effects on investments, volatility, and illiquidity in debt markets. |
• | Prepayment Risk. When interest rates fall, certain obligations will be paid off by the obligor more quickly than originally anticipated, and the Fund may have to invest the proceeds in securities with lower yields. In periods of falling interest rates, the rate of prepayments tends to increase (as does price fluctuation) as borrowers are motivated to pay off debt and refinance at new lower rates. During such periods, reinvestment of the prepayment proceeds by the management team will generally be at lower rates of return than the return on the assets that were prepaid. Prepayment reduces the yield to maturity and the average life of the security. |
• | Variable and Floating Rate Instrument Risk. The absence of an active market for these securities could make it difficult for the Fund to dispose of them if the issuer defaults. |
• | Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk. The Fund invests in RMBS. Holders of RMBS bear various risks, including credit, market, interest rate, structural, and legal risks. RMBS represent interests in pools of residential mortgage loans secured by one to |
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four family residential mortgage loans. RMBS are particularly susceptible to prepayment risks, as they generally do not contain prepayment penalties and a reduction in interest rates will increase the prepayments on the RMBS. |
• | Non-Investment-Grade RMBS Risk. The Fund invests in RMBS that are non-investment grade, which means that major rating agencies rate them below the top four investment-grade rating categories (i.e., “AAA” through “BBB” or “Aaa” through “Baa3”). Non-investment grade RMBS tend to be less liquid, may have a higher risk of default, and may be more difficult to value than investment grade bonds. Recessions or poor economic or pricing conditions in the markets associated with RMBS may cause defaults or losses on loans underlying such securities. Non-investment grade securities are considered speculative, and their capacity to pay principal and interest in accordance with the terms of their issue is not certain, which may impair the Fund’s performance and reduce the return on its investments. |
• | Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk. The Fund invests in CMBS, which represent interests in pools of mortgage loans secured by commercial properties. Mortgage loans on commercial properties often are structured so that a substantial portion of the loan principal is not amortized over the loan term but is payable at maturity (as a “balloon payment”), and repayment of a significant portion of loan principal thus often depends upon the future availability of real estate financing and/or upon the value and saleability of the real estate at the relevant time. Therefore, the unavailability of real estate financing may lead to default on the mortgage loan. Most commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS are effectively nonrecourse obligations of the applicable borrowers, meaning that there is no recourse against a borrower’s assets other than the specific property encumbered as security. If borrowers are not able or willing to refinance or dispose of the encumbered property to pay the principal and interest owed on such mortgage loans, payments on the related CMBS (particularly subordinated classes of CMBS) will likely be adversely affected. The ultimate extent of the loss, if any, to the classes of CMBS may only be determined after a negotiated discounted settlement, restructuring or sale of the mortgage note, or the foreclosure (or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure) of the mortgage encumbering the property and subsequent liquidation of the property. Foreclosure can be costly and delayed by litigation and/or bankruptcy. Factors such as the property’s location, the legal status of title to the property, its physical condition and financial performance, environmental risks and governmental disclosure requirements with respect to the condition of the property may make a third-party unwilling to purchase the property at a foreclosure sale or to pay a price sufficient to satisfy the obligations with respect to the related CMBS. Revenues from the assets underlying a commercial mortgage loan and related CMBS may be retained by the borrower and/or used to make payments to others, maintain insurance coverage, pay taxes or pay maintenance costs. Such diverted revenues generally are not recoverable without a court-appointed receiver to control cash flow from the collateral. The holder of CMBS does not have a contractual relationship with the borrowers of the underlying commercial mortgage loans and typically has no right directly to enforce compliance by the borrowers with the terms of the loan agreements, nor any rights of set-off against the borrowers, nor will it have the right to object to certain changes to the underlying loan agreements, nor to move directly against the collateral supporting the related loans. |
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• | Differential Strategy Risk. Certain Managers have experience in investment-related activities and in managing private investment funds, but limited experience as managers of a registered investment company, which, unlike private investment funds, are subject to daily inflows and outflows of investor cash and are subject to certain legal and tax-related restrictions on their investments and operations. Due to differences in regulatory requirements, the investment strategies of such Managers may have different results in the Fund than they do in other funds or accounts managed by the Adviser or the Sub-Advisers that are not subject to the protections of the 1940 Act. |
• | New Sub-Adviser Risk. Certain Managers have limited operating and performance histories and/or experience managing investment funds. This may result in lower than expected performance, operational and investment inefficiencies, and/or errors. |
• | Use of Multiple Sub-Advisers Risk. No assurance can be given that the collective performance of the Managers will result in profitable returns for the Fund as a whole. Positive performance achieved by one or more Manager may be offset—or even outweighed—by negative performance experienced by other Managers. In addition, Managers may make investment decisions that conflict with each other; for example, at any particular time, one Manager may be purchasing shares of an issuer whose shares are being sold by another Manager. Consequently, the Fund could indirectly incur transaction costs without accomplishing any net investment result. Alternatively, two or more Managers may employ similar strategies or invest in some of the same assets, resulting in less diversification to the Fund than is expected or desired. |
• | Duplicative Fees and Expenses. Investors in the Fund bear two layers of asset-based management fees (directly at the Fund level and indirectly at the Investment Fund level, including with respect to UCITS funds) and a single layer of incentive fees (at both the Investment Fund). The Fund does not pay an incentive fee. Expenses exist at the Fund level and the Investment Fund level. |
• | Estimates. The Fund’s investments in Investment Funds are priced, in the absence of readily available market values, based on estimates of fair value, which may prove to be inaccurate; these valuations are used to calculate fees payable to the Adviser and the net asset value of the Fund’s shares. Investors who purchase or redeem Fund shares on days when the Fund is holding fair-valued investments may receive fewer or more shares or lower or higher redemption proceeds than they would have received if readily available market values were available for all of the Fund’s investments. |
• | Exemption from 1940 Act. Some Investment Funds are not registered as investment companies under the 1940 Act, and therefore, the Fund is not able to avail itself of the protections of the 1940 Act with respect to such investments. |
• | Illiquid Securities Risk. Certain Investment Funds, including unaffiliated hedge funds and UCITS funds, also are subject to transfer or redemption restrictions that impair the liquidity of these investments, and some Investment Funds may suspend the withdrawal rights of their shareholders, including the Fund, from time to time. Investment Funds are generally permitted to make payment to withdrawing investors in-kind. Thus, upon the Fund’s withdrawal of all or a portion of its interest from an Investment Fund, the Fund may receive an in-kind distribution of investments that are illiquid or difficult to value. Illiquid investments could prevent the Fund from liquidating unfavorable positions promptly and subject the Fund to substantial losses. Furthermore, the valuation of illiquid investments is complex and uncertain, and there can be no assurance that the Adviser’s valuation will accurately reflect the value that will be realized by the Fund upon the eventual disposition of such investment. Disposition of such illiquid investments may also result in distributions in kind to the Fund. Liquid investments may become illiquid after purchase, particularly during periods of market turmoil. |
• | Limited Information Rights. The Adviser is dependent on information, including performance information, provided by the Investment Funds, which if inaccurate could adversely affect the Adviser’s ability to accurately value the Fund’s shares. In most cases where the Fund holds investments in unaffiliated Investment Funds, the Adviser has little or no means of independently verifying this information. In addition, shareholders of the Fund have no right to receive information about unaffiliated Investment Funds or their Managers, and have no recourse against unaffiliated Investments Funds or their Managers. |
• | Performance Fees. Incentive fees charged by advisors of Investment Funds may create incentives for such advisors to make investments that are riskier or more speculative than in the absence of these fees. Because these fees are often based on both realized as well as unrealized appreciation, the fee may be greater than if it were based only on realized gains. In addition, the |
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advisors of Investment Funds may receive compensation for positive performance of an Investment Fund even if the Fund’s overall returns are negative. Performance fee arrangements may differ among Investment Funds. Very generally, Investment Funds typically charge performance fees that range from 10-20% annually of realized and unrealized appreciation. However, the Fund is permitted to invest in Investment Funds that charge performance fees that are higher or lower than this typical range. |
• | Special Situation Investments. Special situation investments, also known as “side pockets,” are investments in securities or other instruments that an Investment Fund determines to be illiquid or lacking a readily ascertainable fair value and which the Investment Fund designates as special situation investments. To the extent an Investment Fund invests in a special situation investment, the Fund’s ownership interest with respect to such special situation investment generally may not be withdrawn until the special situation investment, or a portion thereof, is realized or deemed realized. |
• | Waiver of Voting Rights. The Fund may purchase non-voting securities of, or to contractually forego irrevocably the right to vote in respect of, Investment Funds in order to prevent the Fund from becoming an “affiliated person” of the Investment Fund for purposes of the 1940 Act and becoming subject to the prohibitions on transactions with affiliated persons contained in the 1940 Act. Consequently, the Fund will not be able to vote to the full extent of its economic interest on matters that require approval of investors in each Investment Fund, including matters that could adversely affect the Fund’s investment. The Fund waives its voting rights of Investment Funds only pursuant to a negotiated, contractual agreement. The Adviser will make the determination to waive voting rights pursuant to policies adopted by the Board of Trustees, and will not consider its own interests or the interests of its other clients when it does so. Entering into voting waivers is expected to allow the Fund to purchase interests in Investment Funds that represent attractive investment opportunities, which the Fund might otherwise be restricted from holding pursuant to the prohibitions on transactions with affiliated persons under the 1940 Act. It is possible that relationships between affiliates of the Fund and an Investment Fund may be such that the Fund will be subject to prohibitions on transactions with affiliated persons regardless of any waiver of voting rights by the Fund. |
• | Allocation of Investment Opportunities. The Adviser and Sub-Advisers (or their affiliates) manage other investment funds and/or accounts (including proprietary accounts) and have other clients with investment objectives and strategies that are similar to, or overlap with, the investment objective and strategy of the Fund, creating conflicts of interest in investment and allocation decisions regarding the allocation of investments that could be appropriate for the Fund and other clients of the Adviser, a Sub-Adviser or their affiliates. None of the Adviser, the Sub-Advisers or their affiliates will have any obligation to make available any information regarding their proprietary activities or strategies, or the activities or strategies used for other funds and/or accounts managed by them, for the benefit of the management of the Fund. No affiliate of the Adviser or a Sub-Adviser is under any obligation to share any investment opportunity, including an investment technique, idea, model or strategy, with the Fund. The portfolio compositions and performance results therefore will differ across the Fund and other such funds and/or accounts. These conflicts of interest are exacerbated to the extent that the Adviser’s or Sub-Advisers’ other clients are proprietary or pay them higher fees or performance-based fees. In addition, as a registered investment company under the 1940 Act, the Fund is subject to certain limitations relating to co-investments and joint transactions with affiliates, which in certain circumstances will limit the Fund’s ability to make investments or enter into other transactions alongside other clients. There can be no assurance that such regulatory restrictions will not adversely affect the Fund’s ability to capitalize on attractive investment opportunities. The Fund has received an exemptive order from the SEC that permits it, among other things, to co-invest with certain affiliates of the Adviser and certain funds managed and controlled by the Adviser and its affiliates, subject to certain terms and conditions. Even if the Fund and any such other clients and/or co-investment or other vehicles invest in the same securities, conflicts of interest may still arise. |
• | Financial Interests in Service Providers. The Adviser or Sub-Advisers and their affiliates have financial interests in certain service providers to the Fund. For example, the Adviser utilizes technology offered by Arcesium to provide certain middle- and back-office services and technology to the Fund. The parent company of a Sub-Adviser owns a controlling, majority interest in Arcesium and the Adviser owns a non-controlling, minority interest in Arcesium. |
• | Financial Interests in Sub-Advisers. The Adviser and its affiliates have financial interests in asset managers that may sub-advise the Fund. Any allocation by the Adviser to a subsidiary or other affiliate that is a Sub-Adviser to the Fund benefits Blackstone and any redemption or reduction of such allocation would be detrimental to Blackstone, creating potential conflicts of interest in allocation decisions. |
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• | Other Activities of the Adviser or Sub-Advisers. The activities in which the Adviser or Sub-Advisers and their affiliates are involved on behalf of other accounts could limit or preclude the flexibility that the Fund would otherwise have to participate in certain investments. |
• | Selection of Sub-Advisers. The Adviser compensates the Sub-Advisers out of the management fee it receives from the Fund, which creates an incentive for the Adviser to select Sub-Advisers with lower fee rates, select Sub-Advisers that are affiliated with the Adviser, or manage assets directly. |
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Name | Portfolio Manager of the Fund Since |
Title and Recent Biography | ||
Raymond Chan | 2019 | 2019-Present: Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) 2012-2019: Managing Director, Global Portfolio Solutions Group at Goldman Sachs Asset Management | ||
Min Htoo | 2017 | 2017-Present: Senior Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Max Jaffe | 2021 | 2021-Present: Principal, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) 2019-2020: Vice President, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) 2016-2018: Associate, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Robert Jordan | 2016 | 2013-Present: Senior Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Ian Morris | 2016 | 2016-Present: Senior Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Stephen Sullens | 2014 | 2006-Present: Senior Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) | ||
Alberto Santulin | 2014 | 2005-Present: Managing Director, Blackstone (Hedge Fund Solutions) |
• | Bayforest Capital Limited (“Bayforest”), located at 48 Dover Street London, W1S4FF United Kingdom, a commodity trading advisor registered with the CFTC, may manage a portion of the Cayman Subsidiary’s assets using Multi-Strategy Strategies. Bayforest was founded in 2017 and had approximately $400.0 million in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Bayview Asset Management, LLC (“Bayview”), located at 4425 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, 5th Floor, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Bayview may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Relative Value Strategies. Bayview is an investment management firm focused on all areas of mortgage credit, including whole loans, mortgage backed securities, mortgage servicing rights, and mortgage related equities. Bayview was established in 2008 to serve as the parent company of the loan acquisition, servicing and asset management business previously owned by its predecessor company, Bayview Financial, L.P., which was established by Bayview’s principals in 1993. Bayview had approximately $14.9 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Blackstone Liquid Credit Strategies LLC (“BX LCS”), located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10154, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. BX LCS may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets and/or a portion of the Cayman Subsidiary’s assets using Relative Value Strategies. BX LCS also may invest in assets identified by, and at the direction of, the Adviser. BX LCS is an affiliate of Blackstone Credit (“BXC”). Founded in 2005, BXC, formerly known as GSO Capital Partners LP, had approximately $148.5 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021, inclusive of BX LCS assets under management of approximately $75.5 billion. BX LCS is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Blackstone and an affiliate of the Adviser on the basis that it is under common control with the Adviser. |
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• | Blackstone Real Estate Special Situations Advisors L.L.C. (“BRESSA”), located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10154, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. BRESSA may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets and/or a portion of the Cayman Subsidiary’s assets using Relative Value Strategies. Founded in 2007, BRESSA had approximately $21.8 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. BRESSA is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Blackstone and an affiliate of the Adviser on the basis that it is under common control with the Adviser. |
• | Caspian Capital LP (“Caspian”), located at 10 East 53rd Street, 35th Floor, New York, NY 10022, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Caspian may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Event-Driven Strategies. Formed in 2010, Caspian had approximately $3.5 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Cerberus Sub-Advisory I, LLC (“Cerberus Sub-Advisory”), located at 875 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10022, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Cerberus Sub-Advisory may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Relative Value Strategies. Cerberus Sub-Advisory, an affiliate of Cerberus Capital Management, L.P. (“CCM”). Founded in 1992, CCM had approximately $53.0 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | D. E. Shaw Investment Management, L.L.C. (“DESIM”), located at 1166 Avenue of the Americas, Ninth Floor, New York, NY 10036, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC and a commodity trading advisor registered with the CFTC. DESIM may manage a portion of the Cayman Subsidiary’s assets using a Multi-Strategy Strategy. DESIM, which was formed in 2005, is a member of the D. E. Shaw group, which was founded in 1988. As of March 31, 2021, the D. E. Shaw group had approximately $65.8 billion in assets under management, of which DESIM managed approximately $26.0 billion. |
• | Emso Asset Management Limited (“Emso”), located at 21 Grosvenor Place, London, SW1X 7HN, United Kingdom, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC and a commodity trading advisor registered with the CFTC. Emso may manage a portion of the Fund’s assets using Macro Strategies. Founded in 2000, Emso had approximately $6.7 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Endeavour Capital Advisors Inc. (“Endeavour”), located at 410 Greenwich Avenue, Greenwich, CT 06830, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Endeavour may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Equity Hedge Strategies. Founded in 1994, Endeavour had approximately $915.0 million in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | HealthCor Management, L.P. (“HealthCor”), located at 55 Hudson Yards, 28th Floor, New York, NY 10001, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. HealthCor may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Equity Hedge Strategies. Founded in 2005, HealthCor had approximately $2.7 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Jasper Capital Hong Kong Limited (“Jasper”), located at Golden Centre, Unit 1701, 17/F, 188 Des Voeux Road Central, Hong Kong Island, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Jasper may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Equity Hedge Strategies. Founded in 2013, Jasper had approximately $355.0 million in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Luminus Management, LLC (“Luminus”), located at 1700 Broadway, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10019, an investment adviser registered with the SEC, may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets and/or a portion of the Cayman Subsidiary’s assets using Macro Strategies. Founded in 2002, Luminus had approximately $1.9 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Magnetar Asset Management LLC, located at 1603 Orrington Avenue, 13th Floor, Evanston, IL 60201, an investment adviser registered with the SEC, may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Event-Driven Strategies. It is an affiliate of Magnetar Financial LLC (together with Magnetar Asset Management LLC, “Magnetar”). Founded in 2005, Magnetar had approximately $14.0 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021, on a discretionary and non-discretionary basis, including designated investments in side pockets and unfunded commitments. |
• | Mesarete Capital LLP (“Mesarete”), located at First Floor, Grafton House, 2-3 Golden Square, London, W1F 9HR, United Kingdom, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Mesarete may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Relative Value Strategies. Founded in 2021, Mesarete had approximately $300.0 million in assets under management as of July 31, 2021. |
• | Nephila Capital Ltd. (“Nephila”), located at Victoria Place, 3rd Floor West, 31 Victoria Street, Hamilton, HM 10, Bermuda, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Nephila may manage a portion of the Fund’s assets using Event-Driven Strategies. Founded in 1997, Nephila had approximately $9.5 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Sage Rock Capital Management LP (“Sage Rock”), located at 60 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10165, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Sage Rock may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Event-Driven Strategies. Founded in 2013, Sage Rock had approximately $806.0 million in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Seiga Asset Management Limited (“Seiga”), located at Suite 2003A, The Centrium, 60 Wyndham Street, Central Hong Kong, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Seiga may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Equity Hedge Strategies. Founded in 2016, Seiga had approximately $765.0 million in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | TrailStone Commodity Trading US, LLC (“TrailStone”), located at 2901 Via Fortuna Drive, Suite 125, Austin, Texas 78746, may manage a portion of the Cayman Subsidiary’s assets using Macro Strategies to invest in commodity interests. TrailStone was founded in 2013. TrailStone oversees approximately $300.0 million invested in various energy commodity products as of March 31, 2021. |
50 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
• | Two Sigma Advisers, LP (“Two Sigma”), located at 100 Avenue of the Americas, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10013, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC and a commodity trading advisor registered with the CFTC. Two Sigma may manage a portion of the Fund’s assets using Equity Hedge Strategies. Two Sigma, along with its affiliated investment managers, including Two Sigma Investments, LP, which was founded in 2001, had approximately $58.0 billion in assets under management as of April 1, 2021, inclusive of Two Sigma assets under management of approximately $33.3 billion, which includes employee and proprietary capital. The assets under management of Two Sigma and its affiliated investment managers includes the assets under management of the following affiliated investment managers: Two Sigma Investments, LP (“TSI”), Two Sigma China Co., Ltd. (“TSC”), TSPI, LP, and Two Sigma Ventures, LP. Absolute return and benchmark relative assets are managed across Two Sigma, TSI, and TSC and reflect the most recently available valuations as of April 1, 2021. Private investment assets are managed across TSPI, LP and Two Sigma Ventures, LP and reflect the most recently available valuations as of April 1, 2021 and include any unfunded capital commitments. In order to avoid double-counting assets, the assets under management of Two Sigma and its affiliated investment managers has been adjusted downward to account for instances where a product advised by one Two Sigma investment manager invests in another product managed by the same, or an affiliated, Two Sigma investment manager. |
• | Waterfall Asset Management, LLC (“Waterfall”), located at 1251 Avenue of the Americas, 50th Floor, New York, NY 10020, is an investment adviser registered with the SEC. Waterfall may manage a portion of a Domestic Subsidiary’s assets using Relative Value Strategies. Founded in 2004, Waterfall had approximately $9.2 billion in assets under management as of March 31, 2021. |
• | Attractive Long-Term Risk-Adjusted Investment Performance: The Adviser seeks to choose Sub-Advisers focused on alternative strategies that it believes will produce attractive long-term risk-adjusted returns over a full market cycle. |
• | Skilled Application of Non-Traditional Investment Techniques: The Adviser believes that attractive risk-adjusted investment returns can sometimes be found outside traditional investment strategies that rely on relative performance against public market equity and fixed income benchmarks. The Adviser seeks to choose Sub-Advisers who use “non-traditional” investment approaches, which often seek to take advantage of market inefficiencies and other factors in order to outperform the underlying markets of their investments. |
• | Opportunistic Approach to Investing: Among the Sub-Advisers sought out by the Adviser, the Adviser may choose “opportunistic” Sub-Advisers who are willing to make substantial investments based on the direction the Sub-Adviser anticipates a particular market, markets or individual securities will take. These Sub-Advisers may make “directional investments” and frequently use leverage to attempt to produce attractive returns. It is possible that the Adviser may make only relatively short-term allocations to Sub-Advisers that specialize in opportunistic trades. |
• | Management Stability and Committed Investment Professionals: The Adviser believes the ability to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns over a full market cycle, especially when the application of sophisticated non-traditional techniques is involved, is dependent upon the performance of committed investment professionals. No matter how appealing the investment concept, the Adviser believes that attractive risk-adjusted returns can only be generated by committed people operating in a stable environment. |
• | Ongoing Monitoring: Once selected, the performance of each Sub-Adviser is regularly reviewed, and new Sub-Advisers are identified and considered on an on-going basis. In addition, the allocation of the Fund’s assets among Sub-Advisers, approaches, and styles will be regularly monitored and may be adjusted in response to performance results or changing economic conditions. The Adviser reviews a number of quantitative and qualitative factors in connection with the allocation of the Fund’s assets, including, without limitation, macroeconomic scenarios, diversification, strategy capacity, regulatory constraints, and the fees associated with the strategy. |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 51 |
52 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
• | Last reported sales price; |
• | Official closing price; or |
• | Official settlement price |
• | Official settlement or last reported sales price of any security for which an official settlement price or last reported sales price exists on the primary exchange on the valuation day |
• | Forward currency contracts are valued at the current forward market prices obtained from third party pricing service providers or may be based on broker-dealer quotations |
• | Such instruments are valued using third party pricing service providers, counterparty valuations or broker-dealer quotations |
• | Most recent NAV |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 53 |
• | Market quotes are considered not readily available in circumstances where there is an absence of current or reliable market-based data (e.g., trade information, bid/ask information, or broker-dealer quotations), including where events occur after the close of the relevant market, but before the close of the NYSE, that materially affect the values of the Fund’s investments. In addition, market quotes are considered not readily available when, due to extraordinary circumstances, the exchanges or markets on which securities trade do not open for trading for the entire day and no other market prices are available. |
• | The values of assets that are fair valued are determined by the Board of Trustees or persons acting at the Board of Trustees’ direction pursuant to procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. Factors that may be considered in determining fair value include, among others, the value of other financial instruments traded on other markets, trading volumes, changes in interest rates, observations from financial institutions, significant events (which may be considered to include changes in the value of U.S. securities or securities indices) that occur after the close of the of the relevant market and before the Fund’s NAV is calculated, other news events, significant unobservable inputs (including the Fund’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments), estimated net asset values, investment strategies, anticipated portfolio holdings, historical and expected volatility of Investment Funds, and other similar factors. Due to the inherent uncertainty of these estimates, estimates of fair value may differ from values that would have been used had a ready market for these investments existed and the difference could be material. |
• | The Fund may use a third-party valuation service provided to value non-U.S. equity securities that are primarily traded outside of North and South America. The third-party valuation service provider calculates a factor that is applied to adjust the last price of each such security in the event that there is movement in excess of a specified trigger as measured by the movement between the prior close and the current close of the U.S. market. |
54 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 55 |
56 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 57 |
58 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 59 |
60 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 61 |
Class I |
||||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended 3/31/2021 |
Year Ended 3/31/2020 |
Year Ended 3/31/2019 |
Year Ended 3/31/2018 |
Year Ended 3/31/2017 |
||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period | $ | 9.08 | $ | 10.76 | $ | 10.67 | $ | 10.56 | $ | 9.82 | ||||||||||
Income From Investment Operations: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income1 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.07 | |||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | 1.60 | (1.44 | ) | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.72 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Total From Investment Operations |
1.68 | (1.29 | ) | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.79 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Less Distributions to Shareholders: | ||||||||||||||||||||
From net investment income | (0.32 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.13 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.05 | ) | ||||||||||
From net realized capital gains | — | (0.18 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.13 | ) | — | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Total Distributions |
(0.32 | ) | (0.39 | ) | (0.20 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.05 | ) | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period | $ | 10.44 | $ | 9.08 | $ | 10.76 | $ | 10.67 | $ | 10.56 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Total Return | 18.34 | % | (12.32 | )% | 2.76 | % | 3.06 | % | 8.03 | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Ratios to Average Net Assets:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses other than Management Fees | 0.80 | % | 0.94 | % | 1.34 | % | 0.89 | % | 1.15 | % | ||||||||||
Management Fees | 1.87 | % | 1.85 | % | 1.86 | % | 1.88 | % | 1.88 | % | ||||||||||
Net expenses | 2.67 | % | 2.79 | % | 3.19 | % | 2.77 | % | 3.03 | % | ||||||||||
Excluded expenses3 | (0.42 | )% | (0.65 | )% | (1.00 | )% | (0.57 | )% | (0.81 | )% | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Expenses, net of impact of excluded expenses | 2.25 | % | 2.14 | % | 2.19 | % | 2.20 | % | 2.22 | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Net investment income | 0.77 | % | 1.43 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.13 | % | 0.71 | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Supplemental Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net assets, end of period (in thousands) | $ | 3,637,018 | $ | 4,734,372 | $ | 5,292,572 | $ | 5,088,031 | $ | 3,597,704 | ||||||||||
Portfolio turnover | 135 | % | 193 | % | 203 | % | 300 | % | 237 | % |
1 | Calculated using average shares outstanding during the period. |
2 | The ratios do not reflect the Fund’s share of the income and expenses of the underlying Investee Funds, as defined in the annual report of the Fund. |
3 | Represents expenses excluded from reimbursement by Investment Adviser, as defined in the Expense Limitation and Reimbursement Agreement. |
62 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
Class D |
||||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended 3/31/2021 |
Year Ended 3/31/2020 |
Year Ended 3/31/2019 |
Year Ended 3/31/2018 |
Year Ended 3/31/2017 |
||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period | $ | 9.10 | $ | 10.73 | $ | 10.64 | $ | 10.53 | $ | 9.81 | ||||||||||
Income From Investment Operations: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income (loss)1 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.06 | (0.03 | ) | 0.05 | ||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | 1.60 | (1.46 | ) | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.70 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Total From Investment Operations |
1.65 | (1.33 | ) | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.75 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Less Distributions to Shareholders: | ||||||||||||||||||||
From net investment income | (0.28 | ) | (0.12 | ) | (0.10 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.03 | ) | ||||||||||
From net realized capital gains | — | (0.18 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.13 | ) | — | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Total Distributions |
(0.28 | ) | (0.30 | ) | (0.17 | ) | (0.16 | ) | (0.03 | ) | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period | $ | 10.47 | $ | 9.10 | $ | 10.73 | $ | 10.64 | $ | 10.53 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Total Return | 18.07 | % | (12.60 | )% | 2.50 | % | 2.60 | % | 7.70 | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Ratios to Average Net Assets:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses other than Management Fees | 1.07 | % | 1.18 | % | 1.71 | % | 1.27 | % | 1.40 | % | ||||||||||
Management Fees | 1.87 | % | 1.85 | % | 1.86 | % | 1.88 | % | 1.88 | % | ||||||||||
Net expenses | 2.94 | % | 3.03 | % | 3.57 | % | 3.15 | % | 3.28 | % | ||||||||||
Excluded expenses3 | (0.68 | )% | (0.90 | )% | (1.29 | )% | (0.81 | )% | (1.06 | )% | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Expenses, net of impact of excluded expenses | 2.26 | % | 2.13 | % | 2.28 | % | 2.34 | % | 2.22 | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Net investment income | 0.51 | % | 1.19 | % | 0.57 | % | (0.26 | )% | 0.48 | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Supplemental Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net assets, end of period (in thousands) | $ | 27,031 | $ | 40,987 | $ | 297,086 | $ | 229,593 | $ | 316,243 | ||||||||||
Portfolio turnover | 135 | % | 193 | % | 203 | % | 300 | % | 237 | % |
1 | Calculated using average shares outstanding during the period. |
2 | The ratios do not reflect the Fund’s share of the income and expenses of the underlying Investee Funds, as defined in the annual report of the Fund. |
3 | Represents expenses excluded from reimbursement by Investment Adviser, as defined in the Expense Limitation and Reimbursement Agreement. |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 63 |
Class Y |
||||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended 3/31/2021 |
Year Ended 3/31/2020 |
Year Ended 3/31/2019 |
Year Ended 3/31/2018 |
Year Ended 3/31/2017 |
||||||||||||||||
Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period | $ | 9.02 | $ | 10.68 | $ | 10.59 | $ | 10.48 | $ | 9.75 | ||||||||||
Income From Investment Operations: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income1 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.08 | |||||||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | 1.59 | (1.42) | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.71 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Total From Investment Operations |
1.67 | (1.26) | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.79 | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Less Distributions to Shareholders: | ||||||||||||||||||||
From net investment income | (0.33) | (0.22) | (0.14) | (0.09) | (0.06) | |||||||||||||||
From net realized capital gains | — | (0.18) | (0.07) | (0.13) | — | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Total Distributions |
(0.33) | (0.40) | (0.21) | (0.22) | (0.06) | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Net Asset Value, End of Period | $ | 10.36 | $ | 9.02 | $ | 10.68 | $ | 10.59 | $ | 10.48 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Total Return | 18.49 | % | (12.25) | % | 2.85 | % | 3.17 | % | 8.10 | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Ratios to Average Net Assets:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Expenses other than Management Fees | 0.72 | % | 0.83 | % | 1.39 | % | 0.79 | % | 1.05 | % | ||||||||||
Management Fees | 1.87 | % | 1.85 | % | 1.86 | % | 1.88 | % | 1.88 | % | ||||||||||
Net expenses | 2.59 | % | 2.68 | % | 3.25 | % | 2.67 | % | 2.93 | % | ||||||||||
Excluded expenses3 | (0.42) | % | (0.62) | % | (1.13) | % | (0.57) | % | (0.81) | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Expenses, net of impact of excluded expenses | 2.17 | % | 2.06 | % | 2.12 | % | 2.10 | % | 2.12 | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Net investment income | 0.85 | % | 1.54 | % | 0.89 | % | 0.23 | % | 0.78 | % | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Supplemental Data: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net assets, end of period (in thousands) | $ | 1,341,439 | $ | 1,752,913 | $ | 1,619,797 | $ | 686,390 | $ | 432,327 | ||||||||||
Portfolio turnover | 135 | % | 193 | % | 203 | % | 300 | % | 237 | % |
1 | Calculated using average shares outstanding during the period. |
2 | The ratios do not reflect the Fund’s share of the income and expenses of the underlying Investee Funds, as defined in the annual report of the Fund. |
3 | Represents expenses excluded from reimbursement by Investment Adviser, as defined in the Expense Limitation and Reimbursement Agreement. |
64 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
FACTS | WHAT DO BLACKSTONE REGISTERED FUNDS DO WITH YOUR PERSONAL INFORMATION? | |
Why? | Financial companies choose how they share your personal information. Federal law gives consumers the right to limit some but not all sharing. Federal law also requires us to tell you how we collect, share, and protect your personal information. Please read this notice carefully to understand what we do. | |
What? | The types of personal information we collect and share depend on the product or service you have with us. This information can include: ∎ Social Security number and income ∎ Assets and investment experience ∎ Risk tolerance and transaction history | |
How? | All financial companies need to share customers’ personal information to run their everyday business. In the section below, we list the reasons financial companies can share their customers’ personal information; the reasons Blackstone Registered Funds (as defined below) choose to share; and whether you can limit this sharing. | |
Reasons we can share your personal information | Do Blackstone Registered Funds share? |
Can you limit this sharing? | ||||
For our everyday business purposes— such as to process your transactions, maintain your account(s), respond to court orders and legal investigations, or report to credit bureaus |
Yes | No | ||||
For our marketing purposes— to offer our products and services to you |
Yes | No | ||||
For joint marketing with other financial companies | No | We don’t share | ||||
For our affiliates’ everyday business purposes— information about your transactions and experiences | No | We don’t share | ||||
For our affiliates’ everyday business purposes— information about your creditworthiness | No | We don’t share | ||||
For our affiliates to market to you | No | We don’t share | ||||
For nonaffiliates to market to you | No | We don’t share | ||||
Questions? | Email us at GLB.privacy@blackstone.com |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 65 |
Who We Are | ||
Who is providing this notice? | Blackstone Registered Funds include Blackstone Alternative Investment Funds, on behalf of its series Blackstone Alternative Multi-Strategy Fund, Blackstone Diversified Multi-Strategy Fund, a sub-fund of Blackstone Alternative Investment Funds plc, Blackstone Floating Rate Enhanced Income Fund, Blackstone Senior Floating Rate Term Fund, Blackstone Long-Short Credit Income Fund, Blackstone Strategic Credit Fund, Blackstone Secured Lending Fund, Blackstone Real Estate Income Fund, Blackstone Real Estate Income Fund II, and Blackstone Real Estate Income Master Fund. | |
What We Do | ||
How do Blackstone Registered Funds protect my personal information? | To protect your personal information from unauthorized access and use, we use security measures that comply with federal law. These measures include computer safeguards and secured files and buildings. | |
How do Blackstone Registered Funds collect my personal information? | We collect your personal information, for example, when you: ∎ open an account or give us your income information ∎ provide employment information or give us your contact information ∎ tell us about your investment or retirement portfolio We also collect your personal information from others, such as credit bureaus, affiliates, or other companies. | |
Why can’t I limit all sharing? | Federal law gives you the right to limit only: ∎ sharing for affiliates’ everyday business purposes—information about your creditworthiness ∎ affiliates from using your information to market to you sharing for nonaffiliates to market to you State laws and individual companies may give you additional rights to limit sharing. See below for more on your rights under state law. | |
What happens when I limit sharing for an account I hold jointly with someone else? | Your choices will apply to everyone on your account—unless you tell us otherwise. | |
Definitions | ||
Affiliates | Companies related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and nonfinancial companies. ∎ Our affiliates include companies with a Blackstone name and financial companies such as Blackstone Credit and Strategic Partners Fund Solutions. | |
Nonaffiliates | Companies not related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and nonfinancial companies. ∎ Blackstone Registered Funds do not share with nonaffiliates so they can market to you. | |
Joint marketing | A formal agreement between nonaffiliated financial companies that together market financial products or services to you. ∎ Our joint marketing partners include financial services companies. |
66 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
Other Important Information | ||
California Residents—In accordance with California law, we will not share information we collect about California residents with nonaffiliates except as permitted by law, such as with the consent of the customer or to service the customer’s accounts. We will also limit the sharing of information about you with our affiliates to the extent required by applicable California law. Vermont Residents—In accordance with Vermont law, we will not share information we collect about Vermont residents with nonaffiliates except as permitted by law, such as with the consent of the customer or to service the customer’s accounts. We will not share creditworthiness information about Vermont residents among Blackstone Registered Funds’ affiliates except with the authorization or consent of the Vermont resident. | ||
Contact Us | ||
If you have any questions or comments about this Privacy Notice, or if you would like us to update information we have about you or your preferences, please email us at PrivacyQueries@Blackstone.com or access our web form www.blackstone.com/privacy. You also may write to: Blackstone Inc. Attn: Legal & Compliance 345 Park Avenue New York, NY 10154 |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 67 |
• | You may need to provide Personal Data to us as part of your investment into a fund or other investment vehicle (as applicable, the Fund) managed or advised by investment advisers or management companies that are subsidiaries of The Blackstone Group Inc. or its affiliates (and, where applicable, the general partner of the relevant Fund) (collectively, Blackstone). |
• | We want you to understand how and why we use, store and otherwise process your Personal Data when you deal with us or our relevant affiliates (including under applicable data protection laws). If this notice (the Data Privacy Notice) has been made available to you, you may have certain rights with respect to your Personal Data under applicable data protection laws (including as described in this Data Privacy Notice). |
• | “Personal Data” has the meaning given to it under data protection laws that apply to our processing of your personal information, and includes any information that relates to, describes, identifies or can be used, directly or indirectly, to identify an individual (such as name, address, date of birth, personal identification numbers, sensitive personal information, and economic information). |
• | We ask that investors promptly provide the information contained in this Data Privacy Notice to any individuals whose Personal Data they provide to the Fund or its affiliates in connection with ‘know your client’/anti-money laundering requests or otherwise. |
• | For transparency, the Blackstone entities on whose behalf this privacy statement is made are: (i) the Fund; and (ii) where applicable, the Blackstone general partner, manager and/or investment adviser of the relevant Fund, in each case, with which you contract, transact or otherwise share Personal Data (together, the Fund Parties). |
• | Where we use the terms “we”, “us” and “our” in this Data Privacy Notice, we are referring to the Fund and the Fund Parties. |
• | Please consult your subscription documents, private placement memorandum or other offering documentation provided to you by or on behalf of the Fund Parties which will further specify the entities and contact details of the Fund Parties relevant to our relationship with you. |
• | We welcome investors and their representatives to contact us if they have any queries with respect to the Fund Parties (in particular, which Fund Parties are relevant to their relationship with Blackstone). If you have any queries, please see the ‘Contact Us’ section. |
• | Identifiers (e.g., real name, alias, postal address, email address, social security or driver’s licence number, government ID, signature, telephone number, education, employment, employment history, financial information, including tax‑related information/codes and bank account details, information used for monitoring and background checks to comply with laws and regulations, including ‘know your client’, anti-money laundering, and sanctions checks, online registration details, and other contact information); |
• | Sensitive/protected characteristic information (e.g., age/date of birth, nationality, citizenship, country of residence, gender, and other information used to comply with laws and regulations); |
• | Commercial information (e.g., assets, income, transaction and investment history, accounts at other institutions, financial positions/returns, information concerning source of funds and any applicable restrictions on your investment such as political exposure or sanctions); |
68 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
• | Internet or other network activity (e.g., browsing or search history, information regarding interaction with an internet website, application, or advertisement, online identifiers such as cookies); |
• | Sensory and surveillance data (e.g., recordings of telephone calls where permitted or required by law, video (surveillance) recordings, closed-circuit television (CCTV) images and recordings, and other records of your interactions with us or our service providers, including electronic communications); |
• | Professional or employment-related information (e.g., current or past job history); and |
• | Inferences drawn from other personal information (e.g., profiles reflecting preferences and trends, based on information such as assets, investment experience, risk tolerance, investment activity, and transaction history). |
What | How | |
Personal Data that you give us | ∎ From the forms and any associated documentation that you complete when subscribing for an investment, shares, interests, and/or opening an account with us. This can include information about your name, address, date of birth, passport details or other national identifier, driving license, your national insurance or social security number and income, employment information and details about your investment or retirement portfolio(s), and financial-related data (such as returns and financial positions) ∎ When you provide it to us in correspondence and conversations, including electronic communications such as email and telephone calls ∎ When you make transactions with respect to the Fund ∎ When you interact with our online platforms and websites (such as bxaccess.com) ∎ When you purchase securities from us and/or tell us where to send money ∎ From cookies, web beacons, and similar interactions when you or your devices access our sites ∎ When we need to identify you and/or complete necessary security checks, where you visit one of our buildings or attend meetings. This can include form of ID, and your image for CCTV purposes. | |
Personal Data that we obtain from others | We obtain Personal Data from: ∎ Publicly available and accessible directories and sources ∎ Bankruptcy registers ∎ Tax authorities, including those that are based outside the territory in which you are located or domiciled, including the Cayman Islands, the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Economic Area (EEA), if you are subject to tax in another jurisdiction ∎ Governmental and competent regulatory authorities to whom we have regulatory obligations ∎ Credit agencies ∎ Fraud prevention and detection agencies / organizations ∎ Transaction counterparties |
Why | How | |
Contract | It is necessary to perform our contract with you to: ∎ Administer, manage and set up your investor account(s) to allow you to purchase your holding (of shares or interests) in our Funds ∎ Meet the resulting contractual obligations we have to you ∎ Facilitate the continuation or termination of the contractual relationship between you and the Fund ∎ Facilitate the transfer of funds, and administering and facilitating any other transaction, between you and the Fund |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 69 |
Compliance with law | It is necessary for compliance with an applicable legal or regulatory obligation to which we are subject, in order to: ∎ Undertake our client and investor due diligence, and on‑boarding checks ∎ Carry out verification, ‘know your client’, terrorist financing, sanctions, and anti-money laundering checks ∎ Verify the identity and addresses of our investors (and, if applicable, their beneficial owners) ∎ Comply with requests from regulatory, governmental, tax and law enforcement authorities ∎ Carry out surveillance and investigations ∎ Carry out audit checks ∎ Maintain statutory registers ∎ Prevent and detect fraud ∎ Comply with sanctions requirements | |
Legitimate Interests | For our legitimate interests or those of a third party (such as a transaction counterparty or lender) to: ∎ Manage and administer your holding in any Funds in which you are invested, and any related accounts on an ongoing basis ∎ Assess and process any applications or requests made by you ∎ Open, maintain or close accounts in connection with your investment in, or withdrawal from, the Fund scheme ∎ Send updates, information and notices or otherwise correspond with you in connection with your investment in the Fund scheme ∎ Address or investigate any complaints, claims, proceedings or disputes ∎ Provide you with, and inform you about, our investment products and services ∎ Monitor and improve our relationships with investors ∎ Comply with applicable prudential and regulatory obligations, including anti-money laundering, sanctions and ‘know your client’ checks ∎ Assist our transaction counterparties to comply with their regulatory and legal obligations (including anti-money laundering, ‘know your client’, terrorist financing, and sanctions checks) ∎ Manage our risk and operations ∎ Comply with our accounting and tax‑reporting requirements ∎ Comply with our audit requirements ∎ Assist with internal compliance with our policies and processes ∎ Ensure appropriate group management and governance ∎ Keep our internal records ∎ Prepare reports on incidents/accidents ∎ Protect our business against fraud, breach of confidence, theft of proprietary materials, and other financial or business crimes (to the extent that this is not required of us by law) ∎ Analyze and manage commercial risks ∎ Seek professional advice, including legal advice ∎ Enable any actual or proposed assignee or transferee, participant or sub‑participant of the partnership’s or Fund vehicles’ rights or obligations to evaluate proposed transactions ∎ Facilitate business asset transactions involving the Fund partnership or Fund-related vehicles ∎ Monitor communications to/from us using our systems ∎ Protect the security and integrity of our information technology systems ∎ Protect the security and safety of our buildings and locations where we operate ∎ Operate, run and schedule online meetings, webinars and conferences (for example, using Zoom and other online meeting platforms) ∎ Manage our financing arrangements with our financiers and financing transaction counterparties, including payment providers, intermediaries, and correspondent/agent banks ∎ Monitor the operation of Fund distribution platforms, where these are operated by third parties or service providers We only rely on these interests where we have considered that, on balance, the legitimate interests are not overridden by your interests, fundamental rights or freedoms. |
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Who | Why | |
Fund Associates | We share your Personal Data with our associates, related parties and members of our group. This is: ∎ To manage our relationship with you ∎ For the legitimate interests of a third party in carrying out anti-money laundering, ‘know your client’, and other compliance checks required of them under applicable laws and regulations ∎ For the purposes set out in this Data Privacy Notice | |
Fund Managers, Depositories, Administrators, Custodians, Distributors, Investment Advisers | ∎ Delivering the services you require ∎ Managing your investment ∎ Supporting and administering investment-related activities ∎ Complying with applicable investment, anti-money laundering and other laws and regulations | |
Tax Authorities | ∎ To comply with applicable laws and regulations ∎ Where required or requested by tax authorities in the territory in which you are located or domiciled (in particular, Cayman Island or UK/EEA tax authorities) who, in turn, may share your Personal Data with foreign tax authorities ∎ Where required or requested by foreign tax authorities, including outside of the territory in which you are located or domiciled (including outside the Cayman Islands or UK/EEA) | |
Service Providers | ∎ Delivering and facilitating the services needed to support our business relationship with you (including cloud services) ∎ Supporting and administering investment-related activities ∎ Where disclosure to the service provider is considered necessary to support Blackstone with the purposes described in section 5 of this Data Privacy Notice | |
Financing Counterparties, Lenders, Correspondent and Agent Banks | ∎ Assisting these transaction counterparties with regulatory checks, such as ‘know your client’, and anti-money laundering procedures ∎ Sourcing credit for Fund-related entities in the course of our transactions and fund life cycles | |
Our Lawyers, Auditors and other Professional Advisers | ∎ Providing you with investment-related services ∎ To comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements ∎ Supporting Blackstone with the purposes described in section 5 of this Data Privacy Notice |
• | Competent regulatory, prosecuting and other governmental agencies or litigation counterparties, in any country or territory; and |
• | Other organizations and agencies – where we are required to do so by law. |
• | Provision of the Personal Data is necessary for our compliance with a legal obligation; or |
• | It is purely voluntary and there are no implications for you if you do not wish to provide us with it. |
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 | 71 |
• | Retain Personal Data about you throughout the life cycle of any investment you are involved in; and |
• | Retain some Personal Data after your relationship with us ends. |
• | Access your Personal Data, and some related information, including the purpose for processing the Personal Data, the categories of recipients of that Personal Data to the extent that it has been transferred internationally, and, where the Personal Data has not been collected directly from you, the source (the category information) |
• | Restrict the use of your Personal Data in certain circumstances |
• | Have incomplete or inaccurate Personal Data corrected |
• | Ask us to stop processing your Personal Data |
• | Require us to delete your Personal Data in some limited circumstances |
72 | BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE MULTI‑STRATEGY FUND | JULY 30, 2021, AS REVISED SEPTEMBER 9, 2021 |
Country | Supervisory Authority | |
Cayman Islands | Cayman Islands Ombudsman (available at: https://ombudsman.ky) | |
European Union | A list of the EU data protection authorities and contact details is available by clicking this link: http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/article29/item-detail.cfm?item_id=612080 | |
United Kingdom | Information Commissioner’s Office (available at: https://ico.org.uk/global/contact‑us/) |
Address | For EU/UK related queries: 40 Berkeley Square, London, W1J 5AL, United Kingdom All other queries: 345 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10154 |
Filed pursuant to Rule 497(e)
File Nos. 333-18238 and 811-22743
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
July 30, 2021, as revised September 9, 2021
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE
INVESTMENT FUNDS
345 Park Avenue
28th Floor
New York, New York 10154
212-583-5000
Blackstone Alternative Multi-Strategy Fund
Class D Shares—BXMDX
Class I Shares—BXMIX
Class R Shares—BXMRX
Class Y Shares—BXMYX
The prospectus of Blackstone Alternative Multi-Strategy Fund (“BAMSF” or the “Fund”), a series of Blackstone Alternative Investment Funds (the “Trust”), dated July 30, 2021, as revised September 9, 2021 (the “Prospectus”), provides information investors should know before investing. This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”), which is not a prospectus, is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of the Fund and should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus. The Fund’s financial statements and financial highlights are contained in the Trust’s Annual Report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, are incorporated by reference into, and are deemed to be part of, this SAI. You may request a copy of the Prospectus, the Annual Report, or this SAI free of charge by contacting the Fund at the address or telephone number provided above.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES OF THE FUND AND RELATED RISKS |
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A-1 |
DESCRIPTION OF THE FUND
The Trust was organized as a Massachusetts business trust on August 27, 2012 under the name Blackstone Investor Solutions Funds. On September 10, 2012, the Trust was renamed Blackstone Alternative Investment Funds. The Trust is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), as an open-ended management investment company. The Trust is authorized to issue an unlimited number of shares of beneficial interest, which may be divided into different series and classes. BAMSF commenced operations on June 16, 2014 and is currently the sole series of the Trust. BAMSF operates as a diversified open-end investment company, as defined in the 1940 Act, and currently has four classes of shares: Class D Shares, Class I Shares, Class R Shares, and Class Y Shares.
INVESTMENT POLICIES AND RESTRICTIONS
The investment objective and principal investment strategies of the Fund, as well as the principal risks associated with the Fund’s investment strategies, are set forth in the Prospectus. Certain additional related information is provided below. The various investment funds in which the Fund invests (“Investment Funds”) are not subject to the investment policies of the Fund and may have different or contrary investment policies.
Organization and Management of the Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries
The Fund’s assets may be invested in wholly-owned and controlled subsidiaries (the “Subsidiaries”) of the Fund. The Fund currently has three Subsidiaries, one of which is an exempted company with limited liability formed under the laws of the Cayman Islands and a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes (the “Cayman Subsidiary”) and two of which are limited liability companies disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes and formed under the laws of the State of Delaware (the “Domestic Subsidiaries”). Each Subsidiary is advised by Blackstone Alternative Investment Advisors LLC (the “Adviser” or “BAIA”), which is also the investment adviser of the Fund. The Cayman Subsidiary has a board of directors and each Domestic Subsidiary has a board of managers. The Fund looks through each Subsidiary for the purposes of compliance with its investment policies and the applicable provisions of the 1940 Act relating to the capital structure, affiliated transactions, and custody. Each Subsidiary has an eligible custodian under Section 17 of the 1940 Act. The Adviser may retain one or more sub-advisers (each, a “Sub-Adviser”) to invest each Subsidiary’s assets or the Adviser may invest the Subsidiaries’ assets. Each of the Fund and the Cayman Subsidiary is expected to be a commodity pool subject to regulation by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”). As a result, additional CFTC-mandated disclosure, reporting and recordkeeping obligations apply to the Fund and the Cayman Subsidiary and compliance with the CFTC’s regulatory requirements could increase Fund expenses, adversely affecting the Fund’s total return. The pool operator of the Domestic Subsidiaries is currently exempt from registration as such with the CFTC with respect to the Domestic Subsidiaries.
Fundamental Investment Restrictions
The Fund is subject to the following fundamental investment restrictions, which cannot be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities. The Fund may (except as noted below):
(1) | Borrow money, make loans, or issue senior securities to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. |
(2) | Not invest 25% or more of its total assets in a particular industry or group of industries. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities are not considered to represent an industry. |
(3) | Underwrite securities to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC, as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. |
(4) | Purchase or sell commodities, commodities contracts, futures contracts and related options, options, forward contracts, or real estate to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations |
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thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC, as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. |
(5) | With respect to 75% of the Fund’s total assets, not invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after the investment, more than 5% of the Fund’s total assets (taken at current market value) would be invested in securities of the issuer or the Fund would own more than 10% of the voting securities of the issuer; provided that this limitation does not apply to obligations issued or guaranteed as to principal or interest by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities, or to securities issued by other investment companies. |
The fundamental investment limitations set forth above restrict the ability of the Fund to engage in certain practices and purchase securities and other instruments other than as permitted by, or consistent with, the 1940 Act. Relevant limitations of the 1940 Act as they presently exist are described below. These limitations are based either on the 1940 Act itself, the rules or regulations thereunder or applicable orders of the SEC. In addition, interpretations and guidance provided by the SEC staff may be taken into account, where deemed appropriate by the Fund, to determine if a certain practice or the purchase of securities or other instruments is permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC. As a result, the foregoing fundamental investment policies may be interpreted differently over time as the statute, rules, regulations, or orders (or, if applicable, interpretations) that relate to the meaning and effect of these policies change, and no shareholder vote will be required or sought.
Fundamental Investment Restriction (1). Under the 1940 Act, the Fund may only borrow up to one-third of the value of its total assets less liabilities (other than liabilities representing senior securities). Borrowing by the Fund allows it to leverage its portfolio, which exposes it to certain risks. Leveraging increases the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of portfolio securities on the Fund’s net asset value, and money borrowed will be subject to interest costs (which may include commitment fees and/or the cost of maintaining minimum average balances) which may or may not exceed the return from the securities purchased with borrowed funds. The Fund may use borrowed money for any purpose permitted by the 1940 Act.
The 1940 Act also restricts the ability of any mutual fund to lend. Under the 1940 Act, the Fund may only make loans if expressly permitted to do so by its investment policies, and the Fund may not make loans to persons who control or are under common control with the Fund. Thus, the 1940 Act effectively prohibits the Fund from making loans to certain persons when conflicts of interest or undue influence are most likely present. The Fund may, however, make other loans which, if made, would expose shareholders to additional risks, such as the failure of the other party to repay the loan. The Fund retains the flexibility to make loans to the extent permitted by its investment policies.
The ability of a mutual fund to issue senior securities is severely circumscribed by complex regulatory constraints under the 1940 Act that restrict, for instance, the amount, timing, and form of senior securities that may be issued. Certain portfolio management techniques, such as reverse repurchase agreements, credit default swaps, total return swaps, futures contracts, dollar rolls, the purchase of securities on margin, short sales, or the writing of puts on portfolio securities, may be considered senior securities unless appropriate steps are taken to segregate the Fund’s assets or otherwise cover its obligations. To the extent the Fund covers its commitment under these transactions, including by the segregation of liquid assets, such instruments will not be considered a “senior security” by the Fund and, therefore, will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund. Although this SAI describes certain permitted methods of segregating assets or otherwise “covering” such transactions for these purposes, such descriptions are not complete. The Fund may cover such transactions using other methods currently or in the future permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder, or orders issued by the SEC thereunder. For these purposes, interpretations and guidance provided by the SEC staff may be taken into account when deemed appropriate by the Fund.
Under the 1940 Act, a “senior security” does not include (i) any promissory note or other evidence of indebtedness issued in consideration of any loan, extension, or renewal thereof, made by a bank or other person and privately arranged, and not intended to be publicly distributed or (ii) any promissory note or evidence of
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indebtedness where such loan is for temporary purposes only and in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of the total assets of the issuer at the time the loan is made. A loan is presumed to be for temporary purposes if it is repaid within sixty days and is not extended or renewed.
Fundamental Investment Restriction (2). If the Fund were to invest 25% or more of its total assets in a particular industry or group of industries, investors would be exposed to greater risks because the performance of the Fund would be largely dependent on the performance of that industry or industries. For purposes of this fundamental investment policy, Investment Funds, Subsidiaries, and investment companies are not considered part of any industry or group of industries. In addition, the Fund does not consider futures or swaps clearinghouses or securities clearinghouses, where the Fund has exposure to such clearinghouses in the course of making investments in futures and securities, to be part of any industry. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, nothing in Fundamental Investment Restriction (2) will limit the ability of the Fund to invest in an Investment Fund or a Subsidiary. For purposes of determining compliance with Fundamental Investment Restriction (2), the Fund will not consider portfolio investments held by the Investment Funds, except to the extent that an Investment Fund provides timely and sufficient information about its portfolio investments. Generally, for purposes of Fundamental Investment Restriction (2), the Adviser will make determinations as to the appropriate industry categories and classification of issuers into those categories. As part of this determination, the Adviser may take into account a variety of considerations, including relevant third-party classification systems and internal analysis. Even where the Adviser relies primarily on a particular classification system, it may depart from that system in specific cases at its discretion. The use of any particular classification system is not part of any fundamental policy, and the Fund may change any source used for determining industry classifications at any time without shareholder approval. Industry categories and issuer classifications may change over time as industry sectors and issuers evolve. Portfolio allocations shown in shareholder reports and other communications may use broader investment sectors or narrower sub-industry categories.
Fundamental Investment Restriction (3). This restriction permits investment in commodities, commodities contracts (e.g., futures contracts or related options), options, forward contracts, or real estate to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act. Commodities, as opposed to commodity futures, represent the actual underlying bulk goods, such as grains, metals, and foodstuffs. Real estate-related instruments include real estate investment trusts, commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities, and real estate financings, and such instruments are generally sensitive to factors such as changes in real estate values and property taxes, interest rates, cash flow of underlying real estate assets, overbuilding, and the management skill and creditworthiness of the issuer.
The restrictions listed above are fundamental policies of the Fund. Except as described herein, the Fund, as a fundamental policy, may not alter these policies without the approval of the holders of a majority of its outstanding shares. For purposes of the foregoing, “a majority of the outstanding shares” means (i) 67% or more of such shares present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of such shares are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of such shares, whichever is less.
Unless otherwise indicated, all limitations applicable to the investments (as stated above and elsewhere in this SAI and the Prospectus) of the Fund apply only at the time a transaction is entered into. Any subsequent change in a rating assigned by any rating service to a security (or, if unrated, deemed by the Adviser to be of comparable quality), or change in the percentage of the Fund’s assets invested in certain securities or other instruments resulting from market fluctuations or other changes in the Fund’s total assets will not require the Fund to dispose of an investment. In the event that rating agencies assign different ratings to the same security, the Adviser will determine which rating it believes best reflects the security’s quality and risk at that time, which may be the higher of the several assigned ratings.
The Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies in attempting to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions. During these times, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in cash or cash equivalents, shares of money market mutual funds, commercial paper, zero coupon bonds, repurchase agreements, and other securities the Adviser believes to be consistent with the Fund’s best interests. During a period in which the Fund takes a temporary defensive position, the Fund may not achieve its investment objective.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES OF THE FUND AND RELATED RISKS
Additional information regarding the types of securities and financial instruments in which the Fund may invest, directly or indirectly through its investments in Investment Funds, and certain of the investment techniques that may be used by the Adviser, Sub-Advisers, or the advisors of the Investment Funds, are set forth below. Any decision to invest in the Fund should take into account that the Fund may make virtually any kind of investment, and be subject to related risks, which can be substantial.
Unless indicated otherwise, references to the investment exposure or risks of the Fund should be understood to refer to the Fund’s direct investment exposure and risks and its investment exposure and risks through the Subsidiaries or Investment Funds. As applicable, references to the “Fund” shall mean any one or more of the Fund, Subsidiaries, and Investment Funds, and references to a “Manager” shall mean any one or more of the Adviser, Sub-Advisers and advisors to the Investment Funds.
Risks of Foreign Investments
General. Investment in foreign issuers or securities principally traded outside the United States may involve special risks due to foreign economic, political, and legal developments, including favorable or unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates, exchange control regulations (including currency blockage), expropriation, nationalization or confiscatory taxation of assets, and possible difficulty in obtaining and enforcing judgments against foreign entities. The Fund may be subject to foreign taxation on realized capital gains, dividends or interest payable on foreign securities, on transactions in those securities and on the repatriation of proceeds generated from those securities. Transaction-based charges are generally calculated as a percentage of the transaction amount and are paid upon the sale or transfer of portfolio securities subject to such taxes. Any taxes or other charges paid or incurred by the Fund in respect of its foreign securities will reduce the Fund’s yield. See “Taxes” below for more information about these and other special tax considerations applicable to investments in securities of foreign issuers and securities principally traded outside the United States.
In addition, the tax laws of some foreign jurisdictions in which the Fund may invest are unclear and interpretations of such laws can change over time. As a result, in order to comply with guidance related to the accounting and disclosure of uncertain tax positions under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the Fund may be required to accrue for book purposes certain foreign taxes in respect of its foreign securities or other foreign investments that it may or may not ultimately pay. Such tax accruals will reduce the Fund’s net asset value at the time accrued, even though, in some cases, the Fund ultimately will not pay the related tax liabilities. Conversely, the Fund’s net asset value will be increased by any tax accruals that are ultimately reversed.
Issuers of foreign securities are subject to different, often less comprehensive, accounting, custody, reporting, and disclosure requirements than U.S. issuers. The securities of some foreign governments, companies, and securities markets are less liquid, and at times more volatile, than comparable U.S. securities and securities markets. Foreign brokerage commissions and related fees also are generally higher than in the United States. The Fund also may be affected by different custody and/or settlement practices or delayed settlements in some foreign markets. The laws of some foreign countries may limit the Fund’s ability to invest in securities of certain issuers located in those countries. Foreign countries may have reporting requirements with respect to the ownership of securities, and those reporting requirements may be subject to interpretation or change without prior notice to investors. No assurance can be given that the Fund will satisfy applicable foreign reporting requirements at all times.
Emerging Market Countries. The risks described above apply to an even greater extent to investments in emerging market countries. The securities markets of emerging market countries are generally smaller, less developed, less liquid, and more volatile than the securities markets of the United States and developed foreign countries, and accounting, auditing, custody, financial reporting, recordkeeping, and disclosure and regulatory standards in many respects are less stringent. Furthermore, these standards vary in scope and quality among the emerging market countries. Therefore, the Fund faces greater risk and uncertainties than it does in more
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established markets. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries are typically subject to a lower level of monitoring and regulation, and such lack of oversight may lead to misleading and unreliable financial reporting and other material risk disclosures. Government enforcement of existing securities regulations is limited, and any such enforcement may be arbitrary and the results may be difficult to predict. As such, there is likely less recourse in the event of investor harm and the Fund may not be able to protect its interests with respect to investments in emerging market countries. In addition, reporting requirements of emerging market countries with respect to the ownership of securities are more likely to be subject to interpretation or changes without prior notice to investors than more developed countries.
Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had and may continue to have negative effects on such countries’ economies and securities markets.
Economies of emerging market countries generally are heavily dependent on international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be affected adversely by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade. Economies of emerging market countries also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries with which they trade. The economies of emerging market countries may be predominantly based on only a few industries or dependent on revenues from particular commodities. In many cases, governments of emerging market countries continue to exercise significant control over their economies, and government actions relative to the economy, as well as economic developments generally, may affect the capacity of creditors in those countries to make payments on their debt obligations, regardless of their financial condition.
Custodial services are often more expensive and other investment-related costs higher in emerging market countries than in developed countries, which could reduce the Fund’s income from investments in securities or debt instruments of emerging country issuers.
Emerging market countries are more likely than developed countries to experience political uncertainty and instability, including the risk of war, terrorism, nationalization, limitations on the removal of funds or other assets, or diplomatic developments that affect U.S. investments in these countries. No assurance can be given that adverse political changes will not cause the Fund to suffer a loss of any or all of its investments (or, in the case of fixed- income securities, interest) in emerging market countries.
Depositary Receipts
The Fund is permitted to invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), and European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) or other similar securities representing ownership of foreign securities (collectively, “Depositary Receipts”). Depositary Receipts generally evidence an ownership interest in a corresponding foreign security on deposit with a financial institution. Transactions in Depositary Receipts usually do not settle in the same currency as the underlying foreign securities are denominated or traded. Generally, ADRs are designed for use in the U.S. securities markets and EDRs are designed for use in European securities markets. GDRs may be traded in any public or private securities market and may represent securities held by institutions located anywhere in the world. GDRs and other types of Depositary Receipts are typically issued by foreign banks or trust companies, although they may be issued by U.S. financial institutions, and evidence ownership interests in a security or pool of securities issued by either a foreign or a domestic corporation.
Because the value of a Depositary Receipt is dependent upon the market price of an underlying foreign security, Depositary Receipts are subject to most of the risks associated with investing in foreign securities directly. Depositary Receipts may be issued as sponsored or unsponsored programs. See “Risks of Foreign Investments.” Depositary Receipts also are subject to liquidity risk.
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Convertible Securities
A convertible security is a security (a bond or preferred stock) that may be converted at a stated price within a specified period into a specified number of shares of common stock of the same or a different issuer. Some convertible securities are “mandatory,” meaning that they must be converted into common stock of the issuer on or before a certain date. Convertible securities are senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure, but are usually subordinated to senior debt obligations of the issuer. Convertible securities provide holders, through their conversion feature, an opportunity to participate in increases in the market price of their underlying securities. The price of a convertible security is influenced by the market price of the underlying security, and tends to increase as the market price rises and decrease as the market price declines.
The value of a convertible security is a function of its “investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may also have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. The conversion value of a convertible security is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, as in the case of “broken” or “busted” convertibles, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. Generally, the amount of the premium decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity.
A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third-party.
Preferred Stocks
Preferred stocks include convertible and non-convertible preferred and preference stocks that are senior to common stock. Preferred stocks are equity securities that are senior to common stock with respect to the right to receive dividends and a fixed share of the proceeds resulting from the issuer’s liquidation. Some preferred stocks also entitle their holders to receive additional liquidation proceeds on the same basis as holders of the issuer’s common stock, and thus represent an ownership interest in the issuer. Depending on the features of the particular security, holders of preferred stock may bear the risks disclosed in the Prospectus or this SAI regarding equity or fixed income securities.
Investment in preferred stocks involves certain risks. Preferred stocks often are subject to legal provisions that allow for redemption in the event of certain tax or legal changes or at the issuer’s call. In the event of redemption, the Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at comparable rates of return. Preferred stocks are subordinated to bonds and other debt securities in an issuer’s capital structure in terms of priority for corporate income and liquidation payments, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt securities. Preferred stocks may trade less frequently and in a more limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than many other securities, such as common stocks, corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities.
Warrants and Rights
The Fund may purchase or otherwise receive warrants or rights. Warrants and rights generally give the holder the right to receive, upon exercise, a security of the issuer at a stated price. The Fund typically uses warrants and rights in a manner similar to their use of options on securities, as described in “Options and Futures” below.
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Warrants and rights may also be issued to the Fund in connection with investments in special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”) or similar special purpose entities that pool funds to seek potential acquisition opportunities. Risks associated with the use of warrants and rights are generally similar to risks associated with the use of options. Unlike most options, however, warrants and rights are issued in specific amounts, and warrants generally have longer terms than options. Warrants and rights are not likely to be as liquid as exchange-traded options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of warrants or rights may limit the Fund’s ability to exercise the warrants or rights at such time, or in such quantities, as the Fund would otherwise wish.
Non-Standard Warrants. The Fund may use non-standard warrants, including low exercise price warrants or low exercise price options (“LEPOs”) and participatory notes (“P-Notes”), to gain exposure to issuers in certain countries. LEPOs are different from standard warrants in that they do not give their holders the right to receive a security of the issuer upon exercise. Rather, LEPOs pay the holder the difference in price of the underlying security between the date the LEPO was purchased and the date it is sold. P-Notes are a type of equity-linked derivative that generally are traded over-the-counter and constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or broker-dealers that issue them. Generally, banks and broker-dealers associated with non-U.S.-based brokerage firms buy securities listed on certain foreign exchanges and then issue P-Notes which are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets. The performance results of P-Notes will not replicate exactly the performance of the issuers or markets that the notes seek to replicate due to transaction costs and other expenses. The return on a P-Note that is linked to a particular underlying security generally is increased to the extent of any dividends paid in connection with the underlying security. However, the holder of a P-Note typically does not receive voting or other rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security, and P-Notes present similar risks to investing directly in the underlying security. Additionally, LEPOs and P-Notes entail the same risks as other over-the-counter derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty or issuer of the LEPO or P-Note may not be able to fulfill its obligations, that the holder and counterparty or issuer may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected. See “Counterparty Credit Risk” in the Prospectus. Additionally, while LEPOs or P-Notes may be listed on an exchange, there is no guarantee that a liquid market will exist or that the counterparty or issuer of a LEPO or P-Note will be willing to repurchase such instrument when the Fund wishes to sell it.
Options and Futures
The Fund may use options and futures for various purposes, including for investment purposes and as a means to hedge other investments. The use of options contracts, futures contracts, and options on futures contracts involves risk. Thus, while the Fund may benefit from the use of options, futures, and options on futures, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices, currency exchange rates, or other underlying assets or reference rates may adversely affect the Fund’s performance. Each of the Fund and the Cayman Subsidiary meets the definition of the term “commodity pool” under the Commodity Exchange Act and the rules of the CFTC, therefore, the Adviser is subject to regulation as a pool operator under the Commodity Exchange Act with respect to each of the Cayman Subsidiary and the Fund.
Options on Securities and Indices. The Fund may purchase and sell put and call options on equity, fixed income, or other securities or indices in standardized exchange-traded contracts. An option on a security or index is a contract that gives the holder of the option, in return for a premium, the right (but not the obligation) to buy from (in the case of a call) or sell to (in the case of a put) the writer of the option the security underlying the option (or the cash value of the index underlying the option) at a specified price. Upon exercise, the writer of an option on a security has the obligation to deliver the underlying security upon payment of the exercise price or to pay the exercise price upon delivery of the underlying security. Upon exercise, the writer of an option on an index is required to pay the difference between the cash value of the index and the exercise price multiplied by the specified multiplier for the index option.
Purchasing Options on Securities and Indices. Among other reasons, the Fund may purchase a put option to hedge against a decline in the value of a portfolio security. If such a decline occurs, the put option will permit the Fund to sell the security at the higher exercise price or to close out the option at a profit.
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By using put options in this manner, the Fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have realized in the underlying security by the amount of the premium paid for the put option and by its transaction costs. In order for a put option purchased by the Fund to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the premium paid by the Fund and transaction costs.
Among other reasons, the Fund may purchase call options to hedge against an increase in the price of securities the Fund anticipates purchasing in the future. If such a price increase occurs, a call option will permit the Fund to purchase the securities at the exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. The premium paid for the call option, plus any transaction costs, will reduce the benefit, if any, that the Fund realizes upon exercise of the option and, unless the price of the underlying security rises sufficiently, the option may expire worthless to the Fund. Thus, for a call option purchased by the Fund to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium paid by the Fund to the writer and transaction costs.
In the case of both call and put options, the purchaser of an option risks losing the premium paid for the option plus related transaction costs if the option expires worthless.
Writing Options on Securities and Indices. Because the Fund receives a premium for writing a put or call option, the Fund may seek to increase its return by writing call or put options on securities or indices. The premium the Fund receives for writing an option will increase the Fund’s return in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a profit. The size of the premium the Fund receives reflects, among other things, the relationship of the market price and volatility of the underlying security or index to the exercise price of the option, the remaining term of the option, supply and demand, and interest rates.
The Fund may write a call option on a security or other instrument held by the Fund (commonly known as “writing a covered call option”). In such case, the Fund limits its opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the underlying security above the exercise price of the option. Alternatively, the Fund may write a call option on securities in which it may invest but that are not currently held by the Fund (commonly known as “writing a naked call option”). During periods of declining securities prices or when prices are stable, writing these types of call options can be a profitable strategy to increase the Fund’s income with minimal capital risk. However, when securities prices increase, the Fund is exposed to an increased risk of loss, because if the price of the underlying security or instrument exceeds the option’s exercise price, the Fund will suffer a loss equal to the amount by which the market price exceeds the exercise price at the time the call option is exercised, minus the premium received. Calls written on securities that the Fund does not own are riskier than calls written on securities owned by the Fund because there is no underlying security held by the Fund that can act as a partial hedge. When such a call is exercised, the Fund must purchase the underlying security to meet its call obligation or make a payment equal to the value of its obligation in order to close out the option. Calls written on securities that the Fund does not own have speculative characteristics and the potential for loss is unlimited. There is also a risk, especially with less liquid preferred and debt securities, that the securities may not be available for purchase.
The Fund also may write a put option on a security. In so doing, the Fund assumes the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying security for an exercise price higher than its then-current market price, resulting in a loss on exercise equal to the amount by which the market price of the security is below the exercise price minus the premium received.
OTC Options. The Fund may also invest in American style (options that may be exercised at any time before the expiration date) and European style (options that may be exercised only on the expiration date) over-the-counter (“OTC”) options. OTC options differ from exchange-traded options in that they are two-party contracts, with price and other terms negotiated between the buyer and seller, and generally do not have as much market liquidity as exchange-traded options. The staff of the SEC has taken the position, generally, that purchased OTC options and the assets used to cover written OTC options are considered illiquid. However, to the extent the Fund invests in OTC options, certain purchased OTC options and assets used to cover written OTC options may be considered liquid (for example, OTC options purchased from a creditworthy counterparty under which the Fund has the contractual right to terminate the option within seven days).
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Closing Options Transactions. The holder of an option may terminate its position in a put or call option it has purchased by allowing it to expire or by exercising the option. In addition, a holder of an option may terminate its obligation prior to the option’s expiration by effecting an offsetting closing transaction. In the case of exchange- traded options, the Fund, as a holder of an option, may effect an offsetting closing sale transaction by selling an option of the same series as the option previously purchased. The Fund realizes a loss from a closing sale transaction if the premium received from the sale of the option is less than the premium paid to purchase the option (plus transaction costs). Similarly, if the Fund has written an option, it may effect an offsetting closing purchase transaction by buying an option of the same series as the option previously written. The Fund realizes a loss from a closing purchase transaction if the cost of the closing purchase transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is greater than the premium received from writing the option. If the Fund desires to sell a security on which it has written a call option, it will effect a closing purchase prior to or concurrently with the sale of the security. There can be no assurance, however, that a closing purchase or sale can be effected when the Fund desires to do so.
An OTC option may be closed only with the counterparty, although either party may engage in an offsetting transaction that puts that party in the same economic position as if it had closed out the option with the counterparty.
No guarantee exists that the Fund will be able to effect a closing purchase or an offsetting closing sale with respect to a specific option at any particular time.
Risk Factors in Options Transactions. There are various risks associated with transactions in exchange-traded and OTC options. The value of options written by the Fund will be affected by many factors, including changes in the value of underlying securities or indices, changes in the dividend rates of underlying securities (or in the case of indices, the securities comprising such indices), changes in interest rates, changes in the actual or perceived volatility of the stock market and underlying securities, and the remaining time to an option’s expiration. The value of an option also may be adversely affected if the market for the option is reduced or becomes less liquid. In addition, since an American style option allows the holder to exercise its rights any time prior to expiration of the option, the writer of an American style option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligations as a writer of the option. This risk is not present when writing a European style option since the holder may only exercise the option on its expiration date.
The Fund’s ability to use options as part of its investment program depends on the liquidity of the markets in those instruments. In addition, there can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when the Fund seeks to close out an option position. If the Fund was unable to close out an option that it had purchased on a security, it would have to exercise the option in order to realize any profit or the option may expire worthless. As the writer of a call option on a portfolio security, during the option’s life, the Fund foregoes the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the security underlying the call option above the sum of the premium and the strike price of the call, but retains the risk of loss (net of premiums received) should the price of the underlying security decline. Similarly, as the writer of a call option on a securities index, the Fund foregoes the opportunity to profit from increases in the index over the strike price of the option, though it retains the risk of loss (net of premiums received) should the price of the Fund’s portfolio securities decline. If the Fund writes a call option and does not hold the underlying security or instrument, the amount of the Fund’s potential loss is theoretically unlimited.
An exchange-traded option may be closed out by means of an offsetting transaction only on a national securities exchange (“Exchange”), which provides a secondary market for an option of the same series. If a liquid secondary market for an exchange-traded option does not exist, the Fund might not be able to effect an offsetting closing transaction for a particular option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an Exchange include the following: (i) insufficient trading interest in some options; (ii) restrictions by an Exchange on opening or closing transactions, or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions, or other restrictions on particular classes or series of options or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen interruptions in normal operations on an Exchange; (v) inability to handle current trading volume; or (vi) discontinuance of options trading (or trading in a particular class or series of options) (although outstanding options on an Exchange that were issued by the
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Options Clearing Corporation should continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms). In addition, the hours of trading for options on an Exchange may not conform to the hours during which the securities held by the Fund are traded. To the extent that the options markets close before the markets for the underlying securities, significant price and rate movements can take place in the underlying markets that may not be reflected in the options markets.
The Exchanges generally have established limits on the maximum number of options an investor or group of investors acting in concert may write. The Fund, the Adviser, and other clients of the Adviser may constitute such a group. These limits could restrict the Fund’s ability to purchase or sell options on a particular security. An OTC option may be closed only with the counterparty, although either party may engage in an offsetting transaction that puts that party in the same economic position as if it had closed out the option with the counterparty; however, the exposure to counterparty risk may differ. See “Swap Contracts and Other Two-Party Contracts—Risk Factors in Swap Contracts, OTC Options, and Other Two-Party Contracts” below for a discussion of counterparty risk and other risks associated with investing in OTC options.
Currency Options. The Fund may purchase and sell options on currencies. Options on currencies possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and generally operate in a similar manner. (See “Foreign Currency Transactions” below for more information on the Fund’s use of currency options.)
Futures. The Fund is permitted to invest in futures contracts on, among other things, financial instruments (such as a U.S. government security or other fixed income security), individual equity securities (“single stock futures”), securities indices, interest rates, currencies, inflation indices, and commodities or commodities indices. Futures contracts on securities indices are referred to herein as “Index Futures.” The purchase and sale of futures contracts may be used for speculative purposes.
Certain futures contracts are physically settled (i.e., involve the making and taking of delivery of a specified amount of an underlying security or other asset). For instance, the sale of futures contracts on foreign currencies or financial instruments creates an obligation of the seller to deliver a specified quantity of an underlying foreign currency or financial instrument called for in the contract for a stated price at a specified time. Conversely, the purchase of such futures contracts creates an obligation of the purchaser to pay for and take delivery of the underlying foreign currency or financial instrument called for in the contract for a stated price at a specified time. In some cases, the specific instruments delivered or taken, respectively, on the settlement date are not determined until on or near that date. That determination is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the sale or purchase was made. Some futures contracts are cash settled (rather than physically settled), which means that the purchase price is subtracted from the current market value of the instrument and the net amount, if positive, is paid to the purchaser by the seller of the futures contract and, if negative, is paid by the purchaser to the seller of the futures contract. In particular, Index Futures are agreements pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of a securities index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract was originally written. Although the value of a securities index might be a function of the value of certain specified securities, no physical delivery of these securities is made.
The purchase or sale of a futures contract differs from the purchase or sale of a security or option in that no price or premium is paid or received. Instead, an amount of cash, U.S. government securities, or other liquid assets equal in value to a percentage of the face amount of the futures contract must be deposited with the broker. This amount is known as initial margin. The amount of the initial margin is generally set by the market on which the contract is traded (margin requirements on foreign exchanges may be different than those on U.S. exchanges). Subsequent payments to and from the broker, known as variation margin, are made on a daily basis as the price of the underlying futures contract fluctuates, making the long and short positions in the futures contract more or less valuable, a process known as “marking to the market.” Prior to the settlement date of the futures contract, the position may be closed by taking an opposite position. A final determination of variation margin is then made, additional cash is required to be paid to or released by the broker, and the purchaser realizes a loss or gain. In addition, a commission is paid to the broker on each completed purchase and sale.
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Although some futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities, currencies, commodities, or other underlying instrument, in most cases, futures contracts are closed before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures contracts (i.e., with the same exchange, underlying financial instrument, currency, commodity, or index, and delivery month). If the price of the initial sale exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale, the seller realizes a loss. Similarly, a purchase of a futures contract is closed out by selling a corresponding futures contract. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the original purchase price, the purchaser realizes a gain, and, if the original purchase price exceeds the offsetting sale price, the purchaser realizes a loss. Any transaction costs must also be included in these calculations.
In the United States, futures contracts are traded only on commodity exchanges or boards of trade—known as “contract markets”—approved by the CFTC, and must be executed through a futures commission merchant or brokerage firm that is a member of the relevant market. The Fund may also purchase futures contracts on foreign exchanges or similar entities, which are not regulated by the CFTC and may not be subject to the same degree of regulation as the U.S. contract markets. (See “Additional Risks of Options on Securities, Futures Contracts, and Options on Futures Contracts Traded on Foreign Exchanges” below.)
Index Futures. The Fund may close open positions on an exchange on which Index Futures are traded at any time up to and including the expiration day. In general, all positions that remain open at the close of business on that day must be settled on the next business day (based on the value of the relevant index on the expiration day). Additional or different margin requirements as well as settlement procedures may apply to foreign stock Index Futures.
Interest Rate Futures. The Fund may engage in transactions involving the use of futures on interest rates. These transactions may be in connection with investments in U.S. government securities and other fixed income securities. The Fund’s use of interest rate futures entails the risk that the Fund’s prediction of the direction of interest rate movements is wrong resulting in a loss to the Fund. In addition, due to the possibility of price distortions in the interest rate futures markets, or an imperfect correlation between the underlying instrument and the interest rate the Fund is seeking to hedge, a correct forecast of interest rate trends by the Fund may not result in the successful use of futures.
Inflation Linked Futures. The Fund may engage in transactions involving inflation linked futures, including Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) futures, which are exchange-traded futures contracts that represent the inflation on a notional value of $1,000,000 for a period of three months, as implied by the CPI. Inflation linked futures may be used by the Fund to hedge the inflation risk in nominal bonds (i.e., non-inflation indexed bonds) thereby creating “synthetic” inflation indexed bonds. The Fund also may combine inflation linked futures with U.S. Treasury futures contracts to create “synthetic” inflation indexed bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. See “Indexed Investments—Inflation Indexed Bonds” below for a discussion of inflation indexed bonds.
Currency Futures. The Fund may buy and sell futures contracts on currencies. (See “Foreign Currency Transactions” below for a description of the Fund’s use of currency futures.)
Options on Futures Contracts. Options on futures contracts give the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to assume a long position (in the case of a call option) or a short position (in the case of a put option) in a futures contract at the option exercise price at any time during the period of the option (in the case of an American style option) or on the expiration date (in the case of European style option). Upon exercise of a call option, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. In the case of a put option, the holder acquires a short position and the writer is assigned the opposite long position in the futures contract. Accordingly, in the event that an option is exercised, the parties will be subject to all the risks associated with the trading of futures contracts, such as payment of initial and variation margin deposits.
The Fund may use options on futures contracts in lieu of writing or buying options directly on the underlying securities or purchasing and selling the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge against a possible
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decrease in the value of its portfolio securities, the Fund may purchase put options or write call options on futures contracts rather than selling futures contracts. Similarly, the Fund may hedge against a possible increase in the price of securities the Fund expects to purchase by purchasing call options or writing put options on futures contracts rather than purchasing futures contracts. In addition, the Fund may purchase and sell interest rate options on U.S. Treasury or Eurodollar futures to take a long or short position on interest rate fluctuations. Options on futures contracts generally operate in the same manner as options purchased or written directly on the underlying investments. (See “Foreign Currency Transactions” below for a description of the Fund’s use of options on currency futures.)
The Fund also typically will be required to deposit and maintain margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it. Such margin deposits may vary depending on the nature of the underlying futures contract (and the related initial margin requirements), the current market value of the option, and other futures positions held by the Fund.
A position in an option on a futures contract may be terminated by the purchaser or seller prior to expiration by effecting a closing purchase or sale transaction, subject to the availability of a liquid secondary market, which is the purchase or sale of an option of the same type (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents the Fund’s profit or loss on the transaction.
Commodity Futures and Options on Commodity Futures. The Fund may have exposure to futures contracts on various commodities or commodities indices (“commodity futures”) and options on commodity futures. A futures contract on a commodity is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to purchase a commodity, such as an energy, agricultural, or metal commodity, from the other party at a later date at a price and quantity agreed upon when the contract is made. Futures contracts on commodities indices operate in a manner similar to Index Futures.
Risk Factors in Futures and Futures Options Transactions. Investment in futures contracts involves risk. A purchase or sale of futures contracts may result in losses in excess of the amount invested in the futures contract. If a futures contract is used for hedging, an imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the futures contract and the price of the security, currency, or other investment being hedged creates risk. Correlation is higher when the investment being hedged underlies the futures contract. Correlation is lower when the investment being hedged is different than the security, currency, or other investment underlying the futures contract, such as when a futures contract on an index of securities or commodities is used to hedge a single security or commodity, a futures contract on one security (e.g., U.S. Treasury bonds) or commodity (e.g., gold) is used to hedge a different security (e.g., a mortgage-backed security) or commodity (e.g., copper), or when a futures contract in one currency is used to hedge a security denominated in another currency. In the case of Index Futures and futures on commodity indices, changes in the price of those futures contracts may not correlate perfectly with price movements in the relevant index due to market distortions. In the event of an imperfect correlation between a futures position and the portfolio position (or anticipated position) intended to be hedged, the Fund may realize a loss on the futures contract at the same time the Fund is realizing a loss on the portfolio position intended to be hedged. To compensate for imperfect correlations, the Fund may purchase or sell futures contracts in a greater amount than the hedged investments if the volatility of the price of the hedged investments is historically greater than the volatility of the futures contracts. Conversely, the Fund may purchase or sell fewer futures contracts if the volatility of the price of the hedged investments is historically less than that of the futures contract. The successful use of transactions in futures and related options for hedging also depends on the direction and extent of exchange rate, interest rate and asset price movements within a given time frame. For example, to the extent equity prices remain stable during the period in which a futures contract or option is held by the Fund investing in equity securities (or such prices move in a direction opposite to that anticipated), the Fund may realize a loss on the futures transaction, which is not fully or partially offset by an increase in the value of its portfolio securities. As a result, the Fund’s total return for such period may be less than if it had not engaged in the hedging transaction.
All participants in the futures market are subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. Instead of meeting margin calls, investors may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions, which could distort
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normal correlations. The margin deposit requirements in the futures market are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities market, allowing for more speculators who may cause temporary price distortions. Trading hours for foreign stock Index Futures may not correspond perfectly to the trading hours of the foreign exchange to which a particular foreign stock Index Future relates. As a result, the lack of continuous arbitrage may cause a disparity between the price of foreign stock Index Futures and the value of the relevant index.
The Fund may purchase futures contracts (or options on them) as an anticipatory hedge against a possible increase in the price of a currency in which securities the Fund anticipates purchasing is denominated. In such instances, the currency may instead decline. If the Fund does not then invest in those securities, the Fund may realize a loss on the futures contract that is not offset by a reduction in the price of the securities purchased.
The Fund’s ability to engage in the futures and options on futures strategies described above depends on the liquidity of the markets in those instruments. Trading interest in various types of futures and options on futures cannot be predicted, and certain markets for futures may be thinly traded. Therefore, no assurance can be given that the Fund will be able to utilize these instruments at all or that their use will be effective. In addition, there can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a time when the Fund seeks to close out a futures or option on a futures contract position, and the Fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is closed. The liquidity of a secondary market in a futures contract may be adversely affected by “daily price fluctuation limits” established by commodity exchanges to limit the amount of fluctuation in a futures contract price during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached, no trades of the contract may be entered at a price beyond the limit, thus preventing the liquidation of open futures positions. In the past, prices have exceeded the daily limit on several consecutive trading days. Short (and long) positions in Index Futures or futures on commodities indices may be closed only by purchasing (or selling) a futures contract on the exchange on which the Index Futures or commodity futures, as applicable, are traded.
As discussed above, if the Fund purchases or sells a futures contract, it is only required to deposit initial and variation margin as required by relevant CFTC regulations and the rules of the contract market. The Fund’s net assets will generally fluctuate with the value of the security or other instrument underlying a futures contract as if it were already in the Fund’s portfolio. Futures transactions can have the effect of investment leverage. Furthermore, if the Fund combines short and long positions, in addition to possible declines in the values of its investment securities, the Fund will incur losses if the index underlying the long futures position underperforms the index underlying the short futures position.
In addition, if the Fund’s futures brokers become bankrupt or insolvent, or otherwise default on their obligations to the Fund, the Fund may not receive all amounts owing to it in respect of its trading, despite the futures clearinghouse fully discharging all of its obligations. Furthermore, in the event of the bankruptcy of a futures broker, the Fund could be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds segregated on behalf of the futures broker’s combined customer accounts, even though certain property specifically traceable to the Fund was held by the futures broker.
The Fund’s ability to engage in futures and options on futures transactions may be limited by tax considerations.
Additional Risk Associated with Commodity Futures Transactions. Several additional risks are associated with transactions in commodity futures contracts.
Storage Costs. The price of a commodity futures contract reflects the storage costs of purchasing the underlying commodity, including the time value of money invested in the commodity. To the extent that the storage costs change, the value of the futures contracts may change correspondingly.
Reinvestment Risk. In the commodity futures markets, producers of an underlying commodity may sell futures contracts to lock in the price of the commodity at delivery. To induce speculators to purchase the other side (the long side) of the contract, the commodity producer generally must sell the contract at a lower price than the expected futures spot price. Conversely, if most purchasers of the underlying commodity purchase futures contracts to hedge against a rise in commodity prices, then speculators will only sell the contract at a higher price
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than the expected future spot price of the commodity. The changing nature of the hedgers and speculators in the commodity markets will influence whether futures prices are above or below the expected futures spot price. As a result, when a Manager reinvests the proceeds from a maturing contract, it may purchase a new futures contract at a higher or lower price than the expected futures spot prices of the maturing contract or choose to pursue other investments.
Additional Economic Factors. The value of the commodities underlying commodity futures contracts may be subject to additional economic and non-economic factors, such as drought, floods or other weather conditions, livestock disease, trade embargoes, competition from substitute products, transportation bottlenecks or shortages, fluctuations in supply and demand, tariffs, and international economic, political, and regulatory developments.
See also “Commodity-Related Investments” below for more discussion of the special risks of investing in commodity futures, options on commodity futures, and related types of derivatives.
Additional Risks of Options on Securities, Futures Contracts, and Options on Futures Contracts Traded on Foreign Exchanges. Options on securities, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and options on currencies may be traded on foreign exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States (which are regulated by the CFTC) and may be subject to greater risks than trading on domestic exchanges. For example, some foreign exchanges may be principal markets so that no common clearing facility exists and a trader may look only to the broker for performance of the contract. The lack of a common clearing facility creates counterparty risk. If a counterparty defaults, the Fund normally will have contractual remedies against that counterparty, but may be unsuccessful in enforcing those remedies. When seeking to enforce a contractual remedy, the Fund also is subject to the risk that the parties may interpret contractual terms (e.g., the definition of default) differently. Counterparty risk is greater for derivatives with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement. Counterparty risk is also greater when the Fund has concentrated its derivatives with a single or small group of counterparties as it sometimes does as a result of its use of swaps and other OTC derivatives. To the extent the Fund has significant exposure to a single counterparty, this risk will be particularly pronounced for the Fund. If a dispute occurs, the cost and unpredictability of the legal proceedings required for the Fund to enforce its contractual rights may lead the Fund to decide not to pursue its claims against the counterparty. The Fund thus assumes the risk that it may be unable to obtain payments owed under foreign futures contracts or that those payments may be delayed or made only after the Fund has incurred the costs of litigation. In addition, unless the Fund hedges against fluctuations in the exchange rate between the currencies in which trading is done on foreign exchanges and other currencies, any profits that the Fund might realize in trading could be offset (or worse) by adverse changes in the exchange rate. The value of foreign options and futures may also be adversely affected by other factors unique to foreign investing (see “Risks of Foreign Investments” above).
Swap Contracts and Other Two-Party Contracts
The Fund may use swap contracts (or “swaps”) and other two-party contracts for the same or similar purposes as options and futures.
Swap Contracts. The Fund may directly or indirectly use various different types of swaps, such as swaps on securities and securities indices, total return swaps, interest rate swaps, currency swaps, credit default swaps, variance swaps, commodity swaps, inflation swaps, and other types of available swap agreements. Swap contracts are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods ranging from a few weeks to a number of years. Under a typical swap, one party may agree to pay a fixed rate or a floating rate determined by reference to a specified instrument, rate, or index, multiplied in each case by a specified amount (“notional amount”), while the other party agrees to pay an amount equal to a different floating rate multiplied by the same notional amount. On each payment date, the parties’ obligations are netted, with only the net amount paid by one party to the other.
Swap contracts are privately negotiated in the over-the-counter market or executed in a multilateral or other trade facility platform, such as a registered exchange or swap execution facility. Swap contracts may be entered into
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for hedging or non-hedging purposes and therefore may increase or decrease the Fund’s exposure to the underlying instrument, rate, asset or index. Swaps can take many different forms and are known by a variety of names.
The Fund may enter into swaps on securities, derivatives, commodities, or indices, or baskets of securities derivatives, commodities, or indices. For example, the parties to a swap contract may agree to exchange returns calculated on a notional amount of a security, basket of securities, or securities index (e.g., S&P 500 Index).
Additionally, the Fund may use total return swaps, which typically involve commitments to pay amounts computed in the same manner as interest in exchange for a market-linked return, both based on notional amounts. The Fund may use such swaps to gain investment exposure to the underlying strategy or instrument where direct ownership is either not legally possible or is economically unattractive. For example, the Fund may engage in a total return swap in which the Fund or a Subsidiary would make payments to a counterparty (at either a fixed or variable rate) in exchange for receiving from the counterparty payments that reflect the return of a “basket” of securities, derivatives, or commodity interests representing a particular index sponsored by a third-party investment manager identified by a Manager. The total return swap, and fees and expenses relating to the swap, typically would be based on a notional amount. The swap would depend on the performance of the index, calculated by the counterparty or affiliate of the counterparty, and would reflect fees payable to the counterparty as well as management and performance fees of the index sponsor.
In addition, the Fund may enter into an interest rate swap in order to protect against declines in the value of fixed income securities held by the Fund. In such an instance, the Fund may agree with a counterparty to pay a fixed rate (multiplied by a notional amount) and the counterparty pay a floating rate multiplied by the same notional amount. If interest rates rise, resulting in a diminution in the value of the Fund’s portfolio, the Fund would receive payments under the swap that would offset, in whole or in part, such diminution in value. The Fund may also enter into swaps to modify its exposure to particular currencies using currency swaps. For instance, the Fund may enter into a currency swap between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen in order to increase or decrease its exposure to each such currency.
The Fund may use inflation swaps (including inflation swaps tied to the CPI), which involve commitments to pay a regular stream of inflation indexed cash payments in exchange for receiving a stream of nominal interest payments (or vice versa), where both payment streams are based on a notional amount. The nominal interest payments may be based on either a fixed interest rate or variable interest rate, such as LIBOR. Inflation swaps may be used to hedge the inflation risk in nominal bonds (i.e., non-inflation indexed bonds), thereby creating synthetic inflation indexed bonds, or combined with U.S. Treasury futures contracts to create synthetic inflation indexed bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. See “Indexed Investments—Inflation Indexed Bonds” below.
In addition, the Fund may directly or indirectly use credit default swaps to take an active long or short position with respect to the likelihood of default by a corporate or sovereign issuer of fixed income securities (including asset-backed securities). In a credit default swap, one party pays, in effect, an insurance premium through a stream of payments to another party in exchange for the right to receive a specified return in the event of default (or similar events) by one or more third parties on their obligations. For example, in purchasing a credit default swap, the Fund may pay a premium in return for the right to put specified bonds or loans to the counterparty, such as a U.S. or foreign issuer or basket of such issuers, upon issuer default (or similar events) at their par (or other agreed-upon) value. Rather than a right to put the bonds for the par value, a single cash payment may be due from the protection seller representing the difference between the par value of the bonds and the current market value of the bonds (which may be determined through an auction). The Fund, as the purchaser in a credit default swap, bears the risk that the investment might expire worthless. It also would be subject to counterparty risk—the risk that the counterparty may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to the Fund in the event of a default (or similar event) (see “Risk Factors in Swap Contracts, OTC Options, and Other Two-Party Contracts” below). In addition, as a purchaser in a credit default swap, the Fund’s investment would only generate income in the event of an actual default (or similar event) by the issuer of the underlying obligation. The Fund may also invest in credit default indices, which are indices that reflect the performance of a basket of credit default swaps.
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The Fund also may use credit default swaps for investment purposes by selling a credit default swap, in which case the Fund will receive a premium from its counterparty in return for the Fund’s taking on the obligation to pay the par (or other agreed-upon) value to the counterparty upon issuer default (or similar events). As the seller in a credit default swap, the Fund effectively adds economic leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total net assets, the Fund is subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap. If no event of default (or similar event) occurs, the Fund would keep the premium received from the counterparty and would have no payment obligations. For credit default swap agreements on asset-backed securities, an event of default may result from various events, which may include an issuer’s failure to pay interest or principal, a breach of a material representation or covenant, an agreement by the holders of an asset-backed security to a maturity extension, or a write-down on the collateral underlying the security. For credit default swap agreements on corporate or sovereign issuers, an event of default may result from such events as the issuer’s bankruptcy, failure to pay interest or principal, repudiation/moratorium or restructuring.
The Fund may use variance swap agreements, which involve an agreement by two parties to exchange cash flows based on the measured variance (or square of volatility) of a specified underlying asset. One party agrees to exchange a “fixed rate” or strike price payment for the “floating rate” or realized price variance on the underlying asset with respect to the notional amount. At inception, the strike price chosen is generally fixed at a level such that the fair value of the swap is zero. As a result, no money changes hands at the initiation of the contract. At the expiration date, the amount paid by one party to the other is the difference between the realized price variance of the underlying asset and the strike price multiplied by the notional amount. A receiver of the realized price variance would receive a payment when the realized price variance of the underlying asset is greater than the strike price and would make a payment when that variance is less than the strike price. A payer of the realized price variance would make a payment when the realized price variance of the underlying asset is greater than the strike price and would receive a payment when that variance is less than the strike price. This type of agreement is essentially a forward contract on the future realized price variance of the underlying asset.
The Fund may have indirect exposure to commodity swaps on one or more broad-based commodities indices (e.g., the Dow Jones-UBS Commodity Index), as well as commodity swaps on individual commodities or baskets of commodities. See “Commodity-Related Investments” below for more discussion of the Fund’s use of commodity swap contracts and other related types of derivatives.
Contracts for Differences. Contracts for differences are swap arrangements in which the parties agree that their return (or loss) will be based on the relative performance of two different groups or baskets of securities. Often, one or both baskets will be an established securities index. The Fund’s return will be based on changes in value of theoretical long futures positions in the securities comprising one basket (with an aggregate face value equal to the notional amount of the contract for differences) and theoretical short futures positions in the securities comprising the other basket. The Fund also may use actual long and short futures positions and achieve similar market exposure by netting the payment obligations of the two contracts. If the short basket outperforms the long basket, the Fund will realize a loss – even in circumstances when the securities in both the long and short baskets appreciate in value. In addition, the Fund may use contracts for differences that are based on the relative performance of two different groups or baskets of commodities. Often, one or both baskets is a commodities index. Contracts for differences on commodities operate in a similar manner to contracts for differences on securities described above. Contracts for difference may also be structured based on the relative performance of individual securities.
Interest Rate Caps, Floors, and Collars. The Fund may use interest rate caps, floors, and collars for the same or similar purposes as they use interest rate futures contracts and related options and, as a result, will be subject to similar risks. See “Options and Futures—Risk Factors in Options Transactions” and “—Risk Factors in Futures and Futures Options Transactions” above. Like interest rate swap contracts, interest rate caps, floors, and collars are two-party agreements in which the parties agree to pay or receive interest on a notional principal amount and are generally individually negotiated with a specific counterparty. The purchaser of an interest rate cap receives interest payments from the seller to the extent that the return on a specified index exceeds a specified interest rate. The purchaser of an interest rate floor receives interest payments from the seller to the extent that the return on a specified index falls below a specified interest rate. The purchaser of an interest rate collar receives interest
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payments from the seller to the extent that the return on a specified index falls outside the range of two specified interest rates.
Swaptions. An option on a swap agreement, also called a “swaption,” is an OTC option that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap on a specified future date in exchange for paying a market-based premium. A receiver swaption gives the owner the right to receive the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index (such as a call option on a bond). A payer swaption gives the owner the right to pay the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index (such as a put option on a bond). Swaptions also include options that allow one of the counterparties to terminate or extend an existing swap.
Risk Factors in Swap Contracts, OTC Options, and Other Two-Party Contracts. The Fund may only close out a swap, contract for differences, cap, floor, collar, or OTC option (including swaption) with its particular counterparty, and may only transfer a position with the consent of that counterparty. If a counterparty fails to meet its contractual obligations, goes bankrupt, or otherwise experiences a business interruption, the Fund could miss investment opportunities or otherwise hold investments it would prefer to sell, resulting in losses for the Fund. If the counterparty defaults, the Fund will have contractual remedies, but there can be no assurance that the counterparty will be able to meet its contractual obligations or that the Fund will be able to enforce its rights. For example, because the contract for each OTC derivatives transaction is individually negotiated with a specific counterparty, the Fund is subject to the risk that a counterparty may interpret contractual terms (e.g., the definition of default) differently than the Fund. The cost and unpredictability of the legal proceedings required for the Fund to enforce its contractual rights may lead it to decide not to pursue its claims against the counterparty. Counterparty risk is greater with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement. Counterparty risk is also greater when the Fund has concentrated its derivatives with a single or small group of counterparties as it sometimes does as a result of its use of swaps and other OTC derivatives. To the extent the Fund has significant exposure to a single counterparty, this risk will be particularly pronounced for the Fund. The Fund, therefore, assumes the risk that it may be unable to obtain payments a Manager believes are owed under an OTC derivatives contract or that those payments may be delayed or made only after the Fund has incurred the costs of litigation. In addition, counterparty risk is pronounced during unusually adverse market conditions and is particularly acute in environments in which financial services firms are exposed to systemic risks of the type evidenced by the insolvency of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and subsequent market disruptions.
The credit rating of a counterparty may be adversely affected by greater-than-average volatility in the markets, even if the counterparty’s net market exposure is small relative to its capital.
Some swap transactions are required to be centrally cleared, and a party to a cleared derivatives transaction is subject to the credit risk of the clearing house and the member of the clearing house (“clearing member”) through which it holds its cleared position, rather than the credit risk of its original counterparty to the derivative transaction. Credit risk of market participants with respect to derivatives that are centrally cleared is concentrated in a few clearing houses, and it is not clear how an insolvency proceeding of a clearing house would be conducted and what impact an insolvency of a clearing house would have on the financial system. A clearing member is generally obligated to segregate all funds received from customers with respect to cleared derivatives transactions from the clearing member’s proprietary assets. However, all funds and other property received by a clearing broker from its customers are generally held by the clearing broker on a commingled basis in an omnibus account, and the clearing member may invest those funds in certain instruments permitted under the applicable regulations. The assets of a Fund might not be fully protected in the event of the bankruptcy of the Fund’s clearing member, because the Fund would be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds segregated on behalf of the clearing broker’s customers for a relevant account class. Also, the clearing member is required to transfer to the clearing organization the amount of margin required by the clearing organization for cleared derivatives, which amounts are generally held in an omnibus account at the clearing organization for all customers of the clearing member. Regulations promulgated by the CFTC require that the clearing member notify the clearing house of the amount of initial margin provided by the clearing member to the clearing organization that is attributable to each customer. However, if the clearing member does not provide accurate reporting, a Fund is subject to the risk that a clearing organization will use the Fund’s assets held in an omnibus account at the clearing organization to satisfy payment obligations of a defaulting customer of the
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clearing member to the clearing organization. In addition, if a clearing member does not comply with the applicable regulations or its agreement with a Fund, or in the event of fraud or misappropriation of customer assets by a clearing member, the Fund could have only an unsecured creditor claim in an insolvency of the clearing member with respect to the margin held by the clearing member.
Counterparty risk with respect to OTC derivatives may be further complicated by recently enacted U.S. financial reform legislation. See “Legal and Regulatory Risk” below for more information.
An Investment Fund’s transactions in these types of derivatives may bear adversely on the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC (as defined below).
Additional Risk Factors in OTC Derivatives Transactions. Participants in OTC derivatives markets typically are not subject to the same level of credit evaluation and regulatory oversight as are members of exchange-based markets and, therefore, OTC derivatives generally expose the Fund to greater counterparty risk than exchange- traded or centrally cleared derivatives.
Among other trading agreements, the Fund may be party to International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Master Agreements (“ISDA Agreements”) or other similar types of agreements with select counterparties that generally govern over-the-counter derivative transactions entered into by the Fund. The ISDA Agreements typically include representations and warranties as well as contractual terms related to collateral, events of default, termination events, and other provisions. Termination events may include the decline in the net assets of the Fund below a certain level over a specified period of time and entitle a counterparty to elect to terminate early with respect to some or all the transactions under the ISDA Agreement with that counterparty. Such an election by one or more of the counterparties could have a material adverse impact on the Fund’s operations.
Foreign Currency Transactions
Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. They generally are determined by the forces of supply and demand in the currency exchange markets, trade balances, the relative merits of investments in different countries, actual or perceived changes in interest rates, differences in relative values of similar assets in different currencies, long-term opportunities for investment and capital appreciation, and other complex factors. Currency exchange rates also can be affected unpredictably as a result of intervention (or the failure to intervene) by the U.S. or foreign governments, central banks, or supranational agencies such as the International Monetary Fund, or by currency or exchange controls or political and economic developments in the U.S. or abroad. Currencies in which the Fund’s assets are denominated, or in which the Fund has taken a long position, may be devalued against other currencies, resulting in a loss to the Fund. Similarly, currencies in which the Fund has taken a short position may increase in value relative to other currencies, resulting in a loss to the Fund.
In addition, some currencies are illiquid (e.g., emerging country currencies), and the Fund may not be able to covert these currencies into U.S. dollars, in which case a Manager may decide to purchase U.S. dollars in a parallel market where the exchange rate is materially and adversely different. Exchange rates for many currencies (e.g., emerging country currencies) are particularly affected by exchange control regulations.
The Fund may buy or sell foreign currencies or deal in forward foreign currency contracts, currency futures contracts and related options, and options on currencies. The Fund may use such currency instruments for hedging, investment, and/or currency risk management. Currency risk management may include taking overweighted or underweighted currency positions relative to both the securities portfolio of the Fund and the Fund’s performance benchmark or index. The Fund also may purchase forward foreign exchange contracts in conjunction with U.S. dollar-denominated securities in order to create a synthetic foreign currency-denominated security that approximates desired risk and return characteristics when the non-synthetic securities either are not available in foreign markets or possess undesirable characteristics.
Forward foreign currency contracts are contracts between two parties to purchase and sell a specified quantity of a particular currency at a specified price, with delivery and settlement to take place on a specified future date. A
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forward foreign currency contract can reduce the Fund’s exposure to changes in the value of the currency it will deliver and can increase its exposure to changes in the value of the currency it will receive for the duration of the contract. The effect on the value of the Fund is similar to the effect of selling securities denominated in one currency and purchasing securities denominated in another currency. Contracts to sell a particular foreign currency would limit any potential gain that might be realized by the Fund if the value of the hedged currency increases. In addition, it is not always possible to hedge fully or perfectly against currency fluctuations affecting the value of the securities denominated in foreign currencies because the value of such securities also is likely to fluctuate because of independent factors not related to currency fluctuations. If a forward foreign currency contract is used for hedging, an imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the forward foreign currency contract and the price of the currency or other investment being hedged creates risk.
Forward foreign currency contracts involve a number of the same characteristics and risks as currency futures contracts (discussed below) but there also are several differences. Forward foreign currency contracts are not market traded, and are not necessarily marked to market on a daily basis. They settle only at the pre-determined settlement date. This can result in deviations between forward foreign currency prices and currency futures prices, especially in circumstances where interest rates and currency futures prices are positively correlated. Second, in the absence of exchange trading and involvement of clearing houses, there are no standardized terms for forward currency contracts. Accordingly, the parties are free to establish such settlement times and underlying amounts of a currency as desirable, which may vary from the standardized provisions available through any currency futures contract. Finally, forward foreign currency contracts, as two party obligations for which there is no secondary market, involve counterparty risk not present with currency futures contracts, discussed below.
The Fund also may purchase or sell currency futures contracts and related options. Currency futures contracts are contracts to buy or sell a standard quantity of a particular currency at a specified future date and price. However, currency futures can be and often are closed out prior to delivery and settlement. In addition, the Fund may use options on currency futures contracts, which give their holders the right, but not the obligation, to buy (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) a specified currency futures contract at a fixed price during a specified period. (See “Options and Futures—Futures” above for more information on futures contracts and options on futures contracts.)
The Fund also may purchase or sell options on currencies. These give their holders the right, but not the obligation, to buy (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) a specified quantity of a particular currency at a fixed price during a specified period. Options on currencies possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and generally operate in a similar manner. They may be traded on an exchange or in the OTC markets. Options on currencies traded on U.S. or other exchanges may be subject to position limits, which may limit the ability of the Fund to reduce foreign currency risk using options. (See “Options and Futures—Currency Options” above for more information on currency options.)
Repurchase Agreements
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with banks and broker-dealers. A repurchase agreement is a contract under which the Fund acquires a security (usually an obligation of the government in the jurisdiction where the transaction is initiated or in whose currency the agreement is denominated or a security backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, such as a U.S. Treasury bill, bond or note) for a relatively short period (usually less than a week) for cash and subject to the commitment of the seller to repurchase the security for an agreed-upon price on a specified date. The repurchase price exceeds the acquisition price and reflects an agreed-upon market rate unrelated to the coupon rate on the purchased security. Repurchase agreements afford the Fund the opportunity to earn a return on temporarily available cash without market risk, although the Fund bears the risk of a seller’s failure to meet its obligation to pay the repurchase price when it is required to do so. Such a default may subject the Fund to expenses, delays, and risks of loss including: (i) possible declines in the value of the underlying security while the Fund seeks to enforce its rights thereto, (ii) possible reduced levels of income and lack of access to income during this period, and (iii) the inability to enforce its rights and the expenses involved in attempted enforcement. Entering into repurchase agreements entails certain risks, which
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include the risk that the counterparty to the repurchase agreement may not be able to fulfill its obligations, as discussed above, that the parties may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected.
Debt and Other Fixed Income Securities Generally
Debt and other fixed income securities include fixed and floating rate securities of any maturity. Fixed rate securities pay a specified rate of interest or dividends. Floating rate securities pay a rate that is adjusted periodically by reference to a specified index or market rate. Fixed and floating rate securities include securities issued by federal, state, local, and foreign governments and related agencies, and by a wide range of private issuers, and generally are referred to in this SAI as “fixed income securities.” Indexed bonds are a type of fixed income security whose principal value and/or interest rate is adjusted periodically according to a specified instrument, index, or other statistic (e.g., another security, inflation index, currency, or commodity). See “Adjustable Rate Securities” and “Indexed Investments” below. In addition, the Fund may create “synthetic” bonds which approximate desired risk and return profiles. This may be done where a “non-synthetic” security having the desired risk/return profile either is unavailable (e.g., short-term securities of certain foreign governments) or possesses undesirable characteristics (e.g., interest payments on the security would be subject to foreign withholding or other taxes). See, for example, “Options and Futures—Inflation-Linked Futures” above.
Holders of fixed income securities are exposed to both interest rate and credit risk. Interest rate risk relates to changes in a security’s value as a result of changes in interest rates. In general, the values of fixed income securities increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise. This risk will be greater for long-term securities than for short-term securities. Generally, the higher a debt security’s duration, the greater its price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. For example, the value of an investment held by an Investment Fund with a duration of five years decreases by approximately 5% for every 1% increase in interest rates, while the value of an investment with a duration of six years increases by approximately 6% with every 1% decrease in interest rates. As a result, in a period of rising interest rates, securities may exhibit additional volatility and may lose value. After a brief period during which it increased interest rates above the historically low levels that followed the 2008 financial crisis, the U.S. Federal Reserve has recently decreased interest rates back to near historically low levels and has promised to increase quantitative easing again. When the U.S. Federal Reserve eventually raises interest rates again, there is a risk that rates across the financial system may rise. Steps to curtain or “taper” such activities and other actions by central banks or regulators (such as intervention in foreign currency markets or currency controls) may have adverse effects on investments, volatility, and illiquidity in debt markets and may, in turn, have a material adverse effect on Investment Funds holding fixed income securities. In response to government intervention, economic or market developments, or other factors, fixed income markets may experience periods of high volatility, reduced liquidity, or both. During those periods, the Fund could have unusually high shareholder redemptions, requiring it to generate cash by selling securities when it would otherwise not do so, including at unfavorable prices. Fixed income investments may be difficult to value during such periods.
Credit risk relates to the ability of an issuer to make payments of principal and interest. Obligations of issuers are subject to bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws that affect the rights and remedies of creditors. Fixed income securities denominated in foreign currencies also are subject to the risk of a decline in the value of the denominating currency.
Because interest rates vary, the future income for the Fund from investments in floating rate fixed income securities cannot be predicted with certainty. The future income for the Fund from investments in indexed securities also will be affected by changes in those securities’ indices over time (e.g., changes in inflation rates, currency rates, or commodity prices). Many financial instruments use or may use a floating rate based on LIBOR, which is the offered rate for short-term Eurodollar deposits between major international banks. LIBOR may be a significant factor in determining the cost of the Fund’s borrowings, the Fund’s payment obligations under a derivative instrument, or an investment’s value or return to the Fund, and may be used in other ways that affect the Fund’s investment performance. In 2017, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) announced the FCA’s intention to cease compelling banks to provide the quotations needed to sustain LIBOR from the end of
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2021. On March 5, 2021, the FCA and LIBOR’s administrator, ICE Benchmark Administration (IBA), announced that most LIBOR settings will no longer be published after the end of 2021 and a majority of U.S. dollar LIBOR settings will no longer be published after June 30, 2023. It is possible that the FCA may compel the IBA to publish a subset of LIBOR settings after these dates on a “synthetic” basis, but any such publications would be considered non-representative of the underlying market. There remains uncertainty regarding the future utilization of LIBOR and the nature of any replacement rate. As such, the potential effect of a transition away from LIBOR on the Fund or the financial instruments in which the Fund invests cannot yet be determined. In advance of the transition, regulators and market participants are working together to identify or develop a replacement rate. For instance, the U.S. Federal Reserve, based on the recommendations of the New York Federal Reserve’s Alternative Reference Rate Committee (comprised of major derivative market participants and their regulators), is publishing a daily Secured Overnight Funding Rate (“SOFR”) that is intended to replace U.S. dollar LIBOR. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of overnight borrowing of cash collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities. SOFR is intended to serve as a reference rate for U.S. dollar-based debt and derivatives in place of LIBOR. Bank working groups and regulators in other countries have suggested other alternatives for their markets, including the Sterling Overnight Interbank Average Rate (“SONIA”) in the UK. Markets are slowly developing in response to these rates. At this time, it is not possible to completely identify or predict any establishment of a replacement rate that may be enacted in the UK or elsewhere. It is expected that market participants will focus on the transition mechanisms by which the reference rate in existing contracts or instruments may be amended, whether through market wide protocols, fallback contractual provisions, bespoke negotiations or amendments or otherwise. Markets are slowly developing in response to these new rates, and questions around liquidity in these rates and how to appropriately adjust these rates to eliminate any economic value transfer at the time of transition remain a significant concern for the Funds. The transition process might lead to increased volatility and illiquidity in markets that currently rely on LIBOR to determine interest rates. It could also lead to a reduction in the value of some LIBOR-based investments, reduce the effectiveness of new hedges placed against existing LIBOR-based instruments, particularly insofar as the documentation governing such instruments does not include “fall back” provisions addressing the transition from LIBOR. The transition process might also increase costs for certain LIBOR-related instruments or financing transactions, and cause prolonged adverse market conditions for the Fund if uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of an alternative rate-setting methodology persists. Uncertainty and volatility arising from the transition may also result in a reduction in the value of certain LIBOR-based instruments held by the Fund or reduce the effectiveness of related transactions. Any such effects of the transition away from LIBOR, as well as other unforeseen effects, could result in losses to the Fund and may adversely affect the Fund’s performance or net asset value. Since the usefulness of LIBOR as a benchmark could deteriorate during the transition period, these effects could occur prior to the end of 2021.
The Fund is permitted to invest in a wide range of debt and fixed income instruments, including, but not limited to, Brady bonds, Euro bonds and zero coupon securities, described below. Some of these investments may be treated as having been issued originally at a discount or as having “market discount” or “acquisition discount.” See “Taxes- Securities Issued or Purchased at a Discount.” In effect, the Fund is subject to heightened credit risk as a result of the effective deferral of payments on these instruments. The Fund may potentially not ultimately receive cash equal to the income recognized by the Fund as a result of the obligor’s default. There may be a risk that the Adviser will have received fees from the Fund in respect of income recognized but not ultimately received by the Fund. Such instruments may also prove challenging to value in the event that judgments about the collectability of deferred payments must be made.
Cash and Other High Quality Investments
The Fund is permitted to invest a portion of its assets in cash or cash items pending other investments, for portfolio management purposes, or to maintain liquid assets required in connection with some of the Fund’s investments. These cash items and other high quality debt securities may include money market instruments, such as securities issued by the United States Government and its agencies, bankers’ acceptances, commercial paper, bank certificates of deposit, and money market funds. If a custodian holds cash on behalf of the Fund, the Fund may be an unsecured creditor in the event of the insolvency of the custodian. In addition, the Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to such a custodian, which may be heightened to the extent the Fund takes a temporary defensive position.
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Money market mutual funds in which the Fund may invest are subject to Rule 2a-7 of the 1940 Act, and invest in a variety of short-term, high quality, dollar-denominated money market instruments. Money market funds are not designed to offer capital appreciation. Amendments to money market fund regulations could affect a money market fund’s operations and possibly negatively affect its return. Certain money market funds may impose a fee upon the sale of shares or may temporarily suspend the ability of investors to redeem shares if such fund’s liquidity falls below required minimums, which may adversely affect the Fund’s returns or liquidity.
U.S. Government Securities and Foreign Government Securities
U.S. government securities include securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its authorities, agencies, or instrumentalities. Foreign government securities include securities issued or guaranteed by foreign governments (including political subdivisions) or their authorities, agencies, or instrumentalities or by supra- national agencies. Different kinds of U.S. government securities and foreign government securities have different kinds of government support. For example, some U.S. government securities (e.g., U.S. Treasury bonds) are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. Other U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by federal agencies or government-chartered or -sponsored enterprises but are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government (e.g., debt securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), and Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLBs”)). No assurance can be given that the U.S. government would provide financial support to these agencies and instrumentalities if not required to do so by law and investments in these types of securities involve greater risk than investments in other types of U.S. government securities since the investor must look principally or solely to the issuing or guaranteeing agency or instrumentality for repayment. Similarly, some foreign government securities are supported by the full faith and credit of a foreign national government or political subdivision and some are not. Foreign government securities of some countries may involve varying degrees of credit risk as a result of financial or political instability in those countries or the possible inability of the Fund to enforce its rights against the foreign government. As with issuers of other fixed income securities, sovereign issuers may be unable or unwilling to satisfy their obligations to pay principal or interest payments.
Supra-national agencies are agencies whose member nations make capital contributions to support the agencies’ activities. Examples include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), the Asian Development Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank.
As with other fixed income securities, U.S. government securities and foreign government securities expose their holders to market risk because their values typically change as interest rates fluctuate. For example, the value of U.S. government securities or foreign government securities may fall during times of rising interest rates. Yields on U.S. government securities and foreign government securities tend to be lower than those of corporate securities of comparable maturities.
In addition to investing directly in U.S. government securities and foreign government securities, the Fund may purchase certificates of accrual or similar instruments evidencing undivided ownership interests in interest payments and/or principal payments of U.S. government securities and foreign government securities. The Fund may also invest in Separately Traded Registered Interest and Principal Securities (“STRIPS”), which are interests in separately traded interest and principal component parts of U.S. Treasury obligations that represent future interest payments, principal payments, or both, are direct obligations of the U.S. government, and are transferable through the federal reserve book-entry system. Certificates of accrual and similar instruments may be more volatile than other government securities.
Municipal Securities
Municipal obligations are issued by or on behalf of states, territories and possessions of the United States and their political subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities and the District of Columbia to obtain funds for various public purposes. Municipal obligations are subject to more credit risk than U.S. government securities that are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. The ability of municipalities to meet their obligations will depend on the availability of tax and other revenues, economic, political and other conditions
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within the state and municipality, and the underlying fiscal condition of the state and municipality. As with other fixed income securities, municipal securities also expose their holders to market risk because their values typically change as interest rates fluctuate. The two principal classifications of municipal obligations are “notes” and “bonds.”
Municipal notes are generally used to provide for short-term capital needs, such as to finance working capital needs of municipalities or to provide various interim or construction financing, and generally have maturities of one year or less. They are generally payable from specific revenues expected to be received at a future date or are issued in anticipation of long-term financing to be obtained in the market to provide for the repayment of the note.
Municipal bonds, which meet longer-term capital needs and generally have maturities of more than one year when issued, have two principal classifications: “general obligation” bonds and “revenue” bonds. Issuers of general obligation bonds, the proceeds of which are used to fund a wide range of public projects including the construction or improvement of schools, highways and roads, water and sewer systems and a variety of other public purposes, include states, counties, cities, towns and regional districts. The basic security behind general obligation bonds is the issuer’s pledge of its full faith, credit, and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest.
Revenue bonds have been issued to fund a wide variety of capital projects including: electric, gas, water and sewer systems; highways, bridges and tunnels; port and airport facilities; colleges and universities; and hospitals. The principal security for a revenue bond is generally the net revenues derived from a particular facility or group of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source. Although the principal security behind these bonds varies widely, many provide additional security in the form of a debt service reserve fund whose monies may also be used to make principal and interest payments on the issuer’s obligations. In addition to a debt service reserve fund, some authorities provide further security in the form of a state’s ability (without obligation) to make up deficiencies in the debt reserve fund.
Securities purchased for the Fund may include variable/floating rate instruments, variable mode instruments, put bonds, and other obligations that have a specified maturity date but also are payable before maturity after notice by the holder. There are, in addition, a variety of hybrid and special types of municipal obligations as well as numerous differences in the security of municipal obligations both within and between the two principal classifications (i.e., notes and bonds). The Fund may also invest in credit default swaps on municipal securities. See “Swap Contracts and Other Two-Party Contracts—Swap Contracts” above.
Auction Rate Securities
Auction rate securities consist of auction rate municipal securities and auction rate preferred securities sold through an auction process issued by closed-end investment companies, municipalities and governmental agencies. Provided that the auction mechanism is successful, auction rate securities usually permit the holder to sell the securities in an auction at par value at specified intervals. The dividend is reset by “Dutch” auction in which bids are made by broker-dealers and other institutions for a certain amount of securities at a specified minimum yield. The dividend rate set by the auction is the lowest interest or dividend rate that covers all securities offered for sale. While this process is designed to permit auction rate securities to be traded at par value, there is the risk that an auction will fail due to insufficient demand for the securities.
Real Estate Investment Trusts and Other Real Estate-Related Investments
The Fund is permitted to invest in pooled real estate investment funds (so-called “real estate investment trusts” or “REITs”) and other real estate-related investments such as securities of companies principally engaged in the real estate industry. In addition to REITs, companies in the real estate industry and real estate-related investments may include, for example, entities that either own properties or make construction or mortgage loans, real estate developers, and companies with substantial real estate holdings. Each of these types of investments is subject to risks similar to those associated with direct ownership of real estate. Factors affecting real estate values include
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the supply of real property in particular markets, overbuilding, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, delays in completion of construction, changes in real estate values, changes in operations costs and property taxes, levels of occupancy, adequacy of rent to cover operating expenses, possible environmental liabilities, regulatory limitations on rent, fluctuations in rental income, increased competition and other risks related to local and regional market conditions. The value of real-estate related investments also may be affected by changes in interest rates, macroeconomic developments, and social and economic trends. For instance, during periods of declining interest rates, certain mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by those REITs. During periods of rising interest rates, REIT investors may demand a higher annual yield, which may, in turn, cause a decline in the market price of the equity securities issued by a REIT. Some REITs have relatively small market capitalizations, which can tend to increase the volatility of the market price of their securities. Some REITs may utilize leverage, which increases investment risk and may potentially increase the Fund’s losses. REITs are pooled investment funds that invest in real estate or real estate-related companies. The Fund may invest in different types of REITs, including equity REITs, which own real estate directly and derive their income primarily from rental income; mortgage REITs, which make construction, development, or long-term mortgage loans; and hybrid REITs, which share characteristics of equity REITs and mortgage REITs, generally by holding both ownership interests and mortgage interests in real estate. In general, the value of a REIT’s shares changes in light of factors affecting the real estate industry. REITs are also subject to the risk of fluctuations in income from underlying real estate assets, poor performance by the REIT’s manager and the manager’s inability to manage cash flows generated by the REIT’s assets, limited diversification, heavy reliance on cash flows, prepayments and defaults by borrowers, self-liquidation, adverse changes in the tax laws, and, with regard to U.S. REITs, the risk of failing to qualify for favorable tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and/or to maintain exempt status under the 1940 Act. See “Taxes – Investments in REITs” below for a discussion of special tax considerations relating to the Fund’s investment in U.S. REITs. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, investors will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of REITs. In addition, REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to investors. Investments in REITs are subject to risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate.
Equity REITs invest primarily in real properties and may earn rental income from leasing those properties. Equity REITs may also realize gains or losses from the sale of properties. Equity REITs will be affected by conditions in the real estate rental market and by changes in the value of the properties they own. A decline in rental income may occur because of extended vacancies, limitations on rents, the failure to collect rents, increased competition from other properties or poor management. Equity REITs also can be affected by rising interest rates. Rising interest rates may cause investors to demand a high annual yield from future distributions that, in turn, could decrease the market prices for such REITs and for the properties held by such REITs. In addition, rising interest rates also increase the costs of obtaining financing for real estate projects. Because many real estate projects are dependent upon receiving financing, this could cause the value of the Equity REITs in which the Fund invests to decline.
Mortgage REITs invest mostly in mortgages on real estate, which may secure, for example, construction, development or long-term loans, and the main source of their income is mortgage interest payments. Mortgage REITs are exposed to the risks specific to the real estate market as well as the risks that relate specifically to the way in which mortgage REITs are organized and operated. Mortgage REITs receive principal and interest payments from the owners of the mortgaged properties. Accordingly, mortgage REITs are subject to the credit risk of the borrowers to whom they extend credit and are subject to the risks described above under “mortgage-backed securities risk” and “prepayment risk.” Mortgage REITs are also subject to significant interest rate risk. Mortgage REITs typically use leverage and many are highly leveraged, which exposes them to the risks of leverage. Leverage risk refers to the risk that leverage created from borrowing may impair a mortgage REIT’s liquidity, cause it to liquidate positions at an unfavorable time and increase the volatility of the values of securities issued by the mortgage REIT. The use of leverage may not be advantageous to a mortgage REIT. To the extent that a mortgage REIT incurs significant leverage, it may incur substantial losses if its borrowing costs increase or if the assets it purchases with leverage decrease in value.
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Real estate operating companies (“REOCs”) are similar to REITs in that they may own and operate commercial and other real estate properties or make other real estate investments. The value of the Fund’s REOC investments generally may be adversely affected by the same factors that adversely affect REITs. REOCs, however, do not elect to be taxed as REITs. As a result, REOCs have fewer restrictions on their investments and do not typically pay any specific level of income. Unlike REITs, a REOC may invest all of its cash flow from operations back into the company which allows it to, for example, finance acquisitions and development projects to grow its business. REOCs do not benefit from the favorable tax treatment that is accorded to REITs.
Royalty Trusts
Royalty trusts are investment trusts whose securities are listed on a stock exchange or privately traded and typically control underlying companies whose business relates to, without limitation, the acquisition, exploitation, production, and sale of oil and natural gas. The royalty trusts then receive royalties and/or interest payments from their underlying companies, and distribute them as income to its unit holders. Units of the royalty trust represent an economic interest in the underlying assets of the trust.
A sustained decline in demand for crude oil, natural gas, and refined petroleum products could adversely affect income and royalty trust revenues and cash flows. Factors that could lead to a decrease in market demand include a recession or other adverse economic conditions, an increase in the market price of the underlying commodity, higher taxes or other regulatory actions that increase costs, or a shift in consumer demand for such products. A rising interest rate environment could adversely impact the performance of royalty trusts. Rising interest rates could limit the capital appreciation of royalty trusts because of the increased availability of alternative investments at more competitive yields.
Asset-Backed and Related Securities
An asset-backed security is a fixed income security that predominantly derives its creditworthiness from cash flows relating to a pool of assets. There are a number of different types of asset-backed and related securities, including mortgage-backed securities, securities backed by other pools of collateral (such as automobile loans, student loans, sub-prime mortgages, and credit-card receivables), collateralized mortgage obligations, and collateralized debt obligations, each of which is described in more detail below. Investments in asset-backed securities are subject to all of the market risks for fixed-income securities described elsewhere in this SAI.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk. The Fund is permitted to invest in CMBS, which represent interests in pools of mortgage loans secured by commercial properties. Mortgage loans on commercial properties often are structured so that a substantial portion of the loan principal is not amortized over the loan term but is payable at maturity (as a “balloon payment”), and repayment of a significant portion of loan principal thus often depends upon the future availability of real estate financing (to refinance the loan) and/or upon the value and saleability of the real estate at the relevant time. Therefore, the unavailability of real estate financing may lead to default on the mortgage loan. Most commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS are effectively nonrecourse obligations of the applicable borrowers, meaning that there is no recourse against a borrower’s assets other than the specific property encumbered as security. If borrowers are not able or willing to refinance or dispose of the encumbered property to pay the principal and interest owed on such mortgage loans, payments on the related CMBS (particularly subordinated classes of CMBS) will likely be adversely affected. The ultimate extent of the loss, if any, to the classes of CMBS may only be determined after a negotiated discounted settlement, restructuring or sale of the mortgage note, or the foreclosure (or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure) of the mortgage encumbering the property and subsequent liquidation of the property. Foreclosure can be costly and delayed by litigation and/or bankruptcy. Factors such as the property’s location, the legal status of title to the property, its physical condition and financial performance, environmental risks and governmental disclosure requirements with respect to the condition of the property may make a third-party unwilling to purchase the property at a foreclosure sale or to pay a price sufficient to satisfy the obligations with respect to the related CMBS. Revenues from the assets underlying a commercial mortgage loan and related CMBS may be retained by the borrower and/or used to make payments to others, maintain insurance coverage, pay taxes or pay maintenance costs. Such diverted revenues generally are not recoverable without a court-appointed receiver to control cash flow from the
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collateral. The holder of CMBS does not have a contractual relationship with the borrowers of the underlying commercial mortgage loans and typically has no right directly to enforce compliance by the borrowers with the terms of the loan agreements, nor any rights of set-off against the borrowers, nor will it have the right to object to certain changes to the underlying loan agreements, nor to move directly against the collateral supporting the related loans.
Subordinated classes of CMBS, which involve greater credit risk, tend to be less liquid and may be more difficult to value than senior classes of CMBS. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may substantially decrease the liquidity and value of subordinated CMBS, especially in a thinly traded market. Subordinated classes of CMBS may include lower-rated or unrated securities that are considered speculative with respect to the issuer’s continuing ability to pay principal and interest in accordance with their terms.
Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities are asset-backed securities backed by pools of residential and commercial mortgages, which may include sub-prime mortgages. Mortgage-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government, such as Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and FHLBs), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers. Interest and principal payments (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans underlying mortgage-backed securities pass through to the holders of the mortgage-backed securities. Prepayments occur when the mortgagor on an individual mortgage loan prepays the remaining principal before the loan’s scheduled maturity date. Unscheduled prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans may result in early payment of the applicable mortgage-backed securities held by the Fund. The Fund may be unable to invest prepayments in an investment that provides as high a yield as the mortgage-backed securities. Consequently, early payment associated with mortgage-backed securities may cause these securities to experience significantly greater price and yield volatility than traditional fixed income securities. Many factors affect the rate of mortgage loan prepayments, including changes in interest rates, general economic conditions, further deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions, the location of the property underlying the mortgage, the age of the mortgage loan, governmental action, including legal impairment of underlying home loans, changes in demand for products financed by those loans, the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., sub-prime mortgages), and social and demographic conditions. During periods of falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage loan prepayments usually increases, which tends to decrease the life of mortgage-backed securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the rate of mortgage loan prepayments usually decreases, which tends to increase the life of mortgage-backed securities.
Mortgage-backed securities are subject to varying degrees of credit risk, depending on whether they are issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government) or by non-governmental issuers. Additionally, credit risk transfer mortgaged-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae (called Connecticut Avenue Securities) and Freddie Mac (called Structured Agency Credit Risk debt notes) carry no guarantee whatsoever from the issuing agency and the risk of default associated with these securities would be borne by the Fund. Securities issued by private organizations may not be readily marketable, and since the deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions that became acute in 2008, mortgage-backed securities have been subject to greater liquidity risk. These conditions may occur again. Also, government actions and proposals affecting the terms of underlying home loans, changes in demand for products (e.g., automobiles) financed by those loans, and the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., subprime mortgages), have had, and may continue to have, adverse valuation and liquidity effects on mortgage-backed securities. Although liquidity of mortgage-backed securities has improved recently, there can be no assurance that in the future the market for mortgage-backed securities will continue to improve and become more liquid. In addition, mortgage-backed securities are subject to the risk of loss of principal if the obligors of the underlying obligations default in their payment obligations, and to certain other risks described in “Other Asset-Backed Securities” below. The risk of defaults associated with mortgage-backed securities is generally higher in the case of mortgage-backed investments that include sub-prime mortgages.
On June 3, 2019, under the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s “Single Security Initiative” intended to maximize liquidity for both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgage-backed securities in the TBA market, Fannie Mae and
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Freddie Mac expect to start issuing uniform mortgage-backed securities (“UMBS”) in place of their current offerings of TBA-eligible mortgage-backed securities. The effects of the issuance of UMBS on the market for mortgage-backed securities and on a Fund’s ability to invest in UMBS are uncertain.
Mortgage-backed securities may include Adjustable Rate Securities as such term is defined in “Adjustable Rate Securities” below.
Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities. Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (“RMBS”) represent interests in pools of residential mortgage loans secured by one to four family residential mortgage loans. Such loans may be prepaid at any time. Prepayments could reduce the yield received on the related issue of RMBS. RMBS are particularly susceptible to prepayment risks, as they generally do not contain prepayment penalties and a reduction in interest rates will increase the prepayments on the RMBS, resulting in a reduction in yield to maturity for holders of such securities.
Residential mortgage loans are obligations of the borrowers thereunder only and are not typically insured or guaranteed by any other person or entity, although such loans may be securitized by government agencies and the securities issued are guaranteed. The rate of defaults and losses on residential mortgage loans will be affected by a number of factors, including general economic conditions and those in the geographic area where the mortgaged property is located, the terms of the mortgage loan, the borrower’s equity in the mortgaged property, and the financial circumstances of the borrower. Certain mortgage loans may be of sub-prime credit quality (i.e., do not meet the customary credit standards of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). Delinquencies and liquidation proceedings are more likely with sub-prime mortgage loans than with mortgage loans that satisfy customary credit standards. If a residential mortgage loan is in default, foreclosure of such residential mortgage loan may be a lengthy and difficult process, and may involve significant expenses. Furthermore, the market for defaulted residential mortgage loans or foreclosed properties may be very limited.
At any one time, a portfolio of RMBS may be backed by residential mortgage loans with disproportionately large aggregate principal amounts secured by properties in only a few states or regions in the United States. As a result, the residential mortgage loans may be more susceptible to geographic risks relating to such areas, such as adverse economic conditions, adverse events affecting industries located in such areas and natural hazards affecting such areas, than would be the case for a pool of mortgage loans having more diverse property locations.
Residential mortgage loans in an issue of RMBS may be subject to various U.S. federal and state laws, public policies and principles of equity that protect consumers which, among other things, may regulate interest rates and other fees, require certain disclosures, require licensing of originators, prohibit discriminatory lending practices, regulate the use of consumer credit information, and regulate debt collection practices. In addition, a number of legislative proposals have been introduced in the United States at both the federal, state, and municipal level that are designed to discourage predatory lending practices. Violation of such laws, public policies, and principles may limit the servicer’s ability to collect all or part of the principal or interest on a residential mortgage loan, entitle the borrower to a refund of amounts previously paid by it, or subject the servicer to damages and administrative enforcement. Any such violation could also result in cash flow delays and losses on the related issue of RMBS.
It is not expected that RMBS will be guaranteed or insured by any U.S. governmental agency or instrumentality or by any other person. Distributions on RMBS will depend solely upon the amount and timing of payments and other collections on the related underlying mortgage loans.
Other Asset-Backed Securities. Similar to mortgage-backed securities, other types of asset-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers. These securities include securities backed by pools of automobile loans, educational loans, home equity loans, and credit-card receivables. The underlying pools of assets are securitized through the use of trusts and special purpose entities. These securities are subject to risks associated with changes in interest rates and prepayment of underlying obligations similar to the risks of
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investment in mortgage-backed securities described immediately above. Additionally, since the deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions that became acute in 2008, the markets for asset-backed securities became fractured, and uncertainty about the creditworthiness of those securities (and underlying assets) caused credit spreads (the difference between yields on asset-backed securities and U.S. government securities) to widen dramatically. Concurrently, systemic risks of the type evidenced by the insolvency of Lehman Brothers and subsequent market disruptions reduced the ability of financial institutions to make markets in many fixed income securities. These events reduced liquidity and contributed to substantial declines in the market prices of asset-backed and other fixed income securities. These conditions may occur again. Also, government actions and proposals affecting the terms of underlying home and consumer loans, changes in demand for products (e.g., automobiles) financed by those loans, and the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., subprime mortgages), have had, and may continue to have, adverse valuation and liquidity effects on asset-backed securities. Although liquidity of asset-backed securities has improved recently, there can be no assurance that in the future the market for asset-backed securities will continue to improve and become more liquid. The risk of investing in asset- backed securities has increased because performance of the various sectors in which the assets underlying asset- backed securities are concentrated (e.g., auto loans, student loans, sub-prime mortgages, and credit-card receivables) has become more highly correlated since the deterioration in worldwide economic and liquidity conditions referred to above.
Payment of interest on asset-backed securities and repayment of principal largely depends on the cash flows generated by the underlying assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, may be supported by letters of credit, surety bonds, or other credit enhancements. The amount of market risk associated with asset-backed securities depends on many factors, including the deal structure (i.e., determination as to the amount of underlying assets or other support needed to produce the cash flows necessary to service interest and make principal payments), the quality of the underlying assets, the level of credit support, if any, provided for the securities, and the credit quality of the credit-support provider, if any. Asset-backed securities involve risk of loss of principal if obligors of the underlying obligations default in payment of the obligations and the defaulted obligations exceed the securities’ credit support. The obligations of issuers (and obligors of underlying assets) also are subject to bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors. In addition, the existence of insurance on an asset-backed security does not guarantee that principal and/or interest will be paid because the insurer could default on its obligations. In recent years, a significant number of asset- backed security insurers have defaulted on their obligations.
The market value of an asset-backed security may be affected by the factors described above and other factors, such as the availability of information concerning the pool and its structure, the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the pool, the originator of the underlying assets, or the entities providing the credit enhancement. The market value of asset-backed securities also can depend on the ability of their servicers to service the underlying collateral and is, therefore, subject to risks associated with servicers’ performance. In some circumstances, a servicer’s or originator’s mishandling of documentation related to the underlying collateral (e.g., failure to properly document a security interest in the underlying collateral) may affect the rights of the security holders in and to the underlying collateral. In addition, the insolvency of entities that generate receivables or that utilize the underlying assets may result in a decline in the value of the underlying assets as well as costs and delays.
Certain types of asset-backed securities present additional risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. In particular, certain types of asset-backed securities may not have the benefit of a security interest in the related assets. For example, many securities backed by credit-card receivables are unsecured. In addition, the Fund may invest in securities backed by pools of corporate or sovereign bonds, bank loans made to corporations, or a combination of these bonds and loans, many of which may be unsecured (commonly referred to as “collateralized debt obligations” or “collateralized loan obligations” ) (see “Collateralized Debt Obligations” (“CDOs”) below). Even when security interests are present, the ability of an issuer of certain types of asset- backed securities to enforce those interests may be more limited than that of an issuer of mortgage-backed securities. For instance, automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles rather than by real property. Most issuers of automobile receivables permit loan servicers to retain possession of the underlying assets. In addition, because of the large number of underlying vehicles involved in a typical issue of asset-backed securities and technical requirements under state law, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables
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may not have a proper security interest in all of the automobiles. Therefore, recoveries on repossessed automobiles may not be available to support payments on these securities.
In addition, certain types of asset-backed securities may experience losses on the underlying assets as a result of certain rights provided to consumer debtors under federal and state law. In the case of certain consumer debt, such as credit-card debt, debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set off certain amounts owed on their credit-cards (or other debt), thereby reducing their balances due. For instance, a debtor may be able to offset certain damages for which a court has determined that the creditor is liable to the debtor against amounts owed to the creditor by the debtor on his or her credit-card.
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”); Strips and Residuals. A CMO is a debt obligation backed by a portfolio of mortgages or mortgage-backed securities held under an indenture. The issuer of a CMO generally pays interest and prepaid principal on a monthly basis. These payments are secured by the underlying portfolio, which typically includes mortgage pass-through securities guaranteed by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, or the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) and their income streams, and which also may include whole mortgage loans and private mortgage bonds.
CMOs are issued in multiple classes, often referred to as “tranches.” Each class has a different maturity and is entitled to a different schedule for payments of principal and interest, including pre-payments.
In a typical CMO transaction, the issuer of the CMO bonds uses proceeds from the CMO offering to buy mortgages or mortgage pass-through certificates (the “Collateral”). The issuer then pledges the Collateral to a third-party trustee as security for the CMOs. The issuer uses principal and interest payments from the Collateral to pay principal on the CMOs, paying the tranche with the earliest maturity first. Thus, the issuer pays no principal on a tranche until all other tranches with earlier maturities are paid in full. The early retirement of a particular class or series has the same effect as the prepayment of mortgage loans underlying a mortgage-backed pass-through security.
CMOs may be less liquid and may exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgage- or other asset- backed securities.
The Fund also is permitted to invest in CMO residuals, which are issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government or by private lenders of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, homebuilders, mortgage banks, commercial banks, and investment banks. A CMO residual represents excess cash flow generated by the Collateral after the issuer of the CMO makes all required principal and interest payments and after the issuer’s management fees and administrative expenses have been paid. Thus, CMO residuals have value only to the extent income from the Collateral exceeds the amount necessary to satisfy the issuer’s debt obligations on all other outstanding CMOs. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a CMO will depend on, among other things, the characterization of the mortgage assets, the coupon rate of each class of CMO, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses, and the pre-payment experience on the mortgage assets.
CMOs also include certificates representing undivided interests in payments of interest-only or principal-only (“IO/PO Strips”) on the underlying mortgages.
IO/PO Strips and CMO residuals tend to be more volatile than other types of securities. If the underlying securities are prepaid, holders of IO/PO Strips and CMO residuals may lose a substantial portion or the entire value of their investment. In addition, if a CMO pays interest at an adjustable rate, the cash flows on the related CMO residual will be extremely sensitive to rate adjustments.
Collateralized Debt Obligations (“CDOs”). The Fund is permitted to invest in CDOs, which include collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”), collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), and other similarly structured securities. CBOs and CLOs are asset-backed securities. A CBO is an obligation of a trust or other
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special purpose vehicle backed by a pool of fixed income securities. A CLO is an obligation of a trust or other special purpose vehicle typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include domestic and foreign senior secured and unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade, or equivalent unrated loans.
For both CBOs and CLOs, the cash flows from the trust are split into two or more portions, called tranches, which vary in risk and yield. The riskier portions are the residual, equity, and subordinate tranches, which bear some or all of the risk of default by the bonds or loans in the trust, and therefore protect the other, more senior tranches from default in all but the most severe circumstances. Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a CBO trust or CLO trust typically has higher ratings and lower yields than its underlying securities, and can be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the riskier tranches, senior CBO or CLO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults (including collateral default), the total loss of the riskier tranches due to losses in the collateral, market anticipation of defaults, fraud by the trust, and the illiquidity of CBO or CLO securities.
The risks of an investment in a CDO largely depend on the type of underlying collateral securities and the tranche in which the Fund invests. The Fund may invest in any tranche of a CBO or CLO. Typically, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, the Fund may characterize its investments in CDOs as illiquid, unless an active dealer market for a particular CDO allows the CDO to be purchased and sold in Rule 144A transactions. CDOs are subject to the typical risks associated with debt instruments discussed elsewhere in this SAI and the Prospectus, including interest rate risk (which may be exacerbated if the interest rate payable on a structured financing changes based on multiples of changes in interest rates or inversely to changes in interest rates), default risk, prepayment risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, structural risk, valuation risk, and legal risk. Additional risks of CDOs include: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will be insufficient to make interest or other payments, (ii) the possibility that the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default, due to factors such as the availability of any credit enhancement, the level and timing of payments and recoveries on and the characteristics of the underlying receivables, loans or other assets that are being securitized, remoteness of those assets from the originator or transferor, the adequacy of and ability to realize upon any related collateral and the capability of the servicer of the securitized assets, (iii) market and liquidity risks affecting the price of a structured finance investment, if required to be sold, at the time of sale, and (iv) if the particular structured product is invested in a security in which the Fund is also invested, this would tend to increase the Fund’s overall exposure to the credit of the issuer of such securities, at least on an absolute, if not on a relative basis. In addition, due to the complex nature of a CDO, an investment in a CDO may not perform as expected. An investment in a CDO also is subject to the risk that the issuer and the investors may interpret the terms of the instrument differently, giving rise to disputes.
Adjustable Rate Securities
Adjustable rate securities are securities that have interest rates that reset at periodic intervals, usually by reference to an interest rate index or market interest rate. Adjustable rate securities include U.S. government securities and securities of other issuers. Some adjustable rate securities are backed by pools of mortgage loans. Although the rate adjustment feature may act as a buffer to reduce sharp changes in the value of adjustable rate securities, changes in market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness may still affect their value. Because the interest rate is reset only periodically, changes in the interest rates on adjustable rate securities may lag changes in prevailing market interest rates. Also, some adjustable rate securities (or, in the case of securities backed by mortgage loans, the underlying mortgages) are subject to caps or floors that limit the maximum change in interest rate during a specified period or over the life of the security. Because of the rate adjustments, adjustable rate securities are less likely than non-adjustable rate securities of comparable quality and maturity to increase significantly in value when market interest rates fall.
Below Investment Grade Securities
The Fund is permitted to invest some or all of their assets in securities or instruments rated below investment grade (that is, rated below Baa3/P-2 by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) or below BBB-/A-2 by
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Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) for a particular security/commercial paper, or securities unrated by Moody’s or S&P that are determined by a Manager to be of comparable quality to securities so rated) at the time of purchase, including securities in the lowest rating categories and comparable unrated securities (“Below Investment Grade Securities”) (commonly referred to as “junk bonds”). In addition, the Fund may hold securities that are downgraded to below- investment-grade status after the time of purchase by the Fund. Many issuers of high yield debt are highly leveraged, and their relatively high debt-to-equity ratios create increased risks that their operations might not generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt obligations. In addition, many issuers of high yield debt may be (i) in poor financial condition, (ii) experiencing poor operating results, (iii) having substantial capital needs or negative net worth or (iv) facing special competitive or product obsolescence problems, and may include companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganizations or liquidation proceedings. Compared to higher quality fixed income securities, Below Investment Grade Securities offer the potential for higher investment returns but subject holders to greater credit and market risk. The ability of an issuer of Below Investment Grade Securities to meet principal and interest payments is considered speculative. The Fund’s investments in Below Investment Grade Securities may be more dependent on the Manager’s own credit analysis than its investments in higher quality bonds. Certain of these securities may not be publicly traded, and therefore it may be difficult to obtain information as to the true condition of the issuers. The market for Below Investment Grade Securities may be more severely affected than other financial markets by economic recession or substantial interest rate increases, changing public perceptions, or legislation that limits the ability of certain categories of financial institutions to invest in Below Investment Grade Securities. In addition, the market may be less liquid for Below Investment Grade Securities than for other types of securities. Reduced liquidity can affect the values of Below Investment Grade Securities, make their valuation and sale more difficult, and result in greater volatility. Because Below Investment Grade Securities are difficult to value and are more likely to be fair valued (see “Shareholder Information—Determination of Net Asset Value” in the Prospectus), particularly during erratic markets, the values realized on their sale may differ from the values at which they are carried on the books of the Fund. Some Below Investment Grade Securities in which the Fund invests may be in poor standing or in default. Securities in the lowest investment-grade category (BBB or Baa) also have some speculative characteristics.
Distressed or Defaulted Instruments
The Fund is permitted to invest in securities, claims and obligations of U.S. and non-U.S. issuers which are experiencing significant financial or business difficulties (including companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganization and liquidation proceedings). The Fund may purchase distressed securities and instruments of all kinds, subject to tax considerations, including equity and debt instruments and, in particular, loans, loan participations, claims held by trade or other creditors, bonds, notes, non-performing and sub-performing mortgage loans, beneficial interests in liquidating trusts or other similar types of trusts, fee interests and financial interests in real estate, partnership interests and similar financial instruments, executory contracts and participations therein, many of which are not publicly traded and which may involve a substantial degree of risk.
Investments in distressed or defaulted instruments generally are considered speculative and may involve substantial risks not normally associated with investments in healthier companies, including adverse business, financial or economic conditions that can lead to defaulted payments and insolvency proceedings.
In particular, defaulted obligations might be repaid, if at all, only after lengthy workout or bankruptcy proceedings, during which the issuer might not make any interest or other payments. The amount of any recovery may be adversely affected by the relative priority of the Fund’s investment in the issuer’s capital structure. The ability to enforce obligations may be adversely affected by actions or omissions of predecessors in interest that give rise to counterclaims or defenses, including causes of action for equitable subordination or debt recharacterization. In addition, such investments, collateral securing such investments, and payments made in respect of such investments may be challenged as fraudulent conveyances or to be subject to avoidance as preferences under certain circumstances.
Investments in distressed securities inherently have more credit risk than do investments in similar securities and instruments of non-distressed companies, and the degree of risk associated with any particular distressed
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securities may be difficult or impossible for a Manager to determine within reasonable standards of predictability. The level of analytical sophistication, both financial and legal, necessary for successful investment in distressed securities is unusually high.
If a Manager’s evaluation of the eventual recovery value of a defaulted instrument should prove incorrect, the Fund may lose a substantial portion or all of its investment or it may be required to accept cash or instruments with a value less than the Fund’s original investment.
Investments in financially distressed companies domiciled outside the United States involve additional risks. Bankruptcy law and creditor reorganization processes may differ substantially from those in the United States, resulting in greater uncertainty as to the rights of creditors, the enforceability of such rights, reorganization timing and the classification, seniority and treatment of claims. In certain developing countries, although bankruptcy laws have been enacted, the process for reorganization remains highly uncertain.
In addition, investments in distressed or defaulted instruments can present special tax issues for the Fund. See “Taxes—At-Risk or Defaulted Debt Obligations” below for more information.
Arbitrage Transactions
Merger Arbitrage. The Fund expects to engage in merger arbitrage transactions, where the Fund will purchase securities at prices below a Manager’s anticipated value of the cash, securities or other consideration to be paid or exchanged for such securities in a proposed merger, exchange offer, tender offer or other similar transaction. Such purchase price may be substantially in excess of the market price of the securities prior to the announcement of the merger, exchange offer, tender offer or other similar transaction. If the proposed merger, exchange offer, tender offer or other similar transaction later appears likely not to be consummated or in fact is not consummated or is delayed, the market price of the security purchased by the Fund may decline sharply and result in losses to the Fund if such securities are sold, transferred or exchanged for securities or cash, the value of which is less than the purchase price. There is typically asymmetry in the risk/reward payout of mergers—the losses that can occur in the event of deal break-ups can far exceed the gains to be had if deals close successfully. For instance, mark-to-market losses can occur intra-month even if a particular deal is not breaking-up and such losses may or may not be recouped upon successful consummation of such deal. Further, the consummation of mergers, tender offers and exchange offers can be prevented or delayed by a variety of factors, including: (i) regulatory and antitrust restrictions; (ii) political motivations; (iii) industry weakness; (iv) stock specific events; (v) failed financings and (vi) general market declines. Also, in certain transactions, the Fund may not hedge against market fluctuations. This can result in losses even if the proposed transaction is consummated. In addition, a security to be issued in a merger or exchange offer may be sold short by the Fund in the expectation that the short position will be covered by delivery of such security when issued. If the merger or exchange offer is not consummated, the Fund may be forced to cover its short position at a higher price than its short sale price, resulting in a loss.
Merger arbitrage strategies also depend for success on the overall volume of merger activity, which has historically been cyclical in nature. During periods when merger activity is low, it may be difficult or impossible to identify opportunities for profit or to identify a sufficient number of such opportunities to provide diversification among potential merger transactions.
Statistical Arbitrage. The Fund also expects to engage in statistical arbitrage transactions, where the Fund will take long or short interests in securities that a Manager believes are experiencing short-term dislocations not associated with a change in fundamentals at the time of the purchase and which are expected to mean revert to a higher or lower price, as applicable. If the Manager incorrectly forecasts such mean reversion, the Fund could be forced to sell such securities for a potentially substantial loss. A Manager might incorrectly forecast mean reversion for any number of reasons, including: (i) unanticipated retail investor interest or momentum in a security; (ii) composition by the Manager of an inadequate peer group for comparisons with the price movements of the securities; or (iii) mistaken understanding of the fundamentals of the relevant underlying company. The Fund intends to hold securities it purchases within this strategy for a relatively short period of time. Therefore,
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even if the Manager were correct in its forecast regarding securities’ eventual mean reversion, if it takes longer for the securities to revert to their mean price than the Fund intends to hold the securities, the Fund might still sell such securities at a loss.
Capital Structure Arbitrage. Capital structure arbitrage involves establishing long and short positions in securities (or their derivatives) at different tiers within an issuer’s capital structure in ratios designed to maintain a generally neutral overall exposure to the issuer while exploiting a pricing inefficiency. Some issuers may also have more than one class of shares or an equivalent vehicle that trades in a different market (e.g., European equities and their American Depositary Receipt counterparts). This strategy profits from the disparity in prices between the various related securities in anticipation that over time all tiers and classes will become more efficiently priced relative to one another.
Convertible Bond Arbitrage. Convertible bond arbitrage is a strategy that seeks to profit from mispricings between a firm’s convertible securities and the underlying equity securities. A common convertible arbitrage approach matches a long position in a convertible security with a short position in the underlying common stock when an investor believes the convertible security is undervalued relative to the value of the underlying equity security. The Fund may seek to hedge the equity exposure of the position by selling short the equity or other related security in a ratio it believes is appropriate for the current convertible bond valuation and may seek to hedge the debt exposure of the position by selling short a related fixed income security. A convertible bond arbitrage strategy is constructed to achieve stable, absolute returns with low correlation to equity or debt market movements.
Arbitrage strategies are subject to the risk of overall market movements. To the extent that a general increase or decline in market values affects the securities involved in an arbitrage position differently, the position may be exposed to loss. At any given time, arbitrageurs can become improperly hedged by accident or in an effort to maximize risk-adjusted returns. This can lead to inadvertent market-related losses.
Brady Bonds
Brady bonds are securities created through the restructuring of commercial bank loans to public and private entities under a debt restructuring plan introduced by former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Nicholas F. Brady (the “Brady Plan”). Brady Plan debt restructurings have been implemented in Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Argentina, Nigeria, the Philippines, and other emerging market countries.
Brady bonds may be collateralized, are issued in various currencies (but primarily the U.S. dollar), and are actively traded in OTC secondary markets. U.S. dollar-denominated, collateralized Brady bonds, which may be fixed-rate bonds or floating-rate bonds, are generally collateralized in full as to principal by U.S. Treasury zero coupon bonds having the same maturity as the bonds.
The valuation of a Brady bond typically depends on an evaluation of: (i) any collateralized repayments of principal at final maturity; (ii) any collateralized interest payments; (iii) the uncollateralized interest payments; and (iv) any uncollateralized repayments of principal at maturity (the uncollateralized amounts constitute the “residual risk”). In light of the residual risk of Brady bonds and the history of prior defaults by the issuers of Brady bonds, investments in Brady bonds may be viewed as speculative.
Euro Bonds
Euro bonds are securities denominated in U.S. dollars or another currency and sold to investors outside of the country whose currency is used. Euro bonds may be issued by government or corporate issuers, and are typically underwritten by banks and brokerage firms in numerous countries. While Euro bonds often pay principal and interest in Eurodollars (i.e., U.S. dollars held in banks outside of the United States), some Euro bonds may pay principal and interest in other currencies. Euro bonds are subject to the same risks as other fixed income securities. See “Debt and Other Fixed Income Securities Generally” above.
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Zero Coupon Securities
The Fund’s investments in “zero coupon” fixed income securities accrue interest income at a fixed rate based on initial purchase price and length to maturity, but the securities do not pay interest in cash on a current basis. The Fund may be required to distribute the accrued income to its shareholders, even though the Fund is not receiving the income in cash on a current basis. Thus, the Fund may have to sell other investments to obtain cash to make income distributions (including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so). The market value of zero coupon securities is often more volatile than that of non-zero coupon fixed income securities of comparable quality and maturity. Zero coupon securities include IO/PO Strips and STRIPS.
Indexed Investments
The Fund may invest in various transactions and instruments that are designed to track the performance of an index (including, but not limited to, securities indices and credit default indices). Indexed securities are securities the redemption values and/or coupons of which are indexed to a specific instrument, group of instruments, index, or other statistic. Indexed securities typically, but not always, are debt securities or deposits indicators. For example, the maturity value of gold-indexed securities depends on the price of gold and, therefore, their price tends to rise and fall with gold prices.
While investments that track the performance of an index may increase the number, and thus the diversity, of the underlying assets to which the Fund is exposed, such investments are subject to many of the same risks of investing in the underlying assets that comprise the index discussed elsewhere in this section, as well as certain additional risks that are not typically associated with investments in such underlying assets. An investment that is designed to track the performance of an index may not replicate and maintain exactly the same composition and relative weightings of the assets in the index. Additionally, the liquidity of the market for such investments may be subject to the same conditions affecting liquidity in the underlying assets and markets and could be relatively less liquid in certain circumstances. The performance of indexed securities depends on the performance of the security, security index, inflation index, currency, or other instrument to which they are indexed. Interest rate changes in the U.S. and abroad also may influence performance. Indexed securities also are subject to the credit risks of the issuer, and their values are adversely affected by declines in the issuer’s creditworthiness.
Currency-Indexed Securities. Currency-indexed securities have maturity values or interest rates determined by reference to the values of one or more foreign currencies. Currency-indexed securities also may have maturity values or interest rates that depend on the values of a number of different foreign currencies relative to each other.
Inverse Floating Obligations. Indexed securities in which the Fund may invest include so-called “inverse floating obligations” or “residual interest bonds” on which the interest rates typically decline as the index or reference rates, typically short-term interest rates, increase and increase as index or reference rates decline. An inverse floating obligation may have the effect of investment leverage to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index or reference rate of interest. Generally, leverage will result in greater price volatility.
Inflation Indexed Bonds. The Fund is permitted to invest in inflation indexed bonds. The Fund may also invest in futures contracts on inflation indexed bonds. See “Options and Futures—Inflation Linked Futures” above for a discussion of inflation linked futures. Inflation indexed bonds are fixed income securities whose principal value is adjusted periodically according to the rate of inflation. Two structures are common. The U.S. Treasury and some other issuers use a structure that accrues inflation into the principal value of the bond. Most other issuers pay out the CPI accruals as part of a semiannual coupon.
Inflation indexed securities issued by the U.S. Treasury (or “TIPS”) have maturities of approximately five, ten or twenty years (thirty year TIPS are no longer offered), although it is possible that securities that have other maturities will be issued in the future. U.S. Treasury securities pay interest on a semi-annual basis equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted principal amount. For example, if the Fund purchased an inflation indexed bond with a par value of $1,000 and a 3% real rate of return coupon (payable 1.5% semi-annually), and
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the rate of inflation over the first six months was 1%, the mid-year par value of the bond would be $1,010 and the first semi-annual interest payment would be $15.15 ($1,010 times 1.5%). If inflation during the second half of the year resulted in the whole year’s inflation equaling 3%, the end-of-year par value of the bond would be $1,030 and the second semi-annual interest payment would be $15.45 ($1,030 times 1.5%).
If the periodic adjustment rate measuring inflation falls, the principal value of inflation indexed bonds will be adjusted downward and, consequently, the interest they pay (calculated with respect to a smaller principal amount) will be reduced. The U.S. government guarantees the repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) in the case of a TIPS, even during a period of deflation, although the inflation- adjusted principal received could be less than the inflation-adjusted principal that had accrued to the bond at the time of purchase.
However, the current market value of the bonds is not guaranteed and will fluctuate. The Fund also may invest in other inflation-related bonds which may or may not provide a similar guarantee. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the bond repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal.
The value of inflation indexed bonds normally changes when real interest rates change. Real interest rates, in turn, are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates (i.e., stated interest rates) and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if the rate of inflation rises at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates (i.e., nominal interest rate minus inflation) might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation indexed bonds. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation indexed bonds. There can be no assurance, however, that the value of inflation indexed bonds will change in the same proportion as changes in nominal interest rates, and short term increases in inflation may lead to a decline in their value.
Although inflation indexed bonds protect their holders from long-term inflationary trends, short-term increases in inflation may result in a decline in value. In addition, inflation indexed bonds do not protect holders from increases in interest rates due to reasons other than inflation (such as changes in currency exchange rates).
The periodic adjustment of U.S. inflation indexed bonds is tied to the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (“CPI-U”), which is calculated monthly by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation, and energy. Inflation indexed bonds issued by a foreign government are generally adjusted to reflect changes in a comparable inflation index calculated by the foreign government. No assurance can be given that the CPI-U or any foreign inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. In addition, no assurance can be given that the rate of inflation in a foreign country will correlate to the rate of inflation in the United States.
Coupon payments received by the Fund from inflation indexed bonds are included in the Fund’s gross income for the period in which they accrue. In addition, any increase in the principal amount of an inflation indexed bond constitutes taxable ordinary income to the Fund, even though principal is not paid until maturity. In each case, the Fund may be required to distribute the accrued income to its shareholders, even though the Fund may not receive a corresponding amount of cash on a current basis. Thus, the Fund may have to sell other investments to obtain cash to make income distributions (including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so).
Structured Notes
Similar to indexed securities, structured notes are derivative debt securities, the interest rate or principal of which is determined by reference to changes in the value of a specific asset, reference rate, or index (the “reference”) or the relative change in two or more references. The interest rate or the principal amount payable upon maturity or redemption may increase or decrease, depending upon changes in the reference. The terms of a structured note may provide that, in certain circumstances, no principal is due at maturity and, therefore, may result in a loss of invested capital. Structured notes may be indexed positively or negatively, so that appreciation of the reference may produce an increase or decrease in the interest rate or value of the principal at maturity. In addition, changes
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in the interest rate or the value of the principal at maturity may be fixed at a specified multiple of the change in the value of the reference, making the value of the note particularly volatile.
Structured notes may entail a greater degree of market risk than other types of debt securities because the investor bears the risk of the reference. Structured notes also may be more volatile, less liquid, and more difficult to price accurately than less complex securities or more traditional debt securities.
Firm Commitments and When-Issued Securities
The Fund may enter into firm commitments and similar agreements with banks or broker-dealers for the purchase or sale of securities at an agreed-upon price on a specified future date. For example, with respect to the Fund’s investments in fixed-income securities, the Fund may enter into a firm commitment agreement if a Manager anticipates a decline in interest rates and believes it is able to obtain a more advantageous future yield by committing currently to purchase securities to be issued later. The Fund generally does not earn income on the securities it has committed to purchase until after delivery. The Fund may take delivery of the securities or, if deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy, may sell the securities before the settlement date. When payment is due on when-issued or delayed-delivery securities, the Fund makes payment from then-available cash flow or the sale of securities, or from the sale of the when-issued or delayed-delivery securities themselves (which may have a value greater or less than what the Fund paid for them).
Loans (Including Bank Loans), Loan Participations, and Assignments
The Fund is permitted to invest in direct debt instruments, which are interests in amounts owed by a corporate, governmental, or other borrower to lenders or lending syndicates (loans, including bank loans, promissory notes, and loan participations), to suppliers of goods or services (trade claims or other receivables), or to other parties. Such instruments may include term loans and revolving loans, may pay interest at a fixed or floating rate and may be senior or subordinated. The Fund may acquire interests in loans either directly (by way of origination, sale, or assignment) or indirectly (by way of participation).
Origination or purchases of loans and other forms of direct indebtedness, including promissory notes, depend primarily upon the creditworthiness of the borrower for payment of principal and interest, and adverse changes in the creditworthiness of the borrower may affect its ability to pay principal and interest. In the case of a loan origination, the Fund may be relying only on the creditworthiness and other analysis of a Manager without the benefit of a bank or other financial institution’s expertise. There may be registration or other lending laws or regulations with which the Fund must comply. The Fund’s failure to comply with the requirements of applicable law may cause, among other things, the Fund to be required to register with governmental authorities and/or the revocation of requisite licenses, the voiding of loan contracts, impairment of the enforcement of loans, indemnification liability to contract counterparties, class action lawsuits, administrative enforcement actions, and/or civil and criminal liability in the relevant jurisdiction. In addition, regulators are increasingly considering the role of non-bank lenders. There is no guarantee that laws and regulations applicable to non-bank lenders will not change in a manner that adversely affects or restricts the Fund, including the ability of the Fund to originate loans, or otherwise restricts or materially increases the cost to the Fund of pursuing potential investment strategies. Direct debt instruments may not be rated by any rating agency. Because loans are not ordinarily registered with the SEC or any state securities commission or listed on any securities exchange, there is usually less publicly available information about such instruments. In the event of non-payment of interest or principal, loans that are secured offer the Fund more protection than comparable unsecured loans. However, no assurance can be given that the collateral for a secured loan can be liquidated or that the proceeds will satisfy the borrower’s obligation. Investment in the indebtedness of borrowers with low creditworthiness involves substantially greater risks, and may be highly speculative. Borrowers that are in bankruptcy or restructuring may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Investments in sovereign debt similarly involve the risk that the governmental entities responsible for repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to pay interest and repay principal when due. Loans held or acquired by the Fund may be below investment-grade.
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When investing in a loan participation, the Fund typically purchases participation interests in a portion of a lender’s or participant’s interest in a loan but has no direct contractual relationship with the borrower. Participation interests in a portion of a debt obligation typically result in a contractual relationship only with the institution participating in the interest, not with the borrower. The Fund must rely on the seller of the participation interest not only for the enforcement of the Fund’s rights against the borrower but also for the receipt and processing of principal, interest, or other payments due under the loan. This may subject the Fund to greater delays, expenses, and risks than if the Fund could enforce its rights directly against the borrower. In addition, the Fund generally will have no rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the debt obligation in which it has purchased the participation. A participation agreement also may limit the rights of the Fund to vote on changes that may be made to the underlying loan agreement, such as waiving a breach of a covenant. In addition, under the terms of a participation agreement, the Fund may be treated as a creditor of the seller of the participation interest (rather than of the borrower), thus exposing the Fund to the credit risk of the seller in addition to the credit risk of the borrower. Additional risks include inadequate perfection of a loan’s security interest, the possible invalidation or compromise of an investment transaction as a fraudulent conveyance or preference under relevant creditors’ rights laws, the validity and seniority of bank claims and guarantees, environmental liabilities that may arise with respect to collateral securing the obligations, and adverse consequences resulting from participating in such instruments through other institutions with lower credit quality.
Bank loans and participation interests may not be readily marketable and may be subject to restrictions on resale. There can be no assurance that future levels of supply and demand in loan or loan participation trading will provide an adequate degree of liquidity and no assurance that the market will not experience periods of significant illiquidity in the future.
The Fund may also invest in loans through novations. In a novation, the Fund typically assumes all of the rights of a lending institution in a loan, including the right to receive payments of principal, interest, and other amounts directly from the borrower and to enforce its rights as a lender directly against the borrower. Investments in loans through direct assignment of a lender’s interests may involve additional risks to the Fund. For example, if a secured loan is foreclosed, the Fund could become part owner of any collateral, and would bear the costs and liabilities associated with owning and disposing of the collateral. In addition, under legal theories of lender liability, the Fund potentially might be held liable as a co-lender. Generally, lender liability is founded on the premise that a lender has violated a duty (whether implied or contractual) of good faith, commercial reasonableness and fair dealing, or a similar duty owed to the borrower or has assumed an excessive degree of control over the borrower resulting in the creation of a fiduciary duty owed to the borrower or its other creditors or shareholders. If a loan held by the Fund were found to have been made or serviced under circumstances that give rise to lender liability, the borrower’s obligation to repay that loan could be reduced or eliminated or the Fund’s recovery on that loan could be otherwise impaired, which would adversely impact the value of that loan. In limited cases, courts have subordinated the loans of a senior lender to a borrower to claims of other creditors of the borrower when the senior lender or its agents, such as a loan servicer, is found to have engaged in unfair, inequitable, or fraudulent conduct with respect to the other creditors. If a loan held by the Fund were subject to such subordination, it would be junior in right of payment to other indebtedness of the borrower, which could adversely impact the value of that loan. The Fund may be required to pass along to a purchaser that buys a loan from the Fund by way of assignment a portion of any fees to which the Fund is entitled under the loan.
A loan is often administered by a bank or other financial institution that acts as agent for all holders. The agent administers the terms of the loan, as specified in the loan agreement. Unless, under the terms of the loan or other indebtedness the Fund has direct recourse against the borrower, it may have to rely on the agent to enforce its rights against the borrower.
A Manager may, with respect to its management of investments in certain loans for the Fund, seek to remain flexible to purchase and sell other securities in the borrower’s capital structure, by remaining “public.” In such cases, a Manager may seek to avoid receiving material, non-public information about the borrowers to which the Fund may lend (through assignments, participations or otherwise). A Manager’s decision not to use material, non-public information about borrowers may place a Manager at an information disadvantage relative to other
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lenders. Also, in instances where lenders are asked to grant amendments, waivers or consents in favor of the borrower, a Manager’s ability to assess the significance of the amendment, waiver or consent or its desirability from the Fund’s point of view may be materially and adversely affected.
When a Manager’s personnel do come into possession of material, non-public information about the issuers of loans that may be held by the Fund or other accounts managed by a Manager (either intentionally, as in connection with participation in a creditors’ committee with respect to a financially distressed issuer, or inadvertently), a Manager’s ability to trade in other securities of the issuers of these loans for the account of a Manager will be limited pursuant to applicable securities laws. Such limitations on a Manager’s ability to trade could have an adverse effect on the Fund. In many instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time.
Direct indebtedness purchased by the Fund may include letters of credit, revolving credit facilities, or other standby financing commitments obligating the Fund to pay additional cash on demand. These commitments may have the effect of requiring the Fund to increase its investment in a borrower at a time when it would not otherwise have done so.
Loans and certain other forms of direct indebtedness may not be classified as “securities” under the federal securities laws and, therefore, purchasers of such instruments may not be entitled to the protections against fraud and misrepresentation contained in the federal securities laws. In the absence of definitive regulatory guidance, the Fund relies on its Adviser’s research in an attempt to avoid situations where fraud or misrepresentation could adversely affect the Fund.
A Manager or its affiliates may represent creditors or debtors in proceedings under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code or prior to such filings. From time to time, a Manager or its affiliates may serve as advisor to creditor or equity committees. This involvement, for which the Manager or its affiliates may be compensated, may limit or preclude the flexibility that the Fund may otherwise have to participate in restructurings. For example, in situations in which a borrower or issuer of loans or fixed-income instruments held by the Fund is a client or a potential client of a Manager’s restructuring and reorganization advisory practice, the Manager may dispose of such securities or take such other actions reasonably necessary to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act in order to avoid actual or perceived conflicts of interest with the restructuring and reorganization advisory practice. Further, there may also be instances in which the work of a Manager’s restructuring and reorganization advisory practice prevents the Manager from purchasing securities on behalf of the Fund. In addition, the 1940 Act limits the Fund’s ability to enter into certain transactions with certain affiliates of the Managers. As a result of these restrictions, the Fund may be prohibited from buying or selling any security directly from or to any portfolio company of a private equity fund managed by a Manager or one of its affiliates. However, the Fund may under certain circumstances purchase any such portfolio company’s loans or securities in the secondary market, which could create a conflict for the Manager between the interests of the Fund and the portfolio company, in that the ability of the Manager to recommend actions in the best interest of the Fund might be impaired. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain “joint” transactions with certain affiliates of the Managers or the Fund, which could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times). These limitations may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to the Fund.
The settlement period (the period between the execution of the trade and the delivery of cash to the purchaser) for some loan transactions may be significantly longer than the settlement period for other investments, and in some cases longer than seven days. Requirements to obtain the consent of the borrower and/or agent can delay or impede the fund’s ability to sell loans and can adversely affect the price that can be obtained. It is possible that sale proceeds from loan transactions will not be available to meet redemption obligations, in which case the Fund may be required to utilize cash balances or, if necessary, sell its more liquid investments or investments with shorter settlement periods. Some loans may not be considered “securities” for certain purposes under the federal securities laws, and purchasers, such as the Fund, therefore may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws.
Trade Claims. The Fund may purchase trade claims against companies, including companies in bankruptcy or reorganization proceedings. Trade claims generally include claims of suppliers for goods delivered and not paid,
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claims for unpaid services rendered, claims for contract rejection damages and claims related to litigation. An investment in trade claims is very speculative and carries a high degree of risk. Trade claims may be illiquid instruments which generally do not pay interest and there can be no guarantee that the debtor will ever be able to satisfy the obligation on the trade claim. Additionally, there can be restrictions on the purchase, sale, and/or transferability of trade claims during all or part of a bankruptcy proceeding. The markets in trade claims are not regulated by U.S. federal securities laws or the SEC.
Trade claims are typically unsecured and may be subordinated to other unsecured obligations of a debtor, and generally are subject to defenses of the debtor with respect to the underlying transaction giving rise to the trade claim. Trade claims are subject to risks not generally associated with standardized securities and instruments due to the idiosyncratic nature of the claims purchased. These risks include the risk that the debtor may contest the allowance of the claim due to disputes the debtor has with the original claimant or the inequitable conduct of the original claimant, or due to administrative errors in connection with the transfer of the claim. Recovery on allowed trade claims may also be impaired if the anticipated dividend payable on unsecured claims in the bankruptcy is not realized or if the timing of the bankruptcy distribution is delayed. As a result of the foregoing factors, trade claims are also subject to the risk that if the Fund does receive payment, it may be in an amount less than what the Fund paid for or otherwise expects to receive in respect of the claim.
In addition, because they are not negotiable instruments, trade claims are typically less liquid than negotiable instruments. Given these factors, trade claims often trade at a discount to other pari passu instruments.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements and Dollar Roll Agreements
The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements and dollar roll agreements with banks and brokers to enhance return. Reverse repurchase agreements involve sales by the Fund of portfolio securities concurrently with an agreement by the Fund to repurchase the same securities at a later date at a fixed price. During the reverse repurchase agreement period, the Fund continues to receive principal and interest payments on the securities and also has the opportunity to earn a return on the collateral furnished by the counterparty to secure its obligation to redeliver the securities.
Dollar rolls are transactions in which the Fund sells securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to repurchase substantially similar (same type and coupon) securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, the Fund foregoes principal and interest paid on the securities. The Fund is compensated by the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase (often referred to as the “drop”) as well as by the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the initial sale.
If the buyer in a reverse repurchase agreement or dollar roll agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, the Fund’s use of proceeds from the sale of its securities may be restricted while the other party or its trustee or receiver determines whether to honor the Fund’s right to repurchase the securities. Furthermore, in that situation the Fund may be unable to recover the securities it sold in connection with a reverse repurchase agreement and as a result would realize a loss equal to the difference between the value of the securities and the payment it received for them. This loss would be greater to the extent the buyer paid less than the value of the securities the Fund sold to it (e.g., a buyer may only be willing to pay $95 for a bond with a market value of $100). The Fund’s use of reverse repurchase agreements also subjects the Fund to interest costs based on the difference between the sale and repurchase price of a security involved in such a transaction. Additionally, reverse repurchase agreements entail the same risks as over-the-counter derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty to the reverse repurchase agreement may not be able to fulfill its obligations, as discussed above, that the parties may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected. See “Counterparty Credit Risk” in the Prospectus. When the Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement or dollar roll agreement, it will earmark or otherwise segregate liquid assets equal to the repurchase obligation or forward commitment (less any collateral), as applicable. Earmarking or otherwise segregating assets may limit the Fund’s ability to pursue other investment opportunities.
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Commodity-Related Investments
The Fund is permitted to invest in a range of markets, including the commodity markets, which include a range of assets with tangible properties, such as oil, natural gas, agricultural products (e.g., wheat, corn, and livestock), precious metals (e.g., gold and silver), industrial metals (e.g., copper), and softs (e.g., cocoa, coffee, and sugar). The Fund may obtain such exposure by investing in commodity-related derivatives (as defined below).
Commodity prices can be extremely volatile and may be directly or indirectly affected by many factors, including changes in overall market movements, real or perceived inflationary trends, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates, population growth and changing demographics, and factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, or other weather conditions, livestock disease, trade embargoes, competition from substitute products, transportation bottlenecks or shortages, fluctuations in supply and demand, tariffs, and international regulatory, political, and economic developments (e.g., regime changes and changes in economic activity levels). In addition, some commodities are subject to limited pricing flexibility because of supply and demand factors, and others are subject to broad price fluctuations as a result of the volatility of prices for certain raw materials and the instability of supplies of other materials.
Actions of and changes in governments, and political and economic instability, in commodity-producing and—exporting countries may affect the production and marketing of commodities. In addition, commodity-related industries throughout the world are subject to greater political, environmental, and other governmental regulation than many other industries. Changes in government policies and the need for regulatory approvals may adversely affect the products and services of companies in the commodities industries. For example, the exploration, development, and distribution of coal, oil, and gas in the United States are subject to significant federal and state regulation, which may affect rates of return on coal, oil, and gas and the kinds of services that the federal and state governments may offer to companies in those industries. In addition, compliance with environmental and other safety regulations has caused many companies in commodity-related industries to incur production delays and significant costs. Government regulation may also impede the development of new technologies. The effect of future regulations affecting commodity-related industries cannot be predicted.
The Fund is permitted to invest in derivatives whose values are based on the value of a commodity, commodity index, or other readily-measurable economic variables dependent upon changes in the value of commodities or the commodities markets (“commodity-related derivatives”). The value of commodity-related derivatives fluctuates based on changes in the values of the underlying commodity, commodity index, futures contract, or other economic variable to which they are related. Additionally, economic leverage will increase the volatility of these instruments as they may increase or decrease in value more quickly than the underlying commodity or other relevant economic variable.
The Fund’s ability to engage in commodity-related investments may be limited by tax considerations. See “Taxes” below for further discussion of these considerations.
Illiquid Securities, Private Placements, Restricted Securities, and IPOs and Other Limited Opportunities
The Fund invests in illiquid securities, although the Fund will not acquire any illiquid investments if, immediately following the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets.
Private Placements and Restricted Investments. Illiquid securities include securities of private issuers, securities traded in unregulated or shallow markets, securities issued by entities deemed to be affiliates of the Fund, and securities that are purchased in private placements and are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale. Because relatively few purchasers of these securities may exist, especially in the event of adverse economic and liquidity conditions or adverse changes in the issuer’s financial condition, the Fund may not be able to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position in such investments at a desirable price. Disposing of illiquid securities may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and selling them promptly at an acceptable price may be difficult or impossible.
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While private placements may offer attractive opportunities not otherwise available in the open market, the securities purchased are usually “restricted securities” or are “not readily marketable.” Restricted securities cannot be sold without being registered under the 1933 Act, unless they are sold pursuant to an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144 or 144A). Securities that are not readily marketable are subject to other legal or contractual restrictions on resale. The Fund may have to bear the expense of registering restricted securities for resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting registration. If the Fund sells its securities in a registered offering, it may be deemed to be an “underwriter” for purposes of Section 11 of the 1933 Act. In such event, the Fund may be liable to purchasers of the securities under Section 11 if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading, although the Fund may have a due diligence defense.
At times, the inability to sell illiquid securities can make it more difficult to determine their fair value for purposes of computing the Fund’s net assets. The judgment of a Manager normally plays a greater role in valuing these securities than in valuing publicly traded securities.
IPOs and Other Limited Opportunities. The Fund may purchase securities of companies that are offered pursuant to an initial public offering (“IPO”) or other similar limited opportunities. Although companies can be any age or size at the time of their IPO, they are often smaller and have a limited operating history, which involves a greater potential for the value of their securities to be impaired following the IPO. The price of a company’s securities may be highly unstable at the time of its IPO and for a period thereafter due to factors such as market psychology prevailing at the time of the IPO, the absence of a prior public market, the small number of shares available, and limited availability of investor information. Securities purchased in IPOs have a tendency to fluctuate in value significantly shortly after the IPO relative to the price at which they were purchased. These fluctuations could impact the net asset value and return earned on the Fund’s shares. Investors in IPOs can be adversely affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares, and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders. In addition, all of the factors that affect the performance of an economy or equity markets may have a greater impact on the shares of IPO companies. IPO securities tend to involve greater risk due, in part, to public perception and the lack of publicly available information and trading history.
Investments in Investment Companies or Other Pooled Investments
Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, the Fund invests in shares of both open- and closed-end investment companies (including money market funds, and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”)). Investing in another investment company exposes the Fund to all the risks of that investment company and, in general, subjects it to a pro rata portion of the other investment company’s fees and expenses. The Fund also invests in private investment funds, vehicles, or structures.
ETFs are hybrid investment companies that are registered as open-end investment companies or unit investment trusts (“UITs”) but possess some of the characteristics of closed-end funds. ETFs in which the Fund may invest typically hold a portfolio of common stocks that is intended to track the price and dividend performance of a particular index. The Fund may also invest in actively-managed ETFs. Common examples of ETFs include S&P Depositary Receipts (“SPDRs”), Vanguard ETFs, and iShares, which may be purchased from the UIT or investment company issuing the securities or in the secondary market (SPDRs, Vanguard ETFs, and iShares are predominantly listed on the NYSE Arca). The market price for ETF shares may be higher or lower than the ETF’s net asset value. The sale and redemption prices of ETF shares purchased from the issuer are based on the issuer’s net asset value.
In October 2020, the SEC adopted Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act, which is designed to streamline and enhance the regulatory framework for fund of funds arrangements. In connection with the adoption of Rule 12d1-4, the SEC is also rescinding Rule 12d1-2 under the 1940 Act and most fund of funds exemptive orders, which are expected to be rescinded effective on or about January 19, 2022.
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Investments in UCITS Funds
UCITS funds are open-ended pooled or collective investment undertakings established in accordance with the UCITS Directive adopted by European Union member states. Similar to open-end investment companies, the underlying investments of a UCITS fund must be liquid enough to fulfill redemptions at the request of holders, either directly or indirectly out of the underlying investments. The assets themselves are entrusted to an independent custodian or depositary for safekeeping and must be held on a segregated basis. To the extent the Fund holds interests in a UCITS fund, it is expected that the Fund will bear two layers of asset-based management fees and expenses (directly at the Fund level and indirectly at the UCITS fund level) and a single layer of incentive fees (at the UCITS fund level).
Short Sales
The Fund may seek to hedge investments or realize additional gains through short sales. The Fund may make short sales “against the box,” meaning the Fund may make short sales where the Fund owns, or has the right to acquire at no added cost, securities or currencies identical to those sold short. If the Fund makes a short sale against the box, the Fund will not immediately deliver the securities or currencies sold and will not immediately receive the proceeds from the sale. Once the Fund closes out its short position by delivering the securities or currencies sold short, it will receive the proceeds of the sale. The Fund will incur transaction costs, including interest, in connection with opening, maintaining, and closing short sales against the box.
The Fund may make short sales of securities or currencies it does not own (i.e., short sales that are not against the box), in anticipation of a decline in the market value of that security or currency. To complete such a transaction, the Fund must borrow the security or currency (e.g., shares of an ETF) to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund then is obligated to replace the security or currency borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or prior to termination of the loan. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security or currency was sold by the Fund, and purchasing such security or currency to close out a short position can itself cause the price of the security or currency to rise further, thereby exacerbating any losses. Until the security or currency is replaced, the Fund is required to repay the lender any dividends or interest which accrue during the period of the loan. To borrow the security or currency, the Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security or currency sold. The net proceeds of the short sale will be retained by the broker, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out. The Fund also will incur transaction costs in effecting short sales that are not against the box.
The Fund will incur a loss as a result of a short sale if the price of the security or index or currency increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security or currency. The Fund will realize a gain if the price of the security or currency declines between those dates. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of the premium, dividends or interest the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale. Short sales that are not against the box involve a form of investment leverage, and the amount of the Fund’s loss on such a short sale is theoretically unlimited. Under adverse market conditions, the Fund may have difficulty purchasing securities or currencies to meet its short sale delivery obligations, and may have to sell portfolio securities or currencies to raise the capital necessary to meet its short sale obligations at a time when it would be unfavorable to do so. If a request for return of borrowed securities and/or currencies occurs at a time when other short sellers of the securities and/or currencies are receiving similar requests, a “short squeeze” can occur, and the Fund may be compelled to replace borrowed securities and/or currencies previously sold short with purchases on the open market at the most disadvantageous time, possibly at prices significantly in excess of the proceeds received in originally selling the securities and/or currencies short. In addition, the Fund may have difficulty purchasing securities and/or currencies to meet its delivery obligations in the case of less liquid securities and/or currencies sold short by the Fund such as certain emerging market country securities or securities of companies with smaller market capitalizations. The Fund may also take short positions in securities through various derivative products. These derivative products will typically expose the Fund to economic risks similar to those associated with shorting securities directly.
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Event-Linked Instruments/Catastrophe Bonds
The Fund may obtain event-linked exposure by investing in “event-linked bonds” or “event-linked swaps” or by implementing “event-linked strategies.” Event-linked exposure results in gains or losses that typically are contingent on, or formulaically related to, defined trigger events. Examples of trigger events include hurricanes, earthquakes, weather-related phenomena or statistics relating to such events. Some event-linked bonds are commonly referred to as “catastrophe bonds.” If a trigger event occurs, the principal amount of the bond is reduced (potentially to zero), and the Fund may lose all or a portion of its entire principal invested in the bond or the entire notional amount on a swap. Event-linked exposure often provides for an extension of maturity to process and audit loss claims where a trigger event has, or possibly has, occurred. An extension of maturity may increase volatility. Event-linked exposure also may expose the Fund to certain unanticipated risks including credit risk, counterparty risk, adverse regulatory or jurisdictional interpretations and adverse tax consequences. Event-linked exposures also are subject to liquidity risk.
Reinsurance-Related Securities
The Fund is permitted to invest in reinsurance-related securities, which include event-linked bonds, shares or notes issued in connection with quota shares (“Quota Share Notes”), shares or notes issued in connection with excess-of-loss, stop-loss, or other non-proportional reinsurance (“Excess of Loss Notes”), shares or notes issued in connection with industry loss warrants (“ILW Notes”) and, to a lesser extent, event-linked swaps, equity securities (publicly or privately offered) and the derivatives of equity securities of companies in the reinsurance and insurance industry. Investments in Quota Share Notes provide exposure to a form of proportional reinsurance in which an investor participates in the premiums and losses of a reinsurer’s portfolio according to a pre-defined percentage. Investments in Excess of Loss Notes provide exposure to a form of reinsurance pursuant to which one party (typically an insurer or reinsurer) purchases protection against losses that exceed a specified threshold up to a set limit. Investments in ILW Notes provide exposure to a transaction through which one party (typically, an insurance company or reinsurance company, or a reinsurance-related asset manager) purchases protection based on the total loss arising from a catastrophic event to the entire insurance industry rather than the losses of any particular insurer. These securities are subject to the same risks discussed herein for event-linked instruments/catastrophe bonds. In addition, because Quota Share Notes, Excess of Loss Notes, and ILW Notes represent an interest, either proportional or non-proportional, in one or more underlying reinsurance contracts, the Fund has limited transparency into the individual underlying contract(s) and, therefore, must rely upon the risk assessment and sound underwriting practices of the issuer. Accordingly, it may be more difficult for the Adviser to fully evaluate the underlying risk profile of the Fund’s investment in Quota Share Notes, Excess of Loss Notes and ILW Notes, which will place the Fund’s assets at greater risk of loss than if the Adviser had more complete information. The lack of transparency may also make the valuation of Quota Share Notes, Excess of Loss Notes and ILW Notes more difficult and potentially result in mispricing that could result in losses to the Fund.
Non-Cash Income
Certain investments made by the Fund may give rise to taxable income in excess of the cash received by the Fund from those investments. In order to make distributions of its income to its investors, it is possible that the Fund will dispose of certain of its investments, including when it is not otherwise advantageous to do so. See “Taxes” below for further discussion of investments that may result in income without a corresponding receipt of cash.
Lack of Correlation Risk; Hedging
There can be no assurance that the short positions that the Fund holds will act as an effective hedge against its long positions. Any decrease in negative correlation or increase in positive correlation between the positions a Manager anticipated would be offsetting (such as short and long positions in securities or currencies held by the Fund) could result in significant losses for the Fund.
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To the extent a Manager employs a hedging strategy for the Fund, the success of any such hedging strategy will depend, in part, upon a Manager’s ability to correctly assess the degree of correlation between the performance of the instruments used in the hedging strategy and the performance of the investments being hedged.
Trading Restrictions
In the course of their business activities, there is a risk that the Adviser or a Sub-Adviser may receive material non-public information. The Adviser and/or Sub-Adviser may receive such information directly as a result of its investment advisory activities for the benefit of the Fund or some other account, or indirectly as a result of the Adviser’s or a Sub-Adviser’s relationship with an affiliated entity. In such event, the Adviser or Sub-Adviser may be restricted from trading certain securities regardless of whether the activities leading to the receipt of material non-public information were for the benefit of the Fund or otherwise. Such restrictions may have a material impact on the gains and losses of the Fund.
Legal and Regulatory Risk
Legal, tax, and regulatory changes could occur that may adversely affect the Fund. New (or revised) laws or regulations may be imposed by the CFTC, the SEC, the U.S. Federal Reserve or other banking regulators, other governmental regulatory authorities, self-regulatory organizations, or non-U.S. regulatory authorities that supervise the financial markets that could adversely affect the Fund. The Fund also may be adversely affected by changes in the enforcement or interpretation of existing statutes and rules by these governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations. In addition, the securities and futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and margin requirements. The CFTC, the SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, other regulators and self-regulatory organizations and exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies. The regulation of derivatives transactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. The effect of any future regulatory change on the Fund could be substantial and adverse.
The Adviser and Sub-Advisers may be similarly adversely affected by legal, tax, or regulatory changes and, as a result, may be unable or unwilling to provide advisory services to the Fund or its Subsidiaries.
The U.S. government has enacted a variety of regulations with respect to the derivatives market, including clearing, margin, reporting and registration requirements. The European Union and certain other countries are implementing similar requirements, which will affect an Investment Fund when it enters into derivatives transactions with a counterparty organized in that country or otherwise subject to that country’s derivatives regulations. Because these requirements are new and evolving (and some of the rules are not yet final), their ultimate impact remains unclear.
Certain regulators in the U.S. government and the European Union have enacted mandatory minimum margin requirements for uncleared derivatives. Such requirements could increase the amount of margin required to be provided by an Investment Fund in connection with its derivatives transactions and, therefore, make derivatives transactions more expensive. Additionally, transactions in certain types of swaps (including interest rate swaps and credit default swaps on North American and European indices) are now required to be centrally cleared through a clearing house. This requirement could also increase the amount of margin required to be provided by the Fund in connection with its derivatives transactions and subject the Fund to risk if it enters into a derivatives transaction that is required to be cleared and no clearing member is willing or able to clear the transaction on the Fund’s behalf. Likewise, some types of cleared derivatives are now required to be executed on an exchange or on a swap execution facility, which can create additional costs and risks for the Fund.
The SEC has recently adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act, which, once effective, will apply to the Fund’s use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse repurchase agreements). Among other things, Rule 18f-4 will require funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a value-at-risk based limit to their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. Funds that use derivative instruments (beyond
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certain currency and interest rate hedging transactions) in a limited amount will not be subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f-4. In connection with the adoption of Rule 18f-4, funds will no longer be required to comply with the asset segregation framework arising from prior SEC guidance for covering certain derivative instruments and related transactions. Compliance with Rule 18f-4 will not be required until August 2022. The application of Rule 18f-4 to the Fund could restrict the Fund’s ability to utilize derivative investments and financing transactions and prevent the Fund from implementing its principal investment strategies in the manner that it has historically, which may result in changes to the Fund’s principal investment strategies and could adversely affect its performance.
New regulations could, among other things, restrict the Fund’s ability to engage in derivatives transactions (for example, by making certain types of derivatives transactions no longer available to the Fund), limit liquidity in the derivatives market, and/or increase the costs of such derivatives transactions, and the Fund may be unable to execute its investment strategy as a result.
New requirements may also result in increased uncertainty about counterparty credit risk and limit the flexibility of the Fund to protect its interests in the event of an insolvency of a derivatives counterparty. In the event of a counterparty’s (or its affiliate’s) insolvency, the Fund’s ability to exercise remedies, such as the termination of transactions, netting of obligations and realization of collateral, could be stayed or eliminated under new special resolution regimes adopted in the United States, the European Union and various other jurisdictions. Such regimes provide government authorities with broad authority to intervene when a financial institution is experiencing financial difficulty and may prohibit the Fund from exercising termination rights based on the financial institution’s insolvency. In particular, with respect to counterparties who are subject to such proceedings in the European Union, the liabilities of such counterparties to a fund could be reduced, eliminated, or converted to equity in such counterparties (sometimes referred to as a “bail in”).
The CFTC and certain futures exchanges have established limits, referred to as “position limits,” on the maximum net long or net short positions which any person may hold or control in particular options and futures contracts. In addition, starting January 1, 2023, CFTC position limits will apply to swaps that are economically equivalent to futures contracts on certain physical commodities. All positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, will be aggregated for purposes of determining whether the applicable position limits have been exceeded. Thus, even if the Fund does not intend to exceed applicable position limits, it is possible that different clients of a Manager and its affiliates may be aggregated for this purpose. The trading decisions of a Manager may have to be modified and positions held by the Fund may have to be liquidated in order to avoid exceeding such limits. The modification of investment decisions or the elimination of open positions, if it occurs, may adversely affect the profitability of the Fund.
FINRA rules have been adopted that include mandatory margin requirements for the TBA market with limited exceptions. TBAs have historically not been required to be collateralized. The collateralization of TBA trades is intended to mitigate counterparty credit risk between trade and settlement, but could increase the cost of TBA transactions and impose added operational complexity. The rules requiring mandatory minimum margin for TBA trades are not yet effective.
The Adviser or a given Sub-Adviser may, in its sole discretion (as applicable), elect to cause the Fund to (i) refrain from entering into a transaction to purchase that it may otherwise have caused the Fund to enter into; or (ii) sell an instrument that the Fund presently holds, if such transaction or the continued ownership of such instrument would cause the Fund, the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, and/or any of their affiliates to make a governmental or regulatory filing. Any such election may cause the Fund to (a) forego an investment opportunity that the Adviser or Sub-Adviser had determined may otherwise generate a profit for the Fund; and/or (b) incur additional expenses, including without limitation, brokerage and/or legal fees.
The SEC has in the past adopted interim rules requiring reporting of all short positions above a certain de minimis threshold and may adopt rules requiring monthly public disclosure in the future. In addition, other non-U.S. jurisdictions where a Fund may trade have adopted reporting requirements. In addition, other non-U.S. jurisdictions where the Fund may trade have adopted reporting requirements. If the Fund’s short positions or its
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strategy become generally known, it could have a significant effect on a Manager’s ability to implement its investment strategy. In particular, it would make it more likely that other investors could cause a “short squeeze” in the securities held short by the Fund forcing the Fund to cover its positions at a loss. Such reporting requirements may also limit a Manager’s ability to access management and other personnel at certain companies where a Manager seeks to take a short position. In addition, if other investors engage in copycat behavior by taking positions in the same issuers as the Fund, the cost of borrowing securities to sell short could increase drastically and the availability of such securities to the Fund could decrease drastically. Such events could make the Fund unable to execute its investment strategy. In addition, the SEC has imposed certain restrictions on short sales. If the SEC were to adopt additional restrictions regarding short sales, they could restrict the Fund’s ability to engage in short sales in certain circumstances, and the Fund may be unable to execute its investment strategy as a result.
The SEC and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions may adopt (and in certain cases, have adopted) bans on short sales of certain securities in response to market events. Bans on short selling may make it impossible for the Fund to execute certain investment strategies and may have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to generate returns.
Additional legislative or regulatory actions to address perceived liquidity or other issues in markets generally, or in particular markets such as the fixed income securities markets and municipal securities markets, may alter or impair market participants’ ability to utilize certain investment strategies and techniques. For example, in October 2016 the SEC adopted rules that impose additional compliance obligations and restrictions with respect to the management of liquidity by mutual funds and open-end exchange traded funds. The rules require open-end mutual funds (other than money market funds) to, among other things, (i) adopt liquidity risk management programs to assess, manage, and periodically review each fund’s liquidity risk and (ii) provide additional disclosures about a fund’s redemptions and liquidity risk. As required under the rules, the Fund has adopted and implemented a liquidity risk management program. The impact the rule will have on the Fund, and on the open-end fund industry in general, is not yet fully known, but the rule and the operation of the liquidity risk management program could adversely impact the Fund’s performance, increase Fund expenses, and/or its ability to achieve its investment objective. There is no guarantee that the Fund’s liquidity risk management program will be effective in its operations and it may not reduce the liquidity risk inherent in a Fund’s investments. The rules impose significant additional requirements on funds and their investment advisers to develop liquidity risk management programs and may substantially alter industry practices with respect to pricing of fund shares and change how costs associated with increased purchase or redemption activity are allocated to transacting shareholders.
To the extent applicable, rules implementing credit risk retention requirements for asset-backed securities may require the sponsor of certain securitization vehicles to retain, and to refrain from transferring, selling, conveying to a third party or hedging 5% of the credit risk in assets transferred, sold or conveyed through the issuance of such vehicle, subject to certain exceptions. These requirements may increase the costs to originators, securitizers and, in certain cases, collateral managers of securitization vehicles in which an Investment Fund may invest, which costs could be passed along to such Investment Fund as an investor in such transactions. There has been extensive rulemaking and regulatory changes in connection with the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) that affect the financial industry as a whole. Until all of the new requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act are implemented, it is unknown how burdensome such requirements will be. The Dodd-Frank Act has affected and will continue to affect a broad range of market participants with whom the Fund and its Subsidiaries interacts or may interact, including commercial banks, investment banks, other non-bank financial institutions, rating agencies, mortgage brokers, credit unions, insurance companies and broker-dealers. Parts of the Dodd-Frank Act, such as the “Volcker Rule” (regarding banks’ investment, sponsorship and management of private investment funds) and the “Push-Out Provision” (regarding restrictions on banks’ derivatives trading activities) may change the landscape of the financial industry. It is difficult to anticipate the impact on the Adviser, the Sub-Advisers, the Fund, the Subsidiaries, and the Investment Funds of such regulatory changes. It may take years to understand the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations on the financial industry as a whole, and therefore, such continued uncertainty may make markets more volatile, and it may be more difficult for the Adviser and Sub-Advisers to execute the investment strategies of the Fund.
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Passive investors may own large positions in multiple companies in the same industry or otherwise in direct competition with each other. Any such common ownership may reduce competition between such companies, potentially leading to reduced corporate investments or other anti-competitive activity that may negatively affect long-term growth, or possibly cause additional regulatory actions that might negatively impact the Fund’s ability to invest in multiple companies in the same industry or otherwise in direct competition with each other.
Unexpected political, regulatory and diplomatic events within the United States and abroad, such as the U.S.-China trade war that intensified in 2018 and 2019, may affect investor and consumer confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy, perhaps suddenly and to a significant degree. The current political climate and the further escalation of a trade war between China and the United States may have an adverse effect on both the U.S. and Chinese economies, as each country has recently imposed tariffs on the other country’s products. In January 2020, the U.S. and China signed a Phase 1 trade agreement that reduced some U.S. tariffs on Chinese goods while boosting Chinese purchases of American goods. However, this agreement left in place a number of existing tariffs, and it is unclear whether further trade agreements may be reached in the future. Events such as these and their impact on the Funds are difficult to predict and it is unclear whether further tariffs may be imposed or other escalating actions may be taken in the future.
Reliance on Service Providers
The Fund must rely upon the performance of service providers, including the Sub-Advisers, to perform certain functions, which may include functions that are integral to the Fund’s operations and financial performance. Failure by any service provider to carry out its obligations to the Fund or the termination of the Fund’s relationship with any service provider, or any delay in appointing a replacement for such service provider, could materially disrupt the business of the Fund and could have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s performance and returns to shareholders.
Additionally, misconduct or misrepresentations by employees of the Fund’s service providers, including the Sub-Advisers, could cause significant losses to the Fund. Despite BAIA’s due diligence efforts, misconduct and intentional misrepresentations may be undetected or not fully comprehended, thereby potentially undermining BAIA’s due diligence efforts. As a result, no assurances can be given that the due diligence performed by BAIA will identify or prevent any misconduct.
Employee and Service Provider Misconduct
Misconduct by employees of BAIA, portfolio managers, or third-party service providers, including, without limitation, accountants, administrators, lenders, bankers, brokers, attorneys, consultants, title agents, research providers, investment or commercial banking firms, advisors, counterparties and vendors (each third-party service provider, a “Service Provider”) could cause significant losses to the Fund. Employee misconduct may include binding the Fund to transactions that exceed authorized limits or present unacceptable risks and unauthorized trading activities or concealing unsuccessful trading activities (which, in either case, may result in unknown and unmanaged risks or losses). Losses could also result from actions by Service Providers, including, without limitation, failing to properly process trades and misappropriating assets. In addition, employees and Service Providers may improperly use or disclose confidential information, which could result in litigation or serious financial harm, including limiting the Fund’s business prospects or future marketing activities. No assurances can be given that the oversight or due diligence performed by BAIA will identify or prevent any such misconduct.
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MANAGEMENT
Board of Trustees’ Oversight Role in Management
The Board of Trustees of the Fund (the “Board of Trustees”) provides broad oversight over the operations and affairs of the Fund and has overall responsibility to manage and control the business affairs of the Fund, including the complete and exclusive authority to establish policies regarding the management, conduct, and operation of the Fund’s business. The Board of Trustees exercises the same powers, authority and responsibilities on behalf of the Fund as are customarily exercised by the board of directors of a registered investment company organized as a corporation. A majority of the trustees of the Board of Trustees are persons who are not “interested persons” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund (collectively, the “Independent Trustees”). The trustees of the Board of Trustees (the “Trustees”) are not required to contribute to the capital of the Fund or to hold shares of the Fund.
Board of Trustees Composition and Fund Leadership Structure
The identity of the Trustees and officers of the Fund, and brief biographical information regarding each Trustee and officer during the past five years, is set forth below. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer and Trustee is c/o Blackstone Alternative Investment Advisors LLC, 345 Park Avenue, 28th Floor, New York, New York 10154.
Independent Trustees:
Name and Year of Birth of |
Position(s) |
Term of |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Number of Portfolios in Fund Complex2 Overseen by Trustee |
Other Trusteeships | |||||
John M. Brown (1959) | Trustee | March 2013 to Present | Retired (2004 to Present) |
1 | None | |||||
Frank J. Coates3 (1964) | Trustee | March 2013 to Present | Chief Technology Officer,
Executive Managing Envestnet, Inc. (Wealth (2016-2020);
CEO, Wheelhouse (Technology Solutions) (2010-2016) |
1 | None | |||||
Peter M. Gilbert (1947) | Trustee | February 2016 to Present | Retired (2015 to Present) |
1 | None | |||||
Paul J. Lawler (1948) | Trustee | March 2013 to Present | Retired (2011 to Present) |
1 | Trustee, First Eagle Funds (8 portfolios) | |||||
Kristen M. Leopold (1967) | Trustee | March 2013 to Present | CFO, WFL Real Estate Services, LLC (2006 to Present) |
1 | Trustee, CPG Funds (7 portfolios) |
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Interested Trustees:
Name and Year of Birth of Interested Trustees |
Position(s) |
Term of |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Number of Portfolios in Fund Complex2 Overseen by Trustee |
Other Trusteeships | |||||
Peter Koffler5 (1956) | Trustee | August 2012 to Present | Senior Managing Director,4 (2012-Present);
General Counsel,
Chief Compliance Officer, BAAM (2008-2012, 2018)
Chief Compliance Officer, (2013-2016) |
1 | None |
1 | Term of office of each Trustee is indefinite until his or her resignation, removal, or death. Any Trustee of the Fund may be removed from office in accordance with the provisions of the Trust’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust (“Declaration of Trust”) and Bylaws. |
2 | As of the date of this SAI, the “Fund Complex” consists of BAMSF, the Blackstone Credit Closed-End Funds (Blackstone Secured Lending Fund, Blackstone Senior Floating Rate Term Fund, Blackstone Long-Short Credit Income Fund, Blackstone Strategic Credit Fund, and Blackstone Floating Rate Enhanced Income Fund) and the Blackstone Real Estate Income Funds (Blackstone Real Estate Income Fund, Blackstone Real Estate Income Fund II, and Blackstone Real Estate Income Master Fund (the “Real Estate Funds”)). As of July 13, 2020, the Real Estate Funds announced they are in the process of liquidation, dissolution, and termination). |
3 | Prior to July 1, 2021, Mr. Coates was treated as an “interested person” of the Fund, as defined in the 1940 Act, due to his prior employment by Envestnet, Inc., which conducts business from time to time with certain Sub-Advisers and may conduct business with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. Mr. Coates retired from his role at Envestnet on December 31, 2020. |
4 | Executive title, not a board directorship. |
5 | Mr. Koffler is an “interested person” of the Fund, as defined in the 1940 Act, due to his position with the Adviser and its affiliates. |
Officers:
Name and Year of Birth of Officers |
Position(s) Held with the Fund |
Term of Office1 |
Principal Occupation(s) During | |||
Brian F. Gavin (1969) | President (Principal Executive Officer) |
August 2012-Present | Chief Operating Officer (2007-Present) | |||
Charmagne Kukulka (1989) | Secretary | February 2021-Present; Interim Secretary |
Associate, Blackstone (2020-Present);
Analyst, Blackstone |
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Name and Year of Birth of Officers |
Position(s) Held with the Fund |
Term of Office1 |
Principal Occupation(s) During | |||
Ester McEwan (1980) | Principal Financial and Accounting Officer | August 2021-Present |
Senior Vice President, Blackstone (November 2020-Present);
Vice President, Accounting and Operations, Bayview Asset Management LLC (March 2020-November 2020);
Director of Finance, Baymount Management LP (August 2019-March 2020);
Senior Vice President, Blackstone (January 2018-July 2019);
Vice President, Blackstone (2015-2018) | |||
Kevin Michel (1986) | Chief Compliance Officer and Chief Legal Officer | Chief
Chief Legal Officer (July 2021-Present) |
Senior Vice President, Blackstone (2021-Present);
Vice President, Blackstone (2018-2020);
Associate, Blackstone (2015-2017) | |||
Thomas Procida (1980) | Treasurer | August 2021-Present | Managing Director, Blackstone (2019-Present);
Senior Vice President, Blackstone (2015-2019) | |||
Sherilene Sibadan (1976) | Anti-Money Laundering Officer |
July 2019-Present | Senior Vice President, Blackstone (2016-Present) |
1 | Term of office of each Officer is indefinite until his or her death, resignation, removal, or disqualification. |
2 | Executive title, not a board directorship. |
For each Trustee, the following tables disclose the dollar range of equity securities beneficially owned by the Trustee in the Fund and, on an aggregate basis, in any registered investment companies overseen by the Trustee within the Fund Complex as of December 31, 2020:
Independent Trustees:
Name of Independent Trustee |
Dollar Range in Equity Securities in BAMSF |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity Securities in All Funds Overseen by Trustee in Fund Complex1 | ||
John M. Brown | Over $100,000 | Over $100,000 | ||
Frank J. Coates2 |
None | None | ||
Peter M. Gilbert |
None | None | ||
Paul J. Lawler |
Over $100,000 | Over $100,000 | ||
Kristen M. Leopold |
$50,001-$100,000 | $50,001-$100,000 |
Interested Trustees:
Name of Interested Trustee3 |
Dollar Range in Equity Securities in BAMSF |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity Securities in All Funds Overseen by Trustee in Fund Complex1 | ||
Peter Koffler |
None | None |
1 | As of December 31, 2020, the “Fund Complex” consists of BAMSF, the Blackstone Credit Closed-End Funds (Blackstone Secured Lending Fund, Blackstone Senior Floating Rate Term Fund, Blackstone Long-Short Credit Income Fund, Blackstone Strategic Credit Fund, and Blackstone Floating Rate Enhanced |
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Income Fund) and the Blackstone Real Estate Income Funds (Blackstone Real Estate Income Fund, Blackstone Real Estate Income Fund II, and Blackstone Real Estate Income Master Fund (the “Real Estate Funds”)). As of July 13, 2020, the Real Estate Funds announced they are in the process of liquidation, dissolution, and termination). |
2 | Prior to July 1, 2021, Mr. Coates was treated as an “interested person” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund due to his employment by Envestnet, Inc., which conducts business from time to time with certain Sub-Advisers, and may conduct business with the Investment Adviser and its affiliates in the future. Mr. Coates retired from his role at Envestnet on December 31, 2020. |
3 | Deemed to be an “interested person” of the Fund, as defined in the 1940 Act. |
None of the Independent Trustees nor their immediate family members beneficially own any securities in an investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Fund, or a person (other than a registered investment company) directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with an investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Fund as of December 31, 2020.
Compensation of Trustees and Officers
Each of the Independent Trustees is paid by the Fund Complex at a rate of $150,000 in the aggregate for the services to the Fund Complex. Prior to July 1, 2021, Mr. Coates was considered an Interested Trustee and was paid by the Fund Complex at a rate of $129,000 in the aggregate for his services to the Fund Complex (excluding the Subsidiaries). The Chairpersons of the Board of Trustees and the Audit Committee is paid by the Fund Complex an additional $35,000 and $15,000, respectively. These payments are allocated to the Fund and any other funds in the Fund Complex on the basis of assets under management. The Fund Complex pays for the Trustees’ travel expenses related to Board of Trustees meetings. The Trustees do not receive any pension or retirement benefits from the Fund Complex. As of November 10, 2020, the Trust adopted a deferred compensation plan (the “Deferred Compensation Plan”) to allow each Independent Trustee to align his or her interest with the Fund and the Fund’s shareholders without purchasing shares of the Fund. Certain of the Independent Trustees currently participate in the Deferred Compensation Plan. Under the Deferred Compensation Plan, each participating Independent Trustee defers payment of all or part of the compensation payable for such Trustee’s services and thereby shares in the experience alongside the Fund’s shareholders as the compensation deferred increases or decreases depending on the investment performance of the Fund. Deferred amounts remain in the Fund until distributed in accordance with the provisions of the Trust’s Deferred Compensation Plan. Pursuant to the Deferred Compensation Plan, payments due under the Deferred Compensation Plan are unsecured obligations of the Trust.
The following table sets forth information covering the total compensation payable by the Fund, during its fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, to the persons who serve, and who are expected to continue serving, as Trustees of the Fund during the period:
Independent Trustees:
Name of Independent Trustee |
Aggregate Compensation From BAMSF1 |
Total Compensation From BAMSF and Fund Complex1 | ||
John M. Brown |
$174,471 | $185,000 | ||
Frank J. Coates |
$120,718 | $129,000 | ||
Peter M. Gilbert |
$141,718 | $150,000 | ||
Paul J. Lawler |
$141,718 | $150,000 | ||
Kristen M. Leopold |
$155,755 | $165,000 |
Interested Trustees:
Name of Interested Trustee |
Aggregate Compensation From BAMSF1 |
Total Compensation From BAMSF and Fund Complex1 | ||
Peter Koffler |
None | None |
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The Fund Complex also pays for a portion of the compensation for the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer. The following table sets forth information covering the total compensation payable by the Fund, during its fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, to the Fund’s former Chief Compliance Officer, James Hannigan, during the period:
Officers:
Name of Compensated Officer |
Aggregate Compensation From BAMSF1 |
Total Compensation From BAMSF and Fund Complex1 | ||
James Hannigan2 |
$210,000 | $210,000 |
1 | These amounts represent aggregate compensation for the services of each Trustee to each fund in the Fund Complex, for which each Trustee serves as trustee. For the purpose of this table, the “Fund Complex” consists of the Fund and its Subsidiaries. Until liquidated in May 2020, the “Fund Complex” also included Blackstone Alternative Alpha Fund, Blackstone Alternative Alpha Fund II, and Blackstone Alternative Alpha Master Fund. Certain of the Independent Trustees have elected to defer all or part of their total compensation for the year ended March 31, 2021, under the Trust’s Deferred Compensation Plan. Amounts deferred for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 by Messrs. Gilbert and Lawler and by Ms. Leopold were $37,500, $37,500, and $13,749, respectively. |
2 | Mr. Hannigan resigned as Chief Compliance Officer effective July 1, 2021. |
Trustee Qualifications
The Board of Trustees has considered the following factors, among others, in concluding that the Trustees possess the requisite experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills to serve as Board of Trustees members: his or her character and integrity; his or her professional experience; his or her willingness to serve and willingness and ability to commit the time necessary to perform the duties of a Trustee; and as to each Trustee other than Messrs. Koffler, his or her status as not being an “interested person” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund. The Board of Trustees believes that the Trustees’ ability to review, critically evaluate, question and discuss information provided to them, to interact effectively with BAIA, other service providers, counsel, and independent auditors, and to exercise effective business judgment in the performance of their duties, support its conclusion. In addition, the Board of Trustees has considered the following particular attributes as to the various individual Trustees:
Mr. Brown, investment management experience and experience as a board member and/or executive officer of various businesses and other organizations.
Mr. Coates, business and finance expertise and training as a Chartered Financial Analyst and experience as a chief executive officer, board member and/or executive officer of various registered investment companies and other businesses within the asset management industry.
Mr. Gilbert, investment management experience as former chief investment officer and experience as a board member of various businesses and other organizations.
Mr. Koffler, professional training and experience as a business lawyer focusing on the investment management industry and his perspective on Board of Trustees matters as a senior executive of Blackstone Alternative Asset Management L.P., an affiliate of BAIA.
Mr. Lawler, business, finance and investment management expertise, training as a Chartered Financial Analyst, and experience as a chief investment officer, board member and/or executive officer of various large independent universities, foundations, registered investment companies, businesses and other organizations.
Ms. Leopold, business, finance and accounting expertise and training as a Certified Public Accountant and experience as a chief financial officer and/or auditor and manager at an alternative asset management company and a multi-national accounting firm.
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References to the qualifications, attributes and skills of Trustees are pursuant to requirements of the SEC; they do not constitute holding out of the Board of Trustees or any Trustee as having any special expertise or experience, and do not impose any greater responsibility or liability on any such person or on the Board of Trustees by reason thereof.
Board of Trustees Leadership Structure and Risk Oversight
The Board of Trustees is responsible for the general oversight of the Fund’s affairs and for ensuring that the Fund is managed in the best interests of its shareholders. The Board of Trustees will regularly review the Fund’s investment performance as well as the quality of services provided to the Fund and its shareholders by BAIA and its affiliates, by the Sub-Advisers, and by the Fund’s other service providers. The Board of Trustees will review and evaluate, at least annually, the fees and operating expenses paid by the Fund for these services. In carrying out these responsibilities, the Board of Trustees will be assisted by the Fund’s auditors, independent counsel to the Independent Trustees, and other persons as appropriate, who are selected by and responsible to the Board of Trustees. In addition, the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer reports directly to the Board of Trustees.
Currently, all but one of the Trustees are Independent Trustees. The Independent Trustees must vote separately to approve all financial arrangements and other agreements with the Fund’s investment adviser, BAIA, and other affiliated parties. The Independent Trustees will meet regularly as a group in executive session, which will not include representatives of BAIA, except by invitation. An Independent Trustee currently serves as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Fund.
Taking into account the complexity and the amount of assets under management in the Fund, the Board of Trustees has determined that the efficient conduct of its affairs makes it desirable to delegate responsibility for certain specific matters to committees of the Board of Trustees. These committees, which are described in more detail below, review and evaluate matters specified in their charters and make recommendations to the Board of Trustees as they deem appropriate. Each committee may utilize the resources of the Fund’s counsel and auditors as well as other persons. The committees meet from time to time, either in conjunction with regular meetings of the Board of Trustees or otherwise. The membership and chair of each committee consists exclusively of Independent Trustees.
The Board of Trustees oversees risk as part of its broader oversight of Fund’s affairs. While risk management is primarily the responsibility of the Fund’s investment adviser, BAIA, the Board of Trustees will regularly receive reports, including reports from BAIA and the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer, regarding investment risks, compliance risks, and certain other risks applicable to the Fund. The Board committees may focus on different aspects of these risks within the scope of the committees’ authority.
The Board of Trustees recognizes that not all risks that may affect the Fund can be identified, that it will not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the Fund’s goals, that reports received by the Trustees with respect to risk management matters typically will be summaries of the relevant information, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address risks may be limited in their effectiveness. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, risk management oversight by the Board of Trustees and by the committees is subject to substantial limitations.
Standing Committees
The Board of Trustees has the authority to establish committees, which may exercise the power and authority of the Trustees to the extent the Board of Trustees determines. The committees assist the Board of Trustees in performing its functions and duties under the 1940 Act and Massachusetts law. The Board of Trustees currently has established two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Nominating Committee.
Audit Committee
The Audit Committee of the Fund, which consists of Ms. Leopold and Messrs. Gilbert and Lawler, provides oversight with respect to the accounting and financial reporting policies and practices of the Fund and, among
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other things, considers the selection of an independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund and the scope of the audit, and approves all services proposed to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm on behalf of the Fund and, under certain circumstances, BAIA and certain affiliates. The Audit Committee met four times during the most recent fiscal year.
Nominating Committee
The Nominating Committee of the Fund, which consists of all of the Independent Trustees, meets to select nominees for election as Trustees of the Fund and considers other matters of Board of Trustees policy, including reviewing and making recommendations to the Board of Trustees with respect to the compensation of the Independent Trustees. It is the policy of the Nominating Committee to consider nominees properly submitted by shareholders. In accordance with the terms of the Nominating Committee Charter, shareholders who wish to recommend a nominee should send a nomination to the Secretary of the Trust, which includes biographical information and sets forth the qualifications of a proposed nominee. The recommendation must be accompanied by a written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by the Nominating Committee and to serve if elected by shareholders. The Nominating Committee did not meet during the most recent fiscal year.
Other Accounts Managed by Portfolio Managers
As of March 31, 2021, the table below identifies, for each named portfolio manager of the Fund, the number of accounts (other than the Fund with respect to which information is provided) for which the portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities and the total assets in such accounts, within each of the following categories: registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles, and other accounts. For each category, the number of accounts and total assets in the accounts where fees are based on performance are also indicated.
Data for other investment companies is shown based on the specific portfolio managers that are named in the disclosure documents for other investment companies. Data for private pooled investment vehicles and other separate accounts is reported based on the Adviser’s practice of naming a particular individual to maintain oversight responsibility, in conjunction with the Adviser’s or its affiliates’ Investment Committee and with the support of a team of other individuals employed by the Adviser or its affiliates, for each account.
Portfolio Manager |
Type of Account | Number of Accounts Managed |
Total Assets Managed |
Number of Accounts for which Advisory Fee is Performance Based |
Assets Managed for which Advisory Fee is Performance Based | |||||
Ray Chan |
Registered Investment Companies |
0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | |||||
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
1 | $1.3 billion | 1 | $1.3 billion | ||||||
Other Accounts | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | ||||||
Min Htoo |
Registered Investment Companies |
0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | |||||
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
170 | $87.6 billion | 99 | $55.6 billion | ||||||
Other Accounts | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 |
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Portfolio Manager |
Type of Account | Number of Accounts Managed |
Total Assets Managed |
Number of Accounts for which Advisory Fee is Performance Based |
Assets Managed for which Advisory Fee is Performance Based | |||||
Max Jaffe |
Registered Investment Companies |
0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | |||||
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
1 | $1.3 billion | 1 | $1.3 billion | ||||||
Other Accounts | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | ||||||
Robert Jordan |
Registered Investment Companies |
0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | |||||
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
170 | $87.6 billion | 99 | $55.6 billion | ||||||
Other Accounts | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | ||||||
Ian Morris |
Registered Investment Companies |
0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | |||||
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
170 | $87.6 billion | 99 | $55.6 billion | ||||||
Other Accounts | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | ||||||
Alberto Santulin |
Registered Investment Companies |
0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | |||||
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
1 | $1.3 billion | 1 | $1.3 billion | ||||||
Other Accounts | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | ||||||
Stephen Sullens |
Registered Investment Companies |
0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | |||||
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles |
177 | $90.1 billion | 104 | $58.0 billion | ||||||
Other Accounts | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 |
Compensation of Portfolio Managers
Each portfolio manager’s compensation is comprised primarily of a fixed salary and a discretionary bonus paid by the Adviser or its affiliates and not by the Fund. A portion of the discretionary bonus may be paid in shares of stock or stock options of Blackstone, the parent company of the Adviser, which stock options may be subject to certain vesting periods. The amount of a portfolio manager’s discretionary bonus, and the portion to be paid in shares or stock options of Blackstone, is determined by senior officers of the Adviser and/or Blackstone. In general, the amount of the bonus will be based on a combination of factors, none of which is necessarily weighted more than any other factor. These factors may include: the overall performance of the Adviser; the overall performance of Blackstone and its affiliates and subsidiaries; the profitability to the Adviser derived from
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the management of the Fund and the other accounts managed by the Adviser; the absolute performance of the Fund and such other accounts for the preceding year; contributions by the portfolio manager in assisting with managing the assets of the Adviser; and execution of managerial responsibilities, client interactions and support of colleagues. The bonus is not based on a precise formula, benchmark or other metric.
Securities Ownership of Portfolio Managers
The following table sets forth the dollar range of equity securities beneficially owned by each portfolio manager in the Fund as of March 31, 2021:
Portfolio Manager |
Dollar Range of Shares Held in BAMSF | |
Raymond Chan |
$10,001-$50,000 | |
Min Htoo |
None | |
Max Jaffe |
None | |
Robert Jordan |
None | |
Ian Morris |
None | |
Alberto Santulin |
None | |
Stephen Sullens |
over $1,000,000 |
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Managers and their respective affiliates will be subject to certain conflicts of interest with respect to the services provided to the Fund. These conflicts will arise primarily, but not exclusively, from the involvement of Managers in other activities that from time to time conflict with the activities of the Fund. Individual conflicts will not necessarily be resolved in favor of the Fund.
Each portfolio manager’s compensation plan can give rise to potential conflicts of interest. Managing and providing research to multiple accounts can give rise to potential conflicts of interest if the accounts have different objectives, benchmarks, time horizons, and fees as the portfolio manager must allocate his time and investment ideas across multiple accounts. Securities selected for accounts other than the Fund could outperform the securities selected for the Fund. In addition, any allocation of the Fund’s assets by the Adviser to a Sub-Adviser that is an affiliate of Blackstone benefits Blackstone and any redemption or reduction of that allocation would be detrimental to Blackstone, creating potential conflicts of interest in allocation decisions.
The following descriptions are not, and are not intended to be, a complete enumeration or explanation of all of the potential conflicts of interest that may arise. Additional information about potential conflicts of interest is set forth in the Form ADV of the Adviser, each Sub-Adviser and their affiliates, which prospective shareholders should review prior to purchasing Fund shares. A copy of Part 1 and Part 2A of each Manager’s Form ADV is available on the SEC’s website (www.adviserinfo.sec.gov).
Allocation of Assets Between Adviser and Sub-Advisers
The Adviser determines the allocation of the Fund’s assets among directly managed strategies and strategies managed by Sub-Advisers. The Adviser compensates Sub-Advisers out of the Management Fee (as defined below) it receives from the Fund. Management Fees received by the Adviser with respect to assets allocated to directly managed strategies are not reduced by payments to Sub-Advisers, which creates an incentive for Adviser to allocate more of the Fund’s assets to directly managed strategies. This incentive is greater in the case of Sub-Advisers with higher fee rates or with fee arrangements expected to result in higher fee rates. In addition, with variable fee arrangements the incentives the Adviser has in determining how to allocate the Fund’s assets between directly managed strategies and strategies managed by Sub-Advisers can change over time. For example, where a “fulcrum fee” arrangement (as described in “Investment Management and Other Services—The Sub-Advisers” below) is used to compensate a particular Sub-Adviser, the Adviser’s incentive to allocate the Fund’s assets to the strategy managed by that Sub-Adviser rather than to directly managed strategies would, all else being equal, (i) decrease at times when the Sub-Adviser’s strategy is outperforming, given the resulting
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increase in the associated sub-advisory fees, and (ii) increase at times when the Sub-Adviser’s strategy is underperforming, given the resulting decrease in the associated sub-advisory fees.
In managing the conflicts discussed herein, the Adviser has adopted the following limit, which may be changed by the Adviser from time to time: allocations to Blackstone Strategies (defined below) will not exceed 20% of the Fund’s assets. The term “Blackstone Strategies” means any investment mandates managed in a continuous or recurring manner by the Adviser directly or by any Blackstone Sub-Adviser, but does not include hedging, any mandate that is advised by a non-discretionary unaffiliated Sub-Adviser, or any allocation to an Investment Fund. The term “Blackstone Sub-Adviser” means a wholly-owned subsidiary of Blackstone.
Allocation of Assets Between Sub-Advisers
The Adviser compensates the Sub-Advisers out of the Management Fee it receives from the Fund. This creates an incentive for the Adviser to select Sub-Advisers with lower fee rates or with fee arrangements expected to result in lower fee rates. In addition, with variable fee arrangements the incentives the Adviser has in determining how to allocate the Fund’s assets among strategies managed by Sub-Advisers can change over time. For example, where a “fulcrum fee” arrangement (as described in “Investment Management and Other Services—The Sub-Advisers” below) is used to compensate a particular Sub-Adviser, the Adviser’s incentive to allocate the Fund’s assets to the strategy managed by that Sub-Adviser rather than to strategies managed by other Sub-Advisers would, all else being equal, (i) decrease at times when the Sub-Adviser’s strategy is outperforming, given the resulting increase in the associated sub-advisory fees; and (ii) increase at times when the Sub-Adviser’s strategy is underperforming, given the resulting decrease in the associated sub-advisory fees. Similarly, where a Sub-Adviser is engaged to employ two or more strategies with respect to the portion of the Fund’s assets allocated to it (the “Allocated Portion”), one of which is subject to a flat rate fee arrangement and another which is subject to a fulcrum fee arrangement, the Adviser would be incentivized to minimize the aggregate sub-advisory fees paid to that Sub-Adviser by (i) allocating less of the Fund’s assets to the strategy for which a fulcrum fee is utilized when such strategy is outperforming; and (ii) allocating more of the Fund’s assets to such strategy when the strategy is underperforming.
The Adviser also has an incentive to select Sub-Advisers that are affiliated with the Adviser (see self-imposed limits on Blackstone Strategies above). In allocating the Fund’s assets, the Adviser considers a number of quantitative and qualitative factors, including, without limitation, macroeconomic scenarios, diversification, strategy capacity, regulatory constraints, and the fees associated with the strategy.
Each sub-advisory agreement with a Sub-Adviser, and any material change thereto, will be approved by the Board of Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees. Additionally, in relying on the exemptive order issued by the SEC in recommending the hiring, termination, and replacement of Permitted Sub-Advisers (“Manager of Managers Order”), the Adviser will provide the Board of Trustees with information showing the expected impact of any proposed Sub-Adviser hiring or termination on the profitability of the Adviser. Where a change is proposed for a Sub-Adviser affiliated with the Adviser, the Board of Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, will make a separate finding, reflected in the Board of Trustees meeting minutes, that the change is in the best interests of the Fund and its shareholders and does not involve a conflict of interest from which the Adviser or Sub-Adviser derives an inappropriate advantage.
Allocation of Investment Opportunities
Most Managers, or their affiliates, manage multiple funds and/or accounts (including those in which the Manager, its affiliates and/or their personnel have an interest) that have investment objectives that are similar to the Fund and that seek to make or sell investments in the same securities or other instruments, sectors, or strategies as the Fund. If an investment opportunity is appropriate for the Fund and one or more other funds/accounts for which the Manager (or one of its affiliates) acts as investment adviser, the Manager could be required to choose among the Fund and the other funds/accounts in allocating the investment opportunity. Each Manager will determine allocations of such opportunities in accordance with its compliance policies and procedures, which are governed by the principle of fair and equitable allocation, taking into account the relevant investment objectives, strategies, risk parameters, time horizons, and other criteria, which may include, among
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other things, the relative sizes of the funds/accounts and amounts of capital available for investment, relative exposure to market trends, available capacity, liquidity needs, volatility and leverage considerations, diversification considerations and other market risk factors, contractual restrictions and guidelines, minimum and maximum investment sizes, tax and operational considerations, legal and regulatory factors, and similar factors. As such, strategies and investment opportunities may not be implemented in the same manner, or at all, for a Manager’s and/or its affiliates’ clients, even if the strategy or investment opportunity is consistent with the objectives and strategies of the clients.
Because it is typical for Managers to receive different fees from different funds/accounts that they manage, Managers face a conflict of interest in making allocation decisions and may, for example, benefit by allocating the most attractive investment opportunities to higher fee funds/accounts. There can be no assurance that any conflict of interest a Manager faces in making allocation decisions will be resolved in favor of the Fund or that the returns of any Fund investment will be equivalent or better than the returns obtained by a Manager’s other clients participating in the same investment.
A Manager may be engaged to employ two or more strategies with respect to its Allocated Portion of the Fund’s assets. A Manager may be compensated at a flat rate for a strategy employed with one portion of those assets and at a variable rate (through, for example, a “fulcrum fee” arrangement, as described in “Investment Management and Other Services—The Sub-Advisers” below) for a strategy employed with another portion of those assets. In such case, the Manager could be incentivized to allocate more of the Fund’s assets to the strategy that would result in higher sub-advisory fees. For example, where a fulcrum fee is used to compensate a Manager on a portion of the assets in an Allocated Portion, the Manager would be incentivized (i) to allocate more of the Fund’s assets to the strategy for which a fulcrum fee is utilized when such strategy is outperforming, so as to earn a higher sub-advisory fee; and (ii) to allocate less of the Fund’s assets to such strategy in times when the strategy is underperforming, so as to minimize the impact of the reduction in sub-advisory fees related to such strategy. A Manager may be incentivized to take more risk than it otherwise would if it were paid a single type of fee (either at a flat rate or a fulcrum fee).
Moreover, the Fund may not be given the opportunity to participate in strategies or investments that are identified by a Manager’s affiliates, or the Fund may be given the opportunity to participate in such investments only after a Manager’s affiliate’s other clients have been given the opportunity to participate to the full extent desired. An affiliate of a Manager is ordinarily under no obligation or other duty to provide investment opportunities to clients of the Manager, including the Fund, but may do so in its discretion when consistent with its fiduciary duty to its own clients. In the event that an affiliate of the Adviser makes an investment opportunity available to the Adviser’s clients, the Adviser, and not its affiliate, would decide independently whether or not the Fund would invest. See “Blackstone Policies and Procedures” below for additional information specific to the Adviser and its affiliates.
In addition, as a registered investment company under the 1940 Act, the Fund is subject to certain limitations relating to co-investments and joint transactions with affiliates, which in certain circumstances will limit the Fund’s ability to make investments or enter into other transactions alongside other clients. There can be no assurance that such regulatory restrictions will not adversely affect the Fund’s ability to capitalize on attractive investment opportunities. See “Co-Investment Opportunities” below for more information. The Fund has received an exemptive order from the SEC that permits it, among other things, to co-invest with certain affiliates of the Adviser and certain funds managed and controlled by the Adviser and its affiliates, subject to certain terms and conditions.
Allocation of Models or Investment Techniques
If a model, strategy, or risk management, optimization, execution or other investment technique is available to a Manager, including newly developed trading strategies or investment opportunities (each an “Analytic”), and is consistent with the investment mandate for the Fund and one or more of a Manager’s other clients, the decision by a Manager on how to allocate an Analytic among the Fund and such other clients (including the relative exposure the Fund and other clients have to an Analytic) could vary for one or more reasons, including, but not limited to: (i) the Analytic has sufficiently limited capacity such that it is not practical to be used for one or more
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clients of the Manager; (ii) the Analytic involves asset classes outside the investment mandate of one or more clients of the Manager; (iii) the Analytic is not appropriate or suitable given the client’s investment objective, policies and restrictions and/or applicable regulatory restrictions; (iv) the Analytic is hedged by taking smaller or larger exposures (as applicable) to certain style factors, sectors or other directional risks than that targeted by one or more clients of the Manager; (v) the Analytic involves greater liquidity or other risk than that targeted by one or more clients of the Manager; (vi) the price point or strategic fit of the Analytic is not desired for one or more clients of the Manager; and/or (vii) the natural diversity of practice and subjectivity relating to decisions that are not automated and that may be made by different personnel. Some of the items noted are inherent structural limitations or constraints to the strategy, implemented by the Manager, that were designed to minimize the impact of the Fund on other clients of the Manager or its affiliates. The net result(s) could be that one or more clients of the Manager, including the Fund, would not have access (or would have reduced or restrained access) to certain Analytics that are expected to produce higher rates of return, lower volatility, or shorter trading horizons than those Analytics utilized (in degree and/or manner) by other clients of the Manager.
Where a client pays higher fees to a Manager than does the Fund, or where a Manager (or personnel thereof) has an economic interest in the client, the Manager has a greater financial interest in the performance of that client than the performance of the Fund. Similarly, a Manager has an incentive to favor clients with the potential to pay greater fees (including performance-based fees or allocations) when allocating investment opportunities or when designing certain strategies. This incentive creates a conflict of interest in allocating Analytics among the Fund and other clients, particularly where the availability or liquidity of an investment opportunity is limited. Subject to the considerations described above, the Manager seeks to allocate any such available Analytics on an equitable basis between the Fund and its other clients in accordance with its allocation policies and procedures.
A Manager and its affiliates will have no obligation to make available any information regarding their proprietary activities or Analytics, or the activities or Analytics used for other funds and/or accounts managed by them, for the benefit of the Fund. The proprietary activities, processes or Analytics of a Manager and its affiliates could conflict with the transactions and strategies employed by the Manager in managing the Fund. A Manager, its affiliates and their personnel have conflicts of interest in allocating Analytics, certain other finite resources, and expenses among the Fund and their other clients. The results of the Fund’s investment activities may differ significantly from the results achieved by a Manager and its affiliates for their proprietary accounts or other funds and/or accounts managed or advised by them. It is possible that one or more accounts managed by a Manager or its affiliate will achieve investment results that are substantially more or less favorable than the results achieved by the Fund. Moreover, it is possible that the Fund will sustain losses during periods in which a Manager or its affiliates achieve significant profits on their trading for proprietary or other funds and/or accounts. The opposite result is also possible.
A Manager may license an Analytic from an affiliate or third party. A licensor may have complete discretion regarding which of its Analytics (including proprietary strategies and/or models and including newly developed Analytics that meet the investment objectives of the Fund) it elects to license to (and correspondingly withhold from) the Manager. An affiliated or third-party licensor may revoke any or all licenses granted to the Manager for any reason or no reason at all, including that the licensor has a greater financial interest in utilizing the full capacity available in an Analytic for itself or its clients.
Financial Interests in Managers
Affiliates of the Adviser currently (or in the future may) hold ownership or other economic interests in, or are (or in the future may be) otherwise affiliated with, various investment managers (“Blackstone Affiliated Managers”). These ownership interests range from minority to 100%. Blackstone could receive a substantial portion of the revenues attributable to Blackstone Affiliated Managers.
Such financial interests give rise to conflicts of interest between the Fund and other investment vehicles managed by other asset managers. For example, such financial interests create an incentive for the Adviser to hire a Blackstone Affiliated Manager as a Sub-Adviser and to allocate the Fund’s assets to such manager. Further, in the event that a Blackstone Affiliated Manager is hired as a Sub-Adviser, there is a conflict between the
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Adviser’s obligations to a Fund, on the one hand, and the Adviser’s (or its affiliate’s) interest in the success of the Blackstone Affiliated Manager, on the other hand.
The nature of the Adviser’s or its affiliates’ relationship with the Blackstone Affiliated Managers means that, due to the prohibitions contained in the 1940 Act on certain transactions between a registered investment company and affiliated persons of it, or affiliated persons of those affiliated persons, the Fund may not be able to invest in funds managed by Blackstone Affiliated Managers, even if the investment would be appropriate for the Fund. These prohibitions are designed to prevent affiliates and insiders from using a registered investment company (such as the Fund) to benefit themselves to the detriment of the registered investment company and its shareholders.
The Adviser and its affiliates will endeavor to manage these potential conflicts in a fair and equitable manner, subject to legal, regulatory, contractual or other applicable considerations.
Examples of Blackstone Affiliated Managers include, but are not limited to:
• | Blackstone Alternative Solutions L.L.C. |
• | Blackstone Real Estate Special Situations Advisors L.L.C. |
• | Blackstone Liquid Credit Strategies LLC |
Examples of other financial interests in Blackstone Affiliated Managers include, but are not limited to:
Blackstone Strategic Alliance Advisors L.L.C. Blackstone Strategic Alliance Advisors L.L.C. (“BSAA”), an affiliate of the Adviser, manages certain funds (the “BSAA Funds”) that make seed investments in investment vehicles (“Emerging Manager Vehicles”) managed by emerging fund managers (“Emerging Managers”). In connection with these seed investments, the BSAA Funds generally receive economic participation in the Emerging Managers in the form of profit sharing, equity interests, or other contractual means of participating in the business of the Emerging Managers. The nature of the Adviser’s or its affiliate’s relationship with BSAA and the Emerging Managers means that, due to the prohibitions contained in the 1940 Act on certain transactions between a registered investment company and affiliated persons of it, or affiliated persons of those affiliated persons, the Fund may not be able to take certain actions with respect to BSAA Funds and the Emerging Managers, even if such actions would be appropriate for the Fund. For example, (i) the Fund will not be able to invest in a BSAA Fund; (ii) the Fund typically will not be able to invest in an Emerging Manager Vehicle and; (iii) the Adviser may not be able to rely on the Manager of Managers Order with respect to hiring an Emerging Manager to serve as a sub-adviser to the Fund. The prohibitions contained in the 1940 Act are designed to prevent affiliates and insiders from using a registered investment company (such as the Fund) to benefit themselves to the detriment of the registered investment company and its shareholders.
To the extent that an investment by the Fund with an Emerging Manager would not be prohibited under the 1940 Act, the investment generally would benefit BSAA and the BSAA Funds and a withdrawal/redemption by the Fund generally would be detrimental to BSAA and the BSAA Funds. In particular, to the extent that the Fund invests in an Emerging Manager Vehicle or hires an Emerging Manager to serve as a Sub-Adviser, the BSAA Funds (and indirectly BSAA) will receive a portion of the revenue the Emerging Manager receives in respect of the Fund’s investment. Accordingly, in the case of such an investment there will be a conflict between the Adviser’s fiduciary obligation to the Fund, on the one hand, and the Adviser’s interest in the success of BSAA, the BSAA Funds and the Emerging Managers, on the other hand. In order to mitigate the conflict, BSAA and the BSAA Funds’ general partner will waive their share of any management or performance-based allocations or fees derived from any investment by the Fund with an Emerging Manager. Those amounts will be passed through or rebated to the Fund. This pass through/rebate generally also applies in the case of investments with an Emerging Manager outside of its commingled vehicle. The Fund will not otherwise participate in any of the economic arrangements related to any Emerging Manager with which they invest.
There can be no assurance that the terms of transactions and other commercial arrangements between parties related to a Strategic Capital Manager and/or its portfolio companies or affiliates, on the one hand, and the Fund,
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on the other hand, will be at arm’s length or that the Adviser or its affiliates will not receive a benefit from such transactions, which may incentivize the Adviser to cause these transactions to occur.
There is significant overlap between the Adviser’s and BSAA’s investment committees.
Blackstone Strategic Capital Advisors L.L.C. Blackstone Strategic Capital Advisors L.L.C. (“BSCA”), an affiliate of the Adviser, manages certain funds (the “BSCA Funds”) that make investments (typically in the form of equity interests or revenue shares) in established alternative asset managers (the “Strategic Capital Managers”). From time to time the Fund retains one or more Strategic Capital Managers to serve as Sub-Advisers. For instance, a BSCA Fund currently holds an indirect minority interest in Magnetar Asset Management LLC.
The nature of the Adviser’s relationship with BSCA and BSCA’s relationship with the Strategic Capital Managers means that, due to the prohibitions contained in the 1940 Act on certain transactions between a registered investment company and affiliated persons of it, or affiliated persons of those affiliated persons, the Fund may not be able to take certain actions with respect to the BSCA Funds and the Strategic Capital Managers, even if such actions would be appropriate for the Fund. For example, (i) the Fund will not be able to invest in a BSCA Fund; (ii) the Fund may not be able to invest in a fund managed by a Strategic Capital Manager (“Strategic Capital Manager Vehicles”); and (iii) the Adviser may not be able to rely on the Manager of Managers Order with respect to hiring a Strategic Capital Manager to serve as a sub-adviser to the Fund. The prohibitions contained in the 1940 Act are designed to prevent affiliates and insiders from using a registered investment company (such as the Fund) to benefit themselves to the detriment of the registered investment company and its shareholders.
To the extent that an investment by the Fund with a Strategic Capital Manager would not be prohibited under the 1940 Act, it generally would benefit BSCA and the BSCA Funds and a withdrawal/redemption by the Fund generally would be detrimental to BSCA and the BSCA Funds. In particular, to the extent that the Fund invests in a Strategic Capital Manager Vehicle or hires a Strategic Capital Manager to serve as a Sub-Adviser, the BSCA Funds (and indirectly BSCA) will receive a portion of the revenue the Strategic Capital Manager receives in respect of the Fund’s investment. Accordingly, in the case of such an investment there will be a conflict between the Adviser’s fiduciary obligation to the Fund, on the one hand, and the Adviser’s interest in the success of BSCA, the BSCA Funds and the Strategic Capital Managers, on the other hand. In order to mitigate the conflict, BSCA and the BSCA Funds’ general partner will waive their share of any management or performance-based allocations or fees derived from any investment by the Fund in a Strategic Capital Manager Vehicle. Those amounts will be passed through or rebated to the Fund. The Fund will not otherwise participate in any of the economic arrangements related to any Strategic Capital Manager with which they invest.
There can be no assurance that the terms of transactions and other commercial arrangements between parties related to a Strategic Capital Manager and/or its portfolio companies or affiliates, on the one hand, and the Fund, on the other hand, will be at arm’s length or that the Adviser or its affiliates will not receive a benefit from such transactions, which may incentivize the Adviser to cause these transactions to occur.
There is significant overlap between the Adviser’s and BSCA’s investment committees.
Blackstone Policies and Procedures
Specified policies and procedures implemented by Blackstone to mitigate actual and potential conflicts of interest and to address certain regulatory requirements and contractual restrictions will from time to time reduce the synergies across Blackstone’s various businesses that the Fund expects to draw on for purposes of identifying and pursuing attractive investment opportunities. Because Blackstone has many different asset management and advisory businesses, it is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight, and more legal and contractual restrictions than it would if it had just one line of business. In addressing these conflicts and regulatory, legal, and contractual requirements across its various businesses, Blackstone has implemented certain policies and procedures (e.g., information walls) that reduce the positive
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synergies that the Fund expects the Adviser to utilize for purposes of identifying and pursuing attractive investment opportunities. For example, the Adviser generally will be restricted from investing in issuers with respect to which any investment adviser in the Blackstone Hedge Fund Solutions group has received material non-public information. Also, the Adviser generally will be restricted from investing in Blackstone portfolio companies, although the Fund has invested, and may in the future invest, in securities of Blackstone portfolio companies, subject to compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The Adviser could be forced to sell or hold existing investments, or be precluded from making new investments, as a result of a relationship that Blackstone may have or enter into investments that Blackstone or its affiliates may hold or make in the future. In addition, in keeping with Blackstone’s internal policies, the Adviser may be restricted from certain investment activity that overlaps with the investment strategies of certain of its affiliates outside the Blackstone Hedge Fund Solutions Group. These restrictions generally will not apply to Sub-Advisers that are not affiliates of Blackstone.
In addition, Blackstone maintains information barriers that are designed to protect against the improper possession and/or use of material non-public information. Generally, no employee of the Adviser is permitted to contact an employee of another Blackstone group outside of the Blackstone Hedge Fund Solutions group, and vice versa, about a substantive business matter, without consent of the compliance department of the Adviser and, if appropriate, having the compliance department chaperone the contact. Prior to receiving confidential information, each Blackstone group typically seeks to limit the impact that receiving the information will have on other Blackstone groups by, among other things, limiting the applicability of any confidentiality agreement to the particular Blackstone group(s) receiving the confidential information. However, the operation of these information barriers means that there are circumstances in which the Adviser will not have access to information held in other parts of Blackstone that may be relevant to the Fund’s investment program.
Blackstone Proprietary Funds
From time to time, Blackstone hires or enters into a partnership or other arrangement with one or more investment professionals to form and manage private investment funds or separately managed accounts pursuing alternative investment strategies (“Proprietary Funds”). Blackstone generally will receive a substantial portion of the revenues attributable to these Proprietary Funds, in some instances greater than the revenues it receives from the Fund. Blackstone has formed several Proprietary Funds and expects to form additional Proprietary Funds in the future. The nature of the Adviser’s or its affiliates relationship with the Proprietary Funds means that, due to the prohibitions contained in the 1940 Act on certain transactions between a registered investment company and affiliated persons of it, or affiliated persons of those affiliated persons, the Fund typically will not be able to invest in the Proprietary Funds, even if the investment would be appropriate for the Fund. These prohibitions are designed to prevent affiliates and insiders from using a registered investment company (such as the Fund) to benefit themselves to the detriment of the registered investment company and its shareholders.
Other Activities of the Adviser, the Sub-Advisers, and Their Affiliates
The Managers devote to the Fund as much time as is necessary or appropriate, in their judgment, to manage the Fund’s activities. Certain inherent conflicts of interest arise from the fact that the Managers and their affiliates act on behalf of the Fund and carry on investment activities for a significant number of other clients (including other investment funds sponsored by Blackstone, the Sub-Advisers, or their affiliates) in which the Fund has no interest. In certain instances, the investment strategies and objectives of these other clients are similar to, or overlap with the investment objective and strategy of the Fund. These activities could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time of the Managers will not be devoted exclusively to the business of the Fund but will be allocated among the Fund and the Managers’ other clients.
The activities in which Managers and their affiliates are involved will limit or preclude the Fund’s flexibility to participate in certain investments. For example: (i) the Manager could be forced to sell or hold existing investments, or be precluded from making new investments, as a result of a relationship that Blackstone has or investments that Blackstone and its affiliates make; or (ii) the Fund may elect to, or be required to, waive voting rights, delegate voting rights to a third party, or vote in the manner determined by the majority of the applicable voting class. In addition, a Manager could determine not to invest the Fund’s assets in an Investment Fund, or could withdraw all or a portion of an existing Fund investment in an Investment Fund, subject to applicable law,
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in order to address adverse regulatory implications that would arise under the 1940 Act for the Fund and the Manager’s other clients. To the extent that the adverse regulatory implications are attributable to the Fund’s investment, a Manager could cause the Fund to withdraw prior to its other clients.
Investment activities by a Manager, including the establishment of other investment funds and providing advisory services to discretionary or non-discretionary clients (see “Non-Discretionary/Advisory Clients” below), will give rise to additional conflicts of interest. A Manager has no obligation to purchase or sell, or recommend for purchase or sale for the Fund, any investment that the Manager or its affiliates purchase or sell, or recommend for purchase or sale, for their own accounts, for the accounts of family members or for the account of any other client or Investment Fund. Further, from time to time, investment opportunities that are allocated to Manager clients other than the Fund will not be allocated to the Fund at all or at the same time because of, among other reasons, differences in investment guidelines. In addition, a Manager otherwise could determine that an investment opportunity in a particular investment is appropriate for a particular account, or for itself, but not for the Fund.
The Managers, Blackstone, their affiliates and any of their respective officers, directors, partners, members or employees, may invest for their own account in various investment opportunities, including in hedge funds and other investment vehicles, in which the Fund has no interest. A Manager may engage an affiliate to service loans or to provide similar services to vehicles in which the Fund invests, which would give rise to conflicts of interest.
Other Activities of Blackstone and its Affiliates
As part of its regular business, Blackstone provides a broad range of investment banking and other services. In addition, from time to time Blackstone will provide services in the future beyond those currently provided. The Fund will not receive any benefit from any fees relating to such services.
In the regular course of Blackstone’s other businesses, Blackstone participates, or represents participants, in transactions that could give rise to other investment opportunities that are suitable for the Fund. In such cases, those opportunities may not be available to the Fund. Blackstone will be under no obligation to decline to participate in transactions in the regular course of its other businesses in order to make an investment opportunity available to the Fund.
In connection with its other businesses, Blackstone comes into possession of information that limits its ability to engage in potential transactions, although Blackstone maintains information barriers governing communications between employees of the Adviser and employees of other Blackstone groups outside of the Blackstone Hedge Fund Solutions group (see “Blackstone Policies and Procedures” above). The Fund’s investment activities may be constrained as a result of such information barriers or other restrictions on using certain information.
The Fund from time to time invests in securities of the same issuers as other Blackstone clients, investment vehicles, or proprietary accounts. To the extent that the Fund holds interests that are different (or more senior or junior) than those held by such other Blackstone clients, investment vehicles, or proprietary accounts, the Adviser may be presented with decisions involving circumstances where the interests of such other Blackstone clients, investment vehicles, or proprietary accounts are in conflict with those of the Fund. Furthermore, it is possible the Fund’s interest could be subordinated or otherwise adversely affected by virtue of Blackstone’s other involvement and actions relating to its investment. For example, from time to time the Fund and other Blackstone clients, investment vehicles, or proprietary accounts make investments at different levels of an issuer’s capital structure or otherwise in different classes of an issuer’s loans or securities, subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act. If the issuer becomes insolvent, restructures, or is under or later suffers financial distress, there may be a conflict between the interests of the Fund and other Blackstone clients, investment vehicles, or proprietary accounts insofar as the issuer may be unable (or in the case of a restructuring prior to bankruptcy may be expected to be unable) to satisfy the claims of all classes of its creditors and security holders of the Fund, and such other Blackstone clients, investment vehicles, or proprietary accounts may have competing claims for the remaining assets of such issuers. Under these circumstances it may not be feasible for the Adviser to reconcile the conflicting interests of the Fund and such other Blackstone clients, investment vehicles, or proprietary
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accounts in a way that furthers the Fund’s interests. Under certain circumstances, such investments inherently give rise to conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest between or among the various classes of loans or securities that may be held by such entities.
Material, Non-Public Information
A Manager may come into possession of material non-public information with respect to an issuer. Should this occur, the Manager would typically be restricted from buying, originating or selling securities, derivatives or loans of the issuer on behalf of the Fund until such time as the information becomes public or is no longer deemed material such that it would preclude the Fund from participating in an investment. In addition, with respect to Managers that are affiliates of Blackstone, affiliates of the Manager within Blackstone may come into possession of material non-public information with respect to an issuer. Should this occur, the Manager could be restricted from buying, originating or selling securities, loans of, or derivatives with respect to, the issuer on behalf of the Fund if Blackstone deemed such restriction appropriate. Disclosure of such information to the Adviser’s personnel responsible for the affairs of the Fund could be on a need-to-know basis only, and the Fund may not be free to act upon any such information. Therefore, the Fund may not have access to material non-public information in the possession of the Manager that might be relevant to an investment decision to be made by the Fund. In addition, a Manager, in an effort to avoid buying or selling restrictions on behalf of the Fund or other clients of the Manager, may choose to forego an opportunity to receive (or elect not to receive) information that other market participants or counterparties, including those with the same positions in the issuer as the Fund, are eligible to receive or have received, even if possession of such information would otherwise be advantageous to the Fund. Accordingly, the Fund may not be able to initiate a transaction that it otherwise might have initiated and may not be able to sell an investment that it otherwise might have sold.
Non-Discretionary/Advisory Clients
Certain affiliates of the Adviser provide advisory services, typically on a non-discretionary basis, regarding the hedge fund portfolios of certain clients. Such affiliates could communicate investment recommendations to such clients prior to the full implementation of such recommendations by the Manager for the Fund or other discretionary clients. Accordingly, the Fund and such other discretionary clients may be seeking to obtain limited capacity from Investment Funds at the same time as such non-discretionary clients. As a result, such clients potentially could take capacity that otherwise may have been available to the Fund. Similarly, to the extent that an Investment Fund imposes redemption/withdrawal limitations, actions taken by non-discretionary clients may be adverse to the Fund or other discretionary accounts. In addition, through receiving investment recommendations, non-discretionary clients may from time to time effectively have access to or have the right to obtain information about investment decisions made for the Fund or other discretionary clients. Based on such information, the non-discretionary clients could take actions that are adverse to the Fund or other discretionary clients of the Adviser or its affiliates. The Adviser and its affiliates, however, are not obligated to provide to provide non-discretionary clients with any information with respect to any discretionary investment funds or accounts managed by the Adviser, Blackstone, or their affiliates. Furthermore, the Adviser or its affiliates may consult with non-discretionary clients regarding the negotiation of key investment terms of investments, including but not limited to investment structuring, fees, and transparency, and as a result, the non-discretionary clients may have better investment terms than the Fund in such investment.
Middle- and Back-Office Services
BAAM, an affiliate of the Adviser, owns a non-controlling, minority equity interest in Arcesium LLC (“Arcesium”) and the President of the Fund, who is also the Chief Operating Officer of BAAM and the Adviser, serves on the board of Arcesium. The parent company of a Sub-Adviser to the Fund owns a controlling, majority interest in Arcesium. Arcesium provides certain middle- and back-office services and technology to the Adviser and certain Sub-Advisers. The Adviser utilizes technology offered by Arcesium to provide services to the Fund and the Fund will pay the fees for the services that it receives. Arcesium could also provide services and technology to one or more Investment Funds, in which case the Fund would also pay indirectly (through the fees charged to it by the Investment Funds), the fees for these services. The services and technology provided by Arcesium support various post-trade activities, including trade capture, cash and position reconciliations, asset
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servicing, margin and collateral monitoring, pricing-related services, portfolio data warehousing, related recordkeeping, and other services and technology as agreed between the applicable entity and Arcesium. BAAM has in the past and may in the future recommend Arcesium’s services to certain Sub-Advisers, and certain Sub-Advisers from time to time may hire Arcesium. Neither BAAM nor the Adviser will require any Sub-Advisers to hire Arcesium as a condition to hiring them or investing in an Investment Fund nor will the Adviser favor Sub-Advisers who use Arcesium over Sub-Advisers who use other qualified middle- and back-office services providers when hiring Sub-Advisers for the Fund’s portfolio.
In return for its services, Arcesium typically receives a one-time upfront implementation fee, an annual software use and service fee (partly based on the relevant fund’s net asset value), and a periodic operations services fee (also based on the relevant fund’s net asset value) (such fees in the aggregate, the “Arcesium Fees”). The Arcesium Fees paid by the Fund (the “Fund’s Arcesium Fees”) have been negotiated at arm’s-length and the Adviser believes them to be reasonable in relation to the services provided and consistent with prevailing charges from third party providers of the same or substantially similar services, to the extent any exist. Because the Fund’s Arcesium Fees are based, in part, on the net asset value of the Fund, which is generally determined by the Administrator under the supervision of the Adviser, there are conflicts with respect to calculation of the fees. The Fund’s Arcesium Fees generally are consistent with those charged to other Arcesium clients. The Adviser does not intend to engage in any ongoing benchmarking or market check to determine whether the Fund’s Arcesium Fees are consistent with market rates, as certain services being provided by Arcesium are bespoke and customized services and the Adviser is not aware of any direct competitors to Arcesium that provide the same services. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that an unaffiliated third party would not charge a lower fee. Additional information regarding the Arcesium Fees is available from the Adviser upon request.
In connection with BAAM’s minority equity ownership interest in Arcesium, BAAM may receive cash distributions from Arcesium from time to time. Cash distributions received by BAAM from Arcesium will be applied first to reimburse the Arcesium Fees paid by funds managed by the Blackstone Hedge Fund Solutions Group that are clients of Arcesium (the “HFS Arcesium Clients”) for the amount of Arcesium Fees paid by such entities to Arcesium. The allocation of such reimbursements as among the Fund and other HFS Arcesium Clients will require judgments as to methodology that the Adviser makes in good faith but in its sole discretion. There can be no assurance that BAAM will receive any such distributions and therefore that any such reimbursements shall be made to the Fund. Further, if Arcesium is sold to a third-party, BAAM would not be expected to continue to receive such cash distributions from Arcesium and the HFS Arcesium Clients would not be expected to be reimbursed for any portion of the Arcesium Fees paid by them. In the event that cash distributions received by BAAM from Arcesium exceed the Arcesium Fees paid by the HFS Arcesium Clients, any excess amounts will be retained by BAAM. As additional BAAM Clients engage Arcesium and pay Arcesium Fees in the future, the reimbursement described above will apply to such BAAM Clients as well. Cash distributions from Arcesium will not be applied to reimburse Investment Funds, however, even though Arcesium Fees borne by such Investment Funds are therefore borne indirectly by the Fund to the extent of its ownership in such Investment Fund. Further, any reimbursement to the Fund for Arcesium Fees will be limited to the amount of any such cash distributions from Arcesium.
In addition, BAAM has a further incentive to engage Arcesium to provide services to the Fund and other BAAM clients, as such engagement provides consistency in such services across the platform, increased scalability to support future growth across its business, and improved data centralization and accessibility, each of which also benefits BAAM.
Since the Fund’s inception, it has used various pricing services, including Thompson Reuters, to value portfolio investments and determine the net asset value of the Fund’s shares. On October 1, 2018, a consortium led by Blackstone announced that private equity funds managed by Blackstone had completed an acquisition of Thomson Reuters’ Financial & Risk business, now known as Refinitiv. On January 29, 2021, the Blackstone-led consortium closed a transaction selling Refinitiv to the London Stock Exchange Group (“LSEG”) in an all share transaction. Blackstone’s interest in LSEG is subject to a lock-up that releases shares to be sold over a five-year period.
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Consultants
The Fund may bear the fees, costs or expenses of certain services provided by consultants. Consultants that provide services to the Fund may include, without limitation, industry personnel, advisors, consultants (including operating consultants and sourcing consultants), operating executives, subject matter experts or other individuals or entities acting in a similar capacity. Such services may relate to, among other things, accounting, operations, back-office functions, due diligence or analysis of industry, geopolitical or other operational issues, and operational improvement initiatives relating to the Fund or their respective affiliates or investments. Arrangements for the provision of these services by consultants are negotiated by Blackstone on terms deemed adequate by Blackstone. Such arrangements may be exclusive or non-exclusive, temporary or long-term. Certain consultants may be exclusive to Blackstone or the Fund, but will not be employees of Blackstone.
The Fund may pay, or otherwise bear, a consultant’s fees, costs and expenses incurred in connection with their engagement of such consultants, as well as any other operating expenses associated with such engagement (including certain overhead expenses). Any fees, compensation or reimbursements received by consultants (including from the Fund) will not reduce management fees paid by the Fund and will be retained by, and be for the benefit of, the consultant or any of their respective affiliates or employees.
While the expertise or responsibilities of a consultant may be the same or similar to those of a full-time Blackstone employee, the fees, costs, expenses or other compensation described above may nonetheless be borne by the Fund (and not by Blackstone, which would be the case if such consultant were employed by Blackstone). Any engagement of the services of consultants by the Fund (or by the Adviser for the benefit of the Fund) will not require the notice to or approval of any shareholder or any other independent party.
Allocation of Expenses
From time to time, the Adviser will be required to decide whether costs and expenses are to be borne by the Fund, on the one hand, or the Adviser, a Sub-Adviser, or the Administrator, on the other, and/or whether certain costs and expenses should be allocated between or among the Fund and other parties. The Adviser will make all such allocation judgments in its fair and reasonable discretion, notwithstanding its interest in the outcome, and will make corrective allocations should it determine, based on periodic reviews, that such corrections are necessary or advisable. There can be no assurance that a different manner of allocation would not result in the Fund bearing less (or more) expenses.
Restrictions Arising under the Securities Laws
Blackstone’s activities (including, without limitation, the holding of securities positions or having one of its employees on the board of directors of a portfolio company) could result in securities law restrictions on transactions in securities held by the Fund, affect the prices of such securities or the ability of such entities to purchase, retain or dispose of such Investments, or otherwise create conflicts of interest, any of which could have an adverse impact on the performance of the Fund.
The 1940 Act limits the Fund’s ability to undertake certain transactions with or alongside its affiliates. As a result of these restrictions, the Fund is generally prohibited from executing “joint” transactions with the Fund’s affiliates, which could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times) or buying investments from, or selling them to, other Blackstone clients. These limitations limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to the Fund.
Capital Introduction Events
From time to time, Blackstone personnel speak at conferences and programs for potential investors interested in investing in hedge funds, which are sponsored by investment firms that either provide services to the Fund or have a relationship with the Adviser and/or Blackstone. Through such “capital introduction” events, prospective investors in the Fund have the opportunity to meet with the Adviser or its affiliates. Neither the Adviser nor the Fund compensates the sponsors for organizing such events or for investments ultimately made by prospective
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investors attending such events. However, these events and other services (including, without limitation, capital introduction services) could influence Blackstone and the Adviser in deciding whether to do business with or employ the services of the investment firms consistent with their obligations to the Fund.
Investment banks or other financial institutions, as well as Blackstone employees, are also permitted to be investors in the Fund. These institutions and employees are a potential source of information and ideas that could benefit the Fund. The Adviser has procedures in place designed to prevent the inappropriate use of such information by the Fund.
Transactions Between the Fund and Its Affiliates
The Adviser, to the extent permitted by applicable law, including the 1940 Act, could cause the Fund to purchase investments from, to sell investments to or to exchange investments with any of its or Blackstone’s affiliates. Any such purchases, sales, or exchanges generally will be effected at the current market price of the investment and will be subject to the approval of the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (among others).
Limitations on Transactions with Affiliates Risk
The 1940 Act limits the Fund’s ability to enter into certain transactions with affiliates. As a result of these restrictions, the Fund may be prohibited from buying or selling any security directly from or to any portfolio company of or private equity fund managed by Blackstone, Blackstone Credit or any of their respective affiliates. However, the Fund may under certain circumstances purchase such portfolio company’s loans or securities in the secondary market, which could create a conflict for the Adviser between the interests of the Fund and the portfolio company. The ability of the Adviser to recommend actions in the best interest of the Fund might be impaired under certain conditions, including, but not limited to, in insolvency or near-insolvency situations. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain “joint” transactions with certain of our affiliates, which could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times). These limitations may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us. Although the Fund has received an exemptive order from the SEC that permits it, among other things, to co-invest with certain affiliates of the Adviser and certain funds managed and controlled by the Adviser and its affiliates, it may only do so in accordance with certain terms and conditions that limit the types of transactions the Fund may engage in.
Co-Investment Opportunities
As a registered investment company under the 1940 Act, the Fund is subject to certain limitations relating to co-investments and joint transactions with affiliates, which likely will in certain circumstances limit the Fund’s ability to make investments or enter into other transactions alongside other clients. There can be no assurance that such regulatory restrictions will not adversely affect the Fund’s ability to capitalize on attractive investment opportunities. However, subject to the 1940 Act, the Fund may co-invest with other clients (including co-investment or other vehicles in which Blackstone or its personnel invest and that co-invest with such other clients) in investments that are suitable for the Fund and one or more other clients. Even if the Fund and any such other clients and/or co-investment or other vehicles invest in the same securities, conflicts of interest may still arise. The Fund has received an exemptive order from the SEC that permits it, among other things, to co-invest with certain affiliates of the Adviser and certain funds managed and controlled by the Adviser and its affiliates, subject to certain terms and conditions. Such order may restrict the Fund’s ability to enter into follow-on investments or other transactions. Pursuant to such order, the Fund may co-invest in a negotiated deal with certain affiliates of the Adviser or certain funds managed and controlled by the Adviser and its affiliates, subject to certain terms and conditions. The Fund may also receive an allocation in such a deal alongside affiliates pursuant to other mechanisms to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act.
Service Providers, Vendors and Other Counterparties Generally
Certain Service Providers to the Fund, the Adviser or Sub-Advisers provide goods or services to, and/or have other relationships with (including being affiliates of), Blackstone or certain Managers. Service Providers may be
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investors in the Fund and/or other affiliates of Blackstone. They could also be sources of financing and investment opportunities for, co-investors with, commercial counterparties of, or entities in which, Blackstone and/or other Blackstone clients or Sub-Advisers have an investment (directly or indirectly). As such, payments by the Fund, the Adviser, Sub-Advisers and their affiliates to Service Providers could indirectly benefit Blackstone, the other Blackstone clients, Sub-Advisers, and/or their respective portfolio companies and affiliates. Also, Service Providers in certain cases have other commercial or personal relationships with Blackstone, other Blackstone clients, Sub-Advisers, and/or their respective investment vehicles, portfolio companies and affiliates.
Although Blackstone selects Service Providers it believes are most appropriate in the circumstances based on its knowledge of Service Providers (which knowledge is generally greater in the case of Service Providers that are affiliates of, or that have other relationships with, Blackstone), the relationships Service Providers have with Blackstone could influence Blackstone in deciding whether to select or recommend a Service Provider to perform services for the Fund, the cost of which could, subject to applicable law and contractual restrictions or limitations, if any, be borne directly or indirectly by the Fund.
Such affiliated Service Providers or other service providers with which Blackstone has a relationship will receive fees, other compensation, or reimbursement for costs or expenses in connection with providing services to the Fund, other Blackstone clients, or their portfolio companies or investments. Such fees, other compensation, or reimbursements paid to, or any value created in, Service Providers do not offset or reduce the management fee payable by the Fund and are not otherwise shared with the Fund, except as otherwise disclosed.
The conflicts described above apply in substantially the same manner and extent to Service Providers that are owned or controlled by Blackstone directly, as opposed to being owned or controlled by a Blackstone-managed investment vehicle, and the Fund may, directly or indirectly, engage such Service Providers. See, for example, “Middle- and Back-Office Services” above. These Service Providers also may enter into transactions with other counterparties of the Fund, as well as other Service Providers, vendors and investors. Blackstone could benefit from these transactions and activities through current income and creation of enterprise value in these businesses. Any fees, other compensation or reimbursements paid to, or any value created in such Service Providers do not offset or reduce any management fee payable by the Fund and generally are not otherwise shared with the Fund. Furthermore, Blackstone, other Blackstone clients, and their affiliates and related parties may use the services of these Blackstone affiliates, including at different rates.
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CODES OF ETHICS
The Fund, the Adviser, the Sub-Advisers, and Blackstone Securities Partners L.P. have each adopted a code of ethics (collectively, the “Codes of Ethics”) pursuant to the requirements of Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. These Codes of Ethics permit personnel subject to the Codes of Ethics to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, subject to a number of restrictions and controls.
Each of these Codes of Ethics is included as an exhibit to the Fund’s registration statements filed with the SEC and may be reviewed and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. These Codes of Ethics are also available on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov, and copies may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following email address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the SEC’s Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102.
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES
BAMSF
As of June 30, 2021, the following entities owned beneficially or of record 5% or more of the Class I shares of BAMSF:
• | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, LLC, located at 2000 Westchester Avenue, Purchase, NY 10577, held of record approximately 29% of the outstanding shares of Class I. |
• | Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, located at One Bryant Park, New York, NY 10036, held of record approximately 19% of the outstanding shares of Class I. |
• | Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., located at 211 Main Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, held of record approximately 12% of the outstanding shares of Class I. |
• | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc, located at 707 2nd Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55402, held of record approximately 7% of the outstanding shares of Class I. |
• | UBS Financial Services Inc., located at 1200 Harbor Boulevard, Weehawken, NJ, 07086, held of record approximately 7% of the outstanding shares of Class I. |
• | National Financial Services, LLC, located at 245 Summer Street, Boston, MA 02210, a subsidiary of Fidelity Investments, held of record approximately 5% of the outstanding shares of Class I. |
As of June 30, 2021, the following entities owned beneficially or of record 5% or more of the Class D shares of BAMSF:
• | Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., located at 211 Main Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, held of record approximately 26% of the outstanding shares of Class D. |
• | Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, located at One Bryant Park, New York, NY 10036, held of record approximately 21% of the outstanding shares of Class D. |
• | UBS Financial Services Inc., located at 1200 Harbor Boulevard, Weehawken, NJ, 07086, held of record approximately 19% of the outstanding shares of Class D. |
• | National Financial Service, LLC., located at 245 Summer Street, Boston, MA 02210, a subsidiary of Fidelity Investments, held of record, approximately 14% of the outstanding shares of Class D. |
• | TD Ameritrade Inc., located at 200 South 108th Avenue, Omaha, NE 68154, held of record, approximately 11% of the outstanding shares of Class D. |
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As of June 30, 2021, the following entities owned beneficially or of record 5% or more of the Class Y shares of BAMSF:
• | J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, located at 383 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10179, held of record approximately 66% of the outstanding shares of Class Y. |
• | Blackstone Treasury Solutions, located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10154, held beneficially and of record approximately 24% of the outstanding shares of Class Y. |
• | Blackstone Diversified Alternatives IDF Series Interests of the Sali Multi-Series Fund, L.P., located at 6850 Austin Center Boulevard, Austin, TX 78731, held beneficially and of record approximately 5% of the outstanding shares of Class Y. |
Any shareholder that beneficially owns more than 25% of the outstanding shares of BAMSF may be presumed to “control” (as that term is defined in the 1940 Act) BAMSF. As of June 30, 2021, no shareholder held 25% of the outstanding shares of the BAMSF. Shareholders controlling BAMSF could have the ability to vote a majority of the shares of BAMSF on any matter requiring approval of the shareholders of BAMSF.
The Trustees and officers, as a group, owned less than 1% of the Fund’s shares as of July 31, 2021.
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INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND OTHER SERVICES
The Adviser
As detailed in the Prospectus, Blackstone Alternative Investment Advisors LLC (“BAIA” or the “Adviser”) is the investment adviser of the Fund and as such, has responsibility for the management of the Fund’s affairs, under the supervision of the Board of Trustees. The Adviser, a registered investment adviser located at 345 Park Avenue, 28th Floor, New York, New York 10154, was founded in 2012 and is an affiliate of BAAM and an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Blackstone, a publicly traded corporation that has shares that trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BX.” Blackstone was founded in 1985 and is one of the world’s largest alternative investment and advisory firms.
The Adviser determines the allocations of the Fund’s assets and is responsible for selecting the strategies, for identifying and retaining Sub-Advisers with expertise in the selected strategies, and for determining the amount of Fund assets to allocate to each Sub-Adviser. Subject to the control of the Trustees, the Adviser also manages, supervises, and conducts certain other affairs and business of the Trust, furnishes office space and equipment, provides bookkeeping and certain clerical services, and pays all salaries, fees, and expenses of officers and Trustees who are affiliated with the Adviser.
The Fund pays the Adviser a management fee (the “Management Fee”) at an annual rate based on the Fund’s average daily net assets, excluding the net assets of the Subsidiaries. The Adviser receives additional compensation at an annual rate based on each Subsidiary’s average daily net assets for providing management services to the Subsidiaries. For collective net assets of the Fund and the Subsidiaries up to $2.5 billion, the Management Fee is calculated at a rate of 1.95%, and for collective net assets greater than or equal to $2.5 billion, the Management Fee is calculated at a rate of 1.80%. For BAMSF’s fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019, BAMSF and its Subsidiaries paid the Adviser total investment advisory fees of $104,842,669, $145,393,794 and $120,531,777 (gross of any fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements), respectively.
The Adviser voluntarily has agreed to waive its fees and/or reimburse expenses of the Fund to the extent necessary to limit certain of the Fund’s expenses, together with the Management Fee, to an amount not to exceed the following annual rates: 2.40% annualized (for Class D, Class I, and Class Y Shares) and 2.55% annualized (for Class R Shares). The Fund has agreed to repay any waived fees or reimbursed expenses within the three year period after the Adviser’s waiver or reimbursement, when and if requested by the Adviser, but only to the extent that repayment would not cause these expenses and management fees to exceed 2.40% annualized (for Class D, Class I, and Class Y Shares) and 2.55% annualized (for Class R Shares). These waiver/reimbursement and recoupment arrangements cannot be terminated before August 31, 2023 without the consent of the Fund’s Board of Trustees. The maximum percentage limitations set forth above are based on all expenses of the Fund with the exception of (i) distribution or servicing fees, (ii) acquired fund fees and expenses, (iii) brokerage and trading costs, (iv) interest payments (including any interest expenses, commitment fees, or other expenses related to any line of credit of the Fund), (v) taxes, (vi) dividends and interest on short positions, and (vii) extraordinary expenses (as determined in the sole discretion of the Adviser) (together, the “Excluded Expenses”).
The Fund’s investment management agreement will continue in effect as to the Fund initially for two years and from year to year thereafter if such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by (a) the Board of Trustees of the Fund or by the vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, and (b) vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Fund or the Adviser, cast in person (or otherwise as permitted by applicable law) at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The investment management agreement may be terminated without penalty at any time on sixty days’ written notice, by vote of a majority of the Board of Trustees of the Fund, or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. The investment management agreement terminates automatically in the event of its “assignment,” as defined in the 1940 Act, or by the Adviser upon sixty days’ written notice to the Fund.
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The Sub-Advisers
• | Bayforest Capital Limited (“Bayforest”). The principal owner of Bayforest is Dr. Theodoros Tsagaris. |
• | Bayview Asset Management, LLC (“Bayview”). The principal beneficial owner of Bayview is David Ertel, through his beneficial ownership interest in Bayview Asset Management Holdings, LLC. |
• | Blackstone Liquid Credit Strategies LLC (“BX LCS”). BX LCS is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Blackstone, a publicly traded corporation that has shares that trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BX”. BX LCS is an affiliate of BAIA on the basis that it is under common control with BAIA. |
• | Blackstone Real Estate Special Situations Advisors L.L.C. (“BRESSA”). BRESSA is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Blackstone, a publicly traded corporation that has shares that trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BX.” BRESSA is an affiliate of BAIA on the basis that it is under common control with BAIA. |
• | Caspian Capital LP (“Caspian”). The principal owners of Caspian are Adam S. Cohen and David N. Corleto. |
• | Cerberus Sub-Advisory I, LLC (“Cerberus”). The principal owner of Cerberus is Stephen A. Feinberg, who owns his interests indirectly through one or more intermediate entities. |
• | D. E. Shaw Investment Management, L.L.C. (“DESIM”). DESIM is a wholly owned subsidiary of D. E. Shaw & Co., L.P. (“DESCO LP”). D. E. Shaw & Co., Inc. (“DESCO Inc.”) is the general partner of DESCO LP. Dr. David E. Shaw is the president and sole shareholder of DESCO Inc. |
• | Emso Asset Management Limited (“Emso”). Emso is wholly-owned by 23 current and former employees. Mark Franklin is the founder and principal owner. |
• | Endeavour Capital Advisors Inc. (“Endeavour”). The principal owners of Endeavour are Laurence M. Austin and Mitchell J. Katz. |
• | HealthCor Management, L.P. (“HealthCor”). Joseph Healey and Arthur Cohen are the principal owners of HealthCor. |
• | Jasper Capital Hong Kong Limited (“Jasper”). The principal owner of Jasper is Dr. Yiping Wang. |
• | Luminus Management, LLC (“Luminus”). The principal owner of Luminus is Jonathan Barrett. |
• | Magnetar Asset Management LLC (“Magnetar”). The principal owner of Magnetar Asset Management LLC is Magnetar Capital Partners LP, the principal owners of which are Alec Litowitz and Ross Laser. Blackstone Strategic Capital Holdings, LP (“BSCH”) also holds a minority interest in Magnetar Capital Partners LP. BSCH is managed by Blackstone Strategic Capital Advisors LLC, an affiliate of BAIA. |
• | Mesarete Capital LLP (“Mesarete”). The principal owners of Mesarete are Hakan Sofuoglu and Robert Newman. |
• | Nephila Capital Ltd. (“Nephila”). The principal owner of Nephila Capital Ltd. is Nephila Holdings Ltd, which is wholly-owned by Markel Corporation. |
• | Sage Rock Capital Management LP (“Sage Rock”). The principal owner of Sage Rock is TX3 Sage Rock IM, LP., the principal owners of which are Atul Khanna and Raffiq Nathoo. |
• | Seiga Asset Management Limited (“Seiga”). The principal owner of Seiga is Seiga Asset Management (Cayman) Limited, which is wholly-owned by Keita Arisawa. Blackstone Strategic Alliance Master Fund XXI L.P., and its general partner, Blackstone Strategic Alliance Associates III L.L.C., an affiliate of BAIA, have a revenue share arrangement with Seiga and Seiga Asset Management (Cayman) Limited and will receive a portion of the revenue related to the Fund’s investment with Seiga. Neither BAIA nor any of its affiliates controls Seiga or Seiga Asset Management (Cayman) Limited. |
• | TrailStone Commodity Trading US, LLC (“TrailStone”). The principal owner of TrailStone is TrailStone L.P., which is indirectly owned by Riverstone Global Energy & Power Fund V L.P. |
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• | Two Sigma Advisers, LP (“Two Sigma”). Trusts established by John A. Overdeck and David M. Siegel are the principal owners of Two Sigma. |
• | Waterfall Asset Management, LLC (“Waterfall”). The principal owners of Waterfall are Thomas Capasse and Jack Ross. |
As compensation for providing services to the Fund, the Adviser (not the Fund) pays each Sub-Adviser either a fee based on a negotiated rate applied to the Allocated Portion (an asset-based fee) or a fee based on an annual percentage of the average daily net assets of the Sub-Adviser’s Allocated Portion that increases or decreases proportionately with the investment performance of its Allocated Portion in relation to the investment record of an appropriate securities index in accordance with Section 205(b)(2) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and an exemptive order the Fund received from the SEC on August 25, 2020 (a “fulcrum fee”).
For BAMSF’s fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, the Adviser paid, with respect to the Fund, $37,395,848 in sub-advisory fees to non-affiliated Sub-Advisers, which amounted to 0.67% of the Fund’s average net assets. The Adviser also paid, with respect to the Fund, $2,766,131 in sub-advisory fees to BRESSA and BX LCS, each a wholly-owned subsidiary of Blackstone and an affiliate of BAIA, during the year ended March 31, 2021, which amounted to 0.03% (annualized) of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
For BAMSF’s fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, the Adviser paid, with respect to the Fund, $69,082,981 in sub-advisory fees to non-affiliated Sub-Advisers, which amounted to 0.88% of the Fund’s average net assets. The Adviser also paid, with respect to the Fund, $2,375,209 in sub-advisory fees to BRESSA and BX LCS, each a wholly-owned subsidiary of Blackstone and an affiliate of BAIA, during the year ended March 31, 2020, which amounted to 0.03% (annualized) of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
For BAMSF’s fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, the Adviser paid, with respect to the Fund, $59,676,018 in sub-advisory fees to non-affiliated Sub-Advisers, which amounted to 0.92% of the Fund’s average net assets. The Adviser also paid, with respect to the Fund, $101,301 in sub-advisory fees to BRESSA, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Blackstone and an affiliate of BAIA, during the year ended March 31, 2019, which amounted to less than 0.01% (annualized) of the Fund’s average daily net assets.
Additional information about each Sub-Adviser is available on the Investment Adviser Public Disclosure website (http://www.adviserinfo.sec.gov).
The Distributor
Blackstone Securities Partners L.P. (the “Distributor”), located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10154, an affiliate of the Adviser, acts as the distributor and principal underwriter of the shares of the Fund. The Distributor will offer shares of the Fund for sale on a continuous basis and will use all reasonable efforts in connection with distribution of shares of the Fund. The Distributor did not retain any underwriting commissions during the last three fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020, and 2021.
The following table presents compensation information about the Distributor for the Fund’s fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.
Fund |
Distributor |
Net Underwriting Discounts and Commissions |
Compensation on Redemption and Repurchases |
Brokerage Commissions |
Other Compensation | |||||
BAMSF |
Blackstone Securities Partners L.P. | None | None | None | None |
The Distributor may enter into agreements with intermediaries to provide administrative, sub-transfer agency, and other shareholder services to shareholders. To the extent permitted by applicable law (including the 1940 Act), the fees associated with such services may be charged to the Fund.
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BAMSF has adopted an Amended and Restated Distribution and Service Plan (the “Distribution and Service Plan”) under Rule 12b-1 that allows BAMSF to pay distribution and other fees for the sale of its Class D Shares and for services provided to shareholders of Class D Shares. Pursuant to the Distribution and Service Plan, Class D Shares bear distribution and/or service fees at an annual rate of 0.25% of the average net assets of BAMSF attributable to Class D Shares. Payments of the distribution and/or service fee are used to compensate the Distributor for any distribution and sales and support services provided in connection with the offering and sale of Class D Shares and for personal services and/or the maintenance of shareholder accounts services provided to shareholders of Class D Shares. The Distributor may pay all or a portion of the distribution and/or service fee to brokers, dealers, selling agents, other financial institutions, or other industry professionals (collectively, “intermediaries”) for distribution services, sales support services, personal services, and/or the maintenance of shareholder account services provided and related expenses incurred by such intermediaries. Payments of the distribution and/or service fee may be made without regard to expenses actually incurred. The fees paid under the Distribution and Service Plan are not used to finance the distribution or servicing of any class of shares of BAMSF other than Class D Shares. Other than the Distributor, no interested person of BAMSF or Independent Trustee of the Trust has a direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Distribution and Service Plan or related agreements. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, BAMSF paid $81,462 in fees pursuant to the Distribution and Service Plan.
BAIA and/or its affiliates may pay additional compensation, out of their own assets and not as an additional charge to BAMSF, to certain intermediaries in connection with the sale and/or distribution of shares of BAMSF or the retention and/or servicing of investor accounts. This compensation would be in addition to any compensation paid by BAMSF through the Distribution and Service Plan or for administrative, sub-transfer agency, networking, recordkeeping, and/or other shareholder support services, and may be a fixed dollar amount, may be based on the number of customer accounts maintained by the intermediary, or may be based on a percentage of the value of shares sold to, or held by, customers of the intermediary. The level of such payments may be substantial and may be different for different intermediaries. These payments may create incentives on the part of an intermediary to view BAMSF favorably compared with other funds that do not make these payments, or that make smaller payments. As of the date of this SAI, the following intermediaries are receiving such payments:
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. |
National Financial Services, LLC | |
Ladenburg Thalmann Advisor Network LLC |
Raymond James & Associates, Inc. | |
Merrill Lynch, Pierce & Smith Incorporated |
Raymond James Financial Services, Inc. | |
Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC |
UBS Financial Services Inc. |
The level of payments do not exceed 0.10% of the average daily net assets of the shares of BAMSF held by investors for as long as such shares are held by those investors through accounts at each respective intermediary or its affiliates and the intermediary continues to provide the investor servicing activities.
Administrator
State Street Bank and Trust Company (“State Street”), located at One Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111, serves as the administrator to the Fund pursuant to an Administration Agreement between the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, and State Street (the “Administration Agreement”). Pursuant to the Administration Agreement, State Street provides or provided certain administrative services to the Fund and furnishes at its own expense the personnel necessary to perform its obligations under the Administration Agreement. State Street is not required to pay the compensation of any employee of the Fund retained by the Board of Trustees to perform services on behalf of the Fund. For BAMSF’s fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019, BAMSF paid State Street fees of $4,556,715, $5,721,283 and $6,851,928, respectively, for its services as the administrator of BAMSF.
Transfer Agent
State Street, located at One Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111, serves as the transfer agent to the Fund pursuant to a Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between the Trust, on behalf of the Fund, and State Street.
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Custodian
State Street, located at One Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111, serves as the custodian of the Fund’s assets and provides certain accounting and valuation services to the Fund pursuant to a Master Custodian Agreement between the Fund and the Custodian.
U.S. Bank National Association (“U.S. Bank”), located at 425 Walnut Street, Cincinnati, OH 45202, serves as custodian for certain of the Fund’s securities, commodities, cash, and other property pursuant to a Custody Agreement between the Fund and U.S. Bank.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm is Deloitte & Touche LLP, located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, NY 10112. Deloitte & Touche LLP conducts an annual audit of the Fund’s financial statements.
Legal Counsel
Ropes & Gray LLP, Prudential Tower, 800 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199, serves as counsel to the Fund.
Securities Lending
The Board of Trustees has approved the Fund’s participation in a securities lending program. Under the securities lending program, the Fund has retained State Street to serve as the securities lending agent.
For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, the income earned by the Fund as well as the fees and/or compensation paid by the Fund (in dollars) pursuant to the Securities Lending Authorization Agreement between the Trust on behalf of the Fund and certain Subsidiaries, and State Street were as follows:
Fees and/or compensation paid by the Fund for securities lending activities and related services |
||||||||||||||||
Gross income |
Fees paid |
Fees paid |
Administrative |
Indemnification |
Rebate |
Other fees |
Aggregate |
Net income | ||||||||
$483.18 | $3,436.46 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $3,436.46 | $2,953.28 |
1 | Gross income from securities lending activities represents the total revenue generated from securities lending activities prior to the application of any fees (revenue split, management fee, or otherwise) and/or rebates on cash collateral negotiated with borrowers. |
2 | Fees paid to securities lending agent from a revenue split is the agent lender’s income from the lending activities exclusive of any fees or rebates. |
3 | Fees paid for cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) that are not included in the revenue split is calculated as follows: Average monthly cash collateral balance for the reporting period multiplied by the most recently reported expense ratio. This amount only contains management fees for collateral vehicles managed internally at State Street, externally managed collateral vehicles are reported with a management fee of $0. |
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4 | Administrative fees not included in revenue split are fees for other administrative activities associated with the Fund’s participation in securities lending activities. |
5 | Indemnification fee not included in revenue split is the fee for indemnifying the Fund for their participation in securities lending activities. There is currently no fee associated with indemnification. |
6 | Rebate (paid to borrowers) is the fee paid by the lender to the borrower for loans collateralized with cash. |
7 | Other fees not included in revenue split (specify) are other fees that have not otherwise been captured. |
8 | Aggregate fees/compensation for securities lending activities represents the sum of items 2 through 7. |
9 | Net income from securities lending activities is the Fund’s income as a result of lending activities. |
For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, State Street, acting as agent of the Fund, provided the following services to the Fund in connection with the Fund’s securities lending activities: (i) locating borrowers among an approved list of prospective borrowers; (ii) monitoring applicable minimum spread requirements, lending limits and the value of the loaned securities and collateral received; (iii) seeking additional collateral, as necessary, from borrowers; (iv) receiving and holding or arranging for a third party to hold collateral from borrowers, and facilitating the investment and reinvestment of all or substantially all cash collateral in an investment vehicle designated by the Fund; (v) returning collateral to borrowers; (vi) facilitating substitute dividend, interest, and other distribution payments to the Fund from borrowers; (vii) negotiating the terms of each loan of securities, including but not limited to the amount of any loan premium, and monitoring the terms of securities loan agreements with prospective borrowers for consistency with the requirements of the Fund’s Securities Lending Authorization Agreement; (viii) selecting securities, including amounts (percentages), to be loaned; (ix) entering into “fee for hold” arrangements; (x) recordkeeping and accounting servicing; and (xi) arranging for return of loaned securities to the Fund in accordance with the terms of the Securities Lending Authorization Agreement.
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PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
The Board of Trustees has delegated proxy voting authority relating to portfolio holdings of the Fund with respect to assets allocated to a Sub-Adviser that carry voting rights, to the Sub-Adviser (a “Voting Sub-Adviser” and collectively, the “Voting Sub-Advisers”), to be exercised in accordance with the proxy voting policies adopted by the Voting Sub-Adviser.
For any assets that carry voting rights not allocated to a Voting Sub-Adviser, the Board of Trustees has delegated proxy voting authority to the Adviser. The Adviser has hired Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. to provide research and recommendations in accordance with the proxy voting policies adopted by the Fund from time to time (the “Fund Proxy Voting Guidelines”).
Voting Sub-Advisers may apply their own proxy voting policies and procedures and/or may retain an independent third-party proxy voting agent to recommend how to vote proxies. In the alternative, the Voting Sub-Advisers may apply the Fund Proxy Voting Guidelines. The Adviser will apply the Fund Proxy Voting Guidelines. Copies or summaries of the Fund’s Proxy Voting Policy and Procedures, the Fund Proxy Voting Guidelines, and each Voting Sub-Adviser’s proxy voting policy are attached as Appendix A to this SAI.
Information regarding how the Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the 12-month period ended June 30 is available (1) without charge, upon request, by calling toll free 1-855-890-7725, and (2) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Information as of June 30 each year will generally be available on or about the following August 31.
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
Adviser
The Fund will bear any commissions or spreads in connection with its portfolio transactions, if any. In placing orders, it is the policy of the Fund to seek to obtain the best results, taking into account the broker-dealer’s general execution and operational facilities, the type of transaction involved, and other factors such as the broker-dealer’s risk in positioning the securities involved. While the Adviser generally seeks reasonably competitive spreads or commissions, the Fund will not necessarily be paying the lowest spread or commission available. In executing portfolio transactions and selecting brokers or dealers, the Adviser seeks to obtain the best overall terms available for the Fund. In assessing the best overall terms available for any transaction, the Adviser considers factors deemed relevant, including the breadth of the market in the security, the price of the security, the financial condition and execution capability of the broker or dealer, and the reasonableness of the commission, if any, both for the specific transaction and on a continuing basis.
In evaluating the best overall terms available, and in selecting the broker-dealer to execute a particular transaction, the Adviser may also consider the brokerage and research services provided (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Consistent with any guidelines established by the Board of Trustees of the Fund, as applicable, and Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act, the Adviser is authorized to pay to a broker or dealer who provides such brokerage and research services a commission for executing a portfolio transaction for the Fund which is in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction if, but only if, the Adviser determines in good faith that such commission was reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by such broker or dealer, viewed in terms of that particular transaction or in terms of the overall responsibilities of the Adviser to its discretionary clients, including the Fund. In addition, the Adviser is authorized to allocate purchase and sale orders for securities to brokers or dealers (including brokers and dealers that are affiliated with the Adviser or the Distributor) and to take into account the sale of shares of the Fund if the Adviser believes that the quality of the transaction and the commission are comparable to what they would be with other qualified firms.
Investment Funds
Investment Funds will incur transaction expenses in the management of their portfolios, which will decrease the value of the Fund’s investment in the Investment Funds. In view of the fact that the investment program of
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certain of the Investment Funds may include active trading as well as long-term investments, short-term market considerations will frequently be involved, and it is anticipated that the turnover rates of the Investment Funds may be substantially greater than the turnover rates of other types of investment funds. In addition, the order execution practices of the Investment Funds may not be transparent to the Fund. Each Investment Fund is responsible for placing orders for the execution of its portfolio transactions and for the allocation of its brokerage. The Adviser will have no direct or indirect control over the brokerage or portfolio trading policies employed by the portfolio managers. The Adviser expects that each Investment Fund will generally select broker-dealers to effect transactions on the Investment Fund’s behalf substantially in the manner set forth below.
Each Investment Fund generally will seek reasonably competitive commission rates. However, Investment Funds will not necessarily pay the lowest commission available on each transaction, and may engage in transactions with broker-dealers based on different criteria than those that the Fund would consider. Investment Funds may not be subject to the same regulatory restrictions as the Fund on principal and agency transactions. The Fund will indirectly bear the commissions or spreads in connection with the portfolio transactions of the Investment Funds.
No guarantee or assurance can be made that an Investment Fund’s brokerage transaction practices will be transparent or that the Investment Fund will establish, adhere to, or comply with its stated practices. Investment Funds may select brokers on a basis other than that outlined above and may receive benefits other than research or that benefit the portfolio manager or its affiliates rather than the Investment Fund.
Sub-Advisers
The Sub-Advisory Agreements provide that each Sub-Adviser places orders for the purchase and sale of securities that are held in the Fund or a Subsidiary’s portfolio. In executing portfolio transactions and selecting brokers or dealers, it is the policy and principal objective of each Sub-Adviser to seek best price and execution. Each Sub-Adviser shall consider all factors that it deems relevant when assessing best price and execution for the Fund or Subsidiary, which may include the breadth of the market in the security, the price of the security, the financial condition and execution capability of the broker or dealer and the reasonableness of the commission, if any (for the specific transaction and on a continuing basis).
In addition, when selecting brokers to execute transactions and in evaluating the best available net price and execution, each Sub-Adviser is authorized by the Board of Trustees to consider the “brokerage and research services” (as defined in Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act), provided by the broker. Each Sub-Adviser is also authorized, consistent with applicable law, to cause the Fund or Subsidiary to pay a commission to a broker who provides such brokerage and research services for executing a portfolio transaction which is in excess of the amount of commission another broker would have charged for effecting that transaction. Each Sub-Adviser must determine in good faith, however, that such commission was reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided viewed in terms of that particular transaction or in terms of all the accounts over which each Sub- Adviser exercises investment discretion. Brokerage and research services received from such brokers will be in addition to, and not in lieu of, the services required to be performed by each Sub-Adviser. The Fund and Subsidiaries may purchase and sell portfolio securities through brokers who provide the Sub-Adviser with brokerage and research services.
Under Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (“MiFID II”), Sub-Advisers in the EU are not able to use soft dollars to pay for research from brokers. Sub-Advisers in the EU are required to either pay for research out of their own profit and loss or agree with clients to have research costs paid by clients through research payment accounts that are funded out of execution commissions or by a specific client research charge, provided that the payments for research are unbundled from the payments for execution. MiFID II restricts Sub-Advisers located in the EU from causing the Fund to pay a commission to a broker who provides brokerage and research services for executing a portfolio transaction which is in excess of the amount of commission another broker would have charged for effecting that transaction.
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The fees of each Sub-Adviser are not reduced by reason of its receipt of such brokerage and research services. Generally, a Sub-Adviser does not provide any services to the Fund or Subsidiary except portfolio investment management and related record-keeping services. The Adviser may request that a Sub-Adviser employ certain specific brokers who have agreed to pay certain Fund expenses. The use of such brokers is subject to best price and execution, and there is no specific amount of brokerage that is required to be placed through such brokers.
The research services provided by brokers through which a Sub-Adviser executes transactions on behalf of the Fund may be used by a Sub-Adviser in servicing all of its accounts and not all of these services may be used by the Sub-Adviser in connection with the Fund. It is possible that certain of the services received by a Sub-Adviser attributable to a particular transaction will primarily benefit one or more other accounts for which investment discretion is exercised by the Sub-Adviser.
Information about the brokerage commissions paid by the Fund and the amount of the transactions related to BAMSF’s commissions for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019 is set forth in the following table:
Fiscal Year |
Aggregate Brokerage Commissions Paid |
Amount of Brokerage Transactions Involved |
||||||
2021 |
$ | 4,471,689 | $ | 30,743,159,277 | ||||
2020 |
$ | 8,854,221 | $ | 36,906,440,847 | ||||
2019 |
$ | 6,315,309 | $ | 25,587,473,413 |
The Fund paid the following commissions to its respective affiliated brokers during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019, respectively.
Broker-Dealer |
Aggregate Commissions | Percentage of Brokerage Transactions | ||||||||||
2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||
Blackstone Securities Partners L.P. |
$4,471,689 | $8,854,221.92 | $— | 0.014% | 0.024% | 0.00% |
The following table shows the dollar amount BAMSF’s Sub-Advisers paid in brokerage commissions to firms that provided research and execution services, and the approximate dollar amount of the transactions involved for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019.
Fiscal Year |
Aggregate Brokerage Commissions Paid |
Amount of Brokerage Transactions Involved |
||||||
2021 |
$ | 4,447,321 | $ | 28,667,364,054 | ||||
2020 |
$ | 8,547,001 | $ | 34,142,878,286 | ||||
2019 |
$ | 2,492,478 | $ | 14,909,291,933 |
The value of BAMSF’s aggregate holdings of the securities of its regular brokers or dealers (as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the 1940 Act), if any portion of such holdings were purchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, are as follows:
Regular Broker-Dealer |
Aggregate Holdings | |||
HSBC |
-$ | 1,685,863 | ||
Citibank |
$ | 1,658,700 | ||
Deutsche Bank |
-$ | 367,524 | ||
JP Morgan Chase |
$ | 7,598,487 | ||
Royal Bank of Canada |
-$ | 908,828 | ||
Credit Suisse |
-$ | 283,655 | ||
Morgan Stanley |
-$ | 63,121,010 | ||
Goldman Sachs |
-$ | 7,424,550 | ||
Bank of America |
$ | 8,058,387 | ||
US Bancorp |
$ | 511,518 | ||
State Street Corp |
-$ | 205,987 |
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PORTFOLIO TURNOVER
The annual rate of portfolio turnover may vary from year to year as well as within a year. A high rate of portfolio turnover (100% or more) generally involves correspondingly greater brokerage commission expenses, which must be borne directly by the Fund. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of purchases or sales of Fund portfolio securities during the fiscal year by the monthly average of the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities. (Excluded from the computation are all securities, including options, with maturities at the time of acquisition of one year or less). For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, BAMSF’s portfolio turnover rate was 135% of the average value of its portfolio. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, BAMSF’s portfolio turnover rate was 193% of the average value of its portfolio.
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
Policy
The Fund’s Board of Trustees has adopted policies and procedures developed by the Adviser with respect to the disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio securities and any ongoing arrangements to make available information about the Fund’s portfolio securities.
Portfolio Holdings Information
For the purpose of this policy, portfolio holdings information includes position descriptions, issuer names, CUSIPs, ticker symbols, and other information sufficient to identify a specific portfolio holding of the Fund.
The Fund’s sector, strategy and geographic weightings, yield, performance attribution (e.g., analysis of the strategies or sectors that contributed to the Fund’s performance), and other summary and statistical information that does not include identification of specific portfolio holdings is not portfolio holdings information and may be disclosed provided that (i) the nature of the information disclosed is not such as would permit the recipient to infer or derive information about a portfolio or specific portfolio holding that could be used to the detriment of such portfolio, and (ii) such disclosure is otherwise in accordance with the general principles in this policy.
Conflicts of Interest
The policy requires that consideration always be given as to whether disclosure of information about the Fund’s portfolio holdings is in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders. As a consequence, any conflicts of interest between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders and those of the Adviser, the Distributor, or their affiliates in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information should be addressed in a manner that places the interests of Fund shareholders first.
None of the Fund, the Adviser, the Distributor, or any of their affiliates may receive compensation or any other consideration in connection with the disclosure of a Fund’s portfolio holdings.
Procedures
Publicly-Available Information
Disclosure of the Fund’s complete list of holdings is made quarterly within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (in the Annual Report and Semi-Annual Report to Fund shareholders and in the quarterly holdings report on Form N-PORT). These reports are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
In addition, the Fund may make its portfolio holdings information publicly available on the Adviser’s website in such scope and form and with such frequency as the Adviser may reasonably determine. The Fund and/or the Adviser may disclose portfolio holdings information that is publicly available.
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Limited Release of Non-Public Information
The Fund may not distribute non-public portfolio holdings information unless it has a legitimate purpose for doing so. The release of non-public portfolio holdings information must be subject to a confidentiality agreement or other duty/understanding of confidentiality to prohibit the recipient from sharing with an unauthorized recipient or trading upon the information provided. Non-public portfolio holdings information may be disclosed to the following persons:
a. | Adviser Personnel. Portfolio holdings information is available to Fund-affiliated Adviser personnel involved in the management, administration, or operations of the Fund. |
b. | Fiduciary to all Shareholders. Portfolio holdings information (and related risk/performance analyses) may be disclosed to an appropriate fiduciary who is determined by the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”), or designee, to be acting on behalf of all shareholders. |
c. | Trustees, Counsel, and Auditors. Portfolio holdings information may be released to a Fund’s trustees, legal counsel, counsel to its independent trustees, and its independent public accounting firm. |
d. | Service Providers. Portfolio holdings information may be provided to entities that provide services to a Fund in connection with its management, administration, or operations, including, but not limited to, the Sub-Advisers, custodian, administrator, fund accounting agent, pricing vendors, proxy voting agent, liquidity classification vendor, and rating agencies. |
e. | Sell-Side Brokers. A list of securities (that may include Fund holdings together with other securities) may be disclosed to sell-side brokers at any time for the purpose of obtaining research and/or market information from such brokers. |
f. | Transaction Counterparties. A trade in process may be discussed with counterparties, potential counterparties, and others involved in the transaction (i.e., brokers and custodians). |
g. | Regulatory Authorities. The Fund’s portfolio holdings may be released on an as-needed basis in required regulatory filings, to governmental agencies and authorities, or otherwise as required by applicable law. |
Ongoing Arrangements
Under the policy, the Fund may release portfolio holdings information on a regular basis for a legitimate business purpose to a custodian, sub-custodian, administrator, fund accounting agent, proxy voting agent, rating agency, or other vendor, service provider, or other party that is subject to a confidentiality agreement or other duty/understanding of confidentiality to prohibit the recipient from sharing non-public information with unauthorized recipients or sources and trading upon the information provided.
The approval of the Fund’s CCO, or designee, must be obtained before entering into any new ongoing arrangement or altering any existing ongoing arrangement to make available portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser has entered into ongoing agreements to provide selective disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings to the following persons or entities:
Type of Service Provider |
Frequency |
Delay Before Dissemination | ||
Fund’s Transfer Agent | Daily | None | ||
Fund’s Custodian | Daily | None | ||
Fund’s Administrator | Daily | None | ||
Fund’s Securities Lending Agent | Daily | None | ||
Fund’s Auditor | During annual audit | None | ||
Independent rating agencies—e.g., Morningstar, Inc., Lipper Inc., S&P, Moody’s, Fitch | Upon Request | None |
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Type of Service Provider |
Frequency |
Delay Before Dissemination | ||
Pricing Vendors—e.g., Markit, JP Morgan Pricing Direct, Super Derivatives, Reuters, ICE Liquidity Indicators, BAML Price Serve, Bloomberg, State Street | Daily access to relevant information | None | ||
Liquidity Classification Vendors—e.g., ICE Liquidity Indicators | Daily access to relevant information | None | ||
Fund’s Sub-Advisers’ Administrators and licensed affiliates, if applicable | Daily access to relevant information | None | ||
Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. for proxy voting guidance and filing of class action settlements | Daily | None | ||
Fund’s Legal Counsel | For regulatory filings, board meetings, and other relevant legal issues | None |
Exceptions
Other disclosures of portfolio holdings information will be made only following a determination by the CCO, or designee, that (i) the disclosures are in or not opposed to the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders; (ii) the disclosures are for a legitimate business purpose; (iii) the recipient is subject to a duty of confidentiality; (iv) the disclosures are reasonable in light of any potential conflict of interest between the Adviser’s interests (or that of an affiliate) and those of the Fund’s shareholders; and (v) the disclosures are otherwise consistent with the purposes of this policy.
The CCO, or designee, will use reasonable efforts to monitor the recipient’s use of non-public portfolio holdings information pursuant to this policy by means that may include contractual provisions, notices reminding a recipient of its obligations, or other commercially reasonable means.
Board Reporting
The CCO will report to the Board of Trustees at least annually regarding disclosures pursuant to this policy, including (i) on-going arrangements to make available portfolio holdings information; (ii) any exceptions to this policy; and (iii) any material breaches of this policy.
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DESCRIPTION OF SHARES
The Fund is currently the only series of the Trust. The Trust’s Declaration of Trust permits the Trust’s Board of Trustees to authorize the Trust’s issuance of an unlimited number of full and fractional shares of beneficial interest (without par value), which may be divided into different series and classes without shareholder approval. Each share represents an equal proportionate interest in the series with each other share of the same series, none having priority or preference over another. Shares of each class may have such preferences and relative rights and privileges (including conversion rights, if any) as the Trustees may determine. The Fund currently offers four classes of shares: Class D Shares, Class I Shares, Class R Shares, and Class Y Shares. Additional series and classes may be added in the future. Shares have no preemptive rights and are non-assessable.
Each Class D Share, Class I Share, Class R Share, and Class Y Share of the Fund represents a proportionate interest in the assets belonging to the applicable class of the Fund. All expenses of the Fund are borne at the same rate by each class of shares, except that fees under the Distribution and Service Plan are borne exclusively by Class D Shares, administration/shareholder servicing fees and expenses are borne at different rates by different share classes, and share class specific expenses are borne by each respective class. The Trustees may determine in the future that it is appropriate to allocate other expenses differently among classes of shares and may do so to the extent consistent with the rules of the SEC and positions of the IRS (as defined below). Each class of shares may have different minimum investment requirements and be entitled to different shareholder services.
Dividends paid by the Fund, if any, with respect to each class of shares will be calculated in the same manner, at the same time on the same day and will be in the same amount, except for differences caused by the fact that the respective administration/shareholder servicing and Distribution and Service Plan fees relating to a particular class will be borne exclusively by that class. Similarly, the net asset value per share of a class of shares may differ depending upon the class of shares purchased.
It is possible that an intermediary may offer different classes of shares (i.e., Class D, Class I, Class R, and Class Y Shares) to its customers and thus receive different compensation with respect to different classes of shares of the Fund.
Shareholders of the Fund are entitled to vote, together with the holders of shares of any other series of the Trust, only for certain matters, as set forth in the Declaration of Trust. Each whole share is entitled to one vote as to any matter on which it is entitled to vote, and each fractional share is entitled to a proportionate fractional vote. On any matter submitted to a vote of shareholders, all shares of the Trust then entitled to vote are voted in the aggregate as a single class without regard to series or class of shares, except that (i) when required by the 1940 Act or when the Trustees determine that the matter affects one or more series or classes of shares materially differently, shares are voted by individual series or class, and (ii) when the matter affects only the interests of one or more series or classes, only shareholders of such series or classes are entitled to vote thereon. Shares may be voted in person or by proxy.
Subject to the provisions of the 1940 Act, the Board of Trustees, in its sole discretion, may cause the Trust to redeem some or all of the shares of a shareholder at the net asset value of such shares under terms set by the Trustees. Except in limited circumstances, the Board of Trustees may, without any shareholder vote, amend or otherwise supplement the Declaration of Trust or authorize the Trust, or any series of the Trust, to merge, consolidate, or transfer all or a substantial portion of its assets. The Trust, any series of the Trust, or any class of any series, may be terminated at any time (i) by a vote of at least 66-2/3% of the shares of Trust or the relevant series or class, or (ii) by the Trustees upon written notice to the shareholders of the Trust or the relevant series or class.
The Trust is an entity commonly known as a “Massachusetts business trust.” Under Massachusetts law, shareholders of such a trust may, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable as partners for its obligations. However, the Trust’s Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the Trust and provides each shareholder and former shareholder with indemnification against losses arising from such liability.
The Trust’s Declaration of Trust provides that, subject to the provisions of the Declaration of Trust, the business of the Trust shall be managed by the Trustees, and the Trustees shall have all powers necessary or convenient to
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carry out that responsibility including the exclusive power to bring, permit or maintain any action, proceeding or claim on behalf of the Trust or any Fund. The Declaration of Trust further provides that shares of the Funds give shareholders only the rights provided in the Declaration of Trust or the by-laws of the Trust, as amended from time to time.
The Declaration of Trust also provides that the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts shall govern the validity, interpretation, construction and effect of the Declaration of Trust and the operations of the Trust, including, absent a provision to the contrary therein, any contract between the Trust and any party relating to the provision of investment advisory, administrative or distribution services to the Trust. The Declaration of Trust further provides that, absent the consent of all parties, the sole and exclusive forum for: (i) any action or proceeding brought by or on behalf of the Trust or any Fund or shareholders against the Trust, any Fund, the Trust’s investment adviser, or the Trustees, officers or employees of the Trust; and (ii) any action arising under or to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of the Declaration of Trust or any investment advisory agreement, among other types of enumerated claims, shall be the federal courts sitting within the Southern District of New York. The Declaration of Trust also provides that no shareholder shall have the right to bring or maintain any court action or other proceeding (including but not limited to any putative class action) asserting a derivative claim without first making written demand on the Trustees, and that any decision by the Trustees to bring, maintain or settle (or not to bring, maintain or settle) such court action, proceeding or claim shall be binding upon shareholders. The Declaration of Trust defines “derivative” and “direct” shareholder claims, and provide that a “direct” claim shall refer to: (i) a claim based upon alleged violations of a shareholder’s individual rights distinct from any harm to the Trust or a Fund or other individual shareholders, including a particular shareholder’s voting rights, rights to a dividend payment, rights to inspect books and records, or other similar rights personal to the shareholder and distinct from any harm to the Trust or a Fund or other individual shareholders; and (ii) a claim for which a direct shareholder action is expressly provided under the U.S. federal securities laws. Any other claim asserted by a shareholders is considered a “derivative” claim (and subject to the demand requirements) under the Declaration of Trust.
Escheatment
Please be advised that certain state escheatment laws may require the Fund to turn over your mutual fund account to the state listed in your account registration as abandoned property if there is no shareholder initiated activity on an account for a period of time, generally at least three (3) to five (5) years. Many states have added “inactivity” or the absence of customer initiated contact as a component of their rules and guidelines for the escheatment of unclaimed property.
It is your responsibility to ensure that you maintain a correct address for your account, keep your account active in ways such as by contacting the Transfer Agent by mail or telephone or accessing your account through the Fund’s website at least every three years, and promptly cash all checks for dividends, capital gains and redemptions. The Fund, the Adviser, and State Street Bank and Trust Company, will not be liable to shareholders or their representatives for good faith compliance with escheatment laws. To learn more about the escheatment rules for your particular state, which can vary and are subject to change, please contact your attorney or State Treasurer’s and/or Controller’s Offices. If you do not hold your shares directly with the Fund, you should contact your financial intermediary, retirement plan, or other third-party intermediary regarding applicable state escheatment laws.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. If a shareholder designates a representative to receive escheatment notifications, any escheatment notices will be delivered both to the shareholder and the designated representative. The completed designation form may be mailed to the below address.
Contact information:
Blackstone Alternative Investment Advisors LLC
345 Park Avenue, 28th Floor
New York, NY 10154
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TAXES
Taxation of the Fund
The Fund has elected to be, and intends to qualify and be treated each year as, a regulated investment company (“RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (previously defined as the “Code”). In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded RICs and their shareholders, the Fund must, among other things: (i) derive at least 90% of its gross income in each taxable year from (a) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including, but not limited to, gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies and (b) net income derived from interests in “qualified publicly traded partnerships” (as described below); (ii) diversify its holdings so that at the end of each fiscal quarter, (a) at least 50% of the value of its total assets consists of cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs, and other securities limited, with respect to any one issuer, to no more than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (b) not more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than those of the U.S. government or other RICs) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers which the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships; and (iii) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code without regard to the deduction for dividends paid – generally, taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net tax-exempt income (if any) for such year.
In general, for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described in (i) above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership which would be qualifying income if realized directly by the RIC. However, 100% of the net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (a partnership (a) the interests in which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof and (b) that derives less than 90% of its income from the qualifying income described in paragraph (i)(a) above) will be treated as qualifying income. In general, such entities will be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes because they meet the passive income requirement under Code Section 7704(c)(2). For purposes of (ii) above, the term “outstanding voting securities of such issuer” will include the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership. Also, for purposes of the diversification test in (ii) above, the identification of the issuer (or issuers) of a particular investment can depend on the terms and conditions of that investment. In some cases, identification of the issuer (or issuers) is uncertain under current law, and an adverse determination or future guidance by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) with respect to issuer identification for a particular type of investment may adversely affect the Fund’s ability to meet the diversification test in (ii) above.
If it qualifies for treatment as a RIC, the Fund will not be subject to federal income tax on income distributed to its shareholders in a timely manner in the form of dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends, as defined below). The Fund’s intention to qualify for treatment as a RIC may negatively affect the Fund’s return to shareholders by limiting its ability to acquire or continue to hold positions that would otherwise be consistent with its investment strategy or by requiring it to engage in transactions it would otherwise not engage in, resulting in additional transaction costs. Moreover, it may be difficult for the Fund to meet the income, diversification or distribution test set forth in the second preceding paragraph. The amount, timing and character of the Fund’s income in respect of certain Fund investments is uncertain, including under Subchapter M. If the Fund were to fail to meet the income, diversification or distribution test described above, the Fund could in some cases cure such failure, including by paying a fund-level tax, paying interest, disposing of certain assets, or making additional distributions. If the Fund were ineligible to or otherwise did not cure such failure for any year, or if the Fund were otherwise to fail to qualify as a RIC accorded special tax treatment for such year, the Fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income (if any) and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to
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shareholders as ordinary income. Some portions of such distributions may be eligible for the dividends-received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders and to be treated as qualified dividend income in the case of individuals, provided, in both cases, that the shareholder meets certain holding period and other requirements in respect of the Fund’s shares (as described below). In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before re-qualifying as a RIC that is accorded special tax treatment. Thus, failure to qualify as a RIC would likely materially reduce the investment return to the Fund’s shareholders.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its investment company taxable income and all net realized long-term capital gain in a taxable year. If the Fund does retain any investment company taxable income, it will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. If the Fund retains any net capital gain (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss, in each case determined with reference to any loss carryforwards), it will also be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained, but may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gain in a notice to its shareholders who would then (i) be required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of such undistributed amount, and (ii) be entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the Fund on such undistributed amount against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim such refunds on a properly filed U.S. tax return to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. If the Fund makes this designation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of the Fund will be increased by an amount equal to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the shareholder’s gross income under clause (i) of the preceding sentence and the tax deemed paid by the shareholder under clause (ii) of the preceding sentence. The Fund is not required to, and there can be no assurance that the Fund will, make this designation if it retains all or a portion of its net capital gain in a taxable year.
A nondeductible excise tax at the rate of 4% will be imposed on the excess, if any, of the Fund’s “required distribution” over its actual distributions in any calendar year. The required distribution is 98% of the Fund’s ordinary income for the calendar year plus 98.2% of its capital gain net income recognized during the one-year period ending on October 31, plus undistributed amounts from prior years. For purposes of the required excise tax distribution, a RIC’s ordinary gains and losses from the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of property that would otherwise be taken into account after October 31 generally are treated as arising on January 1 of the following calendar year. Also, for purposes of the excise tax, the Fund will be treated as having distributed any amount on which it is subject to corporate income tax for the taxable year ending within the calendar year. The Fund intends to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the excise tax, although there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so.
Capital losses in excess of capital gains (“net capital losses”) are not permitted to be deducted against the Fund’s net investment income. Instead, potentially subject to certain limitations, the Fund may carry net capital losses from any taxable year forward to subsequent taxable years to offset capital gains, if any, realized during such subsequent taxable years. Capital loss carryforwards are reduced to the extent they offset current-year net realized capital gains, whether the Fund retains or distributes such gains. The Fund may carry net capital losses forward to one or more subsequent taxable years without expiration. Any such carryforward losses will retain their character as short-term or long-term.
In determining its net capital gain, its taxable income and its earnings and profits, the Fund generally may elect to treat part or all of any post-October capital loss (defined as any net capital loss attributable to the portion of the taxable year after October 31 or, if there is no such loss, the net long-term capital loss or net short-term capital loss attributable to such portion of the taxable year) or late-year ordinary loss (generally, the sum of its (i) net ordinary loss from the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of property, attributable to the portion of the taxable year after October 31, and its (ii) net ordinary loss attributable to the portion of the taxable year after December 31) as if it was incurred in the succeeding taxable year.
Taxation of Fund Distributions
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, distributions of investment income are generally taxable as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the Fund owned the investments that
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generated them, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her shares. In general, the Fund will recognize long-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned for more than one year, and short-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned for one year or less. Tax rules can alter the Fund’s holding period in investments and thereby affect the tax treatment of gain or loss on such investments. Distributions of net capital gain that are properly reported by the Fund as capital gain dividends (“Capital Gain Dividends”) will be taxable to shareholders as long-term capital gains includible in net capital gain and taxed to individuals at reduced rates. The IRS and the Department of the Treasury have issued regulations that impose special rules in respect of Capital Gain Dividends received through partnership interests constituting “applicable partnership interests” under Section 1061 of the Code. Distributions of net short-term capital gain (as reduced by any net long-term capital loss for the taxable year) will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income.
The Fund may report certain dividends as derived from “qualified dividend income,” which, when received by an individual, will be taxed at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain, provided holding period and other requirements are met at both the shareholder and Fund levels. The Fund cannot predict at this time what portion, if any, of its dividends will be eligible for treatment as qualified dividend income.
In order for some portion of the dividends received by a Fund shareholder to be “qualified dividend income” that is eligible for taxation at long-term capital gain rates, the Fund must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to some portion of the dividend-paying stocks in its portfolio and the shareholder must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to the Fund’s shares. In general, a dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income (at either the Fund or shareholder level) (1) if the dividend is received with respect to any share of stock held for fewer than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date which is 60 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (or, in the case of certain preferred stock, 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date), (2) to the extent that the recipient is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property, (3) if the recipient elects to have the dividend income treated as investment income for purposes of the limitation on deductibility of investment interest, or (4) if the dividend is received from a foreign corporation that is (a) not eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States (with the exception of dividends paid on stock of such a foreign corporation readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States) or (b) treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”).
In general, dividends of net investment income received by corporate shareholders of the Fund will qualify for the dividends-received deduction generally available to corporations to the extent of the amount of eligible dividends received by the Fund from domestic corporations for the taxable year. A dividend received by the Fund will not be treated as a dividend eligible for the dividends-received deduction (1) if it has been received with respect to any share of stock that the Fund has held for less than 46 days (91 days in the case of certain preferred stock) during the 91-day period beginning on the date which is 45 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date in the case of certain preferred stock) or (2) to the extent that the Fund is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Moreover, the dividends-received deduction may otherwise be disallowed or reduced (1) if the corporate shareholder fails to satisfy the foregoing requirements with respect to its shares of the Fund or (2) by application of various provisions of the Code (for instance, the dividends-received deduction is reduced in the case of a dividend received on debt-financed portfolio stock (generally, stock acquired with borrowed funds)). The Fund cannot predict at this time what portion, if any, of its dividends will be eligible for the dividends-received deduction.
Any distribution of income that is attributable to (i) income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction or (ii) dividend income received by the Fund on securities it temporarily purchased from a counterparty pursuant to a repurchase agreement that is treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a loan by the Fund, will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders.
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The Code generally imposes a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on the net investment income of certain individuals, trusts, and estates to the extent their income exceeds certain threshold amounts. For these purposes, “net investment income” generally includes, among other things, (i) distributions paid by the Fund of net investment income and capital gains as described above, and (ii) any net gain from the sale, redemption, exchange, or other taxable disposition of Fund shares. Shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisers regarding the possible implications of this tax on their investment in the Fund.
Distributions are taxable to shareholders even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the Fund before a shareholder’s investment (and thus were included in the price the shareholder paid). Distributions are taxable whether shareholders receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares. Distributions declared and payable by the Fund during October, November or December to shareholders of record on a date in any such month and paid by the Fund during the following January will be treated for federal tax purposes as paid by the Fund and received by shareholders on December 31st of the year in which declared rather than the calendar year in which they were received.
If, in and with respect to any taxable year, the Fund makes a distribution in excess of its current and accumulated “earnings and profits” for such taxable year, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of a shareholder’s tax basis in his or her shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a shareholder’s basis in his or her shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of such shares.
As required by federal law, detailed federal tax information will be furnished to each shareholder for each calendar year early in the succeeding year.
Sale or Redemption of Shares
The sale or redemption of Fund shares may give rise to a gain or loss. In general, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise, the gain or loss on the taxable disposition of Fund shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held by a shareholder for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of Capital Gain Dividends received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed under the Code’s “wash sale” rule if other substantially identical shares of the Fund are purchased, including by means of dividend reinvestments, within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
Upon the sale, exchange or redemption of Fund shares, the Fund or, in the case of shares purchased through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary may be required to provide you and the IRS with cost basis and certain other related tax information about the Fund shares you sold, exchanged or redeemed. See the Fund’s Prospectus for more information.
Foreign Taxes
Income received by the Fund from sources within foreign countries, and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of portfolio securities, may be subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by such countries. Tax treaties between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate such taxes. The Fund may be liable to foreign governments for taxes relating primarily to income from or dispositions of foreign securities. If at the close of its taxable year, more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets consists of securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be permitted to make an election under the Code that would allow Fund shareholders who are U.S. citizens or residents or U.S. corporations to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction (but not both) on their income tax returns for their pro rata portion of qualified taxes paid by the Fund to foreign countries in respect of foreign securities that the Fund held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. In such a case, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes paid by
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the Fund. A shareholder’s ability to claim an offsetting foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund is subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in the shareholder’s not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. Shareholders who do not itemize on their U.S. federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but not a deduction) for such foreign taxes. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in the Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Fund. Foreign governments are treated as foreign corporations for purposes of the 50% test described above. Even if the Fund is eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so.
Foreign Currency Transactions
Any transaction by the Fund in foreign currencies, foreign-currency denominated debt obligations or certain foreign currency options, futures contracts, or forward contracts (or similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned. Such ordinary income treatment may accelerate Fund distributions to shareholders and increase the distributions taxed to shareholders as ordinary income. Any net losses so created cannot be carried forward by the Fund to offset income or gains earned in subsequent taxable years.
Foreign currency gains are generally treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income test for RIC qualification described above. There is a remote possibility that the Secretary of the Treasury will issue contrary tax regulations with respect to foreign currency gains that are not directly related to a RIC’s principal business of investing in stocks or securities (or options or futures with respect to stocks or securities), and such regulations could apply retroactively.
Options, Futures and Other Derivative Instruments
In general, option premiums received by the Fund are not immediately included in the income of the Fund. Instead, the premiums are recognized when the option contract expires, the option is exercised by the holder, or the Fund transfers or otherwise terminates the option (e.g., through a closing transaction). If a call option written by the Fund is exercised and the Fund sells or delivers the underlying securities or other assets, the Fund generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to (i) the sum of the strike price and the option premium received by the Fund minus (ii) the Fund’s basis in the underlying securities or other assets. Such gain or loss generally will be short-term or long-term depending upon the holding period of the underlying securities or other assets. If securities or other assets are purchased by the Fund pursuant to the exercise of a put option written by it, the Fund generally will subtract the premium received from its cost basis in the securities or other assets purchased. The gain or loss with respect to any termination of the Fund’s obligation under an option other than through the exercise of the option generally will be short-term gain or loss depending on whether the premium income received by the Fund is greater or less than the amount paid by the Fund (if any) in terminating the transaction. Thus, for example, if an option written by the Fund expires unexercised, the Fund generally will recognize short-term gain equal to the premium received.
Certain covered call writing activities of the Fund may trigger the U.S. federal income tax straddle rules of Section 1092 of the Code, requiring that losses be deferred and holding periods be tolled on offsetting positions in options and stocks deemed to constitute substantially similar or related property. Options on single stocks that are not “deep in the money” may constitute qualified covered calls, which generally are not subject to the straddle rules; the holding period on stock underlying qualified covered calls that are “in the money” although not “deep in the money” will be suspended during the period that such calls are outstanding. Thus, the straddle rules and the rules governing qualified covered calls could cause gains that would otherwise constitute long-term capital gains to be treated as short-term capital gains, and distributions that would otherwise constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends-received deduction to fail to satisfy the holding period requirements and therefore to be taxed as ordinary income or to fail to qualify for the dividends-received deduction, as the case may be.
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The tax treatment of certain positions entered into by the Fund (including regulated futures contracts, certain foreign currency positions and certain listed non-equity options) will be governed by Section 1256 of the Code (“Section 1256 contracts”). Gains or losses on Section 1256 contracts generally are considered 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gains or losses (“60/40”), although certain foreign currency gains and losses from such contracts may be treated as ordinary in character. Also, Section 1256 contracts held by the Fund at the end of each taxable year (and, for purposes of the 4% excise tax, on certain other dates as prescribed under the Code) are “marked to market,” with the result that unrealized gains or losses are treated as though they were realized and the resulting gain or loss is treated as ordinary or 60/40 gain or loss, as applicable.
The Fund’s direct or indirect investments in commodity-linked instruments can be limited by the Fund’s intention to qualify as a RIC, and can bear on the Fund’s ability to so qualify. Income and gains from certain commodity-linked instruments do not constitute qualifying income to a RIC for purposes of the 90% gross income test described above. The tax treatment of some other commodity-linked instruments in which the Fund might invest is not certain, in particular with respect to whether income or gains from such instruments constitute qualifying income to a RIC. If the Fund were to treat income or gain from a particular instrument as qualifying income and the income or gain were later determined not to constitute qualifying income and, together with any other nonqualifying income, caused the Fund’s nonqualifying income to exceed 10% of its gross income in any taxable year, the Fund would fail to qualify as a RIC unless it is eligible to and does pay a tax at the Fund level.
The tax rules are uncertain with respect to the treatment of income or gains arising in respect of commodity-linked exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”) and certain commodity-linked structured notes; also, the timing and character of income or gains arising from ETNs can be uncertain. An adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect the Fund’s ability to qualify for treatment as a RIC and to avoid a fund-level tax.
To the extent that, in order to achieve exposure to commodities, the Fund invests in entities that are treated as pass-through vehicles for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including, for instance, certain ETFs (e.g., ETFs investing in gold bullion) and partnerships other than qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined earlier), all or a portion of any income and gains from such entities could constitute non-qualifying income to the Fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described above. In such a case, the Fund’s investments in such entities could be limited by its intention to qualify as a RIC and could bear on its ability to so qualify. Certain commodities-related ETFs may qualify as qualified publicly traded partnerships. In such cases, the net income derived from investments in such ETFs will constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement. If, however, such a vehicle were not to constitute a qualified publicly traded partnership in a particular year, a portion of the gross income derived from it in such year could constitute non-qualifying income to the Fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement and thus could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC for a particular year. In addition, the diversification requirement described above for RIC qualification will limit the Fund’s investments in one or more vehicles that are qualified publicly traded partnerships to 25% of the Fund’s total assets as of the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year.
In addition to the special rules described above in respect of futures and options transactions, the Fund’s transactions in other derivative instruments (e.g., forward contracts and swap agreements), as well as any of its hedging, short sale, securities loan or similar transactions, may be subject to uncertainty with respect to their tax treatment, and to one or more special tax rules (e.g., notional principal contract, straddle, constructive sale, wash sale, and short sale rules). The aforementioned rules may affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary or capital, accelerate the recognition of income or gains to the Fund, defer losses to the Fund, and cause adjustments in the holding periods of the Fund’s securities, thereby affecting, among other things, whether capital gains and losses are treated as short-term or long-term. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and/or character of distributions to shareholders.
Because the tax treatment and the tax rules applicable to these types of transactions are in some cases uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to these rules or treatment (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect whether the Fund has made sufficient distributions, and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements, to maintain its qualification as a RIC and avoid a Fund-level tax.
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Certain of the Fund’s investments in derivative instruments and foreign currency-denominated instruments, and any of the Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and hedging activities, are likely to produce a difference between its book income and the sum of its taxable income and net tax-exempt income (if any). If such a difference arises, and the Fund’s book income is less than the sum of its taxable income and net tax-exempt income, the Fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a RIC that is accorded special tax treatment and to avoid an entity-level tax. In the alternative, if the Fund’s book income exceeds the sum of its taxable income (including realized capital gains) and net tax-exempt income, the distribution (if any) of such excess generally will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the Fund’s remaining earnings and profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt income), (ii) thereafter, as a return of capital to the extent of the recipient’s basis in its shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset.
Event–Linked Instruments
The tax rules are uncertain with respect to the treatment of certain event-linked instruments, including those commonly known as “catastrophe bonds.” Also, the timing and character of income or gains arising from such instruments is uncertain, including under Subchapter M. An adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect the Fund’s ability to qualify for treatment as a RIC and to avoid a Fund-level tax.
Multi-Manager Approach
The Fund employs a multi-manager approach in which the Adviser and one or more other Managers each provide day-to-day portfolio management for a portion of the Fund’s or a Subsidiary’s assets. Due to this multi-manager approach, certain of the Fund’s investments may be more likely to be subject to one or more special tax rules (including, but not limited to, wash sale, constructive sale, short sale and straddle rules) that may affect the timing, character and/or amount of the Fund’s distributions to shareholders.
Securities Issued or Purchased at a Discount
Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance (and zero-coupon debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance) will be treated as debt obligations that are issued originally at a discount. Generally, the amount of the original issue discount (“OID”) is treated as interest income and is included in the Fund’s taxable income (and required to be distributed by the Fund) over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. In addition, payment-in-kind securities will give rise to income which is required to be distributed and is taxable even though the Fund holding the security receives no interest payment in cash on the security during the year.
Some debt obligations that are acquired by the Fund in the secondary market may be treated as having market discount. Very generally, market discount is the excess of the stated redemption price of a debt obligation (or in the case of an obligation issued with OID, its “revised issue price”) over the purchase price of such obligation. Generally, any gain recognized on the disposition of, and any partial payment of principal on, a debt security having market discount is treated as ordinary income to the extent the gain, or principal payment, does not exceed the “accrued market discount” on such debt security.
Market discount generally accrues in equal daily installments. Alternatively, the Fund may elect to accrue market discount currently, in which case the Fund will be required to include the accrued market discount in the Fund’s income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt obligation, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt obligation; the rate at which the market discount accrues, and thus is included in the Fund’s income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the Fund elects. Notwithstanding the foregoing, effective for taxable years beginning after 2017, Section 451 of the Code generally requires any accrual method taxpayer to take into account items of gross income no later than the time at which such items are taken into account as revenue in the
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taxpayer’s financial statements. The Treasury Department has issued final regulations providing that this rule does not apply to the accrual of market discount. If this rule were to apply to the accrual of market discount, the Fund would be required to include in income any market discount as it takes the same into account on its financial statements.
Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of one year or less from the date of issuance may be treated as having OID or, in certain cases, “acquisition discount” (very generally, the excess of the stated redemption price over the purchase price). The Fund will be required to include the OID or acquisition discount in income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. The rate at which OID or acquisition discount accrues, and thus is included in the Fund’s income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the Fund elects.
Increases in the principal amount of an inflation indexed bond will be treated as OID. Decreases in the principal amount of an inflation indexed bond will reduce the amount of interest from the debt instrument that would otherwise be includible in income by the Fund.
If the Fund holds the foregoing kinds of debt instruments, it may be required to pay out as an income distribution each year an amount which is greater than the total amount of cash interest the Fund actually received. Such distributions may be made from the cash assets of the Fund or, if necessary, by disposition of portfolio securities including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so. These dispositions may cause the Fund to realize higher amounts of short-term capital gains (generally taxable to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates) and, in the event the Fund realizes net capital gain from such transactions, its shareholders may receive a larger Capital Gain Dividend than if the Fund had not held such instruments.
Very generally, where the Fund purchases a bond at a price that exceeds the redemption price at maturity (i.e., a premium), the premium is amortizable over the remaining term of the bond. In the case of a taxable bond, if the Fund makes an election applicable to all such bonds it purchases, which election is irrevocable without consent of the IRS, the Fund reduces the current taxable income from the bond by the amortized premium and reduces its tax basis in the bond by the amount of such offset; upon the disposition or maturity of such bonds acquired on or after January 4, 2013, the Fund is permitted to deduct any remaining premium allocable to a prior period. In the case of a tax-exempt bond, tax rules require the Fund to reduce its tax basis by the amount of amortized premium.
At-Risk or Defaulted Debt Obligations
Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the Fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as whether or to what extent the Fund should recognize market discount on such a debt obligation; when the Fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount; when and to what extent the Fund may take deductions for bad debts or worthless securities; and how the Fund should allocate payments received on obligations in default between principal and income. These and other related issues will be addressed by the Fund when, as, and if it invests in such obligations in order to seek to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its eligibility for treatment as a RIC and avoid becoming subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.
Municipal Obligations
The interest on municipal obligations is generally exempt from U.S. federal income tax. However, distributions from the Fund derived from interest on municipal obligations are taxable to shareholders of the Fund when received. In addition, gains realized by the Fund on the sale or exchange of municipal obligations are taxable to shareholders of the Fund.
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Passive Foreign Investment Companies
Funds that invest in non-U.S. securities may own shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as PFICs. In order to avoid U.S. federal income tax on distributions received from a PFIC, and an additional charge on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such PFICs or gain from the disposition of such shares, the Fund may elect to mark the gains (and to a limited extent the losses) in such holdings “to the market” as though it had sold (and, solely for purposes of this mark-to-market election, repurchased) its holdings in those PFICs on the last day of the Fund’s taxable year. Such gains and losses are treated as ordinary income and loss. If the PFIC provides the Fund with certain information, the Fund may alternatively elect to treat the PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” (i.e., make a “QEF election”), in which case the Fund will be required to include its share of the PFIC’s income and net capital gains annually, regardless of whether it receives any distribution from the PFIC. Under final regulations, any amount that is required to be so included would constitute qualifying income to the Fund to the extent it is (i) timely and currently repatriated to the Fund or (ii) derived with respect to the Fund’s business of investing in stock, securities or currencies. There can be no assurance that a PFIC in respect of which the Fund makes a QEF election will make sufficient distributions to the Fund in this regard. The Fund’s investments in PFICs, and its ability to make a QEF election in respect of any such investment, may therefore be limited by the Fund’s intention to qualify as a RIC, and may bear on the Fund’s ability to so qualify. The mark-to-market and QEF elections may accelerate the recognition of income (without the receipt of cash) and require the Fund to sell securities it would have otherwise continued to hold (including when it is not advantageous to do so) in order to make distributions to shareholders to avoid any Fund-level tax. Because it is not always possible to identify a foreign corporation as a PFIC, the Fund may incur the tax and “excess distribution” charges described above in some instances. Dividends paid by PFICs generally will not qualify for treatment as qualified dividend income. A foreign issuer in which the Fund invests will not be treated as a PFIC with respect to the Fund if such issuer is a controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes and the Fund holds (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of the voting interests in or total value of such issuer. In such a case, the Fund generally would be required to include in gross income each year, as ordinary income, its share of certain amounts of a CFC’s income, whether or not the CFC distributes such amounts to the Fund. See “Investment in the Cayman Subsidiary” below.
Investments in REITs
Any investment by the Fund in equity securities of REITs qualifying as such under Subchapter M of the Code may result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to Fund shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT will not qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction and generally will not constitute qualified dividend income.
Distributions by the Fund to its shareholders that the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” as defined and subject to certain conditions described below, are treated as qualified REIT dividends in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. Non-corporate shareholders are permitted a federal income tax deduction equal to 20% of qualified REIT dividends received by them, subject to certain limitations. Very generally, a “section 199A dividend” is any dividend or portion thereof that is attributable to certain dividends received by a RIC from REITs, to the extent such dividends are properly reported as such by the RIC in a written notice to its shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
Mortgage-Related Securities
The Fund is permitted to invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (“REMICs”) (including by investing in residual interests in CMOs with respect to which an election to be treated as a REMIC is in effect) or equity interests in taxable mortgage pools (“TMPs”). Under a notice issued
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by the IRS in October 2006 and Treasury regulations that have yet to be issued but may apply retroactively, a portion of the Fund’s income (including income allocated to the Fund from a pass-through entity) that is attributable to a residual interest in a REMIC or an equity interest in a TMP (referred to in the Code as an “excess inclusion”) will be subject to U.S. federal income tax in all events. This notice also provides, and the regulations are expected to provide, that excess inclusion income of a RIC will be allocated to shareholders of the RIC in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related interest directly. As a result, the Fund may not be a suitable investment for charitable remainder trusts (“CRTs”), as noted under “Tax-Exempt Shareholders” below.
In general, excess inclusion income allocated to shareholders (i) cannot be offset by net operating losses (subject to a limited exception for certain thrift institutions): (ii) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) to entities (including a qualified pension plan, an individual retirement account, a 401(k) plan, a Keogh plan or other tax-exempt entity) subject to tax on UBTI, thereby potentially requiring such an entity that is allocated excess inclusion income, and otherwise might not be required to file a tax return, to file a tax return and pay tax on such income; and (iii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder, will not qualify for any reduction in U.S. federal withholding tax. A shareholder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such inclusions notwithstanding any exemption from such income tax otherwise available under the Code.
Investment in the Cayman Subsidiary
The Fund intends to gain exposure to commodities and commodity-related instruments in whole or in part through investments in the Cayman Subsidiary. The Cayman Subsidiary is wholly owned by the Fund. A U.S. person who owns (directly, indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation is a “U.S. Shareholder” for purposes of the controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) provisions of the Code. A foreign corporation is a CFC if, on any day of its taxable year, more than 50% of the voting power or value of its stock is owned (directly, indirectly or constructively) by “U.S. Shareholders.” Because the Fund is a U.S. person that owns all of the stock of the Cayman Subsidiary, the Fund is a “U.S. Shareholder” with respect to the Cayman Subsidiary and the Cayman Subsidiary is a CFC. As a “U.S. Shareholder,” the Fund is required to include in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes for each taxable year all of the Cayman Subsidiary’s “subpart F income” (defined below) for the Cayman Subsidiary’s taxable year ending with or within the Fund’s taxable year, whether or not such income is distributed by the Cayman Subsidiary. Under Treasury regulations, “subpart F income” included in the Fund’s annual income for U.S. federal income purposes will constitute qualifying income to the extent it is either (i) timely and currently repatriated or (ii) derived with respect to the Fund’s business of investing in stock, securities or currencies. It is expected that all of the Cayman Subsidiary’s income will be “subpart F income.” “Subpart F income” generally includes interest, original issue discount, dividends, net gains from the disposition of stocks or securities, receipts with respect to securities loans, net gains from transactions (including futures, forward and similar transactions) in commodities, and net payments received with respect to equity swaps and similar derivatives. The Fund’s recognition of the Cayman Subsidiary’s “subpart F income” will increase the Fund’s tax basis in the shares of the Cayman Subsidiary. Distributions by the Cayman Subsidiary to the Fund will be tax-free, to the extent of the Cayman Subsidiary’s previously undistributed “subpart F income,” and will correspondingly reduce the Fund’s tax basis in the shares of the Cayman Subsidiary. “Subpart F income” is generally treated as ordinary income, regardless of the character of the Cayman Subsidiary’s underlying income. Net losses incurred by the Cayman Subsidiary during a tax year do not flow through to the Fund and thus will not be available to offset income or capital gain generated from the Fund’s other investments. In addition, net losses incurred by the Cayman Subsidiary during a tax year generally cannot be carried forward by the Cayman Subsidiary to offset gains realized by it in subsequent tax years. Further, if a net loss is realized by an Investment Fund or other investment vehicle that is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such net loss generally is not available to offset the income earned from other sources by the Fund or Subsidiary that invests in such investment vehicle.
In addition, if any income earned by the Cayman Subsidiary or by an underlying investment vehicle in which the Cayman Subsidiary invests were treated as “effectively connected” with the conduct of a trade or business in the
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United States (“effectively connected income” or “ECI”), such income would be subject to both a so-called “branch profits tax” and a federal income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. corporations, at the entity level. If, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Cayman Subsidiary were to earn ECI in connection with its direct investment activities, or were deemed to earn ECI in respect of the activities of an underlying investment vehicle, a portion or all of the Cayman Subsidiary’s income would be subject to these U.S. taxes. The Fund expects that, in general, the activities of the Cayman Subsidiary will be conducted in such a manner that it (and the underlying investment vehicles in which it invests) will not be treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business, but there can be no assurance that these entities will not recognize any effectively connected income. The imposition of U.S. taxes on ECI, at either the Cayman Subsidiary level or the level of an Investment Fund, could significantly reduce shareholders’ returns on their investments in the Fund.
Investment in the Domestic Subsidiaries
The Domestic Subsidiaries are disregarded entities for U.S. federal tax purposes. As a result, including for purposes of meeting the ongoing distribution, asset diversification, qualifying income, and other requirements applicable to RICs under Subchapter M of the Code, in the case of each Domestic Subsidiary, (i) the Fund is treated as owning the Domestic Subsidiary’s assets directly, (ii) any income, gain, loss, deduction or other tax items arising in respect of the Domestic Subsidiary’s assets will be treated as if they are realized or incurred, as applicable, directly by the Fund, and (iii) any distributions the Fund receives from the Domestic Subsidiary will have no effect on the Fund’s U.S. federal income tax liability or the requirements applicable to it for RIC treatment under the Code.
Investments in Other Regulated Investment Companies
The Fund’s investments in shares of an ETF or another company that qualifies as a RIC (for purposes of this section, each, an “underlying RIC”) can cause the Fund to be required to distribute greater amounts of net investment income or net capital gain than the Fund would have distributed had it invested directly in the securities held by the underlying RIC, rather than in shares of the underlying RIC. Further, the amount or timing of distributions from the Fund qualifying for treatment as a particular character (e.g., long-term capital gain, exempt interest, eligibility for dividends-received deduction, etc.) will not necessarily be the same as it would have been had the Fund invested directly in the securities held by the underlying RIC.
If the Fund receives dividends from an underlying RIC and the underlying RIC reports such dividends as qualified dividend income, then the Fund is permitted in turn to report a portion of its distributions as qualified dividend income, provided the Fund meets holding period and other requirements with respect to shares of the underlying RIC.
If the Fund receives dividends from an underlying RIC and the underlying RIC reports such dividends as eligible for the dividends-received deduction, then the Fund is permitted in turn to report its distributions derived from those dividends as eligible for the dividends-received deduction as well, provided the Fund meets holding period and other requirements with respect to shares of the underlying RIC.
Investments in Partnerships
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, if the Fund invests in an investment company or other vehicle that is treated as a partnership for such purposes, the Fund generally will be allocated its share of the income, gains, losses, deductions, credits, and other tax items of the partnership so as to reflect the Fund’s interest in the partnership. As noted above, income derived from a partnership (other than a qualified publicly traded partnership) will be treated as qualifying income to the Fund only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership which would be qualifying income if realized directly by the Fund. A partnership in which the Fund invests may modify its partner allocations to comply with applicable tax regulations, including, without limitation, the income tax regulations under Sections 704, 706, 708, 734, 743, 754, and 755 of the Code. It also may make special allocations of specific tax items, including gross income,
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gain, deduction, or loss. These modified or special allocations could result in the Fund, as a partner, receiving more or fewer items of income, gain, deduction, or loss (and/or income, gain, deduction, or loss of a different character) than it would in the absence of such modified or special allocations. The Fund will be required to include in its income its share of a partnership’s tax items, including gross income, gain, deduction, or loss, for any partnership taxable year ending within or with the Fund’s taxable year, regardless of whether or not the partnership distributes any cash to the Fund in such year.
In general, the Fund will not recognize its share of these tax items until the close of the partnership’s taxable year. However, absent the availability of an exception, the Fund will recognize its share of these tax items as they are recognized by the partnership for purposes of determining the Fund’s liability for the 4% excise tax (described above). If the Fund and the partnership have different taxable years, the Fund may be obligated to make distributions in excess of the net income and gains recognized from that partnership and yet be unable to avoid the 4% excise tax because it is without sufficient earnings and profits at the end of its taxable year.
In general, cash distributions to the Fund by a partnership in which it invests (including in partial or complete redemption of its interest in the partnership) will represent a nontaxable return of capital to the Fund up to the amount of the Fund’s adjusted tax basis in its interest in the partnership, with any amounts exceeding such basis treated as capital gain. Any loss may be recognized by the Fund only if it redeems its entire interest in the partnership for money.
If the Fund receives allocations of income from a partnership in which it invests that are eligible for qualified dividend treatment or the dividends-received deduction, then the Fund, in turn, may report a portion of its distributions as qualified dividend income or as eligible for the dividend-received deduction, as applicable, provided certain conditions are met.
More generally, as a result of the foregoing and certain other special rules, the Fund’s investment in investment companies that are partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes can cause the Fund’s distributions to shareholders to vary in terms of their timing, character, and/or amount from what the Fund’s distributions would have been had the Fund invested directly in the portfolio securities and other assets held by those underlying partnerships.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders
Income of a RIC that would be UBTI if earned directly by a tax-exempt entity generally will not constitute UBTI when distributed to a tax-exempt shareholder of the RIC. Notwithstanding this “blocking” effect, a tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of its investment in the Fund if shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of Code Section 514(b). A tax-exempt shareholder may also recognize UBTI if the Fund recognizes excess inclusion income derived from direct or indirect investments in residual interests in REMICs or equity interests in TMPs as described above, if the amount of such income recognized by the Fund exceeds the Fund’s investment company taxable income (after taking into account deductions for dividends paid by the Fund).
In addition, special tax consequences apply to CRTs that invest in RICs that invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in REMICs or equity interests in TMPs. Under legislation enacted in December 2006, a CRT (as defined in Section 664 of the Code) that realizes any UBTI for a taxable year must pay an excise tax annually of an amount equal to such UBTI. Under IRS guidance issued in October 2006, a CRT will not recognize UBTI as a result of investing in a RIC that recognizes excess inclusion income. Rather, if at any time during any taxable year a CRT (or one of certain other tax-exempt shareholders, such as the United States, a state or political subdivision, or an agency or instrumentality thereof, and certain energy cooperatives) is a record holder of a share in a RIC that recognizes excess inclusion income, then the RIC will be subject to a tax on that portion of its excess inclusion income for the taxable year that is allocable to such shareholders at the highest U.S. federal corporate income tax rate. The extent to which this IRS guidance remains applicable in light of the December 2006 legislation is unclear. To the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the Fund may elect to specially allocate any such tax to the applicable CRT or other shareholder and thus reduce such shareholder’s distributions for the
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year by the amount of the tax that relates to such shareholder’s interest in the Fund. CRTs and other tax-exempt shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisers concerning the consequences of investing in the Fund.
Backup Withholding
Backup withholding is generally required with respect to taxable distributions and redemption proceeds paid to any individual shareholder who fails to properly furnish a correct taxpayer identification number, who has under- reported dividend or interest income, or who fails to certify that he or she is not subject to such withholding. Amounts withheld as a result of backup withholding are remitted to the U.S. Treasury but do not constitute an additional tax imposed on the shareholder; such amounts may be claimed as a credit on the shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS.
Foreign (Non-U.S.) Shareholders
Distributions by the Fund to shareholders that are not “U.S. persons” within the meaning of the Code (“non-U.S. shareholders”) properly reported by the Fund as (1) Capital Gain Dividends, (2) short-term capital gain dividends, and (3) interest-related dividends, each as defined and subject to certain conditions described below, generally are not subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax.
In general, the Code defines (1) “short-term capital gain dividends” as distributions of net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses and (2) “interest-related dividends” as distributions from U.S. source interest income of types similar to those not subject to U.S. federal income tax if earned directly by an individual non-U.S. shareholder, in each case to the extent such distributions are properly reported as such by the Fund in a written notice to shareholders. The exceptions to withholding for Capital Gain Dividends and short-term capital gain dividends do not apply to (A) distributions to an individual non-U.S. shareholder who is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the distribution and (B) distributions attributable to gain that is treated as effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. shareholder of a trade or business within the United States under special rules regarding the disposition of U.S. real property interests as described below. The exception to withholding for interest-related dividends does not apply to distributions to a non-U.S. shareholder (A) that has not provided a satisfactory statement that the beneficial owner is not a U.S. person, (B) to the extent that the dividend is attributable to certain interest on an obligation if the non-U.S. shareholder is the issuer or is a 10% shareholder of the issuer, (C) that is within certain foreign countries that have inadequate information exchange with the United States, or (D) to the extent the dividend is attributable to interest paid by a person that is a related person of the non-U.S. shareholder and the non-U.S. shareholder is a CFC.
If the Fund invests in a RIC that pays Capital Gain Dividends, short-term capital gain dividends or interest-related dividends to the Fund, such distributions retain their character as not subject to withholding if properly reported when paid by the Fund to non-U.S. shareholders. The Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as interest-related and/or short-term capital gain dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so. In the case of shares held through an intermediary, the intermediary may withhold even if the Fund reports all or a portion of a payment as an interest-related or short-term capital gain dividend to shareholders.
Non-U.S. shareholders should contact their intermediaries regarding the application of these rules to their accounts.
Distributions by the Fund to non-U.S. shareholders other than Capital Gain Dividends, short-term capital gain dividends, and interest-related dividends (e.g., dividends attributable to dividend and foreign-source interest income or to short-term capital gains or U.S. source interest income to which the exception from withholding described above does not apply) are generally subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate).
A non-U.S. shareholder is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of shares of the Fund unless (i) such gain is effectively connected with
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the conduct by the non-U.S. shareholder of a trade or business within the United States, (ii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder that is an individual, the shareholder is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale and certain other conditions are met, or (iii) the special rules relating to gain attributable to the sale or exchange of “U.S. real property interests” (“USRPIs”) apply to the non-U.S. shareholder’s sale of shares of the Fund (as described below).
Non-U.S. shareholders with respect to whom income from the Fund is effectively connected with a trade or business conducted by the non-U.S. shareholder within the United States will in general be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the income derived from the Fund at the graduated rates applicable to U.S. citizens, residents or domestic corporations, whether such income is received in cash or reinvested in shares of the Fund and, in the case of a foreign corporation, may also be subject to a branch profits tax. If a non-U.S. shareholder is eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty, any effectively connected income or gain will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis only if it is also attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the shareholder in the United States. More generally, non-U.S. shareholders who are residents in a country with an income tax treaty with the United States may obtain different tax results than those described herein, and are urged to consult their tax advisers.
Special rules would apply if the Fund were a qualified investment entity (“QIE”) because it is either a “U.S. real property holding corporation” (“USRPHC”) or would be a USRPHC but for the operation of certain exceptions to the definition of USRPIs described below. Very generally, a USRPHC is a domestic corporation that holds USRPIs the fair market value of which equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market values of the corporation’s USRPIs, interests in real property located outside the United States, and other trade or business assets. USRPIs generally are defined as any interest in U.S. real property and any interest (other than solely as a creditor) in a USRPHC or, very generally, an entity that has been a USRPHC in the last five years. A Fund that holds, directly or indirectly, significant interests in REITs may be a USRPHC. Interests in domestically controlled QIEs, including REITs and RICs that are QIEs, not-greater-than-10% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in REITs and not-greater-than-5% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in RICs generally are not USRPIs, but these exceptions do not apply for purposes of determining whether a Fund is a QIE.
If an interest in the Fund were a USRPI, the Fund would be required to withhold U.S. tax on the proceeds of a share redemption by a greater-than-5% non-U.S. shareholder, in which case such non-U.S. shareholder generally would also be required to file U.S. tax returns and pay any additional taxes due in connection with the redemption. If the Fund were a QIE, under a special “look-through” rule, any distributions by the Fund to a non-U.S. shareholder (including, in certain cases, distributions made by the Fund in redemption of its shares) attributable directly or indirectly to (i) distributions received by the Fund from a lower-tier RIC or REIT that the Fund is required to treat as USRPI gain in its hands and (ii) gains realized on the disposition of USRPIs by the Fund would retain their character as gains realized from USRPIs in the hands of the Fund’s non-U.S. shareholders and would be subject to U.S. tax withholding. In addition, such distributions could result in the non-U.S. shareholder being required to file a U.S. tax return and pay tax on the distributions at regular U.S. federal income tax rates. The consequences to a non-U.S. shareholder, including the rate of such withholding and character of such distributions (e.g., as ordinary income or USRPI gain), would vary depending upon the extent of the non-U.S. shareholder’s current and past ownership of the Fund.
The Fund generally does not expect that it will be a QIE.
Non-U.S. shareholders should consult their tax advisers and, if holding shares through intermediaries, their intermediaries, concerning the application of these rules to their investment in the Fund.
In order to qualify for an exemption from withholding described above, a non-U.S. shareholder must comply with applicable certification requirements relating to its non-U.S. status (including, in general, furnishing an IRS Form W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E or substitute form). Non-U.S. shareholders should contact their tax advisers in this regard. Special rules (including withholding and reporting requirements) apply to foreign partnerships and those holding Fund shares through foreign partnerships. Additional considerations may apply to foreign trusts and estates. Investors holding Fund shares through foreign entities should consult their tax advisers about their particular situation.
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Shareholder Reporting Obligations With Respect to Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts
Shareholders that are U.S. persons and own, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the Fund could be required to report annually their “financial interest” in the Fund’s “foreign financial accounts,” if any, on FinCEN Form 114, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (“FBAR”). Shareholders should consult a tax adviser regarding the applicability to them of this reporting requirement.
Other Reporting and Withholding Requirements
Sections 1471-1474 of the Code and the U.S. Treasury and IRS guidance issued thereunder (collectively, “FATCA”) generally require the Fund to obtain information sufficient to identify the status of each of its shareholders under FATCA or under an applicable intergovernmental agreement (an “IGA”) between the United States and a foreign government. If a shareholder fails to provide this information or otherwise fails to comply with FATCA or an IGA, the Fund may be required to withhold under FATCA at a rate of 30% with respect to that shareholder on ordinary dividends it pays. The IRS and the Department of Treasury have issued proposed regulations providing that these withholding rules will not be applicable to the gross proceeds of share redemptions or Capital Gain Dividends the Fund pays. If a payment by the Fund is subject to FATCA withholding, the Fund is required to withhold even if such payment would otherwise be exempt from withholding under the rules applicable to foreign shareholders described above (e.g., short-term capital gain dividends and interest-related dividends).
Each prospective investor is urged to consult its tax adviser regarding the applicability of FATCA and any other reporting requirements with respect to the prospective investor’s own situation, including investments through an intermediary.
Other Tax Matters
Under Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss with respect to the Fund’s shares of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder (or a greater loss over a combination of years), the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on IRS Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
Special tax rules apply to investments though defined contribution plans and other tax-qualified plans or tax-advantaged arrangements. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the suitability of shares of the Fund as an investment through such plans and arrangements and the precise effect of an investment on their particular tax situation.
The foregoing discussion relates solely to U.S. federal income tax laws. Dividends and distributions also may be subject to state and local taxes. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisers regarding specific questions as to federal, state, local, and, where applicable, foreign taxes. Foreign investors should consult their tax advisers concerning the tax consequences of ownership of shares of the Fund.
The foregoing is a general and abbreviated summary of the applicable provisions of the Code and related regulations currently in effect. For the complete provisions, reference should be made to the pertinent Code sections and regulations. The Code and regulations are subject to change by legislative or administrative actions, possibly with retroactive effect.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Fund’s financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2021, and the financial highlights for the period presented, appearing in its 2021 Annual Report to Shareholders (the “Annual Report”), and the report thereon of Deloitte & Touche LLP, the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, also appearing therein, are incorporated by reference in this SAI. No other parts of the Annual Report are incorporated herein. The Annual Report, which contains the referenced financial statements, is available upon request and without charge, and was filed electronically with the SEC on Form N-CSR on May 26, 2021.
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Appendix A
BLACKSTONE ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT FUNDS
SUMMARY OF PROXY VOTING POLICY
The Board of Trustees (the “Board”) of Blackstone Alternative Investment Funds (the “Trust”) has delegated proxy voting authority relating to portfolio holdings of Blackstone Alternative Multi-Strategy Fund (the “Fund”) with respect to assets allocated to a Sub-Adviser that carry voting rights, to the Sub-Adviser (a “Voting Sub-Adviser” and collectively, the “Voting Sub-Advisers”), to be exercised in accordance with the proxy voting policies adopted by the Voting Sub-Adviser.
For any assets that carry voting rights not allocated to a Voting Sub-Adviser, the Board has delegated such proxy voting authority to the Adviser. The Adviser has hired Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (the “Proxy Voting Agent”) to provide research and recommendations in accordance with the proxy voting policies adopted by the Fund from time to time (the “Fund Proxy Voting Guidelines”).
Voting Sub-Advisers may apply their own proxy voting policies and procedures and/or may retain an independent third-party proxy voting agent to recommend how to vote proxies. In the alternative, the Voting Sub-Advisers may apply the Fund Proxy Voting Guidelines. The Adviser will apply the Fund Proxy Voting Guidelines. Copies or summaries of the Fund Proxy Voting Guidelines and each Voting Sub-Advisers’ proxy voting policy are attached hereto. The complete ISS Proxy Voting Guidelines is available on ISS’s website at
https://www.issgovernance.com/file/policy/active/americas/US-Voting-Guidelines.pdf
https://www.issgovernance.com/file/policy/active/specialty/Sustainability-US-Voting-Guidelines.pdf
The Adviser and each Voting Sub-Adviser shall act in a fiduciary capacity and shall exercise its proxy voting authority in the best interests of the Fund. The Adviser shall have overall responsibility for evaluating and monitoring the Proxy Voting Agent. The Adviser shall monitor and evaluate whether, in its view, the Proxy Voting Agent has the capacity and competency to adequately analyze the relevant proxy issues. In conducting this evaluation, the Adviser shall consider such factors as the Adviser deems appropriate and applicable. To the extent a Voting Sub-Adviser uses an independent third-party proxy advisory firm, it shall have comparable responsibilities with respect to that proxy voting agent as the Adviser has with respect to the Proxy Voting Agent.
Each Voting Sub-Adviser shall provide the Adviser with its proxy voting policy and procedures, respond to any questions from the Adviser about implementation of its proxy voting policy and how it identifies, mitigates and reports any conflicts of interest that may arise relating to proxy voting for the Fund, and notify the Adviser of any material changes to its policies and procedures. Each Voting Sub-Adviser shall also provide appropriate confirmation or certification, at least annually, to the Adviser that it has exercised its proxy voting authority in accordance with the relevant proxy voting policies and procedures, that its proxy voting policies and procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that it votes the Fund’s proxies in the best interest of the Fund, and that it has addressed any conflicts of interests in accordance with its policies and procedures.
The Fund shall:
1. | File its complete proxy voting record for the 12-month period ended June 30 with the Commission on an annual basis (no later than August 31 of each year) on Form N-PX. |
2. | Disclose in its SAI the policies and procedures that it uses to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities, including the procedures that the Fund uses when a vote presents a conflict of interest between the Fund and the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, or their affiliates. |
3. | Make available to shareholders, either on its website as soon as reasonably practicable or within three business days of any request, the Fund’s most recently filed report on Form N-PX. |
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4. | Disclose in its annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders and in its registration statement the methods by which shareholders may obtain information about the Fund’s proxy voting policies and procedures and the Fund’s proxy voting record. |
5. | Send a description of its proxy voting policies and procedures by first-class mail (or other means designed to ensure equally prompt delivery) within three business days of receipt of a request by a shareholder. |
Dated April 1, 2021
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Bayview Asset Management, LLC:
Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
The Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) has adopted Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act, pursuant to which registered investment advisers that exercise voting authority over securities held in client portfolios are required to implement proxy voting policies and describe those policies to their clients.
Bayview Asset Management, LLC (“Bayview” or the “Firm”) provides investment advisory services to investment funds and managed accounts (the “Funds”), and may invest the assets of these Funds in securities issued by public and private issuers. The Firm has delegated authority to vote proxies relating to such securities on behalf of the Funds it manages.
The Firm’s Investment Committee or Chief Executive Officer is responsible for making all proxy voting decisions in accordance with these proxy voting policies and procedures (the “Policy”). These decisions may be delegated to one or more portfolio managers.
An important element of the Policy is that, while voting on all proxies should be considered, voting on every proxy or all issues presented in a given proxy is not required by the Policy, unless refraining from such a vote would be inconsistent with the economic best interests of the Funds. Some issues presented for a proxy vote may not be relevant to the voting objectives of the Policy, or it may not be reasonably possible to ascertain what material effect, if any, a vote on a given issue may have on the value of an investment.
The Policy attempts to generalize a complex subject. The Firm may, from time to time, determine that it is in the best interests of its clients to depart from specific policies described herein. The rationale for any such departure will be memorialized in writing by the Investment Committee, the Portfolio Manager for Equities, or the Chief Compliance Officer.
I. | General Policy |
The general policy of the Firm is to require the exercise of proxy voting authority only in circumstances where casting a vote would reasonably be expected to have a material effect on the value of a Fund’s investment. When it is determined that exercising voting authority could reasonably be expected to have a material effect on the value of a Fund’s investment, the general policy is to vote proxy proposals, amendments, consents or resolutions relating to Funds’ securities holdings, including interests in investment funds, if any (collectively, “proxies”), in a manner that serves the best interests of the Funds, as determined by the Firm in its discretion, and taking into account relevant factors, including, but not limited to:
• | the impact on the value of the securities; |
• | the anticipated costs and benefits associated with the proposal; |
• | the effect on liquidity; and |
• | customary industry and business practices. |
It is the general policy of the Firm to vote proxies for all Funds in a consistent manner, unless it is determined that the best interests of a Fund would be served by voting differently from another Fund(s), in which case such determination will be documented in writing by the Investment Committee, the Portfolio Manager for Equities, or the Chief Compliance Officer.
II. | Specific Voting Policies |
A. | Routine Matters |
Routine matters are typically proposed by Management (as defined below) of a company and meet the following criteria: (i) they do not measurably change the structure, management, control or operation of the company;
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(ii) they do not measurably change the terms of, or fees or expenses associated with, an investment in the company; and (iii) they are consistent with customary industry standards and practices, as well as the laws of the state of incorporation applicable to the company.
For routine matters, when a determination has been made to vote a proxy, the Firm will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s management, directors, general partners, managing members or trustees (collectively, the “Management”), as applicable, unless, in the Firm’s opinion, such recommendation is not in the best interests of the investing Funds or accounts.
B. | Non-Routine Matters |
Non-routine matters involve a variety of issues and may be proposed by a company’s Management or beneficial owners (i.e., shareholders, members, partners, etc. (collectively, the “Owners”). Non-routine proxies may involve one or more of the following: (i) a measurable change in the structure, management, control or operation of the company; (ii) a measurable change in the terms of, or fees or expenses associated with, an investment in the company; or (iii) a change that is inconsistent with industry standards and/or the laws of the state of incorporation applicable to the company.
1. | Board Members |
a. Term Limits. The Firm will generally vote for proposals to require a reasonable retirement age (e.g., 72) for Board members, and will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to attempt to limit tenure.
b. Replacement. The Firm will generally vote against proposals that make it more difficult to replace Board members, including proposals:
• | to stagger the Board; |
• | to overweight Management representation on the Board; |
• | to introduce cumulative voting (cumulative voting allows the Owners to “stack” votes behind one or a few individuals for a position on the Board, thereby giving minority Owners a greater chance of electing the Board member(s)); |
• | to introduce unequal voting rights; |
• | to create supermajority voting; or |
• | to establish pre-emptive rights. |
c. Liability and Indemnification. In order to promote accountability, the Firm will generally vote against proposals to limit the personal liability of Board members for any breach of fiduciary duty or failure to act in good faith.
d. Ownership Issues. The Firm will generally vote for proposals that require Management to own a minimum interest in the company. The purpose of this policy is to encourage the alignment of Management’s interests with the interests of the company’s Owners. However, the Firm will generally vote against proposals for stock options or other compensation that grant an ownership interest for Management if such proposals offer greater than 15% of the outstanding securities of a company because such options may dilute the voting rights of other Owners of the company.
2. | Compensation, Fees and Expenses |
In general, the Firm will vote against proposals to increase compensation, fees or expenses to be paid to the company’s Owners, unless the Firm determines that the benefits resulting to the company and its Owners justifies the increased compensation, fees or expenses.
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3. | Voting Rights |
The Firm will generally vote against proposals:
• | to introduce unequal voting or dividend rights among the classes; |
• | to change the amendment provisions of a company’s charter documents by removing Owner approval requirements; |
• | to require supermajority (2⁄3) approval for votes rather than a simple majority (1⁄2); |
• | to restrict the Owners’ right to act by written consent; or |
• | to restrict the Owners’ right to call meetings, propose amendments to the articles of incorporation or other governing documents of the company or nominate Board members. |
The Firm will generally vote for proposals that eliminate any of the foregoing rights or requirements.
4. | Takeover Defenses and Related Actions |
The Firm will generally vote against any proposal to create any plan or procedure designed primarily to discourage a takeover or other similar action, including “poison pills”. Examples of “poison pills” include:
• | large increases in the amount of stock authorized but not issued; |
• | blank check preferred stock (stock with a fixed dividend and a preferential claim on company assets relative to common shares, the terms of which are set by the Board at a future date without further action by the Owners); |
• | compensation that would act to reward Management as a result of a takeover attempt, whether successful or not, such as revaluing purchase price of stock options, or “golden parachutes”; |
• | fixed price amendments that require a certain price to be offered to all Owners based on a fixed formula; and |
• | greenmail provisions that allow a company to make payments to a bidder in order to persuade the bidder to abandon its takeover plans. |
The Firm will generally vote for proposals that eliminate any of the foregoing rights or requirements, as well as proposals to:
• | require that golden parachutes or golden handcuffs be submitted for ratification by the Owners; and |
• | to opt out of state anti-takeover laws deemed by the Firm to be detrimental. |
The Firm will generally vote on a case-by-case basis regarding other proposals that may be used to prevent takeovers, such as the establishment of employee stock purchase or ownership plans.
5. | Reincorporation |
The Firm will generally vote for a change in the state of incorporation if the change is for valid business reasons (such as reincorporating in the same state as the headquarters of any controlling company).
6. | Debt Issuance and Pledging of Assets for Debt |
The Firm will generally vote proxies relating to the issuance of debt, the pledging of assets for debt, and an increase in borrowing powers on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration relevant factors, including, for example:
• | the potential increase in the company’s outstanding interests or shares, if any (e.g., convertible bonds); and |
• | the potential increase in the company’s capital, if any, over the current outstanding capital. |
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7. | Mergers or Acquisitions |
The Firm will vote proxies relating to mergers or acquisitions on a case-by-case basis, but will generally vote for any proposals that the Firm believes will offer fair value to its clients.
8. | Termination or Liquidation of the Company |
The Firm will vote proxies relating to the termination or liquidation of a company on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration one or more of the following factors:
• | terms of liquidation; |
• | past performance of the company; and |
• | strategies employed to save the company. |
9. | Social & Environmental Issues and Corporate Responsibility |
The Firm will vote proxies relating to social and environmental issues on a case-by-case basis, but will generally vote for any proposals that will reduce discrimination, improve protections to minorities and disadvantaged classes, and increase conservation of resources and wildlife.
The Firm will generally vote against any proposals that place arbitrary restrictions on the company’s ability to invest, market, enter into contractual arrangements or conduct other activities. The Firm will also generally vote against proposals:
• | to bar or restrict charitable contributions; or |
• | to limit corporate political activities. |
10. | All Other Matters |
All other decisions regarding proxies will be determined on a case-by-case basis taking into account the general policy, as set forth above.
C. | Abstaining from Voting or Affirmatively Not Voting |
In certain circumstances, the Firm will abstain from voting (which generally requires submission of a proxy voting card) or affirmatively decide not to vote if the Firm determines that abstaining or not voting is in the best interests of the Fund or account. In making such a determination, the Firm will consider various factors, including, but not limited to: (i) the relative costs and benefits associated with exercising the proxy; (ii) any legal restrictions on trading resulting from the exercise of a proxy; (iii) whether the Firm has sold the underlying securities since the record date for the proxy; (iv) the relationship between the voting issue and the enhancement or preservation of an investment’s value; and (v) whether the objectives of the Policy are more or less likely to be realized by voting a security. The Firm will not abstain from voting or affirmatively decide not to vote merely to avoid a conflict of interest.
III. | Conflicts of Interest |
At times, conflicts may arise between the interests of the investing Funds or accounts, on the one hand, and the interests of the Firm or its affiliates, on the other hand. If the Firm determines that it has, or may be perceived to have, a conflict of interest when voting a proxy, the Firm will address matters involving such conflicts of interest as follows:
A. | If a proposal is addressed by the specific policies herein, the Firm will vote in accordance with such policies; |
B. | If the Firm believes it is in the best interest of the investing Funds or accounts to depart from the specific policies provided for herein, the Firm will be subject to the requirements of C or D below, as applicable; |
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C. | If the proxy proposal is (1) not addressed by the specific policies or (2) requires a case-by-case determination by the Firm, the Firm may vote such proxy as it determines to be in the best interest of the investing Funds or accounts, without taking any action described in D below, provided that such vote would be against the Firm’s own interest in the matter (i.e., against the perceived or actual conflict). The Firm will memorialize the rationale of such vote in writing; and |
D. | If the proxy proposal is (1) not addressed by the specific policies or (2) requires a case-by-case determination by the Firm, and the Firm believes it should vote in a way that may also benefit, or be perceived to benefit, its own interest, then the Firm must take one of the following actions in voting such proxy: (a) delegate the voting decision for such proxy proposal to an independent third party; (b) delegate the voting decision to an independent committee of partners, members, directors or other representatives of the Funds or accounts, as applicable; (c) inform the investors in the investing Funds or the owners of the investing accounts of the conflict of interest and obtain consent to (majority consent in the case of a Fund) vote the proxy as recommended by the Firm; or (d) obtain approval of the decision from the Firm’s Chief Compliance Officer and third party Legal Advisors. |
IV. | Procedures for Proxies |
The Investment Committee or Chief Executive Officer will be responsible for determining whether the Firm will exercise its authority to vote a proxy and whether each proxy is for a “routine” matter or not, as described above. When a determination has been made to vote a proxy, all proxies identified as “routine” will be voted in accordance with the Policy, unless the Investment Committee or Chief Executive Officer determines that it is in the best interests of the Funds to depart from the policy and the rationale for such departure is memorialized in writing. Any proxies that are not clearly “routine” will be submitted to the Investment Committee or Chief Executive Officer, who/which will determine how to vote each such proxy by applying the Policy.
In the event the Firm determines that the investing Funds or accounts should rely on the advice of an independent third party or a committee regarding the voting of a proxy, the Firm will submit the proxy to such third party or committee for a decision.
V. | Record of Proxy Voting |
The Portfolio Manager for Equities will maintain, or have available, written or electronic copies of each proxy statement received and of each executed proxy, or may rely on a third party to which the Firm has delegated responsibility for maintaining such documents (the “Designated Third Party”).
The Portfolio Manager for Equities or the Designated Third Party will maintain records relating to each proxy and will provide such records to the Chief Compliance Officer upon request. The Firm will maintain a record of each written request from an investor in a Fund or owner of an managed account for proxy voting information and the Firm’s written response to any request (oral or written) from an investor in a Fund or owner of an managed account for proxy voting information.
The Chief Compliance Officer will maintain such records in its offices for two years from the end of the fiscal year during which the record was created, and for an additional three years in an easily accessible place.
Revision History:
Effective Date |
Authorized |
Description | ||
March 2, 2015 | Carlos Portugal, Chief Compliance Officer | Original Policy | ||
November 4, 2019 | Carlos Portugal, Chief Compliance Officer | Revised | ||
April 7, 2021 | Carlos Portugal, Chief Compliance Officer | Revised |
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BLACKSTONE LIQUID CREDIT STRATEGIES LLC
SUMMARY OF PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
By virtue of BXC’s relationship as general partner or investment manager of the Clients, the Firm has proxy voting authority with respect to Client securities. When voting proxies on behalf of Clients, BXC’s overall objective is to vote proxies in the best interest of the Clients and, in so doing, to maximize the value of the investments made by the Clients taking into consideration the Clients’ investment horizons and other relevant factors.
This document sets forth BXC’s policies and procedures that are designed to meet these overall objectives. As described below, the Firm’s policies and procedures address the following areas:
• | The personnel responsible for monitoring corporate actions, deciding how to vote proxies and confirming that proxies are submitted in a timely manner; |
• | The basis on which decisions are made regarding whether and how to vote proxies depending on the nature of the matter at issue; |
• | The approach to addressing material conflicts of interest that may arise between BXC and the Clients when voting proxies and how the Firm resolves those conflicts in the best interest of the Clients; |
• | The means by which the Clients and their investors may obtain information about proxy voting; and |
• | The books and records that BXC retains in connection with proxy voting. |
While BXC endeavors to follow these policies and procedures in all situations, special circumstances may arise from time to time that warrant a deviation. In addition, BXC will apply its proxy voting policies and procedures to votes cast or other corporate actions with respect to publicly traded companies and, to the extent applicable, to analogous actions taken with respect to investments made in private companies.
General Procedures
Monitoring Corporate Actions
The Clients that BXC manages generally make a limited number of investments in equity securities, and on occasion may receive equity securities in connection with other investments. When the Firm receives proxy voting materials (or similar voting/solicitation notices), they are initially transmitted by the account custodian, the company’s corporate secretary or transfer agent to the Employee who is designated to receive notices in the definitive documentation governing the relevant Client’s investment, if any (the “Proxy Recipient”). The Proxy Recipient must inform the Head of Middle Office and Risk Management of such receipt and review the materials, determine which Client(s) hold the securities and confirm the number of securities with the relevant Portfolio Manager and the Head of Middle Office and Risk Management. The Proxy Recipient will also consult the relevant Portfolio Manager(s) of each Client that holds the securities that are the subject of the proxy vote. The Proxy Recipient will monitor the voting deadline to confirm that the deadline for the response is met.
Determination of Voting Decisions
Decisions on whether and how to vote a proxy generally are made by the relevant Portfolio Manager. The Portfolio Manager and the members of the investment team covering the applicable security often have the most intimate knowledge of both a company’s operations and the potential impact of a proxy vote’s outcome. Where appropriate, the Portfolio Manager or a member of the investment team may consult with the Chief Compliance Officer or Chief Legal Officer and the members of the applicable Investment Committee regarding decisions and completion of the proxy material. Decisions are based on a number of factors that may vary depending on a
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proxy’s subject matter, but are guided by the general policies described in this document. In addition, BXC may determine not to vote a proxy after consideration of the vote’s expected benefit to Clients and the cost of voting the proxy.40
Conflicts of Interest
Material conflicts of interest that may arise between BXC and the Clients when voting proxies will be resolved in accordance with the applicable conflicts of interest policies and procedures described in Section V(e) of this Manual.
Communication of Decision
After making a decision to vote a proxy and determining how to vote the proxy, the Portfolio Manager or a member of the investment team covering the security will then submit the vote. The Portfolio Manager or such investment team member will send completed copies of the proxy materials to the Proxy Recipient and the Head of Middle Office and Risk Management. The procedures for voting proxies may vary, and can include electronic voting, forwarding voting instructions to the custodian or voting proxies forwarded by the custodian.
Providing Proxy Voting Information to Clients
BXC acknowledges that its investors have a right to information about how the Firm votes Client proxies, and BXC will make information available on request. The Firm also will make a copy of these policies and procedures available on request. When an investor makes a request about a particular vote, BXC usually will provide the following information: (1) the date of the vote; (2) a brief description of the matter voted on; (3) how (or whether) BXC cast the vote on the matter; and (4) any other reasonable information a limited partner might request. Proxy voting information and the procedure for obtaining such information is included in BXC’s Form ADV, which is available to each investor.
Books and Records
BXC must maintain the following additional records relating to proxy voting, which must be maintained by MOOG, or another applicable individual or group, as indicated, in an easily accessible place for five years from the end of the fiscal year during which the last entry was made on such record, the first two years of which in BXC’s offices.
• | A copy of these proxy voting policies and procedures (maintained by the LCD); |
• | A copy of each proxy statement received by BXC regarding Client securities; |
• | A record of each vote cast by BXC on behalf of a Client; |
• | A copy of all memoranda or similar documents created by BXC that were material to making a decision on the voting of Client securities or that memorialize the basis for that decision (maintained by relevant deal team members); and |
• | A copy of each written request by an investor for information on how BXC voted proxies on behalf of a Client, and a copy of any written response by BXC to any request (written or oral) by an investor for information on how BXC voted proxies on behalf of the Client (maintained by ICS). |
BXC may satisfy the requirement to maintain copies of proxy statements received and a record of votes cast on behalf of the Clients by relying on third parties to make and retain, on behalf of BXC, a copy of such proxy
40 | In determining whether the cost of voting a proxy outweighs its expected benefit to Clients, the relevant Portfolio Manager may consider factors such as (1) the subject matter of the vote; (2) the additional length of time that BXC anticipates holding the investment; (3) logistical issues associated with voting proxies for foreign companies; and (4) whether the Client is subject to ERISA. |
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statements and voting records, provided that BXC has obtained an undertaking from the third party to provide a copy of the proxy statements and voting records promptly upon request. BXC also may satisfy the requirement to maintain copies of proxy statements by relying on its ability to obtain a copy of a proxy statement from the SEC’s EDGAR system (to the extent that such proxy statements are available through the EDGAR system).
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Blackstone Real Estate Special Situations Advisors L.L.C.
Summary of Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
Proxy voting is an important right of shareholders and reasonable care and diligence must be undertaken to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised. When the Real Estate Group has discretion to vote the proxies of the Funds, the Real Estate Group will vote these proxies in the best interest of its clients and in accordance with these policies and procedures.
Proxy Voting Procedures
All proxies received by the Real Estate Group will be sent to the CCO who will ensure that:
(a) A record is kept of each proxy received, which record keeping may be delegated as the CCO determines.
(b) The proxy is forwarded, by email or otherwise, to the investment professional who monitors the investment or Real Estate Legal and Compliance, who will make the voting decision with respect to such proxy (the “Voting Person”); and
(c) The Voting Person is provided the name of the entity that holds the security and the date by which the Real Estate Group must vote the proxy in order to allow enough time for the completed proxy to be returned to the issuer prior to the vote taking place.
Absent material conflicts (see Section 5.4.3), the Voting Person will determine how the Real Estate Group should vote the proxy. The Voting Person will communicate the decision to the individual responsible for completing the proxy and delivering it in a timely and appropriate manner.
The Real Estate Group may retain a third party to assist it in coordinating and voting proxies with respect to the Funds’ securities. If so, the CCO, CFO and/or one or both of the Global Co-Heads will monitor the third party to ensure that all proxies are being properly voted and appropriate records are being retained.
In the ordinary course of business, the BREDS Funds’ securities may be borrowed, hypothecated, rehypothecated or pledged by the BREDS Funds’ custodians on the record date for determining eligibility to vote a proxy. In such case, the BREDS Funds typically will not be eligible to vote the securities. The Real Estate Group does not believe it is necessary or practical to insist that the custodians “lock up” the BREDS Funds’ securities at all times (i.e., not allow the BREDS Funds’ securities to be borrowed, hypothecated, rehypothecated or pledged). However, the Real Estate Group will request that the custodian “lock up” the BREDS Funds’ securities on a record date if the vote in question is material to the BREDS Funds’ investment.
Voting Guidelines
In the absence of specific voting guidelines from its clients, the Real Estate Group will vote proxies in the best interests of its clients. The Real Estate Group believes that voting proxies for equity securities in accordance with the following guidelines is in its clients’ best interests.
Generally, the Real Estate Group will vote in favor of routine corporate housekeeping proposals, including election of directors (where no corporate governance issues are implicated), selection of independent auditors (even, for the avoidance of doubt, where the proposed auditor is currently the auditor of TBG), and increases in or reclassification of common stock.
For other proposals relating to equity securities, the Real Estate Group will determine whether a proposal is in the clients’ best interests and may take into account the following factors, among others:
• | whether the proposal was recommended by management and the Real Estate Group’s opinion of management; |
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• | whether the proposal acts to entrench existing management; and |
• | whether the proposal fairly compensates management for past and future performance. |
For proxies relating to non-equity securities, the Real Estate Group will determine on a case-by-case basis whether a proposal is in the clients’ best interests taking into account the class of investment held by the client and such other factors the Real Estate Group deems appropriate. The Real Estate Group may elect not to vote certain routine proxies where doing so would be unduly burdensome.
Conflicts of Interest
The CCO, the Head of Asset Management and/or one or both of the Global Co-Heads will identify any conflicts that exist between the interests of the Real Estate Group and its clients. This includes a review of the relationship of the Real Estate Group and its affiliates with the issuer of each security and any of the issuer’s affiliates to determine if the issuer is a client of the
Real Estate Group or an affiliate of the Real Estate Group, or the issuer has some other relationship with the Real Estate Group or an affiliate of the Real Estate Group.
If a material conflict exists, the Real Estate Group will determine whether voting in accordance with the voting guidelines and factors described above is in the best interests of its clients.
Disclosure
The Real Estate Group will provide investors, upon written request, information on how the Real Estate Group voted proxies received by the applicable Fund. If an investor so requests this information, the Head of Asset Management, with input from the CCO, will prepare a written response to the investor that, with respect to the time period in question, lists, with respect to each voted proxy: (1) the name of the issuer; (2) the proposal voted upon; and (3) how the Real Estate Group voted the proxy.
Recordkeeping
A member of Real Estate Legal and Compliance maintains proxy voting records and the records will be maintained and preserved for seven years from the end of the fiscal year during which the last entry was made on a record, with records for at least the first two years kept on site. The following will be included in such records:
(a) A record of each vote that the Real Estate Group casts; and
(b) A copy of any document that the Real Estate Group created that was material to making a decision on how to vote proxies, or that memorializes the decision if different than those outlined in these procedures, if applicable.
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CASPIAN CAPITAL
Policy on Proxy Voting
A. Overview
Caspian Capital LP and its affiliates (together, “Caspian”) recognize their fiduciary responsibilities to actively monitor all aspects of the operations of the funds and other clients that they advise (“Clients”). Caspian has always placed paramount importance on its oversight of the implementation of Clients’ investment strategies and the overall management of Clients’ investments. A critical aspect of such management continues to be the effective assessment and voting of proxies relating to Clients’ portfolio securities.
Caspian manages Clients’ assets with the overriding goal of seeking to provide the greatest possible returns consistent with governing laws and the investment policies of each Client. In pursuing that goal, Caspian seeks to exercise its Clients’ rights as shareholders of voting securities to support sound corporate governance of the companies issuing those securities, with the principal aim of maintaining or enhancing the companies’ economic value. Accordingly, Caspian has adopted and implemented policies and related procedures that it believes are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interest of Clients, in accordance with Caspian’s fiduciary duties and Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. Those policies and procedures, which are described below, are designed to promote accountability of a company’s management and board of directors to its shareholders and to align the interests of management with those of shareholders.
In Proxy Voting by Investment Advisers, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 2106 (January 31, 2003), the SEC noted that, “The federal securities laws do not specifically address how an adviser must exercise its proxy voting authority for its clients. Under the Advisers Act, however, an adviser is a fiduciary that owes each of its clients a duty of care and loyalty with respect to all services undertaken on the client’s behalf, including proxy voting. The duty of care requires an adviser with proxy voting authority to monitor corporate events and to vote the proxies.” In Commission Guidance Regarding Proxy Voting Responsibilities of Investment Advisors, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 5325 (August 21, 2019), the SEC made clear that “[t]o satisfy its fiduciary duty in making any voting determination, the investment adviser must make the determination in the best interest of the client and must not place the investment adviser’s own interests ahead of the interest of the client.” The SEC also specified that the approach to proxy voting can be tailored to the contours of the relationship between adviser and client.
B. Third Party Advisory Firms
Caspian has retained a third party advisory firm to provide operational and administrative services related to voting proxies for Clients that have given proxy voting authority to Caspian and also to provide proxy voting guidelines and recommendations.
The third party advisory firm is an independent firm that analyzes proxies and provides research and objective vote recommendations for individual proxy matters. Caspian has determined that the third party advisory firm Proxy Paper Guidelines (the “Proxy Guidelines”) are generally consistent with Caspian’s views of the common types of proxy proposals. Consequently, Caspian will vote in accordance with the recommendations the third party advisory firm makes pursuant to the Proxy Guidelines except as provided below.
While Caspian ordinarily follows the Proxy Guidelines and related recommendations, Caspian retains the right to depart from the third party advisory firm’s recommendation on any given vote, provided that the details of the vote and the rationale for the departure are documented. In such cases, or when the third party advisory firm does not issue a recommendation, Caspian will use its best judgment to vote such proxies on behalf of its affected Clients. Access to the system is limited to the appropriate personnel.
To assure the quality of the services for which Caspian has engaged the third party advisory firm, Caspian will review periodic service reports. Compliance will also review the Proxy Guidelines at least annually (and upon
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notice from the third party advisory firm of their material amendment) to ensure that they continue to be largely consistent with Caspian’s views. Finally, Caspian will review on the same timetable the third party advisory firm’s conflict management procedures with respect to its voting recommendations, to the extent applicable.
C. Circumstances in which Caspian May Refrain from Voting
Where a Client has retained, or delegated to a party other than Caspian, the authority to vote proxies on the Client’s behalf, Caspian will not be responsible for voting such proxies.
Where a Client has delegated the responsibility to vote proxies to Caspian, Caspian will generally seek to vote all proxies for securities in the portfolio(s) that Caspian manages for the Client. In certain circumstances, however, the costs associated with voting a proxy may outweigh the potential benefits from exercise of the right to vote, such as where a country requires so-called “share-blocking.” In such situations, Caspian may, consistent with its fiduciary duties and this Policy on Proxy Voting, refrain from voting. In addition, Caspian may be required to abstain from voting on a particular proxy in a situation where a conflict exists between Caspian and its affected Clients. The procedures for resolving such conflicts are described below.
D. Recordkeeping
Caspian maintains records relating to the proxies it votes on behalf of Clients in accordance with Rule 204-2 under the Advisers Act.
E. Conflicts of Interest
There may be occasions where the voting of proxies by Caspian on behalf of a Client may present a perceived or actual conflict of interest between Caspian and the Client. Such potential conflict of interest situations may include: (1) where Caspian manages assets or provides other financial services or products to, or otherwise has a direct business relationship with, a company whose management is soliciting proxies; (2) where an Caspian representative serves on the board of directors of a public company soliciting proxies; (3) where Caspian has a business relationship with the proponent of a non-management proxy proposal; or (4) where Caspian or any Employee involved in casting proxy ballots may have a personal interest in the outcome of a particular matter before shareholders.
As noted above, Caspian generally votes proxies in accordance with recommendations provided by a third party advisory firm pursuant to pre-determined policies established by that provider (the Proxy Guidelines). As a result, such votes will not present any conflicts of interest.
When Caspian determines to depart from the third party advisory firm’s recommendation on a particular vote, Compliance will review the proposed vote and assess whether it presents any potential conflicts of interest. If, after reasonable consideration, Compliance concludes that a potential conflict of interest does exist, Compliance will inform the Principals of the firm. Compliance will also consult with Caspian’s outside counsel and/or compliance consultants as needed to determine whether a conflict of interest in fact exists between Caspian and such Clients and whether the matters involved in such proxy could have a material economic impact on those Clients.
If it is determined that there is in fact such a conflict, Caspian will seek, with respect to each Client involved, instruction on how the proxy should be voted from the Client, legal counsel to (or another appropriate representative of) the Client, or legal counsel to (or another appropriate representative of) the Client’s adviser (where Caspian acts as a sub-adviser to such adviser). In such cases, Caspian will provide all reasonable assistance to the Client or its representative to enable to such party to make an informed decision. If the Client or its representative fails to instruct Caspian on how to vote the proxy, Caspian will generally abstain from voting in order to avoid the appearance of impropriety. If, however, Caspian determines that the failure to vote such proxies would likely have a material adverse economic impact on the affected Clients’ investment in the relevant company, Caspian may vote such proxies in order to protect the Clients’ interests.
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D. E. Shaw Investment Management, L.L.C. — Summary of Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
INTRODUCTION
This document summarizes the proxy voting policies and procedures of D. E. Shaw Investment Management, L.L.C. (“DESIM”).
STATEMENT OF POLICY
When voting proxies for a client account, DESIM’s primary objective is to make voting decisions in the best interest of the client. In fulfilling its obligations to an advisory client, DESIM endeavors to act in a manner that will enhance the economic value of the assets of the client under management. DESIM has established written policies and procedures that are designed to ensure that shares owned by a client to which DESIM provides advice are voted in the best interest of such client (the “Proxy Voting Policy”). Among other topics, the Proxy Voting Policy addresses DESIM’s handling of material conflicts of interests in proxy voting situations.
VOTING OF PROXIES
DESIM has determined that the most efficient and effective method in which to vote proxies is through the engagement of an independent third-party proxy voting service (the “Proxy Voting Service”). DESIM generally votes most shares through and in accordance with the recommendations of the Proxy Voting Service. DESIM believes that the independent Proxy Voting Service’s internal policy regarding conflicts of interest, including the use of information barriers, addresses adequately its potential conflicts of interest.
For the avoidance of doubt, DESIM retains the authority to vote proxies, has not delegated such authority to any other party, and may vote contrary to any recommendation of the Proxy Voting Service if it determines such recommendation may be contrary to the client’s best interests. If DESIM believes that the recommendations of the Proxy Voting Service may be contrary to the best interest of a client, DESIM must obtain the approval of the Chief Compliance Officer and a Managing Director, or their respective designees, before instructing the Proxy Voting Service to vote the applicable proxy.
DESIM may elect not to vote proxies in cases where the cost of doing so, in the opinion of DESIM, would exceed the expected benefits to the client. Moreover, logistical issues may have a detrimental effect on DESIM’s ability to vote proxies and thereby cause the cost of voting to exceed the expected benefits to the client. Unless expressly agreed otherwise with the applicable client, DESIM believes the costs of voting proxies would exceed the expected benefits, and does not vote proxies, in the following circumstances: (a) proxies must be voted in-person; (b) proxies are in jurisdictions that impose restrictions on the sale of the securities in order to vote (e.g., share-blocking jurisdictions); (c) relevant securities are on loan pursuant to a securities lending program; (d) proxies require execution of a power of attorney; (e) relevant securities must be re-registered to the shareholder’s name and not held in “street name”; and (f) proxies require a certain client status with respect to the relevant resolutions, issuer, or jurisdiction to be voted.
RECORDKEEPING
Under applicable law, DESIM is required to maintain a number of books and records related to its business, including proxy voting records. Accordingly, DESIM maintains, or causes the Proxy Voting Service to maintain, the following documents:
• | copies of the Proxy Voting Policy and any amendments thereto; |
• | copies of proxy statements received regarding client securities; |
• | records of votes cast on behalf of each client; |
• | records of each advisory client request for proxy voting information; and |
• | copies of any written documents prepared by DESIM that were material to a voting decision or that memorialized the basis for such decision. |
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DISCLOSURE TO CLIENTS
DESIM provides a summary of its proxy policies in Part 2A of Form ADV, which includes information on how a client may obtain a copy of the Proxy Voting Policy. DESIM will also furnish a copy of the Proxy Voting Policy and a summary of applicable proxy votes to any client upon written request.
REVIEW OF POLICY AND PROCEDURES
DESIM reviews annually the Proxy Voting Policy and the Proxy Voting Service.
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EMSO ASSET MANAGEMENT LIMITED — SUMMARY OF PROXY VOTING POLICY
General Duty
We invest and have the authority to vote proxies in securities issued by both public and private issuers on behalf of our Clients.
Since we have voting authority of the securities in our Client’s portfolio, the SEC requires that we have implemented proxy voting policies.
Proxy Voting decisions are the responsibility of the relevant Portfolio Manager and are made in accordance with the proxy voting policies and procedures (the “Policies”). The actual voting of all proxies is the responsibility of the relevant portfolio manager, and the monitoring of the effectiveness of the Policies is the responsibility of Compliance.
There may be situations in which the Firm decides in the best interests of its Client’s to deviate from the Policies. In such event, Compliance will document in writing the reason for the deviation.
Guidelines for Voting Proxies
The Firm has a commitment to evaluate and vote proxy issues in the best interests of its Clients. We will generally vote proxy proposals, amendments, consents, or resolutions relating to Client securities, including interests in private investment funds, if any, (collectively, “proxies”) in accordance with the following guidelines:
a) | we will generally support a current management initiative if our view of the Issuers management is favourable; |
b) | we will generally vote to change the management structure of an Issuer if it would increase shareholder value; |
c) | we will generally vote against management if there is a clear conflict between the Issuer’s management and shareholder interest; |
d) | in some cases, even if the Firm supports an Issuer’s management, there may be some corporate governance issues that the Firm believes should be subject to shareholder approval; and |
e) | we may abstain from voting proxies when it is determined that the cost of voting the proxy exceeds the expected benefit to our Clients. |
Generally, all proxies are evaluated and voted on a case-by-case basis, considering each of the relevant factors set forth above. In all cases, we will take the appropriate action that we believe will be most advantageous to our Clients.
The Portfolio Manager will receive all proxies and then will determine how to vote each such proxy. Upon making a decision, the Portfolio Manager will instruct a member of the Operations team on how to instruct the custodian or prime broker to vote. It is the responsibility of the Operations team to instruct the custodian or prime broker and notify Compliance of the voting decision in order to update the Client’s proxy voting record. The Role of the Head of Operations should ensure that the voting of all proxies is done in a timely manner. Compliance should monitor the effectiveness of these Policies.
If an independent third party or a committee is used in making a decision to vote on a proxy, the Firm should submit the proxy to such third party or committee for a decision. The Operations team will execute the proxy in accordance with such third party’s or committee’s decision.
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Conflicts of Interest
There may be times in which conflicts may arise between the interest of the Client and the interest of the Firm. If a perceived material conflict of interest arises in connection with a proxy vote, the Firm may resolve such perceived material conflicts of interest as follows:
a) | delegate the voting decision for such proxy proposal to an independent third party; |
b) | delegate the voting decision to an independent committee of partners, members, directors or other representatives of the Client, as applicable; |
c) | inform the Investors or Account of the conflict of interest and obtain consent to (majority consent in the case of a Fund) vote the proxy as we recommend; or |
d) | obtain approval of the decision from Compliance. |
If a perceived material conflict of interest has been identified, Compliance will maintain a written record of the resolution of the material conflict of interest and the determination of the proxy vote.
Record of Proxy Voting
Compliance will maintain a record of each proxy received and each proxy executed.
Compliance will also maintain records relating to each proxy, including (i) the voting decision with regard to each proxy; and (ii) any documents created by the Portfolio Manager or others, that were material to making the voting decision.
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Endeavour Capital Advisors Inc.
SUMMARY OF PROXY VOTING POLICY
A. General
The Company has adopted these policies and procedures (the “Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures”) which have been designed to ensure that the Company complies with the requirements of Rule 206(4)-6 and Rule 204-2(c)(2) under the Advisers Act, and reflect the Company’s commitment to vote all client securities for which it exercises voting authority in a manner consistent with the best interest of the client. Employees who have the authority to vote client securities must familiarize themselves with and strictly adhere to the Company’s Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures.
B. Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
The Company monitors the performance, activities and events related to each investment. When exercising its voting authority over client securities, the Company considers such information, evaluates other issues that could have an impact on the value of the security and votes with a view toward maximizing overall value. The Company votes all proxies in a prudent manner, considering the prevailing circumstances at such time, and in a manner consistent with these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures and the Company’s fiduciary duties to its clients.
The Company reviews each proposal submitted for a vote on a case-by-case basis to determine whether it is in the best interest of the client. As a result, depending on the client’s particular circumstances, the Company may vote one client’s securities differently than it votes those of another client, or may vote differently on various proposals, even though the securities or proposals are similar (or identical). In some instances, the Company may determine that it is in the client’s best interest for the Company to “abstain” from voting or not to vote at all, and will do so accordingly.
C. Voting Procedures
The following procedures are performed when voting materials are received:
• | The investment professionals who are responsible for the investment review the current performance, activities and events related to the investment and ensure that the Company receives all necessary voting materials. |
• | The investment professionals, after consultation with senior professionals, the CCO and outside counsel, as appropriate, determine how the securities should be voted. |
• | The investment professionals ensure that the voting materials are completed and returned on time (unless it has been decided that it is in the client’s best interests for the Company not to vote on such matter). |
D. Conflicts
Prior to exercising its voting authority, the Company, in consultation with senior professionals, the CCO and outside counsel, as appropriate, reviews the relevant facts and determines whether or not a material conflict of interest may arise due to business, personal or family relationships of the Company, its owners, its employees or its affiliates, with persons having an interest in the outcome of the vote. If a material conflict exists, the Company takes steps to ensure that its voting decision is based on the best interests of the client and is not a product of the conflict. The Company may, at its discretion, (A) seek the advice of the applicable advisory board in voting such security (if any); (B) disclose the conflict of interest to the client and defer to the client’s voting recommendation; (C) defer to the voting recommendation of an independent third party provider of proxy voting services; and/or (D) take such other action in good faith (in consultation with the Company’s outside counsel) which would serve the best interest of the client. Depending on the particular circumstances involved, the appropriate resolution of one conflict of interest may differ from the resolution of another conflict of interest, even though the general facts underlying both conflicts may be similar (or identical).
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HealthCor Management, L.P.
Summary of Proxy Voting
General Policy
HealthCor provides investment advisory services to private investment funds or separately managed accounts (the “Funds”) whose investment program primarily involves investing the Funds’ assets in publicly traded securities. Proxy voting is an element by which the Funds can exercise its influence over the governance of its investments. Certain Funds have delegated proxy voting authority to HealthCor.
HealthCor votes proxies in a prudent and diligent manner keeping in mind its fiduciary obligation and will base its voting decision on its reasonable judgment of what will serve the Fund’s best financial interests and is in line with each Fund’s investment objectives.
HealthCor has engaged a third party service to assist in their proxy voting procedures. The general policy is to vote proxy proposals, amendments, consents or resolutions relating to Funds
(collectively, “proxies”) taking into account relevant factors, including:
• | the impact on the value of the securities owned by the Fund and the returns on those securities; |
• | industry and business practices; and |
• | recommendations of the companies’ management. |
From time to time, HealthCor may abstain from voting for an issuer because HealthCor no longer hold the position in its Funds. This occurs when HealthCor closes out the position during the time of the record date for when the issuer picks the shares HealthCor is eligible to vote on and when the vote takes place.
Each security is “tagged” to a HealthCor analyst (“Analyst”). The Analyst, together with Joseph Healey and/or Arthur Cohen (the “Investment Team”), will consider the recommendations of company management as well as third-party analysts (as applicable) and determine which voting decision is aligned with the best economic interests of the Funds. If any material conflicts arise, the Investment Team, in consultation with HealthCor Compliance, will determine the best way to handle such conflicts. It is the responsibility of the Investment Team to ensure that each proxy is voted in a timely manner.
Conflicts of Interest
HealthCor recognizes that there may be potential conflicts of interest when the firm votes proxies solicited by an issuer with whom HealthCor or an employee of HealthCor has business or personal relationship that may affect how HealthCor vote on the issuer’s proxy. Some potential conflicts of interest may be: (i) the issuer is a vendor whose products or services are material to the business of HealthCor, (ii) the issuer is an entity participating to a material extent in the distribution of proprietary investment products or research utilized by HealthCor, (iii) the issuer is a significant executing broker dealer of HealthCor, or (iv) the issuer is an access person of HealthCor who also serves as a director or officer of the issuer. HealthCor will mitigate any potential conflicts of interest by reviewing each scenario on a case-by-case basis and utilizing its compliance policies and procedures to address any perceived or actual conflict of interest.
Third-Party Proxy and Class Action Vendors
HealthCor has engaged a third-party service provider, to assist with proxy voting for the Funds. This service provider manages meeting notifications, vote entries, tracking, mailing, reporting, record maintenance, and vote disclosure rules to comply with certain SEC requirements.
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HealthCor uses a third-party service provider to help maintain all potential class action lawsuits and settlements. A third-party service provider assists HealthCor by identifying potential class action cases that the HealthCor Funds may participate in by analyzing HealthCor’s trading history against a third-party service provider’s database to ensure that all relevant matches are evaluated against open class action cases and that filings are properly prepared. HealthCor may opt-in or opt-out of a class action lawsuit. A third-party service provider also prepares and submits any class action related filings and helps recover funds. HealthCor recognizes that there may be potential conflicts of interest that arises from participation in class actions. In an event where this may occur, HealthCor will mitigate any potential conflicts of interest by reviewing each scenario on a case-by-case basis. All books and records related to any class action participation will be in accordance with Rule 204-2 of the Advisers Act.
HealthCor acts as a sub-adviser to a sleeve of a UCITS Fund. HealthCor coordinates with the
UCITS Fund’s proxy voting agent, Institutional Shareholder Services Inc., to assist in voting the sleeve’s proxies.
On an annual basis, HealthCor’s cybersecurity consultant, conducts due diligence on HealthCor’s third-party proxy and class action vendors. In addition, the vendors send HealthCor their updated Due Diligence Reports, including their Proxy Voting Guidelines, Policies and Procedures for Managing and Disclosing Conflicts of Interest on an annual basis. HealthCor reviews such diligence documentation.
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Jasper Capital Hong Kong Limited
Proxy Voting Policy
August 2020
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1. | Introduction |
Jasper Capital Hong Kong Limited (the “Company”) has adopted the following policies and procedures for proxy voting to ensure that it votes client securities in the best interests of its clients.
2. | General Voting Principles |
Where the Company has responsibility for voting proxies, the Company will take measures reasonably designed to ensure that they are voted in the best interest of its clients, which generally means voting with a view to enhancing the value of client securities.
Financial interest of clients is the primary consideration in determining how their proxies should be voted. The Company may refrain from voting in the following circumstances:
• | The Company believes that the matters to be voted on have no significant effect on clients’ interests or if there is a pending sell order for the security |
• | The costs of voting would be unreasonable |
• | The Company is of the view that the proxy statement has not provided sufficient information to justify a vote in favor |
Below are some voting principles that the Company may take into account in voting proxies whilst each situation must be judged on its own merits:
• | In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the Company will give considerable weight to management recommendations, except in the case of issues directly affecting the interests of management itself, such as management compensation; |
• | The Company will in general support management recommendations about the internal operations of the company. Whilst proposal which is likely to have significant economic effect on the relevant company and its security-holders will be subject to greater scrutiny on a case-by-case basis; |
• | The Company favors having strong independent directors and supports the delegation of key functions (such as compensation, audit and nominating committees) to independent directors and the Company will in general oppose classification of directors; |
• | Proposals for re-capitalizations, mergers, corporate restructuring and anti-takeover will be under scrutiny to ascertain possible benefits and disadvantages to security-holders. Management recommendations with respect to such transactions will be reviewed in the light of possible management self-interests; |
• | Proposals regarding stock-option plans and other compensation issues will be carefully scrutinized. As the Company believes in long term capital appreciation, the Company will take into account the relevant company’s positioning for achievement of long-term goals as well as shorter-term performance; |
The above principles are general guidelines only and not exhaustive which cannot cover all potential voting issues. The Company may also make reference to third party research materials and reports on specific voting issues in order to vote in the best interests of clients.
3. | Conflicts of interests |
Under certain circumstances, the voting may present an actual or potential conflict of interests between the Company as an investment manager and its clients, such as below:
• | Business relationships, where the Company has a substantial business relationship with a company and failure to vote in favor of management could harm the Company’s relationship with that company; |
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• | Personal relationships, where the Company has a personal relationship with corporate directors or candidates for directorship; or |
• | Family relationships, where the Company may have personal or business relationships relating to a company (e.g. a spouse or relative who serves as a director of a publicly traded company). |
For any voting proposals where the Company determines that it has a material conflict of interest, the Company will take steps designed to ensure a decision to vote that is based on the clients’ best interest and is not the product of the conflict, in which, the Company may:
• | refer the proposals to the clients and obtain instructions from the clients on how to vote the proxies relating to those proposals; |
• | determine how it proposes to vote the proposals on which it has a conflict, disclose the conflict to the clients and seek their consents before exercising a proxy; |
• | take such other action such as consulting an independent third party such as external legal counsel as the Company reasonably deems appropriate. |
4. | Voting Procedures |
Operations Manager is responsible to coordinate with respective parties to assure that proxies are received by PM in sufficient time to take action and will also follow up with responsible PM for voting and to ensure that reasons for the decision on voting non-routine proxy proposals (such as special resolution for an EGM, cash/scrip dividend selection etc.) are clearly by the responsible PM.
Operations Manager should arrange for signature and return the proxies in time to be counted.
Proxy voting decisions should be made primarily by the PM who follows the particular stocks under management.
5. | Record Keeping |
The Company will maintain appropriate records regarding the proxies as follows:
• | Copies of these proxy voting policies and procedures and any amendments to them; |
• | Proxy statements received regarding client securities; |
• | Records of how proxies were voted; |
• | Written client request for the Company’s proxy voting records and copies of the Company’s written responses to such requests; |
• | Documents created by the Company that were material to its decisions on how to vote proxies or that memorialized the bases for its decisions; and |
• | Documentation relating to the identification and resolution of conflicts of interests, if any. |
An independent review on proxy voting measures and documents will be performed by external service provider periodically to ensure the Company votes the proxies in the best interests of its clients and properly complies with the policy.
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MAGNETAR ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC
SUMMARY OF PROXY VOTING POLICY
The board of a RIC may delegate responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the RIC to the RIC’s primary adviser and/or one or more sub-advisers, subject to board oversight. The board must review and approve the proxy voting policies and procedures of any adviser or sub-adviser that has delegated authority.
If a RIC Client delegates proxy voting responsibility to MAM and MAM has accepted such delegation in the applicable Advisory Agreement or Sub-Advisory Agreement or as otherwise agreed with the RIC Client, MAM will vote (or abstain from voting) such proxies in accordance with the Proxy Voting Policy included in the Magnetar Manual as Appendix E. The Proxy Voting Policy requires MAM to vote proxies prudently and solely in the economic interests of, and for the exclusive purpose of providing economic benefits to, clients. Social, political or other objectives unrelated to the value of clients’ investments will not be considered.
Form N-1A requires a RIC to describe in its registration statement the policies and procedures that the RIC’s primary adviser and any sub-advisers use to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities.
A RIC is required to disclose annually its complete proxy voting record on Form N-PX, which provides information regarding how the RIC voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30th. The RIC, the Primary Adviser, or a designee of the RIC or the Primary Adviser, is responsible for filing the Form N-PX on behalf of the RIC. With respect to each pertinent RIC Client, MAM must provide the necessary information to the RIC Client, the Primary Adviser, or the designee of the RIC Client or the Primary Adviser, to complete the filing as necessary and, to the extent requested by the RIC Client or the Primary Adviser, review pertinent sections of the filing on Form N-PX for accuracy in advance of filing such Form.
MAM will maintain a record of all proxy ballots received for each RIC Client, whether or not voted, that includes the information MAM must provide to the RIC Client, the Primary Adviser, or the appropriate designee, in connection with Form N-PX.
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SUMMARY OF APPENDIX E TO THE MAGNETAR ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC
PROXY VOTING POLICY
Note: This generally pertains to all Adviser clients.
This proxy voting policy applies to Adviser and all funds and other client accounts for which it is responsible for voting proxies, including all private investment funds, separately managed accounts and other accounts for which it acts as investment adviser. This policy is intended to constitute “written policies and procedures” within the meaning of Rule 206(4)-b under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
I. | General Policy |
Adviser will vote proxies prudently and solely in the economic interests of, and for the exclusive purpose of providing economic benefits to, clients. Social, political, or other objectives unrelated to the value of clients’ investments will not be considered.
II. | Proxy Voting Process |
A. | Proxy Voting Coordinator |
Adviser will appoint a Proxy Voting Coordinator1, who will discharge the following functions in effectuating this policy:
(a) | Collecting and assembling proxy statements and other communications pertaining to proxy voting, together with proxies or other means of voting or giving voting instructions, and providing these materials to the appropriate portfolio managers to permit timely voting of proxies. |
(b) | Collecting recommendations, analysis, commentary and other information respecting subjects of proxy votes, from service providers engaged by Adviser and other services specified by portfolio managers, and providing this information to the appropriate managers to permit evaluation of proxy voting issues; |
(c) | Providing to appropriate portfolio managers any specific voting instructions from clients; |
(d) | Collecting proxy votes or instructions from portfolio managers, and transmitting the votes or instructions to the appropriate custodians, brokers, nominees or other persons, which may include proxy voting services or agents engaged by Adviser; |
(e) | Accumulating voting results as set forth in this policy and transmitting that information to the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (the “Chief Compliance Officer”) or his/her designee, as requested; |
(f) | Not less than annually, ascertain whether the service providers have the capacity and competency to adequately analyze proxy issues which can be accomplished by the service providers’ abilities to (1) ensure that voting recommendations are based on current and accurate information and (2) identify and address any conflicts of interest, and/or any other means that the Proxy Voting Coordinator finds necessary; |
(g) | Follow up with service provider errors when detected and investigate the error and assess efforts by the service provider to reduce future errors; |
(h) | Require service providers to update Adviser of any business changes that Adviser considers relevant; and |
(i) | Participating in the annual review of the policy. |
1 | The Adviser has appointed Zoe Allen as the Proxy Voting Coordinator and authorized her to appoint designees. |
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The Proxy Voting Coordinator may, with the approval of Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, delegate any portion or all of these functions to one or more other individuals employed by Adviser. Any portion or all of these functions may be performed by service providers engaged by Adviser.2
B. | Assembling Voting Information |
The Proxy Voting Coordinator or his/her designee will obtain proxy statements and other communications pertaining to proxy voting, together with proxies or other means of voting or giving voting instructions to custodians, brokers, nominees, tabulators or others in a manner to permit voting on relevant issues in a timely manner. Adviser may engage service providers and other third parties to assemble this information, digest or abstract the information where necessary or desirable, and deliver it to the individuals assigned by Adviser to evaluate proxy voting issues.
C. | Portfolio Managers |
The portfolio manager responsible for management of a specific account is responsible for timely voting (or determining not to vote in appropriate cases) proxies relating to securities in the account in accordance with this policy. The portfolio manager may delegate voting responsibilities to one or more other portfolio managers or other individuals. Portfolio managers are authorized to consider voting recommendations and other information and analysis from service providers, including proxy voting services, engaged by Adviser.
D. | Accumulating Voting Results |
The Proxy Voting Coordinator is responsible for reporting the following information with respect to the voting of each proxy to the Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee: As to each matter relating to a portfolio security held by the account considered at any shareholder meeting, and with respect to which the account was entitled to vote:
(a) | The name of the portfolio security; |
(b) | The exchange ticker symbol of the portfolio security; |
(c) | The CUSIP number for the portfolio security; |
(d) | The shareholder meeting date; |
(e) | A brief identification of the matter voted on; |
(f) | Whether a vote was cast on the matter; |
(g) | How Adviser cast the vote, e.g., for, against or abstain regarding a proposal, or for or withhold regarding election of directors; and |
(h) | Whether Adviser cast the vote for or against management. |
The above information must be delivered to the Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee annually. Adviser may use third party service providers to record, summarize and deliver the foregoing information to the Chief Compliance Officer. The Proxy Voting Coordinator may, with the approval of Adviser’s Chief Operating Officer, delegate any portion or all of these functions to one or more other individuals employed by Adviser.
E. | Communication of Votes |
The Proxy Voting Coordinator or his/her designee shall timely communicate decisions on proxy votes to the custodians or other persons who transmit or record votes on portfolio securities held by or for each account. Adviser may engage one or more service providers to facilitate timely communication of proxy votes. Adviser is not responsible for voting proxies relating to proxy materials that are not forwarded on a timely basis. Adviser does not control the setting of record dates, shareholder meeting dates, or the timing of distribution of proxy materials and ballots relating to shareholder votes.
2 | The Adviser currently employs a third party service to perform several of the procedures detailed in this policy. |
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F. | Record of Voting Delegation |
Adviser is authorized to vote proxies for all the accounts that it maintains.
III. | Service Providers |
In furtherance of Adviser’s goal of voting proxies in the best interests of clients, there will be sufficient oversight of service providers which will be accomplished by performing the functions described in Section II (f),(g) and (h).
IV. | Conflicts of Interest |
In furtherance of Adviser’s goal of voting proxies in the best interests of clients, Adviser will follow procedures designed to identify and address material conflicts that may arise between Adviser’s interests and those of its clients before voting proxies on behalf of clients.
A. | Procedures for Identifying Conflicts of Interest. |
Adviser relies on the following to seek to identify conflicts of interest with respect to proxy voting:
1. | Adviser will monitor the potential for conflicts of interest on the part of Adviser with respect to voting proxies on behalf of client accounts both as a result of personal relationships, significant client relationships, i.e., those accounting for greater than 5% of annual revenues, or special circumstances that may arise during the conduct of Adviser’s business. |
2. | The Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee will maintain a current list of issuers with respect to which Adviser has a conflict of interest in voting proxies on behalf of client accounts. Adviser will not vote proxies relating to issuers on this list on behalf of client accounts until it has been determined that the conflict of interest is not material or a method for resolving the conflict of interest has been agreed upon and implemented, as described below. |
B. | Procedures for Assessing Materiality of Conflicts of Interest and for Addressing Material Conflicts of Interest. |
1. | The Chief Compliance Officer will determine whether a conflict of interest is material. A conflict of interest will be considered material to the extent that it is determined that the conflict has the potential to influence Adviser’s decision making in voting the proxy, or if the issuer that is the subject of the proxy or any executive officer of that issuer has a client relationship with Adviser of the type described above. All other materiality determinations will be based on an assessment of the particular facts and circumstances. The Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee will maintain a written record of all materiality determinations. |
2. | If it is determined that a conflict of interest is not material, Adviser may vote proxies notwithstanding the existence of the conflict. |
3. | If it is determined that a conflict of interest is material, one or more methods may be used to resolve the conflict, including: |
• | disclosing the conflict to clients and obtaining their consent before voting; |
• | suggesting to clients that they engage another party to vote the proxy on their behalf; |
• | engaging a third party to recommend a vote with respect to the proxy based on application of the policies set forth in this Proxy Voting Policy; or |
• | such other method as is deemed appropriate under the circumstances given the nature of the conflict. |
Adviser will maintain a written record of the method used to resolve a material conflict of interest.
V. | Securities Subject to Lending Arrangements |
Adviser may engage in “security lending” programs on behalf of funds that it manages under which the funds loan stock in their portfolio to various broker-dealers and collect interest based on the underlying
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value of the position, or may manage accounts for clients who engage in such lending programs independently of Adviser. Adviser will generally refrain from recalling and voting securities loaned out unless it determines that (i) the benefit of voting the proxy outweighs the costs and lost revenue to the client combined with the administrative effort of retrieving the securities or, (ii) in the cases of accounts subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, a plan fiduciary directs Adviser to retrieve shares. Even if Adviser decides that voting loaned securities is desirable, it may be prevented from doing so because efforts to retrieve loaned securities are not always effective.
VI. | Recordkeeping |
Adviser will maintain the following records relating to proxy voting:
• | a copy of this Proxy Voting Policy; |
• | a copy of each proxy form, as voted; |
• | with regard to each proxy that is voted, a copy of the relevant proxy solicitation, including proxy statements, and related materials; |
• | documentation relating to the identification and resolution of conflicts of interest; |
• | any documents created by Adviser that were material to a proxy voting decision or that memorialized the basis for that decision. |
The above records will be maintained and preserved for a period of not less than five years from the end of the fiscal year during which the last entry was made on the record, the first two years in an easily accessible location. In lieu of keeping copies of proxy statements, Adviser may rely on proxy statements filed on the EDGAR system as well as on third party records of proxy statements and votes cast if the third party provides an undertaking to provide the documents promptly upon request.
VII. | Disclosure |
Adviser will provide a summary of this Proxy Voting Policy via Adviser’s Part 2 of Form ADV to clients who establish accounts with it or investors in private investment funds managed by it upon initiation of the client relationship or investment in the fund, as the case may be.
VIII. | Review |
The Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee shall conduct a periodic review, no less than annually, which shall comprise of the following elements:
1. | Review a sample of the record of voting delegation against voting results to determine if Adviser is exercising its authority to vote proxies on portfolio securities held in the selected accounts; |
2. | Request and review voting data to determine if timely communication of proxy votes is reasonably accomplished during the period reviewed; |
3. | Meet with the Proxy Voting Coordinator to review the voting of proxies, communication of proxy votes, accumulation of voting results and the general functioning of this policy; and |
4. | Prepare annual review workpapers pertaining to the audit conducted and include any findings in a written report which will be maintained by the Chief Compliance Officer or his/her designee. |
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Mesarete Proxy Voting Policy
Policy Owner |
Version # |
Date of Last Review |
Date of Next Review |
Approver | ||||
Compliance | 1 | August 2021 | August 2022 | Andy French |
Mesarete Capital LLP does not invest in equity strategies and so does not expect to vote proxies, but it has adopted and implemented policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interests of clients, in accordance with our fiduciary duties, SEC Rule 206(4)-6 of the Advisors Act, and Article 37 of the Level 2 AIFMD directive. If relevant, Mesarete will vote each proxy in accordance with its fiduciary duty to its clients and will generally seek to vote proxies in a way that maximises value. Mesarete’s Compliance team coordinates the proxy voting process.
For the avoidance of doubt, proxy voting refers to any authority to vote proxies relating to equity securities only, and as such, it is not currently envisaged that Mesarete will vote proxies on behalf of its clients. To the extent Mesarete did hold equities and had the authority to vote proxies, Mesarete would fulfil its fiduciary obligations by voting proxies in a manner that is consistent with the best interests of the client, and that which does not subordinate the client’s best interests to Mesarete.
Where Mesarete acts as sub-advisor to any registered investment company (“RIC”), Mesarete will follow the proxy voting guidelines provided to it in the RIC Client’s registration statement, or as otherwise agreed with the RIC client.
Mesarete will regularly monitor relevant corporate actions for its client’s portfolios and will ensure that the exercise of any voting rights is in accordance with the investment objectives and policy of the relevant portfolio. Mesarete will look to prevent and manage any conflicts of interest that could potentially arise from the exercise of voting rights.
If Mesarete’s ability to vote a proxy is affected by any potential or actual conflict of interest, the Compliance team will investigate and dictate the proposed action. Mesarete reserves the ability to abstain from any proxy if voting could be construed as a conflict of interest.
At least annually, Mesarete’s Compliance Team will review the proxies voted to ensure that they meet the full requirements of this policy and will review accompanying documented rationale for any deviances.
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35. | PROXY VOTING |
35.1 Law and Policy
This statement sets forth the current policies and procedures of the Firm with regard to the voting of proxies over which the Firm has investment responsibility. These policies and procedures are available to the Firm’s Clients upon request. It should be noted that, given the nature of the Firm’s investment activities on behalf of its Clients, it is not anticipated that Client accounts will hold voting securities. Nonetheless, the Firm has adopted the following policies and procedures in the unlikely event that it invests in voting securities for its Clients, including the private funds.
The Firm acts in a fiduciary capacity with respect to each of its Clients (including private funds) and, therefore, the Firm must act to maximize the value of the accounts it manages. Each proxy proposal is reviewed on a case-by-case basis by a member of the Firm’s portfolio management team. It is Firm policy generally to vote against any management proposals that the Firm believes could prevent companies from realizing their maximum market value, or would insulate companies and/or management, from accountability to shareholders or prudent regulatory compliance. For example, the Firm will generally vote against any proposal that attempts to limit shareholder democracy, such as increased indemnification protections for directors or officers, or unequal voting rights, in a way that could restrict the ability of the shareholders to realize the value of their investment. The Firm will generally support proposals aimed at effectuating standard and necessary aspects of business operations, which will not typically have a significant effect on the value of the investment, such as name changes, elections of directors and employee stock purchase or ownership plans.
A record of all proxy decisions and the rationale for voting will be retained and available for inspection by Clients at any time in accordance with the procedures listed below.
Conflicts of Interest. The Firm must act as a fiduciary when voting proxies on behalf of its Clients. In that regard, the Firm will seek to avoid possible conflicts of interest in connection with proxy voting as follows:
• | Where the Firm identifies a potential conflict of interest (such as if the Firm or an Employee is affiliated or associated with the issuer or the Firm holds the issuer’s securities on a proprietary basis), the Firm will initially determine whether such potential conflict is material. Where the Firm determines there is a potential for a material conflict of interest regarding a proxy, the Firm will take one or some of the following steps: (i) inform the Client of the material conflict and the Firm’s voting decision; (ii) discuss the proxy vote with the Client; (iii) fully disclose the material facts regarding the conflict and seek the Client’s consent to vote the proxy as intended; and/or (iv) seek the recommendations of an independent third party. The Firm will document the steps it took to evidence that the proxy vote or abstention was in the best interest of the Client and not the product of any material conflict. Such documentation will be maintained in accordance with required recordkeeping procedures. See Recordkeeping above. |
Disclosure of Policies and Procedures. The Firm will provide a summary of these policies and procedures in its Form ADV, Part 2 (or in a separate disclosure such as a fund offering memorandum) to be furnished to Clients. The Firm will further provide a copy of these policies and procedures to any Client upon request. In addition, the Firm will inform its Clients how they can obtain further proxy voting information about their own proxies.
Disclosure of Voting Record. Upon a request from a Client, the Firm will furnish to such Client its proxy voting record with respect to such Client’s securities.
ERISA Considerations. ERISA prohibits fiduciaries from acting on behalf of a plan in situations in which the fiduciary is subject to a conflict of interest. Thus, if the Firm determines that it has a conflict of interest with respect to the voting of proxies, the Firm must either seek the Client’s informed direction or retain an independent person to direct the Firm how to vote the proxy in the best interests of the ERISA account.
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35.2 Procedures
Receipt of Proxy Materials. To the extent relevant, the Firm may receive proxy materials from issuers, custodians or broker-dealers through the mail in hard copy form with respect to any securities held in Client accounts.
Voting Decisions. The portfolio managers have responsibility for reviewing proxy materials and deciding how to vote on each issue or initiative for the securities he or she trades.
Recusal from Voting. Any Employee who has a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any issue presented for voting, or any relationship with the issuer, must so inform the Chief Compliance Officer (or designee) and recuse him or herself from decisions on how proxies with respect to that issuer are voted.
Record of Votes Cast. The Chief Compliance Officer (or designee) will track in a spreadsheet (if necessary) each security with respect to which votes were cast, the number of shares voted and how they were voted on each issue. The spreadsheet is maintained and updated to show such information for each proxy received throughout the year.
Client Requests for Voting Record. Clients may request information concerning how their proxies were voted. The portfolio manager or a member of the portfolio management team will notify the Chief Compliance Officer (or designee) if he or she receives such request and will respond to such requests showing how Client shares were voted on particular issues. The Chief Compliance Officer (or designee) will maintain a copy of all such requests and responses.
Nephila Advisors. As described in the “Introduction” section, Nephila Advisors provides certain non- discretionary sub-advisory services to Nephila Capital. In this capacity, Nephila Advisors provides trading and investment recommendations to Nephila Capital, but Nephila Capital will have the ultimate authority to direct or manage the investments of the Firm’s Clients, including the execution of trades on Clients’ behalf. As a result, in the unlikely event that the Firm invests in voting securities, Nephila Advisors may provide its recommendations about how to vote, however, Nephila Capital will ultimately be responsible for making voting decisions. Therefore, the proxy voting policies and procedures set forth in this section are not directly applicable to Nephila Advisors. However, Nephila Advisors personnel should be cognizant of these requirements and procedures.
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SAGE ROCK CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LP
SUMMARY OF PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
From time to time, Sage Rock Capital Management LP (the “Firm”) has voting discretion over securities held by the funds and managed accounts it manages (collectively, the “Accounts”). Whenever the Firm has such discretion, it will exercise that discretion in the best interests of the Accounts.
1.1 | Voting Guidelines |
In the absence of specific voting guidelines from a client or conflicts of interest (see Section 1.2 below), the Firm will vote all proxies in the best interests of each Account. In addition, the Firm may determine to abstain from voting a proxy if it believes that such action is in the best interests of one or more Accounts. In determining whether a specific proposal is in the best interests of an Account, the Firm may take into account, among other things, (a) management of the issuer’s views and recommendations on such proposal; (b) whether the proposal may have the effect of entrenching existing management and/or making management less responsive to shareholders’ concerns (e.g., instituting or removing a poison pill, classified board of directors and/or other anti-takeover measure); and (c) whether the Firm believes that the proposal will fairly compensate management for its and/or the issuer’s performance. If the Firm deems that the issue being voted upon is not material for the Accounts or the Firm determines that the cost of voting a proxy would exceed the expected benefit to the Accounts, the Firm will not be obligated to vote on such matter.
1.2 | Conflicts of Interest |
Each employee must notify the Firm’s Chief Compliance Officer (the “CCO”) of any potential conflicts of interest of which he or she is aware, and the CCO should make a determination as to whether a material conflict of interest exists. If the CCO believes that a material conflict exists between the Firm and any of the Accounts with respect to a voting decision, the Firm will rely exclusively in making its voting decision on the recommendation of an independent third party who is experienced in advising investment managers regarding proxy voting decisions.
Special considerations may apply in cases of conflicts of interest involving clients that are deemed plan assets under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. The CCO will confer with appropriate counsel in such cases.
1.3 | Recordkeeping |
The Firm will maintain files relating to these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures. Records of the following will be included in the files:
(a) | A copy of these policies and procedures, and any amendments hereto. |
(b) | A copy of each proxy statement that the Firm receives regarding Account securities, although the Firm may rely on obtaining copies of proxy statements from the EDGAR system for those proxy statements that are so available. |
(c) | A record of each vote that the Firm casts on behalf of a Account. |
(d) | A copy of any document created by the Firm that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies on behalf of a Account or that memorializes the basis for that decision. |
(e) | A copy of each written client request for information on how the Firm voted proxies on behalf of the client, and a copy of any written response by the Firm to any (written or oral) client request for information on how the Firm voted proxies on behalf of the requesting client. |
The Firm has engaged a third party to archive the proxies and voting record.
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1.4 | Retaining a Proxy Advisory Firm |
In the event that the Firm plans to retain a proxy advisory firm to provide proxy voting recommendations, the Firm will ascertain, among other things, whether the proxy advisory firm has the capacity and competency to adequately analyze proxy issues. In making such analysis, the Firm will consider, among other things:
(a) | The adequacy and quality of the proxy advisory firm’s staffing and personnel; |
(b) | The robustness of the proxy advisory firm’s policies and procedures regarding its ability to ensure that its proxy voting recommendations are based on current and accurate information; |
(c) | The robustness of the proxy advisory firm’s policies and procedures regarding its ability to identify and address any conflicts of interest; and |
(d) | Any other considerations that the Firm believes would be appropriate in considering the nature and quality of the services provided by the proxy advisory firm. |
The Firm will conduct this analysis on an annual basis for each proxy advisory firm that it retains to ensure that continued retention is appropriate.
1.5 | Oversight of Third Parties |
To the extent that the Firm retains a third party (such as a proxy advisory firm) to assist with its proxy voting responsibilities, it will conduct ongoing oversight of such third party in order to ensure that proxies are being voted in the best interests of its clients. As part of such oversight, the Firm may, among other things: (i) require the third party to agree to update the Firm about business changes that the Firm may consider relevant (i.e., with respect to the third party’s capacity and competency to provide voting advice) or about changes to its conflicts policies and procedures, or (ii) conduct an annual due diligence meeting with the third party to review whether any such changes have occurred.
If the Firm determines that a recommendation by a proxy advisory firm was based on a material factual error that causes the Firm to question the process by which such firm develops its recommendations, the Firm will: (i) take reasonable steps to investigate the error, taking into account, among other things, the nature of the error and the related recommendation, and (ii) seek to determine whether the proxy advisory firm is taking reasonable steps to seek to reduce similar errors in the future.
1.6 | Periodic Review |
The CCO will conduct a periodic review of the Firm’s proxy voting records to confirm that proxies are properly voted and records are appropriately maintained. Such review may involve a specific review of a sample of proxy votes that relate to certain proposals that require more analysis. At least annually, the CCO will review the adequacy of these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures to make sure that they have been implemented effectively and that they continue to be reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interests of the Firm’s clients.
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TWO SIGMA ADVISERS, LP
Summary of Proxy Voting Policy
Legal and Compliance
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Legal and Compliance — Summary of Proxy Voting Policy
Table of Contents
1 | Policy Overview | A-38 | ||||
2 | Definitions & Scope | A-39 | ||||
3 | Policy Statement | A-40 | ||||
4 | Institutional Shareholder Services | A-41 | ||||
5 | Requirements | A-42 | ||||
5.1 | Proxy Voting Procedures | A-42 | ||||
5.2 | Refer Items | A-42 | ||||
5.3 | Conflicts of Interest/Vote Overriding | A-42 | ||||
5.4 | Potential Limitations on the Adviser’s ability to Vote Proxies | A-42 |
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Legal and Compliance — Summary of Proxy Voting Policy
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Legal and Compliance — Summary of Proxy Voting Policy
1 | Policy Overview |
As an SEC registered investment adviser who exercises voting authority over client proxies, the Adviser has adopted and implemented the Proxy Voting Policy.
Under rule 206(4)-6 of the Advisers Act, the Adviser must (i) adopt and implement written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that the Adviser votes proxies in the best interest of its clients, (ii) describe its proxy voting policy and procedures to its clients and provides copies on request, and (iii) disclose to clients how they may obtain information on how the Adviser voted their proxies.
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Legal and Compliance — Summary of Proxy Voting Policy
2 | Definitions & Scope |
“Advisers Act” shall mean the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended.
“Institutional Shareholder Services” or “ISS” shall mean the third-party proxy advisory firm that the Adviser utilizes in executing its proxy voting processes.
“Refer Items” shall mean those proxy ballots which are not covered by the voting instructions in the proxy voting guidelines.
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Legal and Compliance — Summary of Proxy Voting Policy
3 | Policy Statement |
The Adviser acknowledges that proxy voting is an important right of shareholders and that reasonable care and diligence must be undertaken to ensure that such rights are properly and timely exercised on behalf of the Adviser’s clients. When the Adviser has discretion to vote the proxies of securities held on behalf of its clients, the Adviser will vote those proxies, or cause these proxies to be voted, in the best interest of the Adviser’s clients and in accordance with these policies and procedures.
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Legal and Compliance — Summary of Proxy Voting Policy
4 | Institutional Shareholder Services |
Subject to the Adviser’s ultimate oversight and responsibility, the Adviser retains ISS for the coordination and execution of the Adviser’s proxy voting program.
The Adviser retains ISS in an effort to further bolster the efficiency and the robustness of the Adviser’s proxy voting program. The Adviser believes that partnering with ISS to coordinate and administer the Adviser’s proxy voting program is in the best interest of the Adviser’s clients because (i) ISS’s proxy voting guidance addresses a multitude of expansive and far-ranging topics which fall outside the expertise of the Adviser; (ii) ISS is an industry-leader in proxy voting coordination; and (iii) given its depth of experience, ISS can provide additional guidance and advice to the Adviser in administering its proxy voting program.
The Adviser’s Compliance Department monitors ISS’s activities to: (i) ensure that proxies received by the Adviser on behalf of its clients are being voted; (ii) ensure that proxies controlled by the Adviser on behalf of its clients are being voted according to ISS’s pre-determined proxy voting guidelines (unless the Adviser, in its best judgement, determines a vote differing from ISS’s predetermined proxy voting guidelines is deemed to be in the best interest of the Adviser’s clients); and (iii) ensure that appropriate records are being retained.
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Legal and Compliance — Summary of Proxy Voting Policy
5 | Requirements |
5.1 | Proxy Voting Procedures |
In conjunction with ISS, the Adviser has adopted proxy voting guidelines which prescribe how the Adviser will vote proxy ballots in certain instances (e.g., Auditor Confirmations, Board Compensation, Poison Pill Ratification). Proxy ballots that fall within the scope of the proxy voting guidelines are voted by ISS in an automated fashion on behalf of the Adviser.
On an annual basis, the Adviser receives an updated version of ISS’s proxy voting guidelines, which are retained by the Compliance Department.
5.2 | Refer Items |
In certain instances, the proxy voting guidelines may not provide instructions on how to vote a specific proxy ballot; these ballots are noted as “Refer Items”. Compliance will instruct ISS to vote Refer Items in a manner consistent with the Adviser’s client’s best interest.
5.3 | Conflicts of Interest/Vote Overriding |
The Adviser retains the right to amend or deviate from the proxy voting guidelines at any time, based upon the Adviser’s experiences, in order to remain consistent with its obligation to act in the best interests of the Adviser’s clients and mitigate conflicts of interest.
Any votes by the Adviser that manually override and deviate from the adopted proxy voting guidelines are reviewed for conflicts by the Compliance Department.
5.4 | Potential Limitations on the Adviser’s ability to Vote Proxies |
From time to time, the Adviser may face regulatory, compliance, legal or logistical limits with respect to voting securities that it may purchase or hold for client accounts which can affect the Adviser’s ability to vote such proxies, as well as the desirability of voting such proxies. As a result, the Adviser may determine that it is not desirable to vote proxies in certain circumstances.
Federal, state, foreign regulatory restrictions, or company-specific ownership limits, as well as legal matters related to consolidated groups, may restrict the total percentage of an issuer’s voting securities that the Adviser can hold for clients and the nature of the Adviser’s voting in such securities. The Adviser’s ability to vote proxies may also be affected by several factors, including, but not limited to: (i) meeting notices that were received too late; (ii) requirements to vote proxies in person; (iii) restrictions on a foreigner’s ability to exercise votes; (iv) requirements related to the disclosure of beneficial ownership; (v) potential difficulties in translating the proxy; (vi) requirements to provide local agents with powers of attorney to facilitate voting instructions; (vii) requirements that investors who exercise their voting rights surrender the right to dispose of their holdings for some specified period in proximity to the shareholder meeting; and (viii) rehypothecation of shares.
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UNITED STATES PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES |
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Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection |
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Majority of Independent Directors/Establishment of Independent Committees |
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Shareholder Engagement Policy (Shareholder Advisory Committee) |
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Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations |
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Shareholder Proposals to Put Pill to a Vote and/or Adopt a Pill Policy |
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Management Proposals to Ratify a Pill to Preserve Net Operating Losses (NOLs) |
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Ratification Proposals: Management Proposals to Ratify Existing Charter or Bylaw Provisions |
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Going Private and Going Dark Transactions (LBOs and Minority Squeeze-outs) |
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Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs)—Proposals for Extensions |
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Reports on Potentially Controversial Business/Financial Practices |
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Pharmaceutical Pricing, Access to Medicines, and Prescription Drug Reimportation |
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Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Domestic Partner Benefits |
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General Environmental Proposals and Community Impact Assessments |
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Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Compensation-Related Proposals |
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Human Rights, Human Capital Management, and International Operations |
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Closed End Funds- Unilateral Opt-In to Control Share Acquisition Statutes |
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Changing a Fundamental Restriction to a Nonfundamental Restriction |
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Authorizing the Board to Hire and Terminate Subadvisers Without Shareholder Approval |
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Coverage
The U.S. research team provides proxy analyses and voting recommendations for common shareholder meetings of publicly—traded U.S.—incorporated companies that are held in our institutional investor clients’ portfolios and includes all S&P 1500 and Russell 3000 companies that are considered U.S. Domestic Issuers by the SEC. Coverage generally includes corporate actions for common equity holders, such as written consents and bankruptcies. ISS’ U.S. coverage includes investment companies (including open-end funds, closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds, and unit investment trusts), limited partnerships (“LPs”), master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), limited liability companies (“LLCs”), and business development companies. ISS reviews its universe of coverage on an annual basis, and the coverage is subject to change based on client need and industry trends.
The U.S. research team also produces, for subscribing clients, research and recommendations for fixed income meetings, and meetings of certain preferred securities, including Auction Rate Preferred Securities (“ARPS”) and Variable Rate Municipal Term Preferred securities (“VMTPs”).
Foreign-incorporated companies
In addition to U.S.—incorporated companies, U.S. policies are applied to certain foreign-incorporated company analyses. Like the SEC, ISS distinguishes two types of companies that list but are not incorporated in the U.S.:
• | U.S. Domestic Issuers – which have a majority of outstanding shares held in the U.S. and meet other criteria, as determined by the SEC, and are subject to the same disclosure and listing standards as U.S. incorporated companies – are generally covered under standard U.S. policy guidelines. |
• | Foreign Private Issuers (FPIs) – which do not meet the Domestic Issuer criteria and are exempt from most disclosure requirements (e.g., they do not file DEF14A reports) and listing standards (e.g., for required levels of board and committee independence) – are covered under a combination of policy guidelines: |
• | FPI Guidelines (see the Americas Regional Proxy Voting Guidelines), which apply certain minimum independence and disclosure standards in the evaluation of key proxy ballot items, such as the election of directors and approval of financial reports; and |
• | For other issues, guidelines for the market that is responsible for, or most relevant to, the item on the ballot. |
In all cases – including with respect to other companies with cross-market features that may lead to ballot items related to multiple markets – items that are on the ballot solely due to the requirements of another market (listing, incorporation, or national code) may be evaluated under the policy of the relevant market, regardless of the “assigned” market coverage.
1. | Board of Directors |
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Four fundamental principles apply when determining votes on director nominees:
Independence: Boards should be sufficiently independent from management (and significant shareholders) to ensure that they are able and motivated to effectively supervise management’s performance for the benefit of all shareholders, including in setting and monitoring the execution of corporate strategy, with appropriate use of shareholder capital, and in setting and monitoring executive compensation programs that support that strategy. The chair of the board should ideally be an independent director, and all boards should have an independent leadership position or a similar role in order to help provide appropriate counterbalance to executive management, as well as having sufficiently independent committees that focus on key governance concerns such as audit, compensation, and nomination of directors.
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Composition: Companies should ensure that directors add value to the board through their specific skills and expertise and by having sufficient time and commitment to serve effectively. Boards should be of a size appropriate to accommodate diversity, expertise, and independence, while ensuring active and collaborative participation by all members. Boards should be sufficiently diverse to ensure consideration of a wide range of perspectives.
Responsiveness: Directors should respond to investor input, such as that expressed through significant opposition to management proposals, significant support for shareholder proposals (whether binding or non-binding), and tender offers where a majority of shares are tendered.
Accountability: Boards should be sufficiently accountable to shareholders, including through transparency of the company’s governance practices and regular board elections, by the provision of sufficient information for shareholders to be able to assess directors and board composition, and through the ability of shareholders to remove directors.
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for director nominees, except under the following circumstances (with new nominees1 considered on case-by-case basis): |
Independence
Vote against2 or withhold from non-independent directors (Executive Directors and Non-Independent Non-Executive Directors per ISS’ Classification of Directors) when:
• | Independent directors comprise 50 percent or less of the board; |
• | The non-independent director serves on the audit, compensation, or nominating committee; |
• | The company lacks an audit, compensation, or nominating committee so that the full board functions as that committee; or |
• | The company lacks a formal nominating committee, even if the board attests that the independent directors fulfill the functions of such a committee. |
ISS Classification of Directors – U.S.
1. | Executive Director |
1.1. | Current officer1 of the company or one of its affiliates2. |
2. | Non-Independent Non-Executive Director |
Board Identification
2.1. | Director identified as not independent by the board. |
1 | A “new nominee” is a director who is being presented for election by shareholders for the first time. Recommendations on new nominees who have served for less than one year are made on a case-by-case basis depending on the timing of their appointment and the problematic governance issue in question. |
2 | In general, companies with a plurality vote standard use “Withhold” as the contrary vote option in director elections; companies with a majority vote standard use “Against”. However, it will vary by company and the proxy must be checked to determine the valid contrary vote option for the particular company. |
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Controlling/Significant Shareholder
2.2. | Beneficial owner of more than 50 percent of the company’s voting power (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a group). |
Current Employment at Company or Related Company
2.3. | Non-officer employee of the firm (including employee representatives). |
2.4. | Officer1, former officer, or general or limited partner of a joint venture or partnership with the company. |
Former Employment
2.5. | Former CEO of the company. 3, 4 |
2.6. | Former non-CEO officer1 of the company or an affiliate2 within the past five years. |
2.7. | Former officer1 of an acquired company within the past five years.4 |
2.8. | Officer1 of a former parent or predecessor firm at the time the company was sold or split off within the past five years. |
2.9. | Former interim officer if the service was longer than 18 months. If the service was between 12 and 18 months an assessment of the interim officer’s employment agreement will be made.5 |
Family Members
2.10. | Immediate family member6 of a current or former officer1 of the company or its affiliates2 within the last five years. |
2.11. | Immediate family member6 of a current employee of company or its affiliates2 where additional factors raise concern (which may include, but are not limited to, the following: a director related to numerous employees; the company or its affiliates employ relatives of numerous board members; or a non-Section 16 officer in a key strategic role). |
Professional, Transactional, and Charitable Relationships
2.12. | Director who (or whose immediate family member6) currently provides professional services7 in excess of $10,000 per year to: the company, an affiliate2, or an individual officer of the company or an affiliate; or who is (or whose immediate family member6 is) a partner, employee, or controlling shareholder of an organization which provides the services. |
2.13. | Director who (or whose immediate family member6 ) currently has any material transactional relationship8 with the company or its affiliates2; or who is (or whose immediate family member6 is) a partner in, or a controlling shareholder or an executive officer of, an organization which has the material transactional relationship8 (excluding investments in the company through a private placement). |
2.14. | Director who (or whose immediate family member6) is a trustee, director, or employee of a charitable or non-profit organization that receives material grants or endowments8 from the company or its affiliates2. |
Other Relationships
2.15. | Party to a voting agreement9 to vote in line with management on proposals being brought to shareholder vote. |
2.16. | Has (or an immediate family member6 has) an interlocking relationship as defined by the SEC involving members of the board of directors or its Compensation Committee.10 |
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2.17. | Founder11 of the company but not currently an employee. |
2.18. | Director with pay comparable to Named Executive Officers. |
2.19. | Any material12 relationship with the company. |
3. | Independent Director |
3.1. | No material12 connection to the company other than a board seat. |
Footnotes:
1. | The definition of officer will generally follow that of a “Section 16 officer” (officers subject to Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934) and includes the chief executive, operating, financial, legal, technology, and accounting officers of a company (including the president, treasurer, secretary, controller, or any vice president in charge of a principal business unit, division, or policy function). Current interim officers are included in this category. For private companies, the equivalent positions are applicable. A non-employee director serving as an officer due to statutory requirements (e.g. corporate secretary) will generally be classified as a Non-Independent Non-Executive Director under “Any material relationship with the company.” However, if the company provides explicit disclosure that the director is not receiving additional compensation exceeding $10,000 per year for serving in that capacity, then the director will be classified as an Independent Director. |
2. | “Affiliate” includes a subsidiary, sibling company, or parent company. ISS uses 50 percent control ownership by the parent company as the standard for applying its affiliate designation. The manager/advisor of an externally managed issuer (EMI) is considered an affiliate. |
3. | Includes any former CEO of the company prior to the company’s initial public offering (IPO). |
4. | When there is a former CEO of a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) serving on the board of an acquired company, ISS will generally classify such directors as independent unless determined otherwise taking into account the following factors: the applicable listing standards determination of such director’s independence; any operating ties to the firm; and the existence of any other conflicting relationships or related party transactions. |
5. | ISS will look at the terms of the interim officer’s employment contract to determine if it contains severance pay, long-term health and pension benefits, or other such standard provisions typically contained in contracts of permanent, non-temporary CEOs. ISS will also consider if a formal search process was under way for a full-time officer at the time. |
6. | “Immediate family member” follows the SEC’s definition of such and covers spouses, parents, children, step-parents, step-children, siblings, in-laws, and any person (other than a tenant or employee) sharing the household of any director, nominee for director, executive officer, or significant shareholder of the company. |
7. | Professional services can be characterized as advisory in nature, generally involve access to sensitive company information or to strategic decision-making, and typically have a commission- or fee-based payment structure. Professional services generally include but are not limited to the following: investment banking/financial advisory services, commercial banking (beyond deposit services), investment services, insurance services, accounting/audit services, consulting services, marketing services, legal services, property management services, realtor services, lobbying services, executive search services, and IT consulting services. The following would generally be considered transactional relationships and not professional services: deposit services, IT tech support services, educational services, and construction services. The case of participation in a banking syndicate by a non-lead bank should be considered a transactional (and hence subject to the associated materiality test) rather than a professional relationship. “Of Counsel” relationships are only considered immaterial if the individual does not receive any form of compensation (in excess of $10,000 per year) from, or is a retired partner of, the firm providing the |
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professional service. The case of a company providing a professional service to one of its directors or to an entity with which one of its directors is affiliated, will be considered a transactional rather than a professional relationship. Insurance services and marketing services are assumed to be professional services unless the company explains why such services are not advisory. |
8. | A material transactional relationship, including grants to non-profit organizations, exists if the company makes annual payments to, or receives annual payments from, another entity, exceeding the greater of: $200,000 or 5 percent of the recipient’s gross revenues, for a company that follows NASDAQ listing standards; or the greater of $1,000,000 or 2 percent of the recipient’s gross revenues, for a company that follows NYSE listing standards. For a company that follows neither of the preceding standards, ISS will apply the NASDAQ-based materiality test. (The recipient is the party receiving the financial proceeds from the transaction). |
9. | Dissident directors who are parties to a voting agreement pursuant to a settlement or similar arrangement may be classified as Independent Directors if an analysis of the following factors indicates that the voting agreement does not compromise their alignment with all shareholders’ interests: the terms of the agreement; the duration of the standstill provision in the agreement; the limitations and requirements of actions that are agreed upon; if the dissident director nominee(s) is subject to the standstill; and if there any conflicting relationships or related party transactions. |
10. | Interlocks include: executive officers serving as directors on each other’s compensation or similar committees (or, in the absence of such a committee, on the board); or executive officers sitting on each other’s boards and at least one serves on the other’s compensation or similar committees (or, in the absence of such a committee, on the board). |
11. | The operating involvement of the founder with the company will be considered; if the founder was never employed by the company, ISS may deem him or her an Independent Director. |
12. | For purposes of ISS’s director independence classification, “material” will be defined as a standard of relationship (financial, personal or otherwise) that a reasonable person might conclude could potentially influence one’s objectivity in the boardroom in a manner that would have a meaningful impact on an individual’s ability to satisfy requisite fiduciary standards on behalf of shareholders. |
Composition
Attendance at Board and Committee Meetings: Generally vote against or withhold from directors (except nominees who served only part of the fiscal year3) who attend less than 75 percent of the aggregate of their board and committee meetings for the period for which they served, unless an acceptable reason for absences is disclosed in the proxy or another SEC filing. Acceptable reasons for director absences are generally limited to the following:
• | Medical issues/illness; |
• | Family emergencies; and |
• | Missing only one meeting (when the total of all meetings is three or fewer). |
In cases of chronic poor attendance without reasonable justification, in addition to voting against the director(s) with poor attendance, generally vote against or withhold from appropriate members of the nominating/governance committees or the full board.
If the proxy disclosure is unclear and insufficient to determine whether a director attended at least 75 percent of the aggregate of his/her board and committee meetings during his/her period of service, vote against or withhold from the director(s) in question.
3 | Nominees who served for only part of the fiscal year are generally exempted from the attendance policy. |
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Overboarded Directors: Generally vote against or withhold from individual directors who:
• | Sit on more than five public company boards; or |
• | Are CEOs of public companies who sit on the boards of more than two public companies besides their own—withhold only at their outside boards4. |
Gender Diversity: For companies in the Russell 3000 or S&P 1500 indices, generally vote against or withhold from the chair of the nominating committee (or other directors on a case-by-case basis) at companies where there are no women on the company’s board. An exception will be made if there was a woman on the board at the preceding annual meeting and the board makes a firm commitment to return to a gender-diverse status within a year.
Racial and/or Ethnic Diversity: For companies in the Russell 3000 or S&P 1500 indices, highlight boards with no apparent racial and/or ethnic diversity5.
For companies in the Russell 3000 or S&P 1500 indices, effective for meetings on or after Feb. 1, 2022, generally vote against or withhold from the chair of the nominating committee (or other directors on a case-by-case basis) where the board has no apparent racially or ethnically diverse members. An exception will be made if there was racial and/or ethnic diversity on the board at the preceding annual meeting and the board makes a firm commitment to appoint at least one racial and/or ethnic diverse member within a year.
Responsiveness
Vote case-by-case on individual directors, committee members, or the entire board of directors as appropriate if:
• | The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares cast in the previous year or failed to act on a management proposal seeking to ratify an existing charter/bylaw provision that received opposition of a majority of the shares cast in the previous year. Factors that will be considered are: |
• | Disclosed outreach efforts by the board to shareholders in the wake of the vote; |
• | Rationale provided in the proxy statement for the level of implementation; |
• | The subject matter of the proposal; |
• | The level of support for and opposition to the resolution in past meetings; |
• | Actions taken by the board in response to the majority vote and its engagement with shareholders; |
• | The continuation of the underlying issue as a voting item on the ballot (as either shareholder or management proposals); and |
• | Other factors as appropriate. |
• | The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of shares are tendered; |
• | At the previous board election, any director received more than 50 percent withhold/against votes of the shares cast and the company has failed to address the issue(s) that caused the high withhold/against vote. |
4 | Although all of a CEO’s subsidiary boards with publicly-traded common stock will be counted as separate boards, ISS will not recommend a withhold vote for the CEO of a parent company board or any of the controlled (>50 percent ownership) subsidiaries of that parent but may do so at subsidiaries that are less than 50 percent controlled and boards outside the parent/subsidiary relationships. |
5 | Aggregate diversity statistics provided by the board will only be considered if specific to racial and/or ethnic diversity. |
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Vote case-by-case on Compensation Committee members (or, in exceptional cases, the full board) and the Say on Pay proposal if:
• | The company’s previous say-on-pay received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast. Factors that will be considered are: |
• | The company’s response, including: |
• | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors, including the frequency and timing of engagements and the company participants (including whether independent directors participated); |
• | Disclosure of the specific concerns voiced by dissenting shareholders that led to the say-on-pay opposition; |
• | Disclosure of specific and meaningful actions taken to address shareholders’ concerns; |
• | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
• | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; and |
• | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
• | The board implements an advisory vote on executive compensation on a less frequent basis than the frequency that received the plurality of votes cast. |
Accountability
Problematic Takeover Defenses/Governance Structure
Poison Pills: Vote against or withhold from all nominees (except new nominees1, who should be considered case-by-case) if:
• | The company has a poison pill that was not approved by shareholders6. However, vote case-by-case on nominees if the board adopts an initial pill with a term of one year or less, depending on the disclosed rationale for the adoption, and other factors as relevant (such as a commitment to put any renewal to a shareholder vote); |
• | The board makes a material adverse modification to an existing pill, including, but not limited to, extension, renewal, or lowering the trigger, without shareholder approval; or |
• | The pill, whether short-term7 or long-term, has a deadhand or slowhand feature. |
Classified Board Structure: The board is classified, and a continuing director responsible for a problematic governance issue at the board/committee level that would warrant a withhold/against vote recommendation is not up for election. All appropriate nominees (except new) may be held accountable.
Removal of Shareholder Discretion on Classified Boards: The company has opted into, or failed to opt out of, state laws requiring a classified board structure.
6 | Public shareholders only, approval prior to a company’s becoming public is insufficient. |
7 | If the short-term pill with a deadhand or slowhand feature is enacted but expires before the next shareholder vote, ISS will generally still recommend withhold/against nominees at the next shareholder meeting following its adoption. |
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Director Performance Evaluation: The board lacks mechanisms to promote accountability and oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers. Sustained poor performance is measured by one-, three-, and five-year total shareholder returns in the bottom half of a company’s four-digit GICS industry group (Russell 3000 companies only). Take into consideration the company’s operational metrics and other factors as warranted. Problematic provisions include but are not limited to:
• | A classified board structure; |
• | A supermajority vote requirement; |
• | Either a plurality vote standard in uncontested director elections, or a majority vote standard in contested elections; |
• | The inability of shareholders to call special meetings; |
• | The inability of shareholders to act by written consent; |
• | A multi-class capital structure; and/or |
• | A non-shareholder-approved poison pill. |
Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments and Problematic Capital Structures: Generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees1, who should be considered case-by-case) if the board amends the company’s bylaws or charter without shareholder approval in a manner that materially diminishes shareholders’ rights or that could adversely impact shareholders, considering the following factors:
• | The board’s rationale for adopting the bylaw/charter amendment without shareholder ratification; |
• | Disclosure by the company of any significant engagement with shareholders regarding the amendment; |
• | The level of impairment of shareholders’ rights caused by the board’s unilateral amendment to the bylaws/charter; |
• | The board’s track record with regard to unilateral board action on bylaw/charter amendments or other entrenchment provisions; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; |
• | The company’s existing governance provisions; |
• | The timing of the board’s amendment to the bylaws/charter in connection with a significant business development; and |
• | Other factors, as deemed appropriate, that may be relevant to determine the impact of the amendment on shareholders. |
Unless the adverse amendment is reversed or submitted to a binding shareholder vote, in subsequent years vote case-by-case on director nominees. Generally vote against (except new nominees1, who should be considered case-by-case) if the directors:
• | Classified the board; |
• | Adopted supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter; or |
• | Eliminated shareholders’ ability to amend bylaws. |
Problematic Capital Structure—Newly Public Companies: For newly public companies8, generally vote against or withhold from the entire board (except new nominees1, who should be considered case-by-case) if,
8 | Newly-public companies generally include companies that emerge from bankruptcy, spin-offs, direct listings, and those who complete a traditional initial public offering. |
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prior to or in connection with the company’s public offering, the company or its board implemented a multi-class capital structure in which the classes have unequal voting rights without subjecting the multi-class capital structure to a reasonable time-based sunset. In assessing the reasonableness of a time-based sunset provision, consideration will be given to the company’s lifespan, its post-IPO ownership structure and the board’s disclosed rationale for the sunset period selected. No sunset period of more than seven years from the date of the IPO will be considered to be reasonable.
Continue to vote against or withhold from incumbent directors in subsequent years, unless the problematic capital structure is reversed or removed.
Problematic Governance Structure—Newly Public Companies: For newly public companies8, generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees1, who should be considered case-by-case) if, prior to or in connection with the company’s public offering, the company or its board adopted the following bylaw or charter provisions that are considered to be materially adverse to shareholder rights:
• | Supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter; |
• | A classified board structure; or |
• | Other egregious provisions. |
A reasonable sunset provision will be considered a mitigating factor.
Unless the adverse provision is reversed or removed, vote case-by-case on director nominees in subsequent years.
Management Proposals to Ratify Existing Charter or Bylaw Provisions: Vote against/withhold from individual directors, members of the governance committee, or the full board, where boards ask shareholders to ratify existing charter or bylaw provisions considering the following factors:
• | The presence of a shareholder proposal addressing the same issue on the same ballot; |
• | The board’s rationale for seeking ratification; |
• | Disclosure of actions to be taken by the board should the ratification proposal fail; |
• | Disclosure of shareholder engagement regarding the board’s ratification request; |
• | The level of impairment to shareholders’ rights caused by the existing provision; |
• | The history of management and shareholder proposals on the provision at the company’s past meetings; |
• | Whether the current provision was adopted in response to the shareholder proposal; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; and |
• | Previous use of ratification proposals to exclude shareholder proposals. |
Restrictions on Shareholders’ Rights
Restricting Binding Shareholder Proposals: Generally vote against or withhold from the members of the governance committee if:
• | The company’s governing documents impose undue restrictions on shareholders’ ability to amend the bylaws. Such restrictions include but are not limited to: outright prohibition on the submission of binding shareholder proposals or share ownership requirements, subject matter restrictions, or time holding requirements in excess of SEC Rule 14a-8. Vote against or withhold on an ongoing basis. |
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Submission of management proposals to approve or ratify requirements in excess of SEC Rule 14a-8 for the submission of binding bylaw amendments will generally be viewed as an insufficient restoration of shareholders’ rights. Generally continue to vote against or withhold on an ongoing basis until shareholders are provided with an unfettered ability to amend the bylaws or a proposal providing for such unfettered right is submitted for shareholder approval.
Problematic Audit-Related Practices
Generally vote against or withhold from the members of the Audit Committee if:
• | The non-audit fees paid to the auditor are excessive; |
• | The company receives an adverse opinion on the company’s financial statements from its auditor; or |
• | There is persuasive evidence that the Audit Committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm. |
Vote case-by-case on members of the Audit Committee and potentially the full board if:
• | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a level of serious concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; and material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures. Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence, and duration, as well as the company’s efforts at remediation or corrective actions, in determining whether withhold/against votes are warranted. |
Problematic Compensation Practices
In the absence of an Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (Say on Pay) ballot item or in egregious situations, vote against or withhold from the members of the Compensation Committee and potentially the full board if:
• | There is an unmitigated misalignment between CEO pay and company performance (pay for performance); |
• | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices; or |
• | The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders. |
Generally vote against or withhold from the Compensation Committee chair, other committee members, or potentially the full board if:
• | The company fails to include a Say on Pay ballot item when required under SEC provisions, or under the company’s declared frequency of say on pay; or |
• | The company fails to include a Frequency of Say on Pay ballot item when required under SEC provisions. |
Generally vote against members of the board committee responsible for approving/setting non-employee director compensation if there is a pattern (i.e. two or more years) of awarding excessive non-employee director compensation without disclosing a compelling rationale or other mitigating factors.
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Problematic Pledging of Company Stock:
Vote against the members of the committee that oversees risks related to pledging, or the full board, where a significant level of pledged company sto1ck by executives or directors raises concerns. The following factors will be considered:
• | The presence of an anti-pledging policy, disclosed in the proxy statement, that prohibits future pledging activity; |
• | The magnitude of aggregate pledged shares in terms of total common shares outstanding, market value, and trading volume; |
• | Disclosure of progress or lack thereof in reducing the magnitude of aggregate pledged shares over time; |
• | Disclosure in the proxy statement that shares subject to stock ownership and holding requirements do not include pledged company stock; and |
• | Any other relevant factors. |
Governance Failures
Under extraordinary circumstances, vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board, due to:
• | Material failures of governance, stewardship, risk oversight9, or fiduciary responsibilities at the company; |
• | Failure to replace management as appropriate; or |
• | Egregious actions related to a director’s service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company. |
Voting on Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Vote-No Campaigns
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General Recommendation: In cases where companies are targeted in connection with public “vote-no” campaigns, evaluate director nominees under the existing governance policies for voting on director nominees in uncontested elections. Take into consideration the arguments submitted by shareholders and other publicly available information. |
Proxy Contests/Proxy Access
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the election of directors in contested elections, considering the following factors: |
• | Long-term financial performance of the company relative to its industry; |
• | Management’s track record; |
• | Background to the contested election; |
• | Nominee qualifications and any compensatory arrangements; |
• | Strategic plan of dissident slate and quality of the critique against management; |
9 | Examples of failure of risk oversight include but are not limited to: bribery; large or serial fines or sanctions from regulatory bodies; demonstrably poor risk oversight of environmental and social issues, including climate change; significant adverse legal judgments or settlement; or hedging of company stock. |
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• | Likelihood that the proposed goals and objectives can be achieved (both slates); and |
• | Stock ownership positions. |
In the case of candidates nominated pursuant to proxy access, vote case-by-case considering any applicable factors listed above or additional factors which may be relevant, including those that are specific to the company, to the nominee(s) and/or to the nature of the election (such as whether there are more candidates than board seats).
Other Board-Related Proposals
Adopt Anti-Hedging/Pledging/Speculative Investments Policy
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals seeking a policy that prohibits named executive officers from engaging in derivative or speculative transactions involving company stock, including hedging, holding stock in a margin account, or pledging stock as collateral for a loan. However, the company’s existing policies regarding responsible use of company stock will be considered. |
Board Refreshment
Board refreshment is best implemented through an ongoing program of individual director evaluations, conducted annually, to ensure the evolving needs of the board are met and to bring in fresh perspectives, skills, and diversity as needed.
Term/Tenure Limits
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on management proposals regarding director term/tenure limits, considering: |
• | The rationale provided for adoption of the term/tenure limit; |
• | The robustness of the company’s board evaluation process; |
• | Whether the limit is of sufficient length to allow for a broad range of director tenures; |
• | Whether the limit would disadvantage independent directors compared to non-independent directors; and |
• | Whether the board will impose the limit evenly, and not have the ability to waive it in a discriminatory manner. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking for the company to adopt director term/tenure limits, considering:
• | The scope of the shareholder proposal; and |
• | Evidence of problematic issues at the company combined with, or exacerbated by, a lack of board refreshment. |
Age Limits
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against management and shareholder proposals to limit the tenure of independent directors through mandatory retirement ages. Vote for proposals to remove mandatory age limits. |
Board Size
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals seeking to fix the board size or designate a range for the board size. |
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Vote against proposals that give management the ability to alter the size of the board outside of a specified range without shareholder approval.
Classification/Declassification of the Board
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals to classify (stagger) the board. |
Vote for proposals to repeal classified boards and to elect all directors annually.
CEO Succession Planning
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals seeking disclosure on a CEO succession planning policy, considering, at a minimum, the following factors: |
• | The reasonableness/scope of the request; and |
• | The company’s existing disclosure on its current CEO succession planning process. |
Cumulative Voting
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against management proposals to eliminate cumulate voting, and for shareholder proposals to restore or provide for cumulative voting, unless: |
• | The company has proxy access10, thereby allowing shareholders to nominate directors to the company’s ballot; and |
• | The company has adopted a majority vote standard, with a carve-out for plurality voting in situations where there are more nominees than seats, and a director resignation policy to address failed elections. |
Vote for proposals for cumulative voting at controlled companies (insider voting power > 50%).
Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals on director and officer indemnification and liability protection. |
Vote against proposals that would:
• | Eliminate entirely directors’ and officers’ liability for monetary damages for violating the duty of care. |
• | Expand coverage beyond just legal expenses to liability for acts that are more serious violations of fiduciary obligation than mere carelessness. |
• | Expand the scope of indemnification to provide for mandatory indemnification of company officials in connection with acts that previously the company was permitted to provide indemnification for, at the discretion of the company’s board (i.e., “permissive indemnification”), but that previously the company was not required to indemnify. |
Vote for only those proposals providing such expanded coverage in cases when a director’s or officer’s legal defense was unsuccessful if both of the following apply:
• | If the director was found to have acted in good faith and in a manner that s/he reasonably believed was in the best interests of the company; and |
• | If only the director’s legal expenses would be covered. |
10 | A proxy access right that meets the recommended guidelines. |
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Establish/Amend Nominee Qualifications
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals that establish or amend director qualifications. Votes should be based on the reasonableness of the criteria and the degree to which they may preclude dissident nominees from joining the board. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder resolutions seeking a director nominee who possesses a particular subject matter expertise, considering:
• | The company’s board committee structure, existing subject matter expertise, and board nomination provisions relative to that of its peers; |
• | The company’s existing board and management oversight mechanisms regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
• | The company’s disclosure and performance relating to the issue for which board oversight is sought and any significant related controversies; and |
• | The scope and structure of the proposal. |
Establish Other Board Committee Proposals
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against shareholder proposals to establish a new board committee, as such proposals seek a specific oversight mechanism/structure that potentially limits a company’s flexibility to determine an appropriate oversight mechanism for itself. However, the following factors will be considered: |
• | Existing oversight mechanisms (including current committee structure) regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
• | Level of disclosure regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
• | Company performance related to the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
• | Board committee structure compared to that of other companies in its industry sector; and |
• | The scope and structure of the proposal. |
Filling Vacancies/Removal of Directors
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals that provide that directors may be removed only for cause. |
Vote for proposals to restore shareholders’ ability to remove directors with or without cause.
Vote against proposals that provide that only continuing directors may elect replacements to fill board vacancies. Vote for proposals that permit shareholders to elect directors to fill board vacancies.
Independent Board Chair
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals requiring that the board chair position be filled by an independent director, taking into consideration the following: |
• | The scope and rationale of the proposal; |
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• | The company’s current board leadership structure; |
• | The company’s governance structure and practices; |
• | Company performance; and |
• | Any other relevant factors that may be applicable. |
The following factors will increase the likelihood of a “for” recommendation:
• | A majority non-independent board and/or the presence of non-independent directors on key board committees; |
• | A weak or poorly-defined lead independent director role that fails to serve as an appropriate counterbalance to a combined CEO/chair role; |
• | The presence of an executive or non-independent chair in addition to the CEO, a recent recombination of the role of CEO and chair, and/or departure from a structure with an independent chair; |
• | Evidence that the board has failed to oversee and address material risks facing the company; |
• | A material governance failure, particularly if the board has failed to adequately respond to shareholder concerns or if the board has materially diminished shareholder rights; or |
• | Evidence that the board has failed to intervene when management’s interests are contrary to shareholders’ interests. |
Majority of Independent Directors/Establishment of Independent Committees
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General Recommendation: Vote for shareholder proposals asking that a majority or more of directors be independent unless the board composition already meets the proposed threshold by ISS’ definition of Independent Director (See ISS’ Classification of Directors.) |
Vote for shareholder proposals asking that board audit, compensation, and/or nominating committees be composed exclusively of independent directors unless they currently meet that standard.
Majority Vote Standard for the Election of Directors
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for management proposals to adopt a majority of votes cast standard for directors in uncontested elections. Vote against if no carve-out for a plurality vote standard in contested elections is included. |
Generally vote for precatory and binding shareholder resolutions requesting that the board change the company’s bylaws to stipulate that directors need to be elected with an affirmative majority of votes cast, provided it does not conflict with the state law where the company is incorporated. Binding resolutions need to allow for a carve-out for a plurality vote standard when there are more nominees than board seats.
Companies are strongly encouraged to also adopt a post-election policy (also known as a director resignation policy) that will provide guidelines so that the company will promptly address the situation of a holdover director.
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Proxy Access
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for management and shareholder proposals for proxy access with the following provisions: |
• | Ownership threshold: maximum requirement not more than three percent (3%) of the voting power; |
• | Ownership duration: maximum requirement not longer than three (3) years of continuous ownership for each member of the nominating group; |
• | Aggregation: minimal or no limits on the number of shareholders permitted to form a nominating group; |
• | Cap: cap on nominees of generally twenty-five percent (25%) of the board. |
Review for reasonableness any other restrictions on the right of proxy access. Generally vote against proposals that are more restrictive than these guidelines.
Require More Nominees than Open Seats
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General Recommendation: Vote against shareholder proposals that would require a company to nominate more candidates than the number of open board seats. |
Shareholder Engagement Policy (Shareholder Advisory Committee)
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting that the board establish an internal mechanism/process, which may include a committee, in order to improve communications between directors and shareholders, unless the company has the following features, as appropriate: |
• | Established a communication structure that goes beyond the exchange requirements to facilitate the exchange of information between shareholders and members of the board; |
• | Effectively disclosed information with respect to this structure to its shareholders; |
• | Company has not ignored majority-supported shareholder proposals or a majority withhold vote on a director nominee; and |
• | The company has an independent chair or a lead director, according to ISS’ definition. This individual must be made available for periodic consultation and direct communication with major shareholders. |
2. | Audit-Related |
Auditor Indemnification and Limitation of Liability
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the issue of auditor indemnification and limitation of liability. Factors to be assessed include, but are not limited to: |
• | The terms of the auditor agreement—the degree to which these agreements impact shareholders’ rights; |
• | The motivation and rationale for establishing the agreements; |
• | The quality of the company’s disclosure; and |
• | The company’s historical practices in the audit area. |
Vote against or withhold from members of an audit committee in situations where there is persuasive evidence that the audit committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm.
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Auditor Ratification
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to ratify auditors unless any of the following apply: |
• | An auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent; |
• | There is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position; |
• | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a serious level of concern, such as fraud or misapplication of GAAP; or |
• | Fees for non-audit services (“Other” fees) are excessive. |
Non-audit fees are excessive if:
• | Non-audit (“other”) fees > audit fees + audit-related fees + tax compliance/preparation fees |
Tax compliance and preparation include the preparation of original and amended tax returns and refund claims, and tax payment planning. All other services in the tax category, such as tax advice, planning, or consulting, should be added to “Other” fees. If the breakout of tax fees cannot be determined, add all tax fees to “Other” fees.
In circumstances where “Other” fees include fees related to significant one-time capital structure events (such as initial public offerings, bankruptcy emergence, and spin-offs) and the company makes public disclosure of the amount and nature of those fees that are an exception to the standard “non-audit fee” category, then such fees may be excluded from the non-audit fees considered in determining the ratio of non-audit to audit/audit-related fees/tax compliance and preparation for purposes of determining whether non-audit fees are excessive.
Shareholder Proposals Limiting Non-Audit Services
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking companies to prohibit or limit their auditors from engaging in non-audit services. |
Shareholder Proposals on Audit Firm Rotation
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking for audit firm rotation, taking into account: |
• | The tenure of the audit firm; |
• | The length of rotation specified in the proposal; |
• | Any significant audit-related issues at the company; |
• | The number of Audit Committee meetings held each year; |
• | The number of financial experts serving on the committee; and |
• | Whether the company has a periodic renewal process where the auditor is evaluated for both audit quality and competitive price. |
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3. | Shareholder Rights & Defenses |
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on advance notice proposals, giving support to those proposals which allow shareholders to submit proposals/nominations as close to the meeting date as reasonably possible and within the broadest window possible, recognizing the need to allow sufficient notice for company, regulatory, and shareholder review. |
To be reasonable, the company’s deadline for shareholder notice of a proposal/nominations must be no earlier than 120 days prior to the anniversary of the previous year’s meeting and have a submittal window of no shorter than 30 days from the beginning of the notice period (also known as a 90-120 day window). The submittal window is the period under which shareholders must file their proposals/nominations prior to the deadline.
In general, support additional efforts by companies to ensure full disclosure in regard to a proponent’s economic and voting position in the company so long as the informational requirements are reasonable and aimed at providing shareholders with the necessary information to review such proposals.
Amend Bylaws without Shareholder Consent
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals giving the board exclusive authority to amend the bylaws. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals giving the board the ability to amend the bylaws in addition to shareholders, taking into account the following:
• | Any impediments to shareholders’ ability to amend the bylaws (i.e. supermajority voting requirements); |
• | The company’s ownership structure and historical voting turnout; |
• | Whether the board could amend bylaws adopted by shareholders; and |
• | Whether shareholders would retain the ability to ratify any board-initiated amendments. |
Control Share Acquisition Provisions
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to opt out of control share acquisition statutes unless doing so would enable the completion of a takeover that would be detrimental to shareholders. |
Vote against proposals to amend the charter to include control share acquisition provisions.
Vote for proposals to restore voting rights to the control shares.
Control share acquisition statutes function by denying shares their voting rights when they contribute to ownership in excess of certain thresholds. Voting rights for those shares exceeding ownership limits may only be restored by approval of either a majority or supermajority of disinterested shares. Thus, control share acquisition statutes effectively require a hostile bidder to put its offer to a shareholder vote or risk voting disenfranchisement if the bidder continues buying up a large block of shares.
Control Share Cash-Out Provisions
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to opt out of control share cash-out statutes. |
Control share cash-out statutes give dissident shareholders the right to “cash-out” of their position in a company at the expense of the shareholder who has taken a control position. In other words, when an investor crosses a
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preset threshold level, remaining shareholders are given the right to sell their shares to the acquirer, who must buy them at the highest acquiring price.
Disgorgement Provisions
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to opt out of state disgorgement provisions. |
Disgorgement provisions require an acquirer or potential acquirer of more than a certain percentage of a company’s stock to disgorge, or pay back, to the company any profits realized from the sale of that company’s stock purchased 24 months before achieving control status. All sales of company stock by the acquirer occurring within a certain period of time (between 18 months and 24 months) prior to the investor’s gaining control status are subject to these recapture-of-profits provisions.
Fair Price Provisions
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to adopt fair price provisions (provisions that stipulate that an acquirer must pay the same price to acquire all shares as it paid to acquire the control shares), evaluating factors such as the vote required to approve the proposed acquisition, the vote required to repeal the fair price provision, and the mechanism for determining the fair price. |
Generally vote against fair price provisions with shareholder vote requirements greater than a majority of disinterested shares.
Freeze-Out Provisions
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to opt out of state freeze-out provisions. Freeze-out provisions force an investor who surpasses a certain ownership threshold in a company to wait a specified period of time before gaining control of the company. |
Greenmail
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to adopt anti-greenmail charter or bylaw amendments or otherwise restrict a company’s ability to make greenmail payments. |
Vote case-by-case on anti-greenmail proposals when they are bundled with other charter or bylaw amendments.
Greenmail payments are targeted share repurchases by management of company stock from individuals or groups seeking control of the company. Since only the hostile party receives payment, usually at a substantial premium over the market value of its shares, the practice discriminates against all other shareholders.
Shareholder Litigation Rights
Federal Forum Selection Provisions
Federal forum selection provisions require that U.S. federal courts be the sole forum for shareholders to litigate claims arising under federal securities law.
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for federal forum selection provisions in the charter or bylaws that specify “the district courts of the United States” as the exclusive forum for federal securities law matters, in the absence of serious concerns about corporate governance or board responsiveness to shareholders. |
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Vote against provisions that restrict the forum to a particular federal district court; unilateral adoption (without a shareholder vote) of such a provision will generally be considered a one-time failure under the Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments policy.
Exclusive Forum Provisions for State Law Matters
Exclusive forum provisions in the charter or bylaws restrict shareholders’ ability to bring derivative lawsuits against the company, for claims arising out of state corporate law, to the courts of a particular state (generally the state of incorporation).
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for charter or bylaw provisions that specify courts located within the state of Delaware as the exclusive forum for corporate law matters for Delaware corporations, in the absence of serious concerns about corporate governance or board responsiveness to shareholders. |
For states other than Delaware, vote case-by-case on exclusive forum provisions, taking into consideration:
• | The company’s stated rationale for adopting such a provision; |
• | Disclosure of past harm from duplicative shareholder lawsuits in more than one forum; |
• | The breadth of application of the charter or bylaw provision, including the types of lawsuits to which it would apply and the definition of key terms; and |
• | Governance features such as shareholders’ ability to repeal the provision at a later date (including the vote standard applied when shareholders attempt to amend the charter or bylaws) and their ability to hold directors accountable through annual director elections and a majority vote standard in uncontested elections. |
Generally vote against provisions that specify a state other than the state of incorporation as the exclusive forum for corporate law matters, or that specify a particular local court within the state; unilateral adoption of such a provision will generally be considered a one-time failure under the Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments policy.
Fee shifting
Fee-shifting provisions in the charter or bylaws require that a shareholder who sues a company unsuccessfully pay all litigation expenses of the defendant corporation and its directors and officers.
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against provisions that mandate fee-shifting whenever plaintiffs are not completely successful on the merits (i.e., including cases where the plaintiffs are partially successful). |
Unilateral adoption of a fee-shifting provision will generally be considered an ongoing failure under the Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments policy.
Net Operating Loss (NOL) Protective Amendments
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals to adopt a protective amendment for the stated purpose of protecting a company’s net operating losses (NOL) if the effective term of the protective amendment would exceed the shorter of three years and the exhaustion of the NOL. |
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Vote case-by-case, considering the following factors, for management proposals to adopt an NOL protective amendment that would remain in effect for the shorter of three years (or less) and the exhaustion of the NOL:
• | The ownership threshold (NOL protective amendments generally prohibit stock ownership transfers that would result in a new 5-percent holder or increase the stock ownership percentage of an existing 5-percent holder); |
• | The value of the NOLs; |
• | Shareholder protection mechanisms (sunset provision or commitment to cause expiration of the protective amendment upon exhaustion or expiration of the NOL); |
• | The company’s existing governance structure including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, track record of responsiveness to shareholders, and any other problematic governance concerns; and |
• | Any other factors that may be applicable. |
Poison Pills (Shareholder Rights Plans)
Shareholder Proposals to Put Pill to a Vote and/or Adopt a Pill Policy
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General Recommendation: Vote for shareholder proposals requesting that the company submit its poison pill to a shareholder vote or redeem it unless the company has: (1) A shareholder-approved poison pill in place; or (2) The company has adopted a policy concerning the adoption of a pill in the future specifying that the board will only adopt a shareholder rights plan if either: |
• | Shareholders have approved the adoption of the plan; or |
• | The board, in its exercise of its fiduciary responsibilities, determines that it is in the best interest of shareholders under the circumstances to adopt a pill without the delay in adoption that would result from seeking stockholder approval (i.e., the “fiduciary out” provision). A poison pill adopted under this fiduciary out will be put to a shareholder ratification vote within 12 months of adoption or expire. If the pill is not approved by a majority of the votes cast on this issue, the plan will immediately terminate. |
If the shareholder proposal calls for a time period of less than 12 months for shareholder ratification after adoption, vote for the proposal, but add the caveat that a vote within 12 months would be considered sufficient implementation.
Management Proposals to Ratify a Poison Pill
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on management proposals on poison pill ratification, focusing on the features of the shareholder rights plan. Rights plans should contain the following attributes: |
• | No lower than a 20 percent trigger, flip-in or flip-over; |
• | A term of no more than three years; |
• | No deadhand, slowhand, no-hand, or similar feature that limits the ability of a future board to redeem the pill; |
• | Shareholder redemption feature (qualifying offer clause); if the board refuses to redeem the pill 90 days after a qualifying offer is announced, 10 percent of the shares may call a special meeting or seek a written consent to vote on rescinding the pill. |
In addition, the rationale for adopting the pill should be thoroughly explained by the company. In examining the request for the pill, take into consideration the company’s existing governance structure, including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, and any problematic governance concerns.
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Management Proposals to Ratify a Pill to Preserve Net Operating Losses (NOLs)
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals to adopt a poison pill for the stated purpose of protecting a company’s net operating losses (NOL) if the term of the pill would exceed the shorter of three years and the exhaustion of the NOL. |
Vote case-by-case on management proposals for poison pill ratification, considering the following factors, if the term of the pill would be the shorter of three years (or less) and the exhaustion of the NOL:
• | The ownership threshold to transfer (NOL pills generally have a trigger slightly below 5 percent); |
• | The value of the NOLs; |
• | Shareholder protection mechanisms (sunset provision, or commitment to cause expiration of the pill upon exhaustion or expiration of NOLs); |
• | The company’s existing governance structure including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, track record of responsiveness to shareholders, and any other problematic governance concerns; and |
• | Any other factors that may be applicable. |
Proxy Voting Disclosure, Confidentiality, and Tabulation
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding proxy voting mechanics, taking into consideration whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder rights. Specific issues covered under the policy include, but are not limited to, confidential voting of individual proxies and ballots, confidentiality of running vote tallies, and the treatment of abstentions and/or broker non-votes in the company’s vote-counting methodology. |
While a variety of factors may be considered in each analysis, the guiding principles are: transparency, consistency, and fairness in the proxy voting process. The factors considered, as applicable to the proposal, may include:
• | The scope and structure of the proposal; |
• | The company’s stated confidential voting policy (or other relevant policies) and whether it ensures a “level playing field” by providing shareholder proponents with equal access to vote information prior to the annual meeting; |
• | The company’s vote standard for management and shareholder proposals and whether it ensures consistency and fairness in the proxy voting process and maintains the integrity of vote results; |
• | Whether the company’s disclosure regarding its vote counting method and other relevant voting policies with respect to management and shareholder proposals are consistent and clear; |
• | Any recent controversies or concerns related to the company’s proxy voting mechanics; |
• | Any unintended consequences resulting from implementation of the proposal; and |
• | Any other factors that may be relevant. |
Ratification Proposals: Management Proposals to Ratify Existing Charter or Bylaw Provisions
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against management proposals to ratify provisions of the company’s existing charter or bylaws, unless these governance provisions align with best practice. |
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In addition, voting against/withhold from individual directors, members of the governance committee, or the full board may be warranted, considering:
• | The presence of a shareholder proposal addressing the same issue on the same ballot; |
• | The board’s rationale for seeking ratification; |
• | Disclosure of actions to be taken by the board should the ratification proposal fail; |
• | Disclosure of shareholder engagement regarding the board’s ratification request; |
• | The level of impairment to shareholders’ rights caused by the existing provision; |
• | The history of management and shareholder proposals on the provision at the company’s past meetings; |
• | Whether the current provision was adopted in response to the shareholder proposal; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; and |
• | Previous use of ratification proposals to exclude shareholder proposals. |
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. |
When voting in conjunction with support of a dissident slate, vote for the reimbursement of all appropriate proxy solicitation expenses associated with the election.
Generally vote for shareholder proposals calling for the reimbursement of reasonable costs incurred in connection with nominating one or more candidates in a contested election where the following apply:
• | The election of fewer than 50 percent of the directors to be elected is contested in the election; |
• | One or more of the dissident’s candidates is elected; |
• | Shareholders are not permitted to cumulate their votes for directors; and |
• | The election occurred, and the expenses were incurred, after the adoption of this bylaw. |
Reincorporation Proposals
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General Recommendation: Management or shareholder proposals to change a company’s state of incorporation should be evaluated case-by-case, giving consideration to both financial and corporate governance concerns including the following: |
• | Reasons for reincorporation; |
• | Comparison of company’s governance practices and provisions prior to and following the reincorporation; and |
• | Comparison of corporation laws of original state and destination state. |
Vote for reincorporation when the economic factors outweigh any neutral or negative governance changes.
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Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against management and shareholder proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders’ ability to act by written consent. |
Generally vote for management and shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to act by written consent, taking into account the following factors:
• | Shareholders’ current right to act by written consent; |
• | The consent threshold; |
• | The inclusion of exclusionary or prohibitive language; |
• | Investor ownership structure; and |
• | Shareholder support of, and management’s response to, previous shareholder proposals. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals if, in addition to the considerations above, the company has the following governance and antitakeover provisions:
• | An unfettered11 right for shareholders to call special meetings at a 10 percent threshold; |
• | A majority vote standard in uncontested director elections; |
• | No non-shareholder-approved pill; and |
• | An annually elected board. |
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings
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General Recommendation: Vote against management or shareholder proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders’ ability to call special meetings. |
Generally vote for management or shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings taking into account the following factors:
• | Shareholders’ current right to call special meetings; |
• | Minimum ownership threshold necessary to call special meetings (10 percent preferred); |
• | The inclusion of exclusionary or prohibitive language; |
• | Investor ownership structure; and |
• | Shareholder support of, and management’s response to, previous shareholder proposals. |
Stakeholder Provisions
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals that ask the board to consider non-shareholder constituencies or other non-financial effects when evaluating a merger or business combination. |
11 | “Unfettered” means no restrictions on agenda items, no restrictions on the number of shareholders who can group together to reach the 10 percent threshold, and only reasonable limits on when a meeting can be called: no greater than 30 days after the last annual meeting and no greater than 90 prior to the next annual meeting. |
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State Antitakeover Statutes
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to opt in or out of state takeover statutes (including fair price provisions, stakeholder laws, poison pill endorsements, severance pay and labor contract provisions, and anti-greenmail provisions). |
Supermajority Vote Requirements
|
General Recommendation: Vote against proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote. |
• | Vote for management or shareholder proposals to reduce supermajority vote requirements. However, for companies with shareholder(s) who have significant ownership levels, vote case-by-case, taking into account: |
• | Ownership structure; |
• | Quorum requirements; and |
• | Vote requirements. |
Virtual Shareholder Meetings
|
General Recommendation: Generally vote for management proposals allowing for the convening of shareholder meetings by electronic means, so long as they do not preclude in-person meetings. Companies are encouraged to disclose the circumstances under which virtual-only12 meetings would be held, and to allow for comparable rights and opportunities for shareholders to participate electronically as they would have during an in-person meeting. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals concerning virtual-only meetings, considering:
• | Scope and rationale of the proposal; and |
• | Concerns identified with the company’s prior meeting practices. |
4. | Capital/Restructuring |
Capital
Adjustments to Par Value of Common Stock
|
General Recommendation: Vote for management proposals to reduce the par value of common stock unless the action is being taken to facilitate an anti-takeover device or some other negative corporate governance action. |
Vote for management proposals to eliminate par value.
Common Stock Authorization
|
General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares where the primary purpose of the increase is to issue shares in connection with a transaction on the same ballot that warrants support. |
12 | Virtual-only shareholder meeting” refers to a meeting of shareholders that is held exclusively using technology without a corresponding in-person meeting. |
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Vote against proposals at companies with more than one class of common stock to increase the number of authorized shares of the class of common stock that has superior voting rights.
Vote against proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares if a vote for a reverse stock split on the same ballot is warranted despite the fact that the authorized shares would not be reduced proportionally.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance. Take into account company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
• | Past Board Performance: |
• | The company’s use of authorized shares during the last three years; |
• | The Current Request: |
• | Disclosure in the proxy statement of the specific purposes of the proposed increase; |
• | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific and severe risks to shareholders of not approving the request; and |
• | The dilutive impact of the request as determined relative to an allowable increase calculated by ISS (typically 100 percent of existing authorized shares) that reflects the company’s need for shares and total shareholder returns. |
ISS will apply the relevant allowable increase below to requests to increase common stock that are for general corporate purposes (or to the general corporate purposes portion of a request that also includes a specific need):
A. | Most companies: 100 percent of existing authorized shares. |
B. | Companies with less than 50 percent of existing authorized shares either outstanding or reserved for issuance: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
C. | Companies with one- and three-year total shareholder returns (TSRs) in the bottom 10 percent of the U.S. market as of the end of the calendar quarter that is closest to their most recent fiscal year end: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
D. | Companies at which both conditions (B and C) above are both present: 25 percent of existing authorized shares. |
If there is an acquisition, private placement, or similar transaction on the ballot (not including equity incentive plans) that ISS is recommending FOR, the allowable increase will be the greater of (i) twice the amount needed to support the transactions on the ballot, and (ii) the allowable increase as calculated above.
Dual Class Structure
|
General Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals to create a new class of common stock unless: |
• | The company discloses a compelling rationale for the dual-class capital structure, such as: |
• | The company’s auditor has concluded that there is substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern; or |
• | The new class of shares will be transitory; |
• | The new class is intended for financing purposes with minimal or no dilution to current shareholders in both the short term and long term; and |
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• | The new class is not designed to preserve or increase the voting power of an insider or significant shareholder. |
Issue Stock for Use with Rights Plan
|
General Recommendation: Vote against proposals that increase authorized common stock for the explicit purpose of implementing a non-shareholder-approved shareholder rights plan (poison pill). |
Preemptive Rights
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals that seek preemptive rights, taking into consideration: |
• | The size of the company; |
• | The shareholder base; and |
• | The liquidity of the stock. |
Preferred Stock Authorization
|
General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to increase the number of authorized preferred shares where the primary purpose of the increase is to issue shares in connection with a transaction on the same ballot that warrants support. |
Vote against proposals at companies with more than one class or series of preferred stock to increase the number of authorized shares of the class or series of preferred stock that has superior voting rights.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to increase the number of shares of preferred stock authorized for issuance. Take into account company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
• | Past Board Performance: |
• | The company’s use of authorized preferred shares during the last three years; |
• | The Current Request: |
• | Disclosure in the proxy statement of the specific purposes for the proposed increase; |
• | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific and severe risks to shareholders of not approving the request; |
• | In cases where the company has existing authorized preferred stock, the dilutive impact of the request as determined by an allowable increase calculated by ISS (typically 100 percent of existing authorized shares) that reflects the company’s need for shares and total shareholder returns; and |
• | Whether the shares requested are blank check preferred shares that can be used for antitakeover purposes. |
Recapitalization Plans
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on recapitalizations (reclassifications of securities), taking into account the following: |
• | More simplified capital structure; |
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• | Enhanced liquidity; |
• | Fairness of conversion terms; |
• | Impact on voting power and dividends; |
• | Reasons for the reclassification; |
• | Conflicts of interest; and |
• | Other alternatives considered. |
Reverse Stock Splits
|
General Recommendation: Vote for management proposals to implement a reverse stock split if: |
• | The number of authorized shares will be proportionately reduced; or |
• | The effective increase in authorized shares is equal to or less than the allowable increase calculated in accordance with ISS’ Common Stock Authorization policy. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals that do not meet either of the above conditions, taking into consideration the following factors:
• | Stock exchange notification to the company of a potential delisting; |
• | Disclosure of substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern without additional financing; |
• | The company’s rationale; or |
• | Other factors as applicable. |
Share Repurchase Programs
|
General Recommendation: For U.S.-incorporated companies, and foreign-incorporated U.S. Domestic Issuers that are traded solely on U.S. exchanges, vote for management proposals to institute open-market share repurchase plans in which all shareholders may participate on equal terms, or to grant the board authority to conduct open-market repurchases, in the absence of company-specific concerns regarding: |
• | Greenmail, |
• | The use of buybacks to inappropriately manipulate incentive compensation metrics, |
• | Threats to the company’s long-term viability, or |
• | Other company-specific factors as warranted. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals to repurchase shares directly from specified shareholders, balancing the stated rationale against the possibility for the repurchase authority to be misused, such as to repurchase shares from insiders at a premium to market price.
Share Repurchase Programs Shareholder Proposals
|
General Recommendation: Generally vote against shareholder proposals prohibiting executives from selling shares of company stock during periods in which the company has announced that it may or will be repurchasing shares of its stock. Vote for the proposal when there is a pattern of abuse by executives exercising options or selling shares during periods of share buybacks. |
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Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for management proposals to increase the common share authorization for stock split or stock dividend, provided that the effective increase in authorized shares is equal to or is less than the allowable increase calculated in accordance with ISS’ Common Stock Authorization policy. |
Tracking Stock
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the creation of tracking stock, weighing the strategic value of the transaction against such factors as: |
• | Adverse governance changes; |
• | Excessive increases in authorized capital stock; |
• | Unfair method of distribution; |
• | Diminution of voting rights; |
• | Adverse conversion features; |
• | Negative impact on stock option plans; and |
• | Alternatives such as spin-off. |
Restructuring
Appraisal Rights
|
General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to restore or provide shareholders with rights of appraisal. |
Asset Purchases
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on asset purchase proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Purchase price; |
• | Fairness opinion; |
• | Financial and strategic benefits; |
• | How the deal was negotiated; |
• | Conflicts of interest; |
• | Other alternatives for the business; |
• | Non-completion risk. |
Asset Sales
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on asset sales, considering the following factors: |
• | Impact on the balance sheet/working capital; |
• | Potential elimination of diseconomies; |
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• | Anticipated financial and operating benefits; |
• | Anticipated use of funds; |
• | Value received for the asset; |
• | Fairness opinion; |
• | How the deal was negotiated; |
• | Conflicts of interest. |
Bundled Proposals
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on bundled or “conditional” proxy proposals. In the case of items that are conditioned upon each other, examine the benefits and costs of the packaged items. In instances when the joint effect of the conditioned items is not in shareholders’ best interests, vote against the proposals. If the combined effect is positive, support such proposals. |
Conversion of Securities
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding conversion of securities. When evaluating these proposals, the investor should review the dilution to existing shareholders, the conversion price relative to market value, financial issues, control issues, termination penalties, and conflicts of interest. |
Vote for the conversion if it is expected that the company will be subject to onerous penalties or will be forced to file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Corporate Reorganization/Debt Restructuring/Prepackaged Bankruptcy Plans/Reverse Leveraged Buyouts/Wrap Plans
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to increase common and/or preferred shares and to issue shares as part of a debt restructuring plan, after evaluating: |
• | Dilution to existing shareholders’ positions; |
• | Terms of the offer – discount/premium in purchase price to investor, including any fairness opinion; termination penalties; exit strategy; |
• | Financial issues – company’s financial situation; degree of need for capital; use of proceeds; effect of the financing on the company’s cost of capital; |
• | Management’s efforts to pursue other alternatives; |
• | Control issues – change in management; change in control, guaranteed board and committee seats; standstill provisions; voting agreements; veto power over certain corporate actions; and |
• | Conflict of interest – arm’s length transaction, managerial incentives. |
Vote for the debt restructuring if it is expected that the company will file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
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Formation of Holding Company
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding the formation of a holding company, taking into consideration the following: |
• | The reasons for the change; |
• | Any financial or tax benefits; |
• | Regulatory benefits; |
• | Increases in capital structure; and |
• | Changes to the articles of incorporation or bylaws of the company. |
Absent compelling financial reasons to recommend for the transaction, vote against the formation of a holding company if the transaction would include either of the following:
• | Increases in common or preferred stock in excess of the allowable maximum (see discussion under “Capital”); or |
• | Adverse changes in shareholder rights. |
Going Private and Going Dark Transactions (LBOs and Minority Squeeze-outs)
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on going private transactions, taking into account the following: |
• | Offer price/premium; |
• | Fairness opinion; |
• | How the deal was negotiated; |
• | Conflicts of interest; |
• | Other alternatives/offers considered; and |
• | Non-completion risk. |
Vote case-by-case on going dark transactions, determining whether the transaction enhances shareholder value by taking into consideration:
• | Whether the company has attained benefits from being publicly-traded (examination of trading volume, liquidity, and market research of the stock); |
• | Balanced interests of continuing vs. cashed-out shareholders, taking into account the following: |
• | Are all shareholders able to participate in the transaction? |
• | Will there be a liquid market for remaining shareholders following the transaction? |
• | Does the company have strong corporate governance? |
• | Will insiders reap the gains of control following the proposed transaction? |
• | Does the state of incorporation have laws requiring continued reporting that may benefit shareholders? |
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Joint Ventures
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to form joint ventures, taking into account the following: |
• | Percentage of assets/business contributed; |
• | Percentage ownership; |
• | Financial and strategic benefits; |
• | Governance structure; |
• | Conflicts of interest; |
• | Other alternatives; and |
• | Non-completion risk. |
Liquidations
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on liquidations, taking into account the following: |
• | Management’s efforts to pursue other alternatives; |
• | Appraisal value of assets; and |
• | The compensation plan for executives managing the liquidation. |
Vote for the liquidation if the company will file for bankruptcy if the proposal is not approved.
Mergers and Acquisitions
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on mergers and acquisitions. Review and evaluate the merits and drawbacks of the proposed transaction, balancing various and sometimes countervailing factors including: |
• | Valuation - Is the value to be received by the target shareholders (or paid by the acquirer) reasonable? While the fairness opinion may provide an initial starting point for assessing valuation reasonableness, emphasis is placed on the offer premium, market reaction, and strategic rationale. |
• | Market reaction - How has the market responded to the proposed deal? A negative market reaction should cause closer scrutiny of a deal. |
• | Strategic rationale - Does the deal make sense strategically? From where is the value derived? Cost and revenue synergies should not be overly aggressive or optimistic, but reasonably achievable. Management should also have a favorable track record of successful integration of historical acquisitions. |
• | Negotiations and process - Were the terms of the transaction negotiated at arm’s-length? Was the process fair and equitable? A fair process helps to ensure the best price for shareholders. Significant negotiation “wins” can also signify the deal makers’ competency. The comprehensiveness of the sales process (e.g., full auction, partial auction, no auction) can also affect shareholder value. |
• | Conflicts of interest - Are insiders benefiting from the transaction disproportionately and inappropriately as compared to non-insider shareholders? As the result of potential conflicts, the directors and officers of the company may be more likely to vote to approve a merger than if they did not hold these interests. Consider whether these interests may have influenced these directors and officers to support or recommend the |
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merger. The CIC figure presented in the “ISS Transaction Summary” section of this report is an aggregate figure that can in certain cases be a misleading indicator of the true value transfer from shareholders to insiders. Where such figure appears to be excessive, analyze the underlying assumptions to determine whether a potential conflict exists. |
• | Governance - Will the combined company have a better or worse governance profile than the current governance profiles of the respective parties to the transaction? If the governance profile is to change for the worse, the burden is on the company to prove that other issues (such as valuation) outweigh any deterioration in governance. |
Private Placements/Warrants/Convertible Debentures
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding private placements, warrants, and convertible debentures taking into consideration: |
• | Dilution to existing shareholders’ position: The amount and timing of shareholder ownership dilution should be weighed against the needs and proposed shareholder benefits of the capital infusion. Although newly issued common stock, absent preemptive rights, is typically dilutive to existing shareholders, share price appreciation is often the necessary event to trigger the exercise of “out of the money” warrants and convertible debt. In these instances from a value standpoint, the negative impact of dilution is mitigated by the increase in the company’s stock price that must occur to trigger the dilutive event. |
• | Terms of the offer (discount/premium in purchase price to investor, including any fairness opinion, conversion features, termination penalties, exit strategy): |
• | The terms of the offer should be weighed against the alternatives of the company and in light of company’s financial condition. Ideally, the conversion price for convertible debt and the exercise price for warrants should be at a premium to the then prevailing stock price at the time of private placement. |
• | When evaluating the magnitude of a private placement discount or premium, consider factors that influence the discount or premium, such as, liquidity, due diligence costs, control and monitoring costs, capital scarcity, information asymmetry, and anticipation of future performance. |
• | Financial issues: |
• | The company’s financial condition; |
• | Degree of need for capital; |
• | Use of proceeds; |
• | Effect of the financing on the company’s cost of capital; |
• | Current and proposed cash burn rate; |
• | Going concern viability and the state of the capital and credit markets. |
• | Management’s efforts to pursue alternatives and whether the company engaged in a process to evaluate alternatives: A fair, unconstrained process helps to ensure the best price for shareholders. Financing alternatives can include joint ventures, partnership, merger, or sale of part or all of the company. |
• | Control issues: |
• | Change in management; |
• | Change in control; |
• | Guaranteed board and committee seats; |
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• | Standstill provisions; |
• | Voting agreements; |
• | Veto power over certain corporate actions; and |
• | Minority versus majority ownership and corresponding minority discount or majority control premium. |
• | Conflicts of interest: |
• | Conflicts of interest should be viewed from the perspective of the company and the investor. |
• | Were the terms of the transaction negotiated at arm’s length? Are managerial incentives aligned with shareholder interests? |
• | Market reaction: |
• | The market’s response to the proposed deal. A negative market reaction is a cause for concern. Market reaction may be addressed by analyzing the one-day impact on the unaffected stock price. |
Vote for the private placement, or for the issuance of warrants and/or convertible debentures in a private placement, if it is expected that the company will file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Reorganization/Restructuring Plan (Bankruptcy)
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to common shareholders on bankruptcy plans of reorganization, considering the following factors including, but not limited to: |
• | Estimated value and financial prospects of the reorganized company; |
• | Percentage ownership of current shareholders in the reorganized company; |
• | Whether shareholders are adequately represented in the reorganization process (particularly through the existence of an Official Equity Committee); |
• | The cause(s) of the bankruptcy filing, and the extent to which the plan of reorganization addresses the cause(s); |
• | Existence of a superior alternative to the plan of reorganization; and |
• | Governance of the reorganized company. |
Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs)
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on SPAC mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following: |
• | Valuation - Is the value being paid by the SPAC reasonable? SPACs generally lack an independent fairness opinion and the financials on the target may be limited. Compare the conversion price with the intrinsic value of the target company provided in the fairness opinion. Also, evaluate the proportionate value of the combined entity attributable to the SPAC IPO shareholders versus the pre-merger value of SPAC. Additionally, a private company discount may be applied to the target, if it is a private entity. |
• | Market reaction - How has the market responded to the proposed deal? A negative market reaction may be a cause for concern. Market reaction may be addressed by analyzing the one-day impact on the unaffected stock price. |
• | Deal timing - A main driver for most transactions is that the SPAC charter typically requires the deal to be complete within 18 to 24 months, or the SPAC is to be liquidated. Evaluate the valuation, market reaction, and potential conflicts of interest for deals that are announced close to the liquidation date. |
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• | Negotiations and process - What was the process undertaken to identify potential target companies within specified industry or location specified in charter? Consider the background of the sponsors. |
• | Conflicts of interest - How are sponsors benefiting from the transaction compared to IPO shareholders? Potential conflicts could arise if a fairness opinion is issued by the insiders to qualify the deal rather than a third party or if management is encouraged to pay a higher price for the target because of an 80 percent rule (the charter requires that the fair market value of the target is at least equal to 80 perecnt of net assets of the SPAC). Also, there may be sense of urgency by the management team of the SPAC to close the deal since its charter typically requires a transaction to be completed within the 18-24 month timeframe. |
• | Voting agreements - Are the sponsors entering into enter into any voting agreements/tender offers with shareholders who are likely to vote against the proposed merger or exercise conversion rights? |
• | Governance - What is the impact of having the SPAC CEO or founder on key committees following the proposed merger? |
Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs) - Proposals for Extensions
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on SPAC extension proposals taking into account the length of the requested extension, the status of any pending transaction(s) or progression of the acquisition process, any added incentive for non-redeeming shareholders, and any prior extension requests. |
• | Length of request: Typically, extension requests range from two to six months, depending on the progression of the SPAC’s acquistion process. |
• | Pending transaction(s) or progression of the acquisition process: Sometimes an intial business combination was already put to a shareholder vote, but, for varying reasons, the transaction could not be consummated by the termination date and the SPAC is requesting an extension. Other times, the SPAC has entered into a definitive transaction agreement, but needs additional time to consummate or hold the shareholder meeting. |
• | Added incentive for non-redeeming shareholders: Sometimes the SPAC sponsor (or other insiders) will contribute, typically as a loan to the company, additional funds that will be added to the redemption value of each public share as long as such shares are not redeemed in connection with the extension request. The purpose of the “equity kicker” is to incentivize shareholders to hold their shares through the end of the requested extension or until the time the transaction is put to a shareholder vote, rather than electing redeemption at the extension proposal meeting. |
• | Prior extension requests: Some SPACs request additional time beyond the extension period sought in prior extension requests. |
Spin-offs
|
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on spin-offs, considering: |
• | Tax and regulatory advantages; |
• | Planned use of the sale proceeds; |
• | Valuation of spinoff; |
• | Fairness opinion; |
• | Benefits to the parent company; |
• | Conflicts of interest; |
• | Managerial incentives; |
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• | Corporate governance changes; |
• | Changes in the capital structure. |
Value Maximization Shareholder Proposals
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals seeking to maximize shareholder value by: |
• | Hiring a financial advisor to explore strategic alternatives; |
• | Selling the company; or |
• | Liquidating the company and distributing the proceeds to shareholders. |
These proposals should be evaluated based on the following factors:
• | Prolonged poor performance with no turnaround in sight; |
• | Signs of entrenched board and management (such as the adoption of takeover defenses); |
• | Strategic plan in place for improving value; |
• | Likelihood of receiving reasonable value in a sale or dissolution; and |
• | The company actively exploring its strategic options, including retaining a financial advisor. |
5. | Compensation |
Executive Pay Evaluation
Underlying all evaluations are five global principles that most investors expect corporations to adhere to in designing and administering executive and director compensation programs:
1. | Maintain appropriate pay-for-performance alignment, with emphasis on long-term shareholder value: This principle encompasses overall executive pay practices, which must be designed to attract, retain, and appropriately motivate the key employees who drive shareholder value creation over the long term. It will take into consideration, among other factors, the link between pay and performance; the mix between fixed and variable pay; performance goals; and equity-based plan costs; |
2. | Avoid arrangements that risk “pay for failure”: This principle addresses the appropriateness of long or indefinite contracts, excessive severance packages, and guaranteed compensation; |
3. | Maintain an independent and effective compensation committee: This principle promotes oversight of executive pay programs by directors with appropriate skills, knowledge, experience, and a sound process for compensation decision-making (e.g., including access to independent expertise and advice when needed); |
4. | Provide shareholders with clear, comprehensive compensation disclosures: This principle underscores the importance of informative and timely disclosures that enable shareholders to evaluate executive pay practices fully and fairly; |
5. | Avoid inappropriate pay to non-executive directors: This principle recognizes the interests of shareholders in ensuring that compensation to outside directors is reasonable and does not compromise their independence and ability to make appropriate judgments in overseeing managers’ pay and performance. At the market level, it may incorporate a variety of generally accepted best practices. |
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Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation—Management Proposals (Say-on-Pay)
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on ballot items related to executive pay and practices, as well as certain aspects of outside director compensation. |
Vote against Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation (Say-on-Pay or “SOP”) if:
• | There is an unmitigated misalignment between CEO pay and company performance (pay for performance); |
• | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices; |
• | The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders. |
Vote against or withhold from the members of the Compensation Committee and potentially the full board if:
• | There is no SOP on the ballot, and an against vote on an SOP would otherwise be warranted due to pay-for-performance misalignment, problematic pay practices, or the lack of adequate responsiveness on compensation issues raised previously, or a combination thereof; |
• | The board fails to respond adequately to a previous SOP proposal that received less than 70 percent support of votes cast; |
• | The company has recently practiced or approved problematic pay practices, such as option repricing or option backdating; or |
• | The situation is egregious. |
Primary Evaluation Factors for Executive Pay
Pay-for-Performance Evaluation
ISS annually conducts a pay-for-performance analysis to identify strong or satisfactory alignment between pay and performance over a sustained period. With respect to companies in the S&P1500, Russell 3000, or Russell 3000E Indices13, this analysis considers the following:
1. | Peer Group14 Alignment: |
• | The degree of alignment between the company’s annualized TSR rank and the CEO’s annualized total pay rank within a peer group, each measured over a three-year period. |
• | The rankings of CEO total pay and company financial performance within a peer group, each measured over a three-year period. |
• | The multiple of the CEO’s total pay relative to the peer group median in the most recent fiscal year. |
2. | Absolute Alignment15 – the absolute alignment between the trend in CEO pay and company TSR over the prior five fiscal years – i.e., the difference between the trend in annual pay changes and the trend in annualized TSR during the period. |
13 | The Russell 3000E Index includes approximately 4,000 of the largest U.S. equity securities. |
14 | The revised peer group is generally comprised of 14-24 companies that are selected using market cap, revenue (or assets for certain financial firms), GICS industry group, and company’s selected peers’ GICS industry group, with size constraints, via a process designed to select peers that are comparable to the subject company in terms of revenue/assets and industry, and also within a market-cap bucket that is reflective of the company’s. For Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels companies, market cap is the only size determinant. |
15 | Only Russell 3000 Index companies are subject to the Absolute Alignment analysis. |
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If the above analysis demonstrates significant unsatisfactory long-term pay-for-performance alignment or, in the case of companies outside the Russell indices, a misalignment between pay and performance is otherwise suggested, our analysis may include any of the following qualitative factors, as relevant to an evaluation of how various pay elements may work to encourage or to undermine long-term value creation and alignment with shareholder interests:
• | The ratio of performance- to time-based incentive awards; |
• | The overall ratio of performance-based compensation to fixed or discretionary pay; |
• | The rigor of performance goals; |
• | The complexity and risks around pay program design; |
• | The transparency and clarity of disclosure; |
• | The company’s peer group benchmarking practices; |
• | Financial/operational results, both absolute and relative to peers; |
• | Special circumstances related to, for example, a new CEO in the prior FY or anomalous equity grant practices (e.g., bi-annual awards); |
• | Realizable pay16 compared to grant pay; and |
• | Any other factors deemed relevant. |
Problematic Pay Practices
The focus is on executive compensation practices that contravene the global pay principles, including:
• | Problematic practices related to non-performance-based compensation elements; |
• | Incentives that may motivate excessive risk-taking or present a windfall risk; and |
• | Pay decisions that circumvent pay-for-performance, such as options backdating or waiving performance requirements. |
Problematic Pay Practices related to Non-Performance-Based Compensation Elements
Pay elements that are not directly based on performance are generally evaluated case-by-case considering the context of a company’s overall pay program and demonstrated pay-for-performance philosophy. Please refer to ISS’ U.S. Compensation Policies FAQ document for detail on specific pay practices that have been identified as potentially problematic and may lead to negative recommendations if they are deemed to be inappropriate or unjustified relative to executive pay best practices. The list below highlights the problematic practices that carry significant weight in this overall consideration and may result in adverse vote recommendations:
• | Repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/SARs without prior shareholder approval (including cash buyouts and voluntary surrender of underwater options); |
• | Extraordinary perquisites or tax gross-ups; |
• | New or materially amended agreements that provide for: |
• | Excessive termination or CIC severance payments (generally exceeding 3 times base salary and average/target/most recent bonus); |
16 | ISS research reports include realizable pay for S&P1500 companies. |
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• | CIC severance payments without involuntary job loss or substantial diminution of duties (“single” or “modified single” triggers) or in connection with a problematic Good Reason definition; |
• | CIC excise tax gross-up entitlements (including “modified” gross-ups); |
• | Multi-year guaranteed awards that are not at risk due to rigorous performance conditions; |
• | Liberal CIC definition combined with any single-trigger CIC benefits; |
• | Insufficient executive compensation disclosure by externally-managed issuers (EMIs) such that a reasonable assessment of pay programs and practices applicable to the EMI’s executives is not possible; |
• | Any other provision or practice deemed to be egregious and present a significant risk to investors. |
Options Backdating
The following factors should be examined case-by-case to allow for distinctions to be made between “sloppy” plan administration versus deliberate action or fraud:
• | Reason and motive for the options backdating issue, such as inadvertent vs. deliberate grant date changes; |
• | Duration of options backdating; |
• | Size of restatement due to options backdating; |
• | Corrective actions taken by the board or compensation committee, such as canceling or re-pricing backdated options, the recouping of option gains on backdated grants; and |
• | Adoption of a grant policy that prohibits backdating and creates a fixed grant schedule or window period for equity grants in the future. |
Compensation Committee Communications and Responsiveness
Consider the following factors case-by-case when evaluating ballot items related to executive pay on the board’s responsiveness to investor input and engagement on compensation issues:
• | Failure to respond to majority-supported shareholder proposals on executive pay topics; or |
• | Failure to adequately respond to the company’s previous say-on-pay proposal that received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast, taking into account: |
• | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors, including the frequency and timing of engagements and the company participants (including whether independent directors participated); |
• | Disclosure of the specific concerns voiced by dissenting shareholders that led to the say-on-pay opposition; |
• | Disclosure of specific and meaningful actions taken to address shareholders’ concerns; |
• | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
• | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; and |
• | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
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Frequency of Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (“Say When on Pay”)
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General Recommendation: Vote for annual advisory votes on compensation, which provide the most consistent and clear communication channel for shareholder concerns about companies’ executive pay programs. |
Voting on Golden Parachutes in an Acquisition, Merger, Consolidation, or Proposed Sale
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on say on Golden Parachute proposals, including consideration of existing change-in-control arrangements maintained with named executive officers but also considering new or extended arrangements. |
Features that may result in an “against” recommendation include one or more of the following, depending on the number, magnitude, and/or timing of issue(s):
• | Single- or modified-single-trigger cash severance; |
• | Single-trigger acceleration of unvested equity awards; |
• | Full acceleration of equity awards granted shortly before the change in control; |
• | Acceleration of performance awards above the target level of performance without compelling rationale; |
• | Excessive cash severance (generally >3x base salary and bonus); |
• | Excise tax gross-ups triggered and payable; |
• | Excessive golden parachute payments (on an absolute basis or as a percentage of transaction equity value); or |
• | Recent amendments that incorporate any problematic features (such as those above) or recent actions (such as extraordinary equity grants) that may make packages so attractive as to influence merger agreements that may not be in the best interests of shareholders; or |
• | The company’s assertion that a proposed transaction is conditioned on shareholder approval of the golden parachute advisory vote. |
Recent amendment(s) that incorporate problematic features will tend to carry more weight on the overall analysis. However, the presence of multiple legacy problematic features will also be closely scrutinized.
In cases where the golden parachute vote is incorporated into a company’s advisory vote on compensation (management say-on-pay), ISS will evaluate the say-on-pay proposal in accordance with these guidelines, which may give higher weight to that component of the overall evaluation.
Equity-Based and Other Incentive Plans
Please refer to ISS’ U.S. Equity Compensation Plans FAQ document for additional details on the Equity Plan Scorecard policy.
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on certain equity-based compensation plans17 depending on a combination of certain plan features and equity grant practices, where positive factors may counterbalance |
17 | Proposals evaluated under the EPSC policy generally include those to approve or amend (1) stock option plans for employees and/or employees and directors, (2) restricted stock plans for employees and/or employees and directors, and (3) omnibus stock incentive plans for employees and/or employees and directors; amended plans will be further evaluated case-by-case. |
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negative factors, and vice versa, as evaluated using an “Equity Plan Scorecard” (EPSC) approach with three pillars: |
• | Plan Cost: The total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers, measured by the company’s estimated Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) in relation to peers and considering both: |
• | SVT based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; and |
• | SVT based only on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants. |
• | Plan Features: |
• | Quality of disclosure around vesting upon a change in control (CIC); |
• | Discretionary vesting authority; |
• | Liberal share recycling on various award types; |
• | Lack of minimum vesting period for grants made under the plan; |
• | Dividends payable prior to award vesting. |
• | Grant Practices: |
• | The company’s three-year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers; |
• | Vesting requirements in CEO’s recent equity grants (3-year look-back); |
• | The estimated duration of the plan (based on the sum of shares remaining available and the new shares requested, divided by the average annual shares granted in the prior three years); |
• | The proportion of the CEO’s most recent equity grants/awards subject to performance conditions; |
• | Whether the company maintains a sufficient claw-back policy; |
• | Whether the company maintains sufficient post-exercise/vesting share-holding requirements. |
Generally vote against the plan proposal if the combination of above factors indicates that the plan is not, overall, in shareholders’ interests, or if any of the following egregious factors (“overriding factors”) apply:
• | Awards may vest in connection with a liberal change-of-control definition; |
• | The plan would permit repricing or cash buyout of underwater options without shareholder approval (either by expressly permitting it – for NYSE and Nasdaq listed companies – or by not prohibiting it when the company has a history of repricing – for non-listed companies); |
• | The plan is a vehicle for problematic pay practices or a significant pay-for-performance disconnect under certain circumstances; |
• | The plan is excessively dilutive to shareholders’ holdings; |
• | The plan contains an evergreen (automatic share replenishment) feature; or |
• | Any other plan features are determined to have a significant negative impact on shareholder interests. |
Further Information on certain EPSC Factors:
Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT)
The cost of the equity plans is expressed as Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT), which is measured using a binomial option pricing model that assesses the amount of shareholders’ equity flowing out of the company to
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employees and directors. SVT is expressed as both a dollar amount and as a percentage of market value, and includes the new shares proposed, shares available under existing plans, and shares granted but unexercised (using two measures, in the case of plans subject to the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation, as noted above). All award types are valued. For omnibus plans, unless limitations are placed on the most expensive types of awards (for example, full-value awards), the assumption is made that all awards to be granted will be the most expensive types.
For proposals that are not subject to the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation, Shareholder Value Transfer is reasonable if it falls below a company-specific benchmark. The benchmark is determined as follows: The top quartile performers in each industry group (using the Global Industry Classification Standard: GICS) are identified. Benchmark SVT levels for each industry are established based on these top performers’ historic SVT. Regression analyses are run on each industry group to identify the variables most strongly correlated to SVT. The benchmark industry SVT level is then adjusted upwards or downwards for the specific company by plugging the company-specific performance measures, size and cash compensation into the industry cap equations to arrive at the company’s benchmark.18
Three-Year Burn Rate
Burn-rate benchmarks (utilized in Equity Plan Scorecard evaluations) are calculated as the greater of: (1) the mean (m) plus one standard deviation (s) of the company’s GICS group segmented by S&P 500, Russell 3000 index (less the S&P500), and non-Russell 3000 index; and (2) two percent of weighted common shares outstanding. In addition, year-over-year burn-rate benchmark changes will be limited to a maximum of two (2) percentage points plus or minus the prior year’s burn-rate benchmark. See the U.S. Equity Compensation Plans FAQ for the benchmarks.
Egregious Factors
Liberal Change in Control Definition
Generally vote against equity plans if the plan has a liberal definition of change in control and the equity awards could vest upon such liberal definition of change in control, even though an actual change in control may not occur. Examples of such a definition include, but are not limited to, announcement or commencement of a tender offer, provisions for acceleration upon a “potential” takeover, shareholder approval of a merger or other transactions, or similar language.
Repricing Provisions
Vote against plans that expressly permit the repricing or exchange of underwater stock options/stock appreciate rights (SARs) without prior shareholder approval. “Repricing” typically includes the ability to do any of the following:
• | Amend the terms of outstanding options or SARs to reduce the exercise price of such outstanding options or SARs; |
• | Cancel outstanding options or SARs in exchange for options or SARs with an exercise price that is less than the exercise price of the original options or SARs; |
• | Cancel underwater options in exchange for stock awards; or |
• | Provide cash buyouts of underwater options. |
18 | For plans evaluated under the Equity Plan Scorecard policy, the company’s SVT benchmark is considered along with other factors. |
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While the above cover most types of repricing, ISS may view other provisions as akin to repricing depending on the facts and circumstances.
Also, vote against or withhold from members of the Compensation Committee who approved repricing (as defined above or otherwise determined by ISS), without prior shareholder approval, even if such repricings are allowed in their equity plan.
Vote against plans that do not expressly prohibit repricing or cash buyout of underwater options without shareholder approval if the company has a history of repricing/buyouts without shareholder approval, and the applicable listing standards would not preclude them from doing so.
Problematic Pay Practices or Significant Pay-for-Performance Disconnect
If the equity plan on the ballot is a vehicle for problematic pay practices, vote against the plan.
ISS may recommend a vote against the equity plan if the plan is determined to be a vehicle for pay-for-performance misalignment. Considerations in voting against the equity plan may include, but are not limited to:
• | Severity of the pay-for-performance misalignment; |
• | Whether problematic equity grant practices are driving the misalignment; and/or |
• | Whether equity plan awards have been heavily concentrated to the CEO and/or the other NEOs. |
Amending Cash and Equity Plans (including Approval for Tax Deductibility (162(m))
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on amendments to cash and equity incentive plans. |
Generally vote for proposals to amend executive cash, stock, or cash and stock incentive plans if the proposal:
• | Addresses administrative features only; or |
• | Seeks approval for Section 162(m) purposes only, and the plan administering committee consists entirely of independent directors, per ISS’ Classification of Directors. Note that if the company is presenting the plan to shareholders for the first time for any reason (including after the company’s initial public offering), or if the proposal is bundled with other material plan amendments, then the recommendation will be case-by-case (see below). |
Vote against proposals to amend executive cash, stock, or cash and stock incentive plans if the proposal:
• | Seeks approval for Section 162(m) purposes only, and the plan administering committee does not consist entirely of independent directors, per ISS’ Classification of Directors. |
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to amend cash incentive plans. This includes plans presented to shareholders for the first time after the company’s IPO and/or proposals that bundle material amendment(s) other than those for Section 162(m) purposes.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to amend equity incentive plans, considering the following:
• | If the proposal requests additional shares and/or the amendments include a term extension or addition of full value awards as an award type, the recommendation will be based on the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation as well as an analysis of the overall impact of the amendments. |
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• | If the plan is being presented to shareholders for the first time (including after the company’s IPO), whether or not additional shares are being requested, the recommendation will be based on the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation as well as an analysis of the overall impact of any amendments. |
• | If there is no request for additional shares and the amendments do not include a term extension or addition of full value awards as an award type, then the recommendation will be based entirely on an analysis of the overall impact of the amendments, and the EPSC evaluation will be shown only for informational purposes. |
In the first two case-by-case evaluation scenarios, the EPSC evaluation/score is the more heavily weighted consideration.
Specific Treatment of Certain Award Types in Equity Plan Evaluations
Dividend Equivalent Rights
Options that have Dividend Equivalent Rights (DERs) associated with them will have a higher calculated award value than those without DERs under the binomial model, based on the value of these dividend streams. The higher value will be applied to new shares, shares available under existing plans, and shares awarded but not exercised per the plan specifications. DERS transfer more shareholder equity to employees and non-employee directors and this cost should be captured.
Operating Partnership (OP) Units in Equity Plan Analysis of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
For Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS), include the common shares issuable upon conversion of outstanding Operating Partnership (OP) units in the share count for the purposes of determining: (1) market capitalization in the Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) analysis and (2) shares outstanding in the burn rate analysis.
Other Compensation Plans
401(k) Employee Benefit Plans
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to implement a 401(k) savings plan for employees. |
Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to implement an ESOP or increase authorized shares for existing ESOPs, unless the number of shares allocated to the ESOP is excessive (more than five percent of outstanding shares). |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Qualified Plans
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on qualified employee stock purchase plans. Vote for employee stock purchase plans where all of the following apply: |
• | Purchase price is at least 85 percent of fair market value; |
• | Offering period is 27 months or less; and |
• | The number of shares allocated to the plan is 10 percent or less of the outstanding shares. |
Vote against qualified employee stock purchase plans where when the plan features do not meet all of the above criteria.
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Employee Stock Purchase Plans – Non-Qualified Plans
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on nonqualified employee stock purchase plans. Vote for nonqualified employee stock purchase plans with all the following features: |
• | Broad-based participation; |
• | Limits on employee contribution, which may be a fixed dollar amount or expressed as a percent of base salary; |
• | Company matching contribution up to 25 percent of employee’s contribution, which is effectively a discount of 20 percent from market value; and |
• | No discount on the stock price on the date of purchase when there is a company matching contribution. |
Vote against nonqualified employee stock purchase plans when the plan features do not meet all of the above criteria. If the matching contribution or effective discount exceeds the above, ISS may evaluate the SVT cost of the plan as part of the assessment.
Option Exchange Programs/Repricing Options
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on management proposals seeking approval to exchange/reprice options taking into consideration: |
• | Historic trading patterns--the stock price should not be so volatile that the options are likely to be back “in- the-money” over the near term; |
• | Rationale for the re-pricing--was the stock price decline beyond management’s control?; |
• | Is this a value-for-value exchange?; |
• | Are surrendered stock options added back to the plan reserve?; |
• | Timing -- repricing should occur at least one year out from any precipitous drop in company’s stock price; |
• | Option vesting -- does the new option vest immediately or is there a black-out period?; |
• | Term of the option--the term should remain the same as that of the replaced option; |
• | Exercise price -- should be set at fair market or a premium to market; |
• | Participants -- executive officers and directors must be excluded. |
If the surrendered options are added back to the equity plans for re-issuance, then also take into consideration the company’s total cost of equity plans and its three-year average burn rate.
In addition to the above considerations, evaluate the intent, rationale, and timing of the repricing proposal. The proposal should clearly articulate why the board is choosing to conduct an exchange program at this point in time. Repricing underwater options after a recent precipitous drop in the company’s stock price demonstrates poor timing and warrants additional scrutiny. Also, consider the terms of the surrendered options, such as the grant date, exercise price and vesting schedule. Grant dates of surrendered options should be far enough back (two to three years) so as not to suggest that repricings are being done to take advantage of short-term downward price movements. Similarly, the exercise price of surrendered options should be above the 52-week high for the stock price.
Vote for shareholder proposals to put option repricings to a shareholder vote.
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Stock Plans in Lieu of Cash
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on plans that provide participants with the option of taking all or a portion of their cash compensation in the form of stock. |
Vote for non-employee director-only equity plans that provide a dollar-for-dollar cash-for-stock exchange.
Vote case-by-case on plans which do not provide a dollar-for-dollar cash for stock exchange. In cases where the exchange is not dollar-for-dollar, the request for new or additional shares for such equity program will be considered using the binomial option pricing model. In an effort to capture the total cost of total compensation, ISS will not make any adjustments to carve out the in-lieu-of cash compensation.
Transfer Stock Option (TSO) Programs
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General Recommendation: One-time Transfers: Vote against or withhold from compensation committee members if they fail to submit one-time transfers to shareholders for approval. |
Vote case-by-case on one-time transfers. Vote for if:
• | Executive officers and non-employee directors are excluded from participating; |
• | Stock options are purchased by third-party financial institutions at a discount to their fair value using option pricing models such as Black-Scholes or a Binomial Option Valuation or other appropriate financial models; and |
• | There is a two-year minimum holding period for sale proceeds (cash or stock) for all participants. |
Additionally, management should provide a clear explanation of why options are being transferred to a third-party institution and whether the events leading up to a decline in stock price were beyond management’s control. A review of the company’s historic stock price volatility should indicate if the options are likely to be back “in-the-money” over the near term.
Ongoing TSO program: Vote against equity plan proposals if the details of ongoing TSO programs are not provided to shareholders. Since TSOs will be one of the award types under a stock plan, the ongoing TSO program, structure and mechanics must be disclosed to shareholders. The specific criteria to be considered in evaluating these proposals include, but not limited, to the following:
• | Eligibility; |
• | Vesting; |
• | Bid-price; |
• | Term of options; |
• | Cost of the program and impact of the TSOs on company’s total option expense; and |
• | Option repricing policy. |
Amendments to existing plans that allow for introduction of transferability of stock options should make clear that only options granted post-amendment shall be transferable.
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Director Compensation
Shareholder Ratification of Director Pay Programs
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on management proposals seeking ratification of non-employee director compensation, based on the following factors: |
• | If the equity plan under which non-employee director grants are made is on the ballot, whether or not it warrants support; and |
• | An assessment of the following qualitative factors: |
• | The relative magnitude of director compensation as compared to companies of a similar profile; |
• | The presence of problematic pay practices relating to director compensation; |
• | Director stock ownership guidelines and holding requirements; |
• | Equity award vesting schedules; |
• | The mix of cash and equity-based compensation; |
• | Meaningful limits on director compensation; |
• | The availability of retirement benefits or perquisites; and |
• | The quality of disclosure surrounding director compensation. |
Equity Plans for Non-Employee Directors
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on compensation plans for non-employee directors, based on: |
• | The total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers, measured by the company’s estimated Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; |
• | The company’s three-year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers (in certain circumstances); and |
• | The presence of any egregious plan features (such as an option repricing provision or liberal CIC vesting risk). |
On occasion, non-employee director stock plans will exceed the plan cost or burn-rate benchmarks when combined with employee or executive stock plans. In such cases, vote case-by-case on the plan taking into consideration the following qualitative factors:
• | The relative magnitude of director compensation as compared to companies of a similar profile; |
• | The presence of problematic pay practices relating to director compensation; |
• | Director stock ownership guidelines and holding requirements; |
• | Equity award vesting schedules; |
• | The mix of cash and equity-based compensation; |
• | Meaningful limits on director compensation; |
• | The availability of retirement benefits or perquisites; and |
• | The quality of disclosure surrounding director compensation. |
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Non-Employee Director Retirement Plans
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General Recommendation: Vote against retirement plans for non-employee directors. Vote for shareholder proposals to eliminate retirement plans for non-employee directors. |
Shareholder Proposals on Compensation
Bonus Banking/Bonus Banking “Plus”
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals seeking deferral of a portion of annual bonus pay, with ultimate payout linked to sustained results for the performance metrics on which the bonus was earned (whether for the named executive officers or a wider group of employees), taking into account the following factors: |
• | The company’s past practices regarding equity and cash compensation; |
• | Whether the company has a holding period or stock ownership requirements in place, such as a meaningful retention ratio (at least 50 percent for full tenure); and |
• | Whether the company has a rigorous claw-back policy in place. |
Compensation Consultants – Disclosure of Board or Company’s Utilization
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals seeking disclosure regarding the company, board, or compensation committee’s use of compensation consultants, such as company name, business relationship(s), and fees paid. |
Disclosure/Setting Levels or Types of Compensation for Executives and Directors
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals seeking additional disclosure of executive and director pay information, provided the information requested is relevant to shareholders’ needs, would not put the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its industry, and is not unduly burdensome to the company. |
Generally vote against shareholder proposals seeking to set absolute levels on compensation or otherwise dictate the amount or form of compensation (such as types of compensation elements or specific metrics) to be used for executive or directors.
Generally vote against shareholder proposals that mandate a minimum amount of stock that directors must own in order to qualify as a director or to remain on the board.
Vote case-by-case on all other shareholder proposals regarding executive and director pay, taking into account relevant factors, including but not limited to: company performance, pay level and design versus peers, history of compensation concerns or pay-for-performance disconnect, and/or the scope and prescriptive nature of the proposal.
Golden Coffins/Executive Death Benefits
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals calling for companies to adopt a policy of obtaining shareholder approval for any future agreements and corporate policies that could oblige the company to make payments or awards following the death of a senior executive in the form of unearned |
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salary or bonuses, accelerated vesting or the continuation in force of unvested equity grants, perquisites and other payments or awards made in lieu of compensation. This would not apply to any benefit programs or equity plan proposals for which the broad-based employee population is eligible. |
Hold Equity Past Retirement or for a Significant Period of Time
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking companies to adopt policies requiring senior executive officers to retain a portion of net shares acquired through compensation plans. The following factors will be taken into account: |
• | The percentage/ratio of net shares required to be retained; |
• | The time period required to retain the shares; |
• | Whether the company has equity retention, holding period, and/or stock ownership requirements in place and the robustness of such requirements; |
• | Whether the company has any other policies aimed at mitigating risk taking by executives; |
• | Executives’ actual stock ownership and the degree to which it meets or exceeds the proponent’s suggested holding period/retention ratio or the company’s existing requirements; and |
• | Problematic pay practices, current and past, which may demonstrate a short-term versus long-term focus. |
Pay Disparity
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals calling for an analysis of the pay disparity between corporate executives and other non-executive employees. The following factors will be considered: |
• | The company’s current level of disclosure of its executive compensation setting process, including how the company considers pay disparity; |
• | If any problematic pay practices or pay-for-performance concerns have been identified at the company; and |
• | The level of shareholder support for the company’s pay programs. |
Generally vote against proposals calling for the company to use the pay disparity analysis or pay ratio in a specific way to set or limit executive pay.
Pay for Performance/Performance-Based Awards
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals requesting that a significant amount of future long-term incentive compensation awarded to senior executives shall be performance-based and requesting that the board adopt and disclose challenging performance metrics to shareholders, based on the following analytical steps: |
• | First, vote for shareholder proposals advocating the use of performance-based equity awards, such as performance contingent options or restricted stock, indexed options or premium-priced options, unless the proposal is overly restrictive or if the company has demonstrated that it is using a “substantial” portion of performance-based awards for its top executives. Standard stock options and performance-accelerated awards do not meet the criteria to be considered as performance-based awards. Further, premium-priced options should have a meaningful premium to be considered performance-based awards. |
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• | Second, assess the rigor of the company’s performance-based equity program. If the bar set for the performance-based program is too low based on the company’s historical or peer group comparison, generally vote for the proposal. Furthermore, if target performance results in an above target payout, vote for the shareholder proposal due to program’s poor design. If the company does not disclose the performance metric of the performance-based equity program, vote for the shareholder proposal regardless of the outcome of the first step to the test. |
In general, vote for the shareholder proposal if the company does not meet both of the above two steps.
Pay for Superior Performance
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals that request the board establish a pay-for-superior performance standard in the company’s executive compensation plan for senior executives. These proposals generally include the following principles: |
• | Set compensation targets for the plan’s annual and long-term incentive pay components at or below the peer group median; |
• | Deliver a majority of the plan’s target long-term compensation through performance-vested, not simply time- vested, equity awards; |
• | Provide the strategic rationale and relative weightings of the financial and non-financial performance metrics or criteria used in the annual and performance-vested long-term incentive components of the plan; |
• | Establish performance targets for each plan financial metric relative to the performance of the company’s peer companies; |
• | Limit payment under the annual and performance-vested long-term incentive components of the plan to when the company’s performance on its selected financial performance metrics exceeds peer group median performance. |
Consider the following factors in evaluating this proposal:
• | What aspects of the company’s annual and long-term equity incentive programs are performance driven? |
• | If the annual and long-term equity incentive programs are performance driven, are the performance criteria and hurdle rates disclosed to shareholders or are they benchmarked against a disclosed peer group? |
• | Can shareholders assess the correlation between pay and performance based on the current disclosure? |
• | What type of industry and stage of business cycle does the company belong to? |
Pre-Arranged Trading Plans (10b5-1 Plans)
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals calling for certain principles regarding the use of prearranged trading plans (10b5-1 plans) for executives. These principles include: |
• | Adoption, amendment, or termination of a 10b5-1 Plan must be disclosed within two business days in a Form 8-K; |
• | Amendment or early termination of a 10b5-1 Plan is allowed only under extraordinary circumstances, as determined by the board; |
• | Ninety days must elapse between adoption or amendment of a 10b5-1 Plan and initial trading under the plan; |
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• | Reports on Form 4 must identify transactions made pursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan; |
• | An executive may not trade in company stock outside the 10b5-1 Plan; |
• | Trades under a 10b5-1 Plan must be handled by a broker who does not handle other securities transactions for the executive. |
Prohibit Outside CEOs from Serving on Compensation Committees
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals seeking a policy to prohibit any outside CEO from serving on a company’s compensation committee, unless the company has demonstrated problematic pay practices that raise concerns about the performance and composition of the committee. |
Recoupment of Incentive or Stock Compensation in Specified Circumstances
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General Recommendation: : Vote case-by-case on proposals to recoup incentive cash or stock compensation made to senior executives if it is later determined that the figures upon which incentive compensation is earned turn out to have been in error, or if the senior executive has breached company policy or has engaged in misconduct that may be significantly detrimental to the company’s financial position or reputation, or if the senior executive failed to manage or monitor risks that subsequently led to significant financial or reputational harm to the company. Many companies have adopted policies that permit recoupment in cases where an executive’s fraud, misconduct, or negligence significantly contributed to a restatement of financial results that led to the awarding of unearned incentive compensation. However, such policies may be narrow given that not all misconduct or negligence may result in significant financial restatements. Misconduct, negligence or lack of sufficient oversight by senior executives may lead to significant financial loss or reputational damage that may have long-lasting impact. |
In considering whether to support such shareholder proposals, ISS will take into consideration the following factors:
• | If the company has adopted a formal recoupment policy; |
• | The rigor of the recoupment policy focusing on how and under what circumstances the company may recoup incentive or stock compensation; |
• | Whether the company has chronic restatement history or material financial problems; |
• | Whether the company’s policy substantially addresses the concerns raised by the proponent; |
• | Disclosure of recoupment of incentive or stock compensation from senior executives or lack thereof; or |
• | Any other relevant factors. |
Severance Agreements for Executives/Golden Parachutes
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General Recommendation: Vote for shareholder proposals requiring that golden parachutes or executive severance agreements be submitted for shareholder ratification, unless the proposal requires shareholder approval prior to entering into employment contracts. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals to ratify or cancel golden parachutes. An acceptable parachute should include, but is not limited to, the following:
• | The triggering mechanism should be beyond the control of management; |
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• | The amount should not exceed three times base amount (defined as the average annual taxable W-2 compensation during the five years prior to the year in which the change of control occurs); |
• | Change-in-control payments should be double-triggered, i.e., (1) after a change in control has taken place, and (2) termination of the executive as a result of the change in control. Change in control is defined as a change in the company ownership structure. |
Share Buyback Impact on Incentive Program Metrics
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting the company exclude the impact of share buybacks from the calculation of incentive program metrics, considering the following factors: |
• | The frequency and timing of the company’s share buybacks; |
• | The use of per-share metrics in incentive plans; |
• | The effect of recent buybacks on incentive metric results and payouts; and |
• | Whether there is any indication of metric result manipulation. |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs)
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting to put extraordinary benefits contained in SERP agreements to a shareholder vote unless the company’s executive pension plans do not contain excessive benefits beyond what is offered under employee-wide plans. |
Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting to limit the executive benefits provided under the company’s supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP) by limiting covered compensation to a senior executive’s annual salary or those pay elements covered for the general employee population.
Tax Gross-Up Proposals
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals calling for companies to adopt a policy of not poviding tax gross-up payments to executives, except in situations where gross-ups are provided pursuant to a plan, policy, or arrangement applicable to management employees of the company, such as a relocation or expatriate tax equalization policy. |
Termination of Employment Prior to Severance Payment/Eliminating Accelerated Vesting of Unvested Equity
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals seeking a policy requiring termination of employment prior to severance payment and/or eliminating accelerated vesting of unvested equity. |
The following factors will be considered:
• | The company’s current treatment of equity upon employment termination and/or in change-in-control situations (i.e., vesting is double triggered and/or pro rata, does it allow for the assumption of equity by acquiring company, the treatment of performance shares, etc.); |
• | Current employment agreements, including potential poor pay practices such as gross-ups embedded in those agreements. |
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Generally vote for proposals seeking a policy that prohibits automatic acceleration of the vesting of equity awards to senior executives upon a voluntary termination of employment or in the event of a change in control (except for pro rata vesting considering the time elapsed and attainment of any related performance goals between the award date and the change in control).
6. | Routine/Miscellaneous |
Adjourn Meeting
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals to provide management with the authority to adjourn an annual or special meeting absent compelling reasons to support the proposal. |
Vote for proposals that relate specifically to soliciting votes for a merger or transaction if supporting that merger or transaction. Vote against proposals if the wording is too vague or if the proposal includes “other business.”
Amend Quorum Requirements
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals to reduce quorum requirements for shareholder meetings below a majority of the shares outstanding unless there are compelling reasons to support the proposal. |
Amend Minor Bylaws
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General Recommendation: Vote for bylaw or charter changes that are of a housekeeping nature (updates or corrections). |
Change Company Name
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals to change the corporate name unless there is compelling evidence that the change would adversely impact shareholder value. |
Change Date, Time, or Location of Annual Meeting
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General Recommendation: Vote for management proposals to change the date, time, or location of the annual meeting unless the proposed change is unreasonable. |
Vote against shareholder proposals to change the date, time, or location of the annual meeting unless the current scheduling or location is unreasonable.
Other Business
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals to approve other business when it appears as a voting item. |
7. | Social and Environmental Issues |
Global Approach
Issues covered under the policy include a wide range of topics, including consumer and product safety, environment and energy, labor standards and human rights, workplace and board diversity, and corporate
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political issues. While a variety of factors goes into each analysis, the overall principle guiding all vote recommendations focuses on how the proposal may enhance or protect shareholder value in either the short or long term.
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General Recommendation: Generally vote case-by-case, examining primarily whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder value. The following factors will be considered: |
• | If the issues presented in the proposal are more appropriately or effectively dealt with through legislation or government regulation; |
• | If the company has already responded in an appropriate and sufficient manner to the issue(s) raised in the proposal; |
• | Whether the proposal’s request is unduly burdensome (scope or timeframe) or overly prescriptive; |
• | The company’s approach compared with any industry standard practices for addressing the issue(s) raised by the proposal; |
• | Whether there are significant controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company’s environmental or social practices; |
• | If the proposal requests increased disclosure or greater transparency, whether reasonable and sufficient information is currently available to shareholders from the company or from other publicly available sources; and |
• | If the proposal requests increased disclosure or greater transparency, whether implementation would reveal proprietary or confidential information that could place the company at a competitive disadvantage. |
Endorsement of Principles
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals seeking a company’s endorsement of principles that support a particular public policy position. Endorsing a set of principles may require a company to take a stand on an issue that is beyond its own control and may limit its flexibility with respect to future developments. Management and the board should be afforded the flexibility to make decisions on specific public policy positions based on their own assessment of the most beneficial strategies for the company. |
Animal Welfare
Animal Welfare Policies
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals seeking a report on a company’s animal welfare standards, or animal welfare-related risks, unless: |
• | The company has already published a set of animal welfare standards and monitors compliance; |
• | The company’s standards are comparable to industry peers; and |
• | There are no recent significant fines, litigation, or controversies related to the company’s and/or its suppliers’ treatment of animals. |
Animal Testing
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals to phase out the use of animals in product testing, unless: |
• | The company is conducting animal testing programs that are unnecessary or not required by regulation; |
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• | The company is conducting animal testing when suitable alternatives are commonly accepted and used by industry peers; or |
• | There are recent, significant fines or litigation related to the company’s treatment of animals. |
Animal Slaughter
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals requesting the implementation of Controlled Atmosphere Killing (CAK) methods at company and/or supplier operations unless such methods are required by legislation or generally accepted as the industry standard. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting a report on the feasibility of implementing CAK methods at company and/or supplier operations considering the availability of existing research conducted by the company or industry groups on this topic and any fines or litigation related to current animal processing procedures at the company.
Consumer Issues
Genetically Modified Ingredients
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals requesting that a company voluntarily label genetically engineered (GE) ingredients in its products. The labeling of products with GE ingredients is best left to the appropriate regulatory authorities. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals asking for a report on the feasibility of labeling products containing GE ingredients, taking into account:
• | The potential impact of such labeling on the company’s business; |
• | The quality of the company’s disclosure on GE product labeling, related voluntary initiatives, and how this disclosure compares with industry peer disclosure; and |
• | Company’s current disclosure on the feasibility of GE product labeling. |
Generally vote against proposals seeking a report on the social, health, and environmental effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Studies of this sort are better undertaken by regulators and the scientific community.
Generally vote against proposals to eliminate GE ingredients from the company’s products, or proposals asking for reports outlining the steps necessary to eliminate GE ingredients from the company’s products. Such decisions are more appropriately made by management with consideration of current regulations.
Reports on Potentially Controversial Business/Financial Practices
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on a company’s potentially controversial business or financial practices or products, taking into account: |
• | Whether the company has adequately disclosed mechanisms in place to prevent abuses; |
• | Whether the company has adequately disclosed the financial risks of the products/practices in question; |
• | Whether the company has been subject to violations of related laws or serious controversies; and |
• | Peer companies’ policies/practices in this area. |
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Pharmaceutical Pricing, Access to Medicines, and Prescription Drug Reimportation
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals requesting that companies implement specific price restraints on pharmaceutical products unless the company fails to adhere to legislative guidelines or industry norms in its product pricing practices. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting that a company report on its product pricing or access to medicine policies, considering:
• | The potential for reputational, market, and regulatory risk exposure; |
• | Existing disclosure of relevant policies; |
• | Deviation from established industry norms; |
• | Relevant company initiatives to provide research and/or products to disadvantaged consumers; |
• | Whether the proposal focuses on specific products or geographic regions; |
• | The potential burden and scope of the requested report; |
• | Recent significant controversies, litigation, or fines at the company. |
Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on the financial and legal impact of its prescription drug reimportation policies unless such information is already publicly disclosed.
Generally vote against proposals requesting that companies adopt specific policies to encourage or constrain prescription drug reimportation. Such matters are more appropriately the province of legislative activity and may place the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its peers.
Product Safety and Toxic/Hazardous Materials
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its policies, initiatives/procedures, and oversight mechanisms related to toxic/hazardous materials or product safety in its supply chain, unless: |
• | The company already discloses similar information through existing reports such as a supplier code of conduct and/or a sustainability report; |
• | The company has formally committed to the implementation of a toxic/hazardous materials and/or product safety and supply chain reporting and monitoring program based on industry norms or similar standards within a specified time frame; and |
• | The company has not been recently involved in relevant significant controversies, fines, or litigation. |
Vote case-by-case on resolutions requesting that companies develop a feasibility assessment to phase-out of certain toxic/hazardous materials, or evaluate and disclose the potential financial and legal risks associated with utilizing certain materials, considering:
• | The company’s current level of disclosure regarding its product safety policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms; |
• | Current regulations in the markets in which the company operates; and |
• | Recent significant controversies, litigation, or fines stemming from toxic/hazardous materials at the company. |
Generally vote against resolutions requiring that a company reformulate its products.
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Tobacco-Related Proposals
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on resolutions regarding the advertisement of tobacco products, considering: |
• | Recent related fines, controversies, or significant litigation; |
• | Whether the company complies with relevant laws and regulations on the marketing of tobacco; |
• | Whether the company’s advertising restrictions deviate from those of industry peers; |
• | Whether the company entered into the Master Settlement Agreement, which restricts marketing of tobacco to youth; and |
• | Whether restrictions on marketing to youth extend to foreign countries. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding second-hand smoke, considering;
• | Whether the company complies with all laws and regulations; |
• | The degree that voluntary restrictions beyond those mandated by law might hurt the company’s competitiveness; and |
• | The risk of any health-related liabilities. |
Generally vote against resolutions to cease production of tobacco-related products, to avoid selling products to tobacco companies, to spin-off tobacco-related businesses, or prohibit investment in tobacco equities. Such business decisions are better left to company management or portfolio managers.
Generally vote against proposals regarding tobacco product warnings. Such decisions are better left to public health authorities.
Climate Change
Climate Change/Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for resolutions requesting that a company disclose information on the financial, physical, or regulatory risks it faces related to climate change on its operations and investments or on how the company identifies, measures, and manages such risks, considering: |
• | Whether the company already provides current, publicly-available information on the impact that climate change may have on the company as well as associated company policies and procedures to address related risks and/or opportunities; |
• | The company’s level of disclosure compared to industry peers; and |
• | Whether there are significant controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company’s climate change-related performance. |
Generally vote for proposals requesting a report on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from company operations and/or products and operations, unless:
• | The company already discloses current, publicly-available information on the impacts that GHG emissions may have on the company as well as associated company policies and procedures to address related risks and/or opportunities; |
• | The company’s level of disclosure is comparable to that of industry peers; and |
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• | There are no significant, controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company’s GHG emissions. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals that call for the adoption of GHG reduction goals from products and operations, taking into account:
• | Whether the company provides disclosure of year-over-year GHG emissions performance data; |
• | Whether company disclosure lags behind industry peers; |
• | The company’s actual GHG emissions performance; |
• | The company’s current GHG emission policies, oversight mechanisms, and related initiatives; and |
• | Whether the company has been the subject of recent, significant violations, fines, litigation, or controversy related to GHG emissions. |
Energy Efficiency
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its energy efficiency policies, unless: |
• | The company complies with applicable energy efficiency regulations and laws, and discloses its participation in energy efficiency policies and programs, including disclosure of benchmark data, targets, and performance measures; or |
• | The proponent requests adoption of specific energy efficiency goals within specific timelines. |
Renewable Energy
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for requests for reports on the feasibility of developing renewable energy resources unless the report would be duplicative of existing disclosure or irrelevant to the company’s line of business. |
Generally vote against proposals requesting that the company invest in renewable energy resources. Such decisions are best left to management’s evaluation of the feasibility and financial impact that such programs may have on the company.
Generally vote against proposals that call for the adoption of renewable energy goals, taking into account:
• | The scope and structure of the proposal; |
• | The company’s current level of disclosure on renewable energy use and GHG emissions; and |
• | The company’s disclosure of policies, practices, and oversight implemented to manage GHG emissions and mitigate climate change risks. |
Diversity
Board Diversity
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for requests for reports on a company’s efforts to diversify the board, unless: |
• | The gender and racial minority representation of the company’s board is reasonably inclusive in relation to companies of similar size and business; and |
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• | The board already reports on its nominating procedures and gender and racial minority initiatives on the board and within the company. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals asking a company to increase the gender and racial minority representation on its board, taking into account:
• | The degree of existing gender and racial minority diversity on the company’s board and among its executive officers; |
• | The level of gender and racial minority representation that exists at the company’s industry peers; |
• | The company’s established process for addressing gender and racial minority board representation; |
• | Whether the proposal includes an overly prescriptive request to amend nominating committee charter language; |
• | The independence of the company’s nominating committee; |
• | Whether the company uses an outside search firm to identify potential director nominees; and |
• | Whether the company has had recent controversies, fines, or litigation regarding equal employment practices. |
Equality of Opportunity
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting a company disclose its diversity policies or initiatives, or proposals requesting disclosure of a company’s comprehensive workforce diversity data, including requests for EEO-1 data, unless: |
• | The company publicly discloses equal opportunity policies and initiatives in a comprehensive manner; |
• | The company already publicly discloses comprehensive workforce diversity data; and |
• | The company has no recent significant EEO-related violations or litigation. |
Generally vote against proposals seeking information on the diversity efforts of suppliers and service providers. Such requests may pose a significant burden on the company.
Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Domestic Partner Benefits
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals seeking to amend a company’s EEO statement or diversity policies to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity, unless the change would be unduly burdensome. |
Generally vote against proposals to extend company benefits to, or eliminate benefits from, domestic partners. Decisions regarding benefits should be left to the discretion of the company.
Gender, Race/Ethnicity Pay Gap
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on a company’s pay data by gender or race/ethnicity, or a report on a company’s policies and goals to reduce any gender or race/ethnicity pay gaps, taking into account: |
• | The company’s current policies and disclosure related to both its diversity and inclusion policies and practices and its compensation philosophy on fair and equitable compensation practices; |
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• | Whether the company has been the subject of recent controversy, litigation, or regulatory actions related to gender, race, or ethnicity pay gap issues; |
• | The company’s disclosure regarding gender, race, or ethnicity pay gap policies or initiatives compared to its industry peers; and |
• | Local laws regarding categorization of race and/or ethnicity and definitions of ethnic and/or racial minorities. |
Environment and Sustainability
Facility and Workplace Safety
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for workplace safety reports, including reports on accident risk reduction efforts, taking into account: |
• | The company’s current level of disclosure of its workplace health and safety performance data, health and safety management policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms; |
• | The nature of the company’s business, specifically regarding company and employee exposure to health and safety risks; |
• | Recent significant controversies, fines, or violations related to workplace health and safety; and |
• | The company’s workplace health and safety performance relative to industry peers. |
Vote case-by-case on resolutions requesting that a company report on safety and/or security risks associated with its operations and/or facilities, considering:
• | The company’s compliance with applicable regulations and guidelines; |
• | The company’s current level of disclosure regarding its security and safety policies, procedures, and compliance monitoring; and |
• | The existence of recent, significant violations, fines, or controversy regarding the safety and security of the company’s operations and/or facilities. |
General Environmental Proposals and Community Impact Assessments
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on policies and/or the potential (community) social and/or environmental impact of company operations, considering: |
• | Current disclosure of applicable policies and risk assessment report(s) and risk management procedures; |
• | The impact of regulatory non-compliance, litigation, remediation, or reputational loss that may be associated with failure to manage the company’s operations in question, including the management of relevant community and stakeholder relations; |
• | The nature, purpose, and scope of the company’s operations in the specific region(s); |
• | The degree to which company policies and procedures are consistent with industry norms; and |
• | The scope of the resolution. |
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Hydraulic Fracturing
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting greater disclosure of a company’s (natural gas) hydraulic fracturing operations, including measures the company has taken to manage and mitigate the potential community and environmental impacts of those operations, considering: |
• | The company’s current level of disclosure of relevant policies and oversight mechanisms; |
• | The company’s current level of such disclosure relative to its industry peers; |
• | Potential relevant local, state, or national regulatory developments; and |
• | Controversies, fines, or litigation related to the company’s hydraulic fracturing operations. |
Operations in Protected Areas
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for requests for reports on potential environmental damage as a result of company operations in protected regions, unless: |
• | Operations in the specified regions are not permitted by current laws or regulations; |
• | The company does not currently have operations or plans to develop operations in these protected regions; or |
• | The company’s disclosure of its operations and environmental policies in these regions is comparable to industry peers. |
Recycling
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to report on an existing recycling program, or adopt a new recycling program, taking into account: |
• | The nature of the company’s business; |
• | The current level of disclosure of the company’s existing related programs; |
• | The timetable and methods of program implementation prescribed by the proposal; |
• | The company’s ability to address the issues raised in the proposal; and |
• | How the company’s recycling programs compare to similar programs of its industry peers. |
Sustainability Reporting
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms related to social, economic, and environmental sustainability, unless: |
• | The company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies such as an environment, health, and safety (EHS) report; a comprehensive code of corporate conduct; and/or a diversity report; or |
• | The company has formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines or a similar standard within a specified time frame. |
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Water Issues
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting a company report on, or adopt a new policy on, water-related risks and concerns, taking into account: |
• | The company’s current disclosure of relevant policies, initiatives, oversight mechanisms, and water usage metrics; |
• | Whether or not the company’s existing water-related policies and practices are consistent with relevant internationally recognized standards and national/local regulations; |
• | The potential financial impact or risk to the company associated with water-related concerns or issues; and |
• | Recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding water use by the company and its suppliers. |
General Corporate Issues
Charitable Contributions
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals restricting a company from making charitable contributions. Charitable contributions are generally useful for assisting worthwhile causes and for creating goodwill in the community. In the absence of bad faith, self-dealing, or gross negligence, management should determine which, and if, contributions are in the best interests of the company. |
Data Security, Privacy, and Internet Issues
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting the disclosure or implementation of data security, privacy, or information access and management policies and procedures, considering: |
• | The level of disclosure of company policies and procedures relating to data security, privacy, freedom of speech, information access and management, and Internet censorship; |
• | Engagement in dialogue with governments or relevant groups with respect to data security, privacy, or the free flow of information on the Internet; |
• | The scope of business involvement and of investment in countries whose governments censor or monitor the Internet and other telecommunications; |
• | Applicable market-specific laws or regulations that may be imposed on the company; and |
• | Controversies, fines, or litigation related to data security, privacy, freedom of speech, or Internet censorship. |
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Compensation-Related Proposals
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to link, or report on linking, executive compensation to sustainability (environmental and social) criteria, considering: |
• | The scope and prescriptive nature of the proposal; |
• | Whether the company has significant and/or persistent controversies or regulatory violations regarding social and/or environmental issues; |
• | Whether the company has management systems and oversight mechanisms in place regarding its social and environmental performance; |
• | The degree to which industry peers have incorporated similar non-financial performance criteria in their executive compensation practices; and |
• | The company’s current level of disclosure regarding its environmental and social performance. |
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Human Rights, Human Capital Management, and International Operations
Human Rights Proposals
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General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting a report on company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies unless such information is already publicly disclosed. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals to implement company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies, considering:
• | The degree to which existing relevant policies and practices are disclosed; |
• | Whether or not existing relevant policies are consistent with internationally recognized standards; |
• | Whether company facilities and those of its suppliers are monitored and how; |
• | Company participation in fair labor organizations or other internationally recognized human rights initiatives; |
• | Scope and nature of business conducted in markets known to have higher risk of workplace labor/human rights abuse; |
• | Recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding human rights at the company or its suppliers; |
• | The scope of the request; and |
• | Deviation from industry sector peer company standards and practices. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting that a company conduct an assessment of the human rights risks in its operations or in its supply chain, or report on its human rights risk assessment process, considering:
• | The degree to which existing relevant policies and practices are disclosed, including information on the implementation of these policies and any related oversight mechanisms; |
• | The company’s industry and whether the company or its suppliers operate in countries or areas where there is a history of human rights concerns; |
• | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding human rights involving the company or its suppliers, and whether the company has taken remedial steps; and |
• | Whether the proposal is unduly burdensome or overly prescriptive. |
Mandatory Arbitration
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for a report on a company’s use of mandatory arbitration on employment-related claims, taking into account: |
• | The company’s current policies and practices related to the use of mandatory arbitration agreements on workplace claims; |
• | Whether the company has been the subject of recent controversy, litigation, or regulatory actions related to the use of mandatory arbitration agreements on workplace claims; and |
• | The company’s disclosure of its policies and practices related to the use of mandatory arbitration agreements compared to its peers. |
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Operations in High Risk Markets
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for a report on a company’s potential financial and reputational risks associated with operations in “high-risk” markets, such as a terrorism-sponsoring state or politically/socially unstable region, taking into account: |
• | The nature, purpose, and scope of the operations and business involved that could be affected by social or political disruption; |
• | Current disclosure of applicable risk assessment(s) and risk management procedures; |
• | Compliance with U.S. sanctions and laws; |
• | Consideration of other international policies, standards, and laws; and |
• | Whether the company has been recently involved in recent, significant controversies, fines, or litigation related to its operations in “high-risk” markets. |
Outsourcing/Offshoring
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals calling for companies to report on the risks associated with outsourcing/plant closures, considering: |
• | Controversies surrounding operations in the relevant market(s); |
• | The value of the requested report to shareholders; |
• | The company’s current level of disclosure of relevant information on outsourcing and plant closure procedures; and |
• | The company’s existing human rights standards relative to industry peers. |
Sexual Harassment
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for a report on company actions taken to strengthen policies and oversight to prevent workplace sexual harassment, or a report on risks posed by a company’s failure to prevent workplace sexual harassment, taking into account: |
• | The company’s current policies, practices, oversight mechanisms related to preventing workplace sexual harassment; |
• | Whether the company has been the subject of recent controversy, litigation, or regulatory actions related to workplace sexual harassment issues; and |
• | The company’s disclosure regarding workplace sexual harassment policies or initiatives compared to its industry peers. |
Weapons and Military Sales
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General Recommendation: Vote against reports on foreign military sales or offsets. Such disclosures may involve sensitive and confidential information. Moreover, companies must comply with government controls and reporting on foreign military sales. |
Generally vote against proposals asking a company to cease production or report on the risks associated with the use of depleted uranium munitions or nuclear weapons components and delivery systems, including disengaging from current and proposed contracts. Such contracts are monitored by government agencies, serve multiple
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military and non-military uses, and withdrawal from these contracts could have a negative impact on the company’s business.
Political Activities
Lobbying
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting information on a company’s lobbying (including direct, indirect, and grassroots lobbying) activities, policies, or procedures, considering: |
• | The company’s current disclosure of relevant lobbying policies, and management and board oversight; |
• | The company’s disclosure regarding trade associations or other groups that it supports, or is a member of, that engage in lobbying activities; and |
• | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding the company’s lobbying-related activities. |
Political Contributions
|
General Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting greater disclosure of a company’s political contributions and trade association spending policies and activities, considering: |
• | The company’s policies, and management and board oversight related to its direct political contributions and payments to trade associations or other groups that may be used for political purposes; |
• | The company’s disclosure regarding its support of, and participation in, trade associations or other groups that may make political contributions; and |
• | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation related to the company’s political contributions or political activities. |
Vote against proposals barring a company from making political contributions. Businesses are affected by legislation at the federal, state, and local level; barring political contributions can put the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Vote against proposals to publish in newspapers and other media a company’s political contributions. Such publications could present significant cost to the company without providing commensurate value to shareholders.
Political Ties
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals asking a company to affirm political nonpartisanship in the workplace, so long as: |
• | There are no recent, significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding the company’s political contributions or trade association spending; and |
• | The company has procedures in place to ensure that employee contributions to company-sponsored political action committees (PACs) are strictly voluntary and prohibit coercion. |
Vote against proposals asking for a list of company executives, directors, consultants, legal counsels, lobbyists, or investment bankers that have prior government service and whether such service had a bearing on the business of the company. Such a list would be burdensome to prepare without providing any meaningful information to shareholders.
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8. | Mutual Fund Proxies |
Election of Directors
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the election of directors and trustees, following the same guidelines for uncontested directors for public company shareholder meetings. However, mutual fund boards do not usually have compensation committees, so do not withhold for the lack of this committee. |
Closed End Funds- Unilateral Opt-In to Control Share Acquisition Statutes
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General Recommendation: For closed-end management investment companies (CEFs), vote against or withhold from nominating/governance committee members (or other directors on a case-by-case basis) at CEFs that have not provided a compelling rationale for opting-in to a Control Share Acquisition statute, nor submitted a by-law amendment to a shareholder vote. |
Converting Closed-end Fund to Open-end Fund
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on conversion proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Past performance as a closed-end fund; |
• | Market in which the fund invests; |
• | Measures taken by the board to address the discount; and |
• | Past shareholder activism, board activity, and votes on related proposals. |
Proxy Contests
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proxy contests, considering the following factors: |
• | Past performance relative to its peers; |
• | Market in which the fund invests; |
• | Measures taken by the board to address the issues; |
• | Past shareholder activism, board activity, and votes on related proposals; |
• | Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents; |
• | Independence of directors; |
• | Experience and skills of director candidates; |
• | Governance profile of the company; |
• | Evidence of management entrenchment. |
Investment Advisory Agreements
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on investment advisory agreements, considering the following factors: |
• | Proposed and current fee schedules; |
• | Fund category/investment objective; |
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• | Performance benchmarks; |
• | Share price performance as compared with peers; |
• | Resulting fees relative to peers; |
• | Assignments (where the advisor undergoes a change of control). |
Approving New Classes or Series of Shares
|
General Recommendation: Vote for the establishment of new classes or series of shares. |
Preferred Stock Proposals
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the authorization for or increase in preferred shares, considering the following factors: |
• | Stated specific financing purpose; |
• | Possible dilution for common shares; |
• | Whether the shares can be used for antitakeover purposes. |
1940 Act Policies
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on policies under the Investment Advisor Act of 1940, considering the following factors: |
• | Potential competitiveness; |
• | Regulatory developments; |
• | Current and potential returns; and |
• | Current and potential risk. |
Generally vote for these amendments as long as the proposed changes do not fundamentally alter the investment focus of the fund and do comply with the current SEC interpretation.
Changing a Fundamental Restriction to a Nonfundamental Restriction
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to change a fundamental restriction to a non-fundamental restriction, considering the following factors: |
• | The fund’s target investments; |
• | The reasons given by the fund for the change; and |
• | The projected impact of the change on the portfolio. |
Change Fundamental Investment Objective to Nonfundamental
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals to change a fund’s fundamental investment objective to non-fundamental. |
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Name Change Proposals
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on name change proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Political/economic changes in the target market; |
• | Consolidation in the target market; and |
• | Current asset composition. |
Change in Fund’s Subclassification
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on changes in a fund’s sub-classification, considering the following factors: |
• | Potential competitiveness; |
• | Current and potential returns; |
• | Risk of concentration; |
• | Consolidation in target industry. |
Business Development Companies—Authorization to Sell Shares of Common Stock at a Price below Net Asset Value
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General Recommendation: Vote for proposals authorizing the board to issue shares below Net Asset Value (NAV) if: |
• | The proposal to allow share issuances below NAV has an expiration date no more than one year from the date shareholders approve the underlying proposal, as required under the Investment Company Act of 1940; |
• | The sale is deemed to be in the best interests of shareholders by (1) a majority of the company’s independent directors and (2) a majority of the company’s directors who have no financial interest in the issuance; and |
• | The company has demonstrated responsible past use of share issuances by either: |
• | Outperforming peers in its 8-digit GICS group as measured by one- and three-year median TSRs; or |
• | Providing disclosure that its past share issuances were priced at levels that resulted in only small or moderate discounts to NAV and economic dilution to existing non-participating shareholders. |
Disposition of Assets/Termination/Liquidation
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to dispose of assets, to terminate or liquidate, considering the following factors: |
• | Strategies employed to salvage the company; |
• | The fund’s past performance; |
• | The terms of the liquidation. |
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Changes to the Charter Document
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on changes to the charter document, considering the following factors: |
• | The degree of change implied by the proposal; |
• | The efficiencies that could result; |
• | The state of incorporation; |
• | Regulatory standards and implications. |
Vote against any of the following changes:
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to reorganize or terminate the trust or any of its series; |
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement for amendments to the new declaration of trust; |
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to amend the fund’s management contract, allowing the contract to be modified by the investment manager and the trust management, as permitted by the 1940 Act; |
• | Allow the trustees to impose other fees in addition to sales charges on investment in a fund, such as deferred sales charges and redemption fees that may be imposed upon redemption of a fund’s shares; |
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to engage in and terminate subadvisory arrangements; |
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to change the domicile of the fund. |
Changing the Domicile of a Fund
General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on re-incorporations, considering the following factors:
• | Regulations of both states; |
• | Required fundamental policies of both states; |
• | The increased flexibility available. |
Authorizing the Board to Hire and Terminate Subadvisers Without Shareholder Approval
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General Recommendation: Vote against proposals authorizing the board to hire or terminate subadvisers without shareholder approval if the investment adviser currently employs only one subadviser. |
Distribution Agreements
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on distribution agreement proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Fees charged to comparably sized funds with similar objectives; |
• | The proposed distributor’s reputation and past performance; |
• | The competitiveness of the fund in the industry; |
• | The terms of the agreement. |
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Master-Feeder Structure
General Recommendation: Vote for the establishment of a master-feeder structure.
Mergers
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on merger proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Resulting fee structure; |
• | Performance of both funds; |
• | Continuity of management personnel; |
• | Changes in corporate governance and their impact on shareholder rights. |
Shareholder Proposals for Mutual Funds
Establish Director Ownership Requirement
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General Recommendation: Generally vote against shareholder proposals that mandate a specific minimum amount of stock that directors must own in order to qualify as a director or to remain on the board. |
Reimburse Shareholder for Expenses Incurred
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. When supporting the dissidents, vote for the reimbursement of the proxy solicitation expenses. |
Terminate the Investment Advisor
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General Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to terminate the investment advisor, considering the following factors: |
• | Performance of the fund’s Net Asset Value (NAV); |
• | The fund’s history of shareholder relations; |
• | The performance of other funds under the advisor’s management. |
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The Information has not been submitted to, nor received approval from, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory body. None of the Information constitutes an offer to sell (or a solicitation of an offer to buy), or a promotion or recommendation of, any security, financial product or other investment vehicle or any trading strategy, and ISS does not endorse, approve, or otherwise express any opinion regarding any issuer, securities, financial products or instruments or trading strategies.
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© 2020 | Institutional Shareholder Services and/or its affiliates
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection |
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Majority of Independent Directors/Establishment of Independent Committees |
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Shareholder Engagement Policy (Shareholder Advisory Committee) |
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Proxy Contests/Proxy Access - Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections |
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Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations |
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Shareholder Proposals to Put Pill to a Vote and/or Adopt a Pill Policy |
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Management Proposals to Ratify a Pill to Preserve Net Operating Losses (NOLs) |
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Ratification Proposals: Management Proposals to Ratify Existing Charter or Bylaw Provisions |
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Going Private and Going Dark Transactions (LBOs and Minority Squeeze-outs) |
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Recoupment of Incentive or Stock Compensation in Specified Circumstances |
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Reports on Potentially Controversial Business/Financial Practices |
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Pharmaceutical Pricing, Access to Medicines, Product Reimportation and Health Pandemics |
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Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Domestic Partner Benefits |
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Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Compensation-Related Proposals |
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Closed End Funds- Unilateral Opt-In to Control Share Acquisition Statutes |
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Changing a Fundamental Restriction to a Nonfundamental Restriction |
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Authorizing the Board to Hire and Terminate Subadvisers Without Shareholder Approval |
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Introduction
ISS recognizes the growing view among investment professionals that sustainability or environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) factors could present material risks to portfolio investments. Whereas investment managers have traditionally analyzed topics such as board accountability and executive compensation to mitigate risk, greater numbers are incorporating ESG performance into their investment making decisions in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the overall risk profile of the companies in which they invest and ensure sustainable long-term profitability for their beneficiaries.
Investors concerned with portfolio value preservation and enhancement through the incorporation of sustainability factors can also carry out this active ownership approach through their proxy voting activity. In voting their shares, sustainability-minded investors are concerned not only with economic returns to shareholders and good corporate governance, but also with ensuring corporate activities and practices are aligned with the broader objectives of society. These investors seek standardized reporting on ESG issues, request information regarding an issuer’s adoption of, or adherence to, relevant norms, standards, codes of conduct or universally recognized international initiatives including affirmative support for related shareholder resolutions advocating enhanced disclosure and transparency.
ISS’ Sustainability Proxy Voting Guidelines
ISS has, therefore, developed proxy voting guidelines that are consistent with the objectives of sustainability-minded investors and fiduciaries. On matters of ESG import, ISS’ Sustainability Policy seeks to promote support for recognized global governing bodies promoting sustainable business practices advocating for stewardship of environment, fair labor practices, non-discrimination, and the protection of human rights. Generally, ISS’ Sustainability Policy will take as its frame of reference internationally recognized sustainability-related initiatives such as the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment (UNPRI), United Nations Global Compact, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Carbon Principles, International Labour Organization Conventions (ILO), CERES Roadmap for Sustainability, Global Sullivan Principles, MacBride Principles, and environmental and social European Union Directives. Each of these efforts promote a fair, unified and productive reporting and compliance environment which advances positive corporate ESG actions that promote practices that present new opportunities or that mitigate related financial and reputational risks.
On matters of corporate governance, executive compensation, and corporate structure, the Sustainability Policy guidelines are based on a commitment to create and preserve economic value and to advance principles of good corporate governance.
These guidelines provide an overview of how ISS approaches proxy voting issues for subscribers of the Sustainability Policy. We note there may be cases in which the final vote recommendation at a particular company varies from the voting guidelines due to the fact that we closely examine the merits of each proposal and consider relevant information and company-specific circumstances in arriving at our decisions. To that end, ISS engages with both interested shareholders as well as issuers to gain further insight into contentious issues facing the company. Where ISS acts as voting agent for clients, it follows each client’s voting policy, which may differ in some cases from the policies outlined in this document. ISS updates its guidelines on an annual basis to take into account emerging issues and trends on environmental, social and corporate governance topics, as well as the evolution of market standards, regulatory changes and client feedback.
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1. | Routine/Miscellaneous |
Adjourn Meeting
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals to provide management with the authority to adjourn an annual or special meeting absent compelling reasons to support the proposal. |
Vote for proposals that relate specifically to soliciting votes for a merger or transaction if supporting that merger or transaction. Vote against proposals if the wording is too vague or if the proposal includes “other business.” |
Amend Quorum Requirements
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals to reduce quorum requirements for shareholder meetings below a majority of the shares outstanding unless there are compelling reasons to support the proposal. |
Amend Minor Bylaws
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for bylaw or charter changes that are of a housekeeping nature (updates or corrections). |
Change Company Name
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to change the corporate name unless there is compelling evidence that the change would adversely impact shareholder value. |
Change Date, Time, or Location of Annual Meeting
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for management proposals to change the date, time, or location of the annual meeting unless the proposed change is unreasonable. |
Vote against shareholder proposals to change the date, time, or location of the annual meeting unless the current scheduling or location is unreasonable. |
Other Business
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals to approve other business when it appears as voting item. |
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Audit-Related
Auditor Indemnification and Limitation of Liability
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the issue of auditor indemnification and limitation of liability. Factors to be assessed include, but are not limited to: |
• | The terms of the auditor agreement--the degree to which these agreements impact shareholders’ rights; |
• | The motivation and rationale for establishing the agreements; |
• | The quality of the company’s disclosure; and |
• | The company’s historical practices in the audit area. |
Vote against or withhold from members of an audit committee in situations where there is persuasive evidence that the audit committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm. |
Auditor Ratification
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to ratify auditors unless any of the following apply: |
• | An auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent; |
• | There is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position; |
• | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a serious level of concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; and material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures; or |
• | Fees for non-audit services (“Other” fees) are excessive. |
Non-audit fees are excessive if:
• | Non-audit (“other”) fees > audit fees + audit-related fees + tax compliance/preparation fees |
Tax compliance and preparation include the preparation of original and amended tax returns and refund claims, and tax payment planning. All other services in the tax category, such as tax advice, planning, or consulting, should be added to “Other” fees. If the breakout of tax fees cannot be determined, add all tax fees to “Other” fees.
In circumstances where “Other” fees include fees related to significant one-time capital structure events (such as initial public offerings, bankruptcy emergence, and spin-offs) and the company makes public disclosure of the amount and nature of those fees that are an exception to the standard “non-audit fee” category, then such fees may be excluded from the non-audit fees considered in determining the ratio of non-audit to audit/audit-related fees/tax compliance and preparation for purposes of determining whether non-audit fees are excessive.
Shareholder Proposals Limiting Non-Audit Services
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking companies to prohibit or limit their auditors from engaging in non-audit services. |
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Shareholder Proposals on Audit Firm Rotation
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking for audit firm rotation, taking into account: |
• | The tenure of the audit firm; |
• | The length of rotation specified in the proposal; |
• | Any significant audit-related issues at the company; |
• | The number of audit committee meetings held each year; |
• | The number of financial experts serving on the committee; and |
• | Whether the company has a periodic renewal process where the auditor is evaluated for both audit quality and competitive price. |
2. | Board of Directors |
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Four fundamental principles apply when determining votes on director nominees:
1. | Accountability: Boards should be sufficiently accountable to shareholders, including through transparency of the company’s governance practices and regular board elections, by the provision of sufficient information for shareholders to be able to assess directors and board composition, and through the ability of shareholders to remove directors. |
2. | Responsiveness: Directors should respond to investor input, such as that expressed through significant opposition to management proposals, significant support for shareholder proposals (whether binding or non -binding), and tender offers where a majority of shares are tendered. |
3. | Composition: Companies should seek directors who can add value to the board through specific skills or expertise and who can devote sufficient time and commitment to serve effectively. Boards should be of a size appropriate to accommodate diversity, expertise, and independence, while ensuring active and collaborative participation by all members. Boards should be sufficiently diverse to ensure consideration of a wide range of perspectives. |
4. | Independence: Boards should be sufficiently independent from management (and significant shareholders) so as to ensure that they are able and motivated to effectively supervise management’s performance for the benefit of all shareholders, including in setting and monitoring the execution of corporate strategy, with appropriate use of shareholder capital, and in setting and monitoring executive compensation programs that support that strategy. The chair of the board should ideally be an independent director, and all boards should have an independent leadership position or a similar role in order to help provide appropriate counterbalance to executive management, as well as having sufficiently independent committees that focus on key governance concerns such as audit, compensation, and nomination of directors. |
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for director nominees, except under the following circumstances (with new nominees1 considered on a case-by-case basis): |
1 | A “new nominee” is a director who is being presented for election by shareholders for the first time. Recommendations on new nominees who have served for less than one year are made on a case-by-case basis depending on the timing of their appointment and the problematic governance issue in question. |
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1. | Accountability |
Problematic Takeover Defenses
Classified Board Structure: The board is classified, and a continuing director responsible for a problematic governance issue at the board/committee level that would warrant a withhold/against vote recommendation is not up for election. All appropriate nominees (except new) may be held accountable.
Removal of Shareholder Discretion on Classified Boards: The company has opted into, or failed to opt out of, state laws requiring a classified board structure.
Director Performance Evaluation: The board lacks mechanisms to promote accountability and oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers. Sustained poor performance is measured by one-, three-, and five-year total shareholder returns in the bottom half of a company’s four-digit GICS industry group (Russell 3000 companies only). Take into consideration the company’s operational metrics and other factors as warranted. Problematic provisions include but are not limited to:
• | A classified board structure; |
• | A supermajority vote requirement; |
• | Either a plurality vote standard in uncontested director elections or a majority vote standard with no plurality carve-out for contested elections; |
• | The inability of shareholders to call special meetings; |
• | The inability of shareholders to act by written consent; |
• | A multi-class capital structure; and/or |
• | A non–shareholder-approved poison pill. |
Poison Pills: Vote against/withhold from all nominees (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if:
• | The company has a poison pill that was not approved by shareholders2. However, vote case-by-case on nominees if the board adopts an initial pill with a term of one year or less, depending on the disclosed rationale for the adoption, and other factors as relevant (such as a commitment to put any renewal to a shareholder vote); |
• | The board makes a material adverse modification to an existing pill, including, but not limited to, extension, renewal, or lowering the trigger, without shareholder approval; or |
• | The pill, whether short-term3 or long-term, has a deadhand or slowhand feature. |
Restrictions on Shareholder Rights
Restricting Binding Shareholder Proposals: Generally vote against or withhold from members of the governance committee if:
• | The company’s governing documents impose undue restrictions on shareholders’ ability to amend the bylaws. Such restrictions include, but are not limited to: outright prohibition on the submission of binding shareholder proposals, or share ownership requirements, subject matter restrictions, or time holding requirement in excess of SEC Rule 14a-8. Vote against or withhold on an ongoing basis. |
2 | Public shareholders only, approval prior to a company’s becoming public is insufficient. |
3 | If the short-term pill with a deadhand or slowhand feature is enacted but expires before the next shareholder vote, Sustainability Advisory Services will generally still recommend withhold/against nominees at the next shareholder meeting following its adoption. |
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Submission of management proposals to approve or ratify requirements in excess of SEC Rule 14a-8 for the submission of binding bylaw amendments will generally be viewed as an insufficient restoration of shareholders’ rights. Generally continue to vote against or withhold on an ongoing basis until shareholders are provided with an unfettered ability to amend the bylaws or a proposal providing for such unfettered right is submitted for shareholder approval.
Problematic Audit-Related Practices
Generally vote against or withhold from the members of the audit committee if:
• | The non-audit fees paid to the auditor are excessive (see discussion under “Auditor Ratification”); |
• | The company receives an adverse opinion on the company’s financial statements from its auditor; or |
• | There is persuasive evidence that the audit committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm. |
Vote case-by-case on members of the audit committee and potentially the full board if:
• | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a level of serious concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; and material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures. Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence, and duration, as well as the company’s efforts at remediation or corrective actions, in determining whether withhold/against votes are warranted. |
Problematic Compensation Practices
In the absence of an Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (Say on Pay) ballot item or in egregious situations, vote against or withhold from the members of the compensation committee and potentially the full board if:
• | There is a significant misalignment between CEO pay and company performance (pay for performance); |
• | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices; |
• | The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders; |
• | The company fails to include a Say on Pay ballot item when required under SEC provisions, or under the company’s declared frequency of say on pay; or |
• | The company fails to include a Frequency of Say on Pay ballot item when required under SEC provisions. |
Generally vote against members of the board committee responsible for approving/setting non-employee director compensation if there is a pattern (i.e. two or more years) of awarding excessive non-employee director compensation without disclosing a compelling rationale or other mitigating factors.
Problematic Pledging of Company Stock: Vote against the members of the committee that oversees risks related to pledging, or the full board, where a significant level of pledged company stock by executives or directors raises concerns. The following factors will be considered:
• | The presence of an anti-pledging policy, disclosed in the proxy statement, that prohibits future pledging activity; |
• | The magnitude of aggregate pledged shares in terms of total common shares outstanding, market value, and trading volume; |
• | Disclosure of progress or lack thereof in reducing the magnitude of aggregate pledged shares over time; |
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• | Disclosure in the proxy statement that shares subject to stock ownership and holding requirements do not include pledged company stock; and |
• | Any other relevant factors. |
Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments and Problematic Capital Structures: Generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if the board amends the company’s bylaws or charter without shareholder approval in a manner that materially diminishes shareholders’ rights or that could adversely impact shareholders, considering the following factors:
• | The board’s rationale for adopting the bylaw/charter amendment without shareholder ratification; |
• | Disclosure by the company of any significant engagement with shareholders regarding the amendment; |
• | The level of impairment of shareholders’ rights caused by the board’s unilateral amendment to the bylaws/charter; |
• | The board’s track record with regard to unilateral board action on bylaw/charter amendments or other entrenchment provisions; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; |
• | The company’s existing governance provisions; |
• | The timing of the board’s amendment to the bylaws/charter in connection with a significant business development; and, |
• | Other factors, as deemed appropriate, that may be relevant to determine the impact of the amendment on shareholders. |
Unless the adverse amendment is reversed or submitted to a binding shareholder vote, in subsequent years vote case-by-case on director nominees.
Generally vote against (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if the directors:
• | Classified the board; |
• | Adopted supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter; or |
• | Eliminated shareholders’ ability to amend bylaws. |
Problematic Governance Structure - Newly public companies: For newly public companies4, generally vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if, prior to or in connection with the company’s public offering, the company or its board adopted the following bylaw or charter provisions that are considered to be materially adverse to shareholder rights:
• | Supermajority vote requirements to amend the bylaws or charter; |
• | A classified board structure; or |
• | Other egregious provisions. |
4 | Newly-public companies generally include companies that emerge from bankruptcy, spin-offs, direct listings, and those who complete a traditional initial public offering. |
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A reasonable sunset provision will be considered a mitigating factor.
• | Unless the adverse provision is reversed or removed, vote case-by-case on director nominees in subsequent years. |
Problematic Capital Structure - Newly public companies: For newly public companies, generally vote against or withhold from the entire board (except new nominees, who should be considered case-by-case) if, prior to or in connection with the company’s public offering, the company or its board implemented a multi-class capital structure in which the classes have unequal voting rights without subjecting the multi-class capital structure to a reasonable time-based sunset. In assessing the reasonableness of a time-based sunset provision, consideration will be given to the company’s lifespan, its post-IPO ownership structure and the board’s disclosed rationale for the sunset period selected. No sunset period of more than seven years from the date of the IPO will be considered to be reasonable.
Continue to vote against or withhold from incumbent directors in subsequent years, unless the problematic capital structure is reversed or removed.
Management Proposals to Ratify Existing Charter or Bylaw Provisions: Vote against/withhold from individual directors, members of the governance committee, or the full board, where boards ask shareholders to ratify existing charter or bylaw provisions considering the following factors:
• | The presence of a shareholder proposal addressing the same issue on the same ballot; |
• | The board’s rationale for seeking ratification; |
• | Disclosure of actions to be taken by the board should the ratification proposal fail; |
• | Disclosure of shareholder engagement regarding the board’s ratification request; |
• | The level of impairment to shareholders’ rights caused by the existing provision; |
• | The history of management and shareholder proposals on the provision at the company’s past meetings; |
• | Whether the current provision was adopted in response to the shareholder proposal; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; and |
• | Previous use of ratification proposals to exclude shareholder proposals. |
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Failures
Under extraordinary circumstances, vote against or withhold from directors individually, committee members, or the entire board, due to:
• | Material failures of governance, stewardship, risk oversight5, or fiduciary responsibilities at the company, including failure to adequately guard against or manage ESG risks; |
• | A lack of sustainability reporting in the company’s public documents and/or website in conjunction with a failure to adequately manage or mitigate ESG risks; |
• | Failure to replace management as appropriate; or |
• | Egregious actions related to a director’s service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company. |
5 | Examples of failure of risk oversight include, but are not limited to: bribery; large or serial fines or sanctions from regulatory bodies; demonstrably poor risk oversight of environmental and social issues, including climate change; significant environmental incidents including spills and pollution; large scale or repeat workplace fatalities or injuries; significant adverse legal judgments or settlements; or hedging of company stock. |
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2. | Responsiveness |
Vote case-by-case on individual directors, committee members, or the entire board of directors as appropriate if:
• | The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares cast in the previous year or failed to act on a management proposal seeking to ratify an existing charter/bylaw provision that received opposition of a majority of the shares cast in the previous year. Factors that will be considered are: |
• | Disclosed outreach efforts by the board to shareholders in the wake of the vote; |
• | Rationale provided in the proxy statement for the level of implementation; |
• | The subject matter of the proposal; |
• | The level of support for and opposition to the resolution in past meetings; |
• | Actions taken by the board in response to the majority vote and its engagement with shareholders; |
• | The continuation of the underlying issue as a voting item on the ballot (as either shareholder or management proposals); and |
• | Other factors as appropriate. |
• | The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of shares are tendered; |
• | At the previous board election, any director received more than 50 percent withhold/against votes of the shares cast and the company has failed to address the issue(s) that caused the high withhold/against vote. |
Vote case-by-case on compensation committee members (or, in exceptional cases, the full board) and the Say on Pay proposal if:
• | The company’s previous say-on-pay received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast. Factors that will be considered are: |
• | The company’s response, including: |
• | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors regarding the issues that contributed to the low level of support (including the timing and frequency of engagements and whether independent directors participated); |
• | Disclosure of the specific concerns voiced by dissenting shareholders that led to the say-on-pay opposition; |
• | Disclosure of specific and meaningful actions taken to address shareholders’ concerns; |
• | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
• | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; and |
• | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
• | The board implements an advisory vote on executive compensation on a less frequent basis than the frequency that received the plurality of votes cast. |
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3. | Composition |
Attendance at Board and Committee Meetings: Generally vote against or withhold from directors (except nominees who served only part of the fiscal year6) who attend less than 75 percent of the aggregate of their board and committee meetings for the period for which they served, unless an acceptable reason for absences is disclosed in the proxy or another SEC filing. Acceptable reasons for director absences are generally limited to the following:
• | Medical issues/illness; |
• | Family emergencies; and |
• | Missing only one meeting (when the total of all meetings is three or fewer). |
• | In cases of chronic poor attendance without reasonable justification, in addition to voting against the director(s) with poor attendance, generally vote against or withhold from appropriate members of the nominating/governance committees or the full board. |
If the proxy disclosure is unclear and insufficient to determine whether a director attended at least 75 percent of the aggregate of his/her board and committee meetings during his/her period of service, vote against or withhold from the director(s) in question.
Overboarded Directors: Generally, vote against or withhold from individual directors who:
• | Sit on more than five public company boards; or |
• | Are CEOs of public companies who sit on the boards of more than two public companies besides their own—withhold only at their outside boards7. |
Gender Diversity: Generally vote against or withhold from incumbent nominees who:
• | Serve as the chair of the nominating committee if there is not at least one woman on the board. If the chair of the nominating committee is not identified, generally vote against or withhold from incumbent members of the nominating committee. |
• | Serve as the board chair, or other directors on a case-by-case basis, if there is not at least one woman on the board and the board lacks a formal nominating committee. |
Racial and/or Ethnic Diversity: For publicly listed companies, highlight boards with no apparent racial and/or ethnic diversity8.
For publicly traded companies listed on US exchanges, effective for meetings on or after Feb. 1, 2022, generally vote against or withhold from the chair of the nominating committee (or other directors on a case-by-case basis) where the board has no apparent racially or ethnically diverse members.
6 | Nominees who served for only part of the fiscal year are generally exempted from the attendance policy. |
7 | Although all of a CEO’s subsidiary boards will be counted as separate boards, Sustainability Advisory Services will not recommend a withhold vote for the CEO of a parent company board or any of the controlled (>50 percent ownership) subsidiaries of that parent, but may do so at subsidiaries that are less than 50 percent controlled and boards outside the parent/subsidiary relationships. |
8 | Aggregate diversity statistics provided by the board will only be considered if specific to racial and/or ethnic diversity. |
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4. | Independence |
Vote against or withhold from non-independent directors (Executive Directors and Non-Independent Non- Executive Directors per Sustainability Advisory Services’ Classification of Directors) when:
• | Independent directors comprise 50 percent or less of the board; |
• | The non-independent director serves on the audit, compensation, or nominating committee; |
• | The company lacks an audit, compensation, or nominating committee so that the full board functions as that committee; or |
• | The company lacks a formal nominating committee, even if the board attests that the independent directors fulfill the functions of such a committee. |
Sustainability Policy Classification of Directors – U.S.
1. | Executive Director |
1.1. | Current officer[1] of the company or one of its affiliates[2]. |
2. | Non-Independent Non-Executive Director |
Board Identification
2.1. | Director identified as not independent by the board. |
Controlling/Significant Shareholder
2.2. | Beneficial owner of more than 50 percent of the company’s voting power (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a group). |
Current Employment at Company or Partnership
2.3. | Non-officer employee of the firm (including employee representatives). |
2.4. | Officer[1], former officer, or general or limited partner of a joint venture or partnership with the company. |
Former Employment
2.5. | Former CEO of the company.[3],[4] |
2.6. | Former non-CEO officer[1] of the company or an affiliate[2] within the past five years. |
2.7. | Former officer[1] of an acquired company within the past five years[4]. |
2.8. | Officer [1] of a former parent or predecessor firm at the time the company was sold or split off within the past five years. |
2.9. | Former interim officer if the service was longer than 18 months. If the service was between 12 and 18 months an assessment of the interim officer’s employment agreement will be made.[5] |
Family Members
2.10. | Immediate family member[6] of a current or former officer[1] of the company or its affiliates[2] within the last five years. |
2.11. | Immediate family member[6] of a current employee of company or its affiliates[2] where additional factors raise concern (which may include, but are not limited to, the following: a director related to numerous employees; the company or its affiliates employ relatives of numerous board members; or a non-Section 16 officer in a key strategic role). |
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Professional, Transactional, and Charitable Relationships
2.12. | Director who (or whose immediate family member[6]) currently provides professional services[7] in excess of $10,000 per year to: the company, an affiliate[2], or an individual officer of the company or an affiliate; either directly or is (or whose family member is) a partner, employee, or controlling shareholder of an organization which provides the services. |
2.13. | Director who (or whose immediate family member[6]) currently has any material transactional relationship[8] with the company or its affiliates[2]; or who is (or whose immediately family member[6] is) a partner in, or a controlling shareholder or an executive officer of, an organization which has the material transactional relationship[8] (excluding investments in the company through a private placement). |
2.14. | Director who (or whose immediate family member[6]) is a trustee, director, or employee of a charitable or non-profit organization that receives material grants or endowments[8] from the company or its affiliates[2]. |
Other Relationships
2.15. | Party to a voting agreement[9] to vote in line with management on proposals being brought to shareholder vote. |
2.16. | Has (or an immediate family member[6] has) an interlocking relationship as defined by the SEC involving members of the board of directors or its Compensation Committee[10]. |
2.17. | Founder[11] of the company but not currently an employee. |
2.18. | Director with pay comparable to Named Executive Officers. |
2.19. | Any material[12] relationship with the company. |
3. | Independent Director |
3.1. | No material[12] connection to the company other than a board seat. |
Footnotes:
[1] | The definition of officer will generally follow that of a “Section 16 officer” (officers subject to Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934) and includes the chief executive, operating, financial, legal, technology, and accounting officers of a company (including the president, treasurer, secretary, controller, or any vice president in charge of a principal business unit, division, or policy function). Current interim officers are included in this category. For private companies, the equivalent positions are applicable. A non-employee director serving as an officer due to statutory requirements (e.g. corporate secretary) will be classified as an Affiliated Outsider under “Any material relationship with the company.” However, if the company provides explicit disclosure that the director is not receiving additional compensation in excess of $10,000 per year for serving in that capacity, then the director will be classified as an Independent Outsider. |
[2] | “Affiliate” includes a subsidiary, sibling company, or parent company. Sustainability Advisory Services uses 50 percent control ownership by the parent company as the standard for applying its affiliate designation. The manager/advisor of an externally managed issuer (EMI) is considered an affiliate. |
[3] | Includes any former CEO of the company prior to the company’s initial public offering (IPO). |
[4] | When there is a former CEO of a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) serving on the board of an acquired company, Sustainability Advisory Services will generally classify such directors as independent unless determined otherwise taking into account the following factors: the applicable listing standards determination of such director’s independence; any operating ties to the firm; and the existence of any other conflicting relationships or related party transactions. |
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[5] | Sustainability Advisory Services will look at the terms of the interim officer’s employment contract to determine if it contains severance pay, long-term health and pension benefits, or other such standard provisions typically contained in contracts of permanent, non-temporary CEOs. Sustainability Advisory Services will also consider if a formal search process was under way for a full-time officer at the time. |
[6] | “Immediate family member” follows the SEC’s definition of such and covers spouses, parents, children, step-parents, step-children, siblings, in-laws, and any person (other than a tenant or employee) sharing the household of any director, nominee for director, executive officer, or significant shareholder of the company. |
[7] | Professional services can be characterized as advisory in nature, generally involve access to sensitive company information or to strategic decision-making, and typically have a commission- or fee-based payment structure. Professional services generally include, but are not limited to the following: investment banking/financial advisory services; commercial banking (beyond deposit services); investment services; insurance services; accounting/audit services; consulting services; marketing services; legal services; property management services; realtor services; lobbying services; executive search services; and IT consulting services. The following would generally be considered transactional relationships and not professional services: deposit services; IT tech support services; educational services; and construction services. The case of participation in a banking syndicate by a non-lead bank should be considered a transactional (and hence subject to the associated materiality test) rather than a professional relationship. “Of Counsel” relationships are only considered immaterial if the individual does not receive any form of compensation (in excess of $10,000 per year) from, or is a retired partner of, the firm providing the professional service. The case of a company providing a professional service to one of its directors or to an entity with which one of its directors is affiliated, will be considered a transactional rather than a professional relationship. Insurance services and marketing services are assumed to be professional services unless the company explains why such services are not advisory. |
[8] | A material transactional relationship, including grants to non-profit organizations, exists if the company makes annual payments to, or receives annual payments from, another entity exceeding the greater of $200,000 or 5 percent of the recipient’s gross revenues, in the case of a company which follows NASDAQ listing standards; or the greater of $1,000,000 or 2 percent of the recipient’s gross revenues, in the case of a company which follows NYSE listing standards. In the case of a company which follows neither of the preceding standards, Sustainability Advisory Services will apply the NASDAQ-based materiality test. (The recipient is the party receiving the financial proceeds from the transaction). |
[9] | Dissident directors who are parties to a voting agreement pursuant to a settlement or similar arrangement may be classified as independent outsiders if an analysis of the following factors indicates that the voting agreement does not compromise their alignment with all shareholders’ interests: the terms of the agreement; the duration of the standstill provision in the agreement; the limitations and requirements of actions that are agreed upon; if the dissident director nominee(s) is subject to the standstill; and if there any conflicting relationships or related party transactions. |
[10] | Interlocks include: executive officers serving as directors on each other’s compensation or similar committees (or, in the absence of such a committee, on the board); or executive officers sitting on each other’s boards and at least one serves on the other’s compensation or similar committees (or, in the absence of such a committee, on the board). |
[11] | The operating involvement of the founder with the company will be considered; if the founder was never employed by the company, Sustainability Advisory Services may deem him or her an independent outsider. |
[12] | For purposes of Sustainability Advisory Services’ director independence classification, “material” will be defined as a standard of relationship (financial, personal or otherwise) that a reasonable person might conclude could potentially influence one’s objectivity in the boardroom in a manner that would have a meaningful impact on an individual’s ability to satisfy requisite fiduciary standards on behalf of shareholders. |
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Other Board-Related Proposals
Board Refreshment
Board refreshment is best implemented through an ongoing program of individual director evaluations, conducted annually, to ensure the evolving needs of the board are met and to bring in fresh perspectives, skills, and diversity as needed.
Term/Tenure Limits
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on management proposals regarding director term/tenure limits, considering: |
• | The rationale provided for adoption of the term/tenure limit; |
• | The robustness of the company’s board evaluation process; |
• | Whether the limit is of sufficient length to allow for a broad range of director tenures; |
• | Whether the limit would disadvantage independent directors compared to non-independent directors; and |
• | Whether the board will impose the limit evenly, and not have the ability to waive it in a discriminatory manner. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking for the company to adopt director term/tenure limits, considering:
• | The scope of the shareholder proposal; and |
• | Evidence of problematic issues at the company combined with, or exacerbated by, a lack of board refreshment. |
Age Limits
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against management and shareholder proposals to limit the tenure of independent directors through mandatory retirement ages. Vote for proposals to remove mandatory age limits. |
Board Size
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals seeking to fix the board size or designate a range for the board size. |
Vote against proposals that give management the ability to alter the size of the board outside of a specified range without shareholder approval.
Classification/Declassification of the Board
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals to classify (stagger) the board. |
Vote for proposals to repeal classified boards and to elect all directors annually.
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CEO Succession Planning
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals seeking disclosure on a CEO succession planning policy, considering, at a minimum, the following factors: |
• | The reasonableness/scope of the request; and |
• | The company’s existing disclosure on its current CEO succession planning process. |
Cumulative Voting
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against management proposals to eliminate cumulate voting, and for shareholder proposals to restore or provide for cumulative voting, unless: |
• | The company has proxy access, thereby allowing shareholders to nominate directors to the company’s ballot; and |
• | The company has adopted a majority vote standard, with a carve-out for plurality voting in situations where there are more nominees than seats, and a director resignation policy to address failed elections. |
Vote for proposals for cumulative voting at controlled companies (insider voting power > 50%).
Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals on director and officer indemnification and liability protection. |
Vote against proposals that would:
• | Eliminate entirely directors’ and officers’ liability for monetary damages for violating the duty of care. |
• | Expand coverage beyond just legal expenses to liability for acts that are more serious violations of fiduciary obligation than mere carelessness. |
• | Expand the scope of indemnification to provide for mandatory indemnification of company officials in connection with acts that previously the company was permitted to provide indemnification for, at the discretion of the company’s board (i.e., “permissive indemnification”), but that previously the company was not required to indemnify. |
Vote for only those proposals providing such expanded coverage in cases when a director’s or officer’s legal defense was unsuccessful if both of the following apply:
• | If the director was found to have acted in good faith and in a manner that s/he reasonably believed was in the best interests of the company; and |
• | If only the director’s legal expenses would be covered. |
Establish/Amend Nominee Qualifications
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals that establish or amend director qualifications. Votes should be based on the reasonableness of the criteria and the degree to which they may preclude dissident nominees from joining the board. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder resolutions seeking a director nominee who possesses a particular subject matter expertise, considering:
• | The company’s board committee structure, existing subject matter expertise, and board nomination provisions relative to that of its peers; |
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• | The company’s existing board and management oversight mechanisms regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
• | The company’s disclosure and performance relating to the issue for which board oversight is sought and any significant related controversies; and |
• | The scope and structure of the proposal. |
Establish Other Board Committee Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against shareholder proposals to establish a new board committee, as such proposals seek a specific oversight mechanism/structure that potentially limits a company’s flexibility to determine an appropriate oversight mechanism for itself. However, the following factors will be considered: |
• | Existing oversight mechanisms (including current committee structure) regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
• | Level of disclosure regarding the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
• | Company performance related to the issue for which board oversight is sought; |
• | Board committee structure compared to that of other companies in its industry sector; and |
• | The scope and structure of the proposal. |
Filling Vacancies/Removal of Directors
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals that provide that directors may be removed only for cause. |
Vote for proposals to restore shareholders’ ability to remove directors with or without cause.
Vote against proposals that provide that only continuing directors may elect replacements to fill board vacancies. Vote for proposals that permit shareholders to elect directors to fill board vacancies.
Independent Board Chair
One of the principal functions of the board is to monitor and evaluate the performance of the CEO and other executive officers. The board chair’s duty to oversee management may be compromised when he/she is connected to or a part of the management team. Generally, Sustainability Advisory Services recommends supporting shareholder proposals that would require that the position of board chair be held by an individual with no materials ties to the company other than their board seat.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally, support shareholder proposals that would require the board chair to be independent of management. |
Majority of Independent Directors/Establishment of Independent Committees
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for shareholder proposals asking that a majority or more of directors be independent unless the board composition already meets the proposed threshold by the Sustainability policy’s definition of independent outsider. (See Sustainability Policy Classification of Directors – U.S.) |
Vote for shareholder proposals asking that board audit, compensation, and/or nominating committees be composed exclusively of independent directors unless they currently meet that standard.
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Majority Vote Standard for the Election of Directors
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for management proposals to adopt a majority of votes cast standard for directors in uncontested elections. Vote against if no carve-out for a plurality vote standard in contested elections is included. |
Generally vote for precatory and binding shareholder resolutions requesting that the board change the company’s bylaws to stipulate that directors need to be elected with an affirmative majority of votes cast, provided it does not conflict with the state law where the company is incorporated. Binding resolutions need to allow for a carve-out for a plurality vote standard when there are more nominees than board seats.
Companies are strongly encouraged to also adopt a post-election policy (also known as a director resignation policy) that will provide guidelines so that the company will promptly address the situation of a holdover director.
Proxy Access
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for management and shareholder proposals for proxy access with the following provisions: |
• | Ownership threshold: maximum requirement not more than three percent (3%) of the voting power; |
• | Ownership duration: maximum requirement not longer than three (3) years of continuous ownership for each member of the nominating group; |
• | Aggregation: minimal or no limits on the number of shareholders permitted to form a nominating group; |
• | Cap: cap on nominees of generally twenty-five percent (25%) of the board. |
Review for reasonableness any other restrictions on the right of proxy access.
Generally vote against proposals that are more restrictive than these guidelines.
Require More Nominees than Open Seats
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against shareholder proposals that would require a company to nominate more candidates than the number of open board seats. |
Shareholder Engagement Policy (Shareholder Advisory Committee)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting that the board establish an internal mechanism/process, which may include a committee, in order to improve communications between directors and shareholders, unless the company has the following features, as appropriate: |
• | Established a communication structure that goes beyond the exchange requirements to facilitate the exchange of information between shareholders and members of the board; |
• | Effectively disclosed information with respect to this structure to its shareholders; |
• | Company has not ignored majority-supported shareholder proposals or a majority withhold vote on a director nominee; and |
• | The company has an independent chair or a lead director, according to ISS’ Sustainability policy definition. This individual must be made available for periodic consultation and direct communication with major shareholders. |
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Proxy Contests/Proxy Access -Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the election of directors in contested elections, considering the following factors: |
• | Long-term financial performance of the company relative to its industry; |
• | Management’s track record; |
• | Background to the contested election; |
• | Nominee qualifications and any compensatory arrangements; |
• | Strategic plan of dissident slate and quality of the critique against management; |
• | Likelihood that the proposed goals and objectives can be achieved (both slates); and |
• | Stock ownership positions. |
In the case of candidates nominated pursuant to proxy access, vote case-by-case considering any applicable factors listed above or additional factors which may be relevant, including those that are specific to the company, to the nominee(s) and/or to the nature of the election (such as whether or not there are more candidates than board seats).
Vote-No Campaigns
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: In cases where companies are targeted in connection with public “vote-no” campaigns, evaluate director nominees under the existing governance policies for voting on director nominees in uncontested elections. Take into consideration the arguments submitted by shareholders and other publicly available information. |
3. | Shareholder Rights & Defenses |
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on advance notice proposals, giving support to those proposals which allow shareholders to submit proposals/nominations as close to the meeting date as reasonably possible and within the broadest window possible, recognizing the need to allow sufficient notice for company, regulatory, and shareholder review. |
To be reasonable, the company’s deadline for shareholder notice of a proposal/nominations must be no earlier than 120 days prior to the anniversary of the previous year’s meeting and have a submittal window of no shorter than 30 days from the beginning of the notice period (also known as a 90-120 day window). The submittal window is the period under which shareholders must file their proposal/nominations prior to the deadline.
In general, support additional efforts by companies to ensure full disclosure in regard to a proponent’s economic and voting position in the company so long as the informational requirements are reasonable and aimed at providing shareholders with the necessary information to review such proposals.
Amend Bylaws without Shareholder Consent
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals giving the board exclusive authority to amend the bylaws. |
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Vote for proposals giving the board the ability to amend the bylaws in addition to shareholders.
Control Share Acquisition Provisions
Control share acquisition statutes function by denying shares their voting rights when they contribute to ownership in excess of certain thresholds. Voting rights for those shares exceeding ownership limits may only be restored by approval of either a majority or supermajority of disinterested shares. Thus, control share acquisition statutes effectively require a hostile bidder to put its offer to a shareholder vote or risk voting disenfranchisement if the bidder continues buying up a large block of shares.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to opt out of control share acquisition statutes unless doing so would enable the completion of a takeover that would be detrimental to shareholders. |
Vote against proposals to amend the charter to include control share acquisition provisions.
Vote for proposals to restore voting rights to the control shares.
Control Share Cash-Out Provisions
Control share cash-out statutes give dissident shareholders the right to “cash-out” of their position in a company at the expense of the shareholder who has taken a control position. In other words, when an investor crosses a preset threshold level, remaining shareholders are given the right to sell their shares to the acquirer, who must buy them at the highest acquiring price.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to opt out of control share cash-out statutes. |
Disgorgement Provisions
Disgorgement provisions require an acquirer or potential acquirer of more than a certain percentage of a company’s stock to disgorge, or pay back, to the company any profits realized from the sale of that company’s stock purchased 24 months before achieving control status. All sales of company stock by the acquirer occurring within a certain period of time (between 18 months and 24 months) prior to the investor’s gaining control status are subject to these recapture-of-profits provisions.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to opt out of state disgorgement provisions. |
Fair Price Provisions
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to adopt fair price provisions (provisions that stipulate that an acquirer must pay the same price to acquire all shares as it paid to acquire the control shares), evaluating factors such as the vote required to approve the proposed acquisition, the vote required to repeal the fair price provision, and the mechanism for determining the fair price. |
Generally vote against fair price provisions with shareholder vote requirements greater than a majority of disinterested shares.
Freeze-Out Provisions
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to opt out of state freeze-out provisions. Freeze-out provisions force an investor who surpasses a certain ownership threshold in a company to wait a specified period of time before gaining control of the company. |
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Greenmail
Greenmail payments are targeted share repurchases by management of company stock from individuals or groups seeking control of the company. Since only the hostile party receives payment, usually at a substantial premium over the market value of its shares, the practice discriminates against all other shareholders.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to adopt anti-greenmail charter or bylaw amendments or otherwise restrict a company’s ability to make greenmail payments. |
Vote case-by-case on anti-greenmail proposals when they are bundled with other charter or bylaw amendments.
Shareholder Litigation Rights
Federal Forum Selection Provisions
Federal forum selection provisions require that U.S. federal courts be the sole forum for shareholders to litigate claims arising under federal securities law.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for federal forum selection provisions in the charter or bylaws that specify “the district courts of the United States” as the exclusive forum for federal securities law matters, in the absence of serious concerns about corporate governance or board responsiveness to shareholders. |
Vote against provisions that restrict the forum to a particular federal district court; unilateral adoption (without a shareholder vote) of such a provision will generally be considered a one-time failure under the Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments policy.
Exclusive Forum Provisions for State Law Matters
Exclusive forum provisions in the charter or bylaws restrict shareholders’ ability to bring derivative lawsuits against the company, for claims arising out of state corporate law, to the courts of a particular state (generally the state of incorporation).
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for charter or bylaw provisions that specify courts located within the state of Delaware as the exclusive forum for corporate law matters for Delaware corporations, in the absence of serious concerns about corporate governance or board responsiveness to shareholders. |
For states other than Delaware, vote case-by-case on exclusive forum provisions, taking into consideration:
• | The company’s stated rationale for adopting such a provision; |
• | Disclosure of past harm from duplicative shareholder lawsuits in more than one forum; |
• | The breadth of application of the charter or bylaw provision, including the types of lawsuits to which it would apply and the definition of key terms; and |
• | Governance features such as shareholders’ ability to repeal the provision at a later date (including the vote standard applied when shareholders attempt to amend the charter or bylaws) and their ability to hold directors accountable through annual director elections and a majority vote standard in uncontested elections. |
Generally vote against provisions that specify a state other than the state of incorporation as the exclusive forum for corporate law matters, or that specify a particular local court within the state; unilateral adoption of such a provision will generally be considered a one-time failure under the Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments policy.
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Fee shifting
Fee-shifting provisions in the charter or bylaws require that a shareholder who sues a company unsuccessfully pay all litigation expenses of the defendant corporation and its directors and officers.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against provisions that mandate fee-shifting whenever plaintiffs are not completely successful on the merits (i.e., including cases where the plaintiffs are partially successful). |
Unilateral adoption of a fee-shifting provision will generally be considered an ongoing failure under the Unilateral Bylaw/Charter Amendments and Problematic Capital Structures policy.
Net Operating Loss (NOL) Protective Amendments
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals to adopt a protective amendment for the stated purpose of protecting a company’s net operating losses (NOL) if the effective term of the protective amendment would exceed the shorter of three years and the exhaustion of the NOL. |
Vote case-by-case, considering the following factors, for management proposals to adopt an NOL protective amendment that would remain in effect for the shorter of three years (or less) and the exhaustion of the NOL:
• | The ownership threshold (NOL protective amendments generally prohibit stock ownership transfers that would result in a new 5-percent holder or increase the stock ownership percentage of an existing 5-percent holder); |
• | The value of the NOLs; |
• | Shareholder protection mechanisms (sunset provision or commitment to cause expiration of the protective amendment upon exhaustion or expiration of the NOL); |
• | The company’s existing governance structure including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, track record of responsiveness to shareholders, and any other problematic governance concerns; and |
• | Any other factors that may be applicable. |
Poison Pills (Shareholder Rights Plans)
Shareholder Proposals to Put Pill to a Vote and/or Adopt a Pill Policy
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for shareholder proposals requesting that the company submit its poison pill to a shareholder vote or redeem it unless the company has: (1) A shareholder approved poison pill in place; or (2) The company has adopted a policy concerning the adoption of a pill in the future specifying that the board will only adopt a shareholder rights plan if either: |
• | Shareholders have approved the adoption of the plan; or |
• | The board, in its exercise of its fiduciary responsibilities, determines that it is in the best interest of shareholders under the circumstances to adopt a pill without the delay in adoption that would result from seeking stockholder approval (i.e., the “fiduciary out” provision). A poison pill adopted under this fiduciary out will be put to a shareholder ratification vote within 12 months of adoption or expire. If the pill is not approved by a majority of the votes cast on this issue, the plan will immediately terminate. |
If the shareholder proposal calls for a time period of less than 12 months for shareholder ratification after adoption, vote for the proposal, but add the caveat that a vote within 12 months would be considered sufficient implementation.
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Management Proposals to Ratify a Poison Pill
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on management proposals on poison pill ratification, focusing on the features of the shareholder rights plan. Rights plans should contain the following attributes: |
• | No lower than a 20% trigger, flip-in or flip-over; |
• | A term of no more than three years; |
• | No dead-hand, slow-hand, no-hand or similar feature that limits the ability of a future board to redeem the pill; |
• | Shareholder redemption feature (qualifying offer clause); if the board refuses to redeem the pill 90 days after a qualifying offer is announced, 10 percent of the shares may call a special meeting or seek a written consent to vote on rescinding the pill. |
In addition, the rationale for adopting the pill should be thoroughly explained by the company. In examining the request for the pill, take into consideration the company’s existing governance structure, including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, and any problematic governance concerns.
Management Proposals to Ratify a Pill to Preserve Net Operating Losses (NOLs)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals to adopt a poison pill for the stated purpose of protecting a company’s net operating losses (NOL) if the term of the pill would exceed the shorter of three years and the exhaustion of the NOL. |
Vote case-by-case on management proposals for poison pill ratification, considering the following factors, if the term of the pill would be the shorter of three years (or less) and the exhaustion of the NOL:
• | The ownership threshold to transfer (NOL pills generally have a trigger slightly below 5 percent); |
• | The value of the NOLs; |
• | Shareholder protection mechanisms (sunset provision, or commitment to cause expiration of the pill upon exhaustion or expiration of NOLs); |
• | The company’s existing governance structure including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, track record of responsiveness to shareholders, and any other problematic governance concerns; and |
• | Any other factors that may be applicable. |
Proxy Voting Disclosure, Confidentiality, and Tabulation
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding proxy voting mechanics, taking into consideration whether implementation of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder rights. Specific issues covered under the policy include, but are not limited to, confidential voting of individual proxies and ballots, confidentiality of running vote tallies, and the treatment of abstentions and/or broker non-votes in the company’s vote-counting methodology. |
While a variety of factors may be considered in each analysis, the guiding principles are: transparency, consistency, and fairness in the proxy voting process. The factors considered, as applicable to the proposal, may include:
• | The scope and structure of the proposal; |
• | The company’s stated confidential voting policy (or other relevant policies) and whether it ensures a “level playing field” by providing shareholder proponents with equal access to vote information prior to the annual meeting; |
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• | The company’s vote standard for management and shareholder proposals and whether it ensures consistency and fairness in the proxy voting process and maintains the integrity of vote results; |
• | Whether the company’s disclosure regarding its vote counting method and other relevant voting policies with respect to management and shareholder proposals are consistent and clear; |
• | Any recent controversies or concerns related to the company’s proxy voting mechanics; |
• | Any unintended consequences resulting from implementation of the proposal; and |
• | Any other factors that may be relevant. |
Ratification Proposals: Management Proposals to Ratify Existing Charter or Bylaw Provisions
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against management proposals to ratify provisions of the company’s existing charter or bylaws, unless these governance provisions align with best practice. |
In addition, voting against/withhold from individual directors, members of the governance committee, or the full board may be warranted, considering:
• | The presence of a shareholder proposal addressing the same issue on the same ballot; |
• | The board’s rationale for seeking ratification; |
• | Disclosure of actions to be taken by the board should the ratification proposal fail; |
• | Disclosure of shareholder engagement regarding the board’s ratification request; |
• | The level of impairment to shareholders’ rights caused by the existing provision; |
• | The history of management and shareholder proposals on the provision at the company’s past meetings; |
• | Whether the current provision was adopted in response to the shareholder proposal; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; and |
• | Previous use of ratification proposals to exclude shareholder proposals. |
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. |
When voting in conjunction with support of a dissident slate, vote for the reimbursement of all appropriate proxy solicitation expenses associated with the election.
Generally vote for shareholder proposals calling for the reimbursement of reasonable costs incurred in connection with nominating one or more candidates in a contested election where the following apply:
• | The election of fewer than 50% of the directors to be elected is contested in the election; |
• | One or more of the dissident’s candidates is elected; |
• | Shareholders are not permitted to cumulate their votes for directors; and |
• | The election occurred, and the expenses were incurred, after the adoption of this bylaw. |
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Reincorporation Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Management or shareholder proposals to change a company’s state of incorporation should be evaluated case-by-case, giving consideration to both financial and corporate governance concerns including the following: |
• | Reasons for reincorporation; |
• | Comparison of company’s governance practices and provisions prior to and following the reincorporation; and |
• | Comparison of corporation laws of original state and destination state. |
• | Vote for reincorporation when the economic factors outweigh any neutral or negative governance changes. |
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against management and shareholder proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders’ ability to act by written consent. |
Generally vote for management and shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to act by written consent, taking into account the following factors:
• | Shareholders’ current right to act by written consent; |
• | The consent threshold; |
• | The inclusion of exclusionary or prohibitive language; |
• | Investor ownership structure; and |
• | Shareholder support of, and management’s response to, previous shareholder proposals. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals if, in addition to the considerations above, the company has the following governance and antitakeover provisions:
• | An unfettered9 right for shareholders to call special meetings at a 10 percent threshold; |
• | A majority vote standard in uncontested director elections; |
• | No non-shareholder-approved pill; and |
• | An annually elected board. |
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against management or shareholder proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholders’ ability to call special meetings. |
Generally vote for management or shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings taking into account the following factors:
• | Shareholders’ current right to call special meetings; |
• | Minimum ownership threshold necessary to call special meetings (10% preferred); |
9 | “Unfettered” means no restrictions on agenda items, no restrictions on the number of shareholders who can group together to reach the 10 percent threshold, and only reasonable limits on when a meeting can be called: no greater than 30 days after the last annual meeting and no greater than 90 prior to the next annual meeting. |
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• | The inclusion of exclusionary or prohibitive language; |
• | Investor ownership structure; and |
• | Shareholder support of, and management’s response to, previous shareholder proposals. |
Stakeholder Provisions
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals that ask the board to consider non-shareholder constituencies or other non-financial effects when evaluating a merger or business combination. |
State Antitakeover Statutes
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to opt in or out of state takeover statutes (including fair price provisions, stakeholder laws, poison pill endorsements, severance pay and labor contract provisions, and anti-greenmail provisions). |
Supermajority Vote Requirements
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote. |
Vote for management or shareholder proposals to reduce supermajority vote requirements. However, for companies with shareholder(s) who have significant ownership levels, vote case-by-case, taking into account:
• | Ownership structure; |
• | Quorum requirements; and |
• | Vote requirements. |
Virtual Shareholder Meetings
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for management proposals allowing for the convening of shareholder meetings by electronic means, so long as they do not preclude in-person meetings. Companies are encouraged to disclose the circumstances under which virtual-only10 meetings would be held, and to allow for comparable rights and opportunities for shareholders to participate electronically as they would have during an in-person meeting. |
Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals concerning virtual-only meetings, considering:
• | Scope and rationale of the proposal; and |
• | Concerns identified with the company’s prior meeting practices. |
4. | Capital/Restructuring |
Capital
Adjustments to Par Value of Common Stock
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for management proposals to reduce the par value of common stock unless the action is being taken to facilitate an anti-takeover device or some other negative corporate governance action. |
10 | Virtual-only shareholder meeting” refers to a meeting of shareholders that is held exclusively using technology without a corresponding in-person meeting. |
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Vote for management proposals to eliminate par value.
Common Stock Authorization
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares where the primary purpose of the increase is to issue shares in connection with a transaction on the same ballot that warrants support. |
Vote against proposals at companies with more than one class of common stock to increase the number of authorized shares of the class of common stock that has superior voting rights.
Vote against proposals to increase the number of authorized common shares if a vote for a reverse stock split on the same ballot is warranted despite the fact that the authorized shares would not be reduced proportionally.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance. Take into account company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
• | Past Board Performance: |
• | The company’s use of authorized shares during the last three years; |
• | The Current Request: |
• | Disclosure in the proxy statement of the specific purposes of the proposed increase; |
• | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific and severe risks to shareholders of not approving the request; and |
• | The dilutive impact of the request as determined relative to an allowable increase calculated by Sustainability Advisory Services (typically 100 percent of existing authorized shares) that reflects the company’s need for shares and total shareholder returns. |
Sustainability Advisory Services will apply the relevant allowable increase below to requests to increase common stock that are for general corporate purposes (or to the general corporate purposes portion of a request that also includes a specific need):
• | Most companies: 100 percent of existing authorized shares. |
• | Companies with less than 50 percent of existing authorized shares either outstanding or reserved for issuance: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
• | Companies with one- and three-year total shareholder returns (TSRs) in the bottom 10 percent of the U.S. market as of the end of the calendar quarter that is closest to their most recent fiscal year end: 50 percent of existing authorized shares. |
• | Companies at which both conditions (B and C) above are both present: 25 percent of existing authorized shares. |
If there is an acquisition, private placement, or similar transaction on the ballot (not including equity incentive plans) that Sustainability Advisory Services is recommending FOR, the allowable increase will be the greater of (i) twice the amount needed to support the transactions on the ballot, and (ii) the allowable increase as calculated above.
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Dual Class Structure
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals to create a new class of common stock unless: |
• | The company discloses a compelling rationale for the dual-class capital structure, such as: |
• | The company’s auditor has concluded that there is substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern; or |
• | The new class of shares will be transitory; |
• | The new class is intended for financing purposes with minimal or no dilution to current shareholders in both the short term and long term; and |
• | The new class is not designed to preserve or increase the voting power of an insider or significant shareholder. |
Issue Stock for Use with Rights Plan
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals that increase authorized common stock for the explicit purpose of implementing a non-shareholder- approved shareholder rights plan (poison pill). |
Preemptive Rights
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals that seek preemptive rights, taking into consideration: |
• | The size of the company; |
• | The shareholder base; and |
• | The liquidity of the stock. |
Preferred Stock Authorization
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to increase the number of authorized preferred shares where the primary purpose of the increase is to issue shares in connection with a transaction on the same ballot that warrants support. |
Vote against proposals at companies with more than one class or series of preferred stock to increase the number of authorized shares of the class or series of preferred stock that has superior voting rights.
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to increase the number of shares of preferred stock authorized for issuance. Take into account company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
• | Past Board Performance: |
• | The company’s use of authorized preferred shares during the last three years; |
• | The Current Request: |
• | Disclosure in the proxy statement of the specific purposes for the proposed increase; |
• | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific and severe risks to shareholders of not approving the request; |
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• | In cases where the company has existing authorized preferred stock, the dilutive impact of the request as determined by an allowable increase calculated (typically 100 percent of existing authorized shares) that reflects the company’s need for shares and total shareholder returns; and |
• | Whether the shares requested are blank check preferred shares that can be used for antitakeover purposes. |
Recapitalization Plans
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on recapitalizations (reclassifications of securities), taking into account the following: |
• | More simplified capital structure; |
• | Enhanced liquidity; |
• | Fairness of conversion terms; |
• | Impact on voting power and dividends; |
• | Reasons for the reclassification; |
• | Conflicts of interest; and |
• | Other alternatives considered. |
Reverse Stock Splits
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for management proposals to implement a reverse stock split if: |
• | The number of authorized shares will be proportionately reduced; or |
• | The effective increase in authorized shares is equal to or less than the allowable increase calculated in accordance with Sustainability Advisory Services’ Common Stock Authorization policy. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals that do not meet either of the above conditions, taking into consideration the following factors:
• | Stock exchange notification to the company of a potential delisting; |
• | Disclosure of substantial doubt about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern without additional financing; |
• | The company’s rationale; or |
• | Other factors as applicable. |
Share Repurchase Programs
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: For U.S.-incorporated companies, and foreign-incorporated U.S. Domestic Issuers that are traded solely on U.S. exchanges, vote for management proposals to institute open-market share repurchase plans in which all shareholders may participate on equal terms, or to grant the board authority to conduct open-market repurchases, in the absence of company-specific concerns regarding: |
• | Greenmail, |
• | The use of buybacks to inappropriately manipulate incentive compensation metrics, |
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• | Threats to the company’s long-term viability, or |
• | Other company-specific factors as warranted. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals to repurchase shares directly from specified shareholders, balancing the stated rationale against the possibility for the repurchase authority to be misused, such as to repurchase shares from insiders at a premium to market price.
Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for management proposals to increase the common share authorization for stock split or stock dividend, provided that the effective increase in authorized shares is equal to or is less than the allowable increase calculated in accordance with Sustainability Advisory Services’ Common Stock Authorization policy. |
Tracking Stock
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the creation of tracking stock, weighing the strategic value of the transaction against such factors as: |
• | Adverse governance changes; |
• | Excessive increases in authorized capital stock; |
• | Unfair method of distribution; |
• | Diminution of voting rights; |
• | Adverse conversion features; |
• | Negative impact on stock option plans; and |
• | Alternatives such as spin-off. |
Restructuring
Appraisal Rights
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to restore or provide shareholders with rights of appraisal. |
Asset Purchases
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on asset purchase proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Purchase price; |
• | Fairness opinion; |
• | Financial and strategic benefits; |
• | How the deal was negotiated; |
• | Conflicts of interest; |
• | Other alternatives for the business; |
• | Non-completion risk. |
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Asset Sales
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on asset sales, considering the following factors: |
• | Impact on the balance sheet/working capital; |
• | Potential elimination of diseconomies; |
• | Anticipated financial and operating benefits; |
• | Anticipated use of funds; |
• | Value received for the asset; |
• | Fairness opinion; |
• | How the deal was negotiated; |
• | Conflicts of interest. |
Bundled Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on bundled or “conditional” proxy proposals. In the case of items that are conditioned upon each other, examine the benefits and costs of the packaged items. In instances when the joint effect of the conditioned items is not in shareholders’ best interests, vote against the proposals. If the combined effect is positive, support such proposals. |
Conversion of Securities
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding conversion of securities. When evaluating these proposals, the investor should review the dilution to existing shareholders, the conversion price relative to market value, financial issues, control issues, termination penalties, and conflicts of interest. |
Vote for the conversion if it is expected that the company will be subject to onerous penalties or will be forced to file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Corporate Reorganization/Debt Restructuring/Prepackaged Bankruptcy Plans/Reverse Leveraged Buyouts/Wrap Plans
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to increase common and/or preferred shares and to issue shares as part of a debt restructuring plan, after evaluating: |
• | Dilution to existing shareholders’ positions; |
• | Terms of the offer - discount/premium in purchase price to investor, including any fairness opinion; termination penalties; exit strategy; |
• | Financial issues - company’s financial situation; degree of need for capital; use of proceeds; effect of the financing on the company’s cost of capital; |
• | Management’s efforts to pursue other alternatives; |
• | Control issues - change in management; change in control, guaranteed board and committee seats; standstill provisions; voting agreements; veto power over certain corporate actions; and |
• | Conflict of interest - arm’s length transaction, managerial incentives. |
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Vote for the debt restructuring if it is expected that the company will file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Formation of Holding Company
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding the formation of a holding company, taking into consideration the following: |
• | The reasons for the change; |
• | Any financial or tax benefits; |
• | Regulatory benefits; |
• | Increases in capital structure; and |
• | Changes to the articles of incorporation or bylaws of the company. |
Absent compelling financial reasons to recommend for the transaction, vote against the formation of a holding company if the transaction would include either of the following:
• | Increases in common or preferred stock in excess of the allowable maximum (see discussion under “Capital”); or |
• | Adverse changes in shareholder rights. |
Going Private and Going Dark Transactions (LBOs and Minority Squeeze-outs)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on going private transactions, taking into account the following: |
• | Offer price/premium; |
• | Fairness opinion; |
• | How the deal was negotiated; |
• | Conflicts of interest; |
• | Other alternatives/offers considered; and |
• | Non-completion risk. |
Vote case-by-case on going dark transactions, determining whether the transaction enhances shareholder value by taking into consideration:
• | Whether the company has attained benefits from being publicly-traded (examination of trading volume, liquidity, and market research of the stock); |
• | Balanced interests of continuing vs. cashed-out shareholders, taking into account the following: |
• | Are all shareholders able to participate in the transaction? |
• | Will there be a liquid market for remaining shareholders following the transaction? |
• | Does the company have strong corporate governance? |
• | Will insiders reap the gains of control following the proposed transaction? |
• | Does the state of incorporation have laws requiring continued reporting that may benefit shareholders? |
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Joint Ventures
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to form joint ventures, taking into account the following: |
• | Percentage of assets/business contributed; |
• | Percentage ownership; |
• | Financial and strategic benefits; |
• | Governance structure; |
• | Conflicts of interest; |
• | Other alternatives; and |
• | Non-completion risk. |
Liquidations
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on liquidations, taking into account the following: |
• | Management’s efforts to pursue other alternatives; |
• | Appraisal value of assets; and |
• | The compensation plan for executives managing the liquidation. |
Vote for the liquidation if the company will file for bankruptcy if the proposal is not approved.
Mergers and Acquisitions
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on mergers and acquisitions. Review and evaluate the merits and drawbacks of the proposed transaction, balancing various and sometimes countervailing factors including: |
• | Valuation - Is the value to be received by the target shareholders (or paid by the acquirer) reasonable? While the fairness opinion may provide an initial starting point for assessing valuation reasonableness, emphasis is placed on the offer premium, market reaction and strategic rationale. |
• | Market reaction - How has the market responded to the proposed deal? A negative market reaction should cause closer scrutiny of a deal. |
• | Strategic rationale - Does the deal make sense strategically? From where is the value derived? Cost and revenue synergies should not be overly aggressive or optimistic, but reasonably achievable. Management should also have a favorable track record of successful integration of historical acquisitions. |
• | Negotiations and process - Were the terms of the transaction negotiated at arm’s-length? Was the process fair and equitable? A fair process helps to ensure the best price for shareholders. Significant negotiation “wins” can also signify the deal makers’ competency. The comprehensiveness of the sales process (e.g., full auction, partial auction, no auction) can also affect shareholder value. |
• | Conflicts of interest - Are insiders benefiting from the transaction disproportionately and inappropriately as compared to non-insider shareholders? As the result of potential conflicts, the directors and officers of the company may be more likely to vote to approve a merger than if they did not hold these interests. Consider whether these interests may have influenced these directors and officers to support or recommend the merger. |
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• | Governance - Will the combined company have a better or worse governance profile than the current governance profiles of the respective parties to the transaction? If the governance profile is to change for the worse, the burden is on the company to prove that other issues (such as valuation) outweigh any deterioration in governance. |
Private Placements/Warrants/Convertible Debentures
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding private placements, warrants, and convertible debentures taking into consideration: |
• | Dilution to existing shareholders’ position: The amount and timing of shareholder ownership dilution should be weighed against the needs and proposed shareholder benefits of the capital infusion. Although newly issued common stock, absent preemptive rights, is typically dilutive to existing shareholders, share price appreciation is often the necessary event to trigger the exercise of “out of the money” warrants and convertible debt. In these instances from a value standpoint, the negative impact of dilution is mitigated by the increase in the company’s stock price that must occur to trigger the dilutive event. |
• | Terms of the offer (discount/premium in purchase price to investor, including any fairness opinion, conversion features, termination penalties, exit strategy): |
• | The terms of the offer should be weighed against the alternatives of the company and in light of company’s financial condition. Ideally, the conversion price for convertible debt and the exercise price for warrants should be at a premium to the then prevailing stock price at the time of private placement. |
• | When evaluating the magnitude of a private placement discount or premium, consider factors that influence the discount or premium, such as, liquidity, due diligence costs, control and monitoring costs, capital scarcity, information asymmetry and anticipation of future performance. |
• | Financial issues: |
• | The company’s financial condition; |
• | Degree of need for capital; |
• | Use of proceeds; |
• | Effect of the financing on the company’s cost of capital; |
• | Current and proposed cash burn rate; |
• | Going concern viability and the state of the capital and credit markets. |
• | Management’s efforts to pursue alternatives and whether the company engaged in a process to evaluate alternatives: A fair, unconstrained process helps to ensure the best price for shareholders. Financing alternatives can include joint ventures, partnership, merger or sale of part or all of the company. |
• | Control issues: |
• | Change in management; |
• | Change in control; |
• | Guaranteed board and committee seats; |
• | Standstill provisions; |
• | Voting agreements; |
• | Veto power over certain corporate actions; and |
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• | Minority versus majority ownership and corresponding minority discount or majority control premium |
• | Conflicts of interest: |
• | Conflicts of interest should be viewed from the perspective of the company and the investor. |
• | Were the terms of the transaction negotiated at arm’s length? Are managerial incentives aligned with shareholder interests? |
• | Market reaction: |
• | The market’s response to the proposed deal. A negative market reaction is a cause for concern. Market reaction may be addressed by analyzing the one day impact on the unaffected stock price. |
Vote for the private placement, or for the issuance of warrants and/or convertible debentures in a private placement, if it is expected that the company will file for bankruptcy if the transaction is not approved.
Reorganization/Restructuring Plan (Bankruptcy)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to common shareholders on bankruptcy plans of reorganization, considering the following factors including, but not limited to: |
• | Estimated value and financial prospects of the reorganized company; |
• | Percentage ownership of current shareholders in the reorganized company; |
• | Whether shareholders are adequately represented in the reorganization process (particularly through the existence of an official equity committee); |
• | The cause(s) of the bankruptcy filing, and the extent to which the plan of reorganization addresses the cause(s); |
• | Existence of a superior alternative to the plan of reorganization; and |
• | Governance of the reorganized company. |
Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on SPAC mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following: |
• | Valuation - Is the value being paid by the SPAC reasonable? SPACs generally lack an independent fairness opinion and the financials on the target may be limited. Compare the conversion price with the intrinsic value of the target company provided in the fairness opinion. Also, evaluate the proportionate value of the combined entity attributable to the SPAC IPO shareholders versus the pre-merger value of SPAC. Additionally, a private company discount may be applied to the target, if it is a private entity. |
• | Market reaction - How has the market responded to the proposed deal? A negative market reaction may be a cause for concern. Market reaction may be addressed by analyzing the one-day impact on the unaffected stock price. |
• | Deal timing - A main driver for most transactions is that the SPAC charter typically requires the deal to be complete within 18 to 24 months, or the SPAC is to be liquidated. Evaluate the valuation, market reaction, and potential conflicts of interest for deals that are announced close to the liquidation date. |
• | Negotiations and process - What was the process undertaken to identify potential target companies within specified industry or location specified in charter? Consider the background of the sponsors. |
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• | Conflicts of interest - How are sponsors benefiting from the transaction compared to IPO shareholders? Potential conflicts could arise if a fairness opinion is issued by the insiders to qualify the deal rather than a third party or if management is encouraged to pay a higher price for the target because of an 80% rule (the charter requires that the fair market value of the target is at least equal to 80% of net assets of the SPAC). Also, there may be sense of urgency by the management team of the SPAC to close the deal since its charter typically requires a transaction to be completed within the 18-24 month timeframe. |
• | Voting agreements - Are the sponsors entering into enter into any voting agreements/ tender offers with shareholders who are likely to vote against the proposed merger or exercise conversion rights? |
• | Governance - What is the impact of having the SPAC CEO or founder on key committees following the proposed merger? |
Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs) - Proposals for Extensions
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on SPAC extension proposals taking into account the length of the requested extension, the status of any pending transaction(s) or progression of the acquisition process, any added incentive for non-redeeming shareholders, and any prior extension requests. |
• | Length of request: Typically, extension requests range from two to six months, depending on the progression of the SPAC’s acquistion process. |
• | Pending transaction(s) or progression of the acquisition process: Sometimes an intial business combination was already put to a shareholder vote, but, for varying reasons, the transaction could not be consummated by the termination date and the SPAC is requesting an extension. Other times, the SPAC has entered into a definitive transaction agreement, but needs additional time to consummate or hold the shareholder meeting. |
• | Added incentive for non-redeeming shareholders: Sometimes the SPAC sponsor (or other insiders) will contribute, typically as a loan to the company, additional funds that will be added to the redemption value of each public share as long as such shares are not redeemed in connection with the extension request. The purpose of the “equity kicker” is to incentivize shareholders to hold their shares through the end of the requested extension or until the time the transaction is put to a shareholder vote, rather than electing redeemption at the extension proposal meeting. |
• | Prior extension requests: Some SPACs request additional time beyond the extension period sought in prior extension requests. |
Spin-offs
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on spin-offs, considering: |
• | Tax and regulatory advantages; |
• | Planned use of the sale proceeds; |
• | Valuation of spinoff; |
• | Fairness opinion; |
• | Benefits to the parent company; |
• | Conflicts of interest; |
• | Managerial incentives; |
• | Corporate governance changes; |
• | Changes in the capital structure. |
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Value Maximization Shareholder Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals seeking to maximize shareholder value by: |
• | Hiring a financial advisor to explore strategic alternatives; |
• | Selling the company; or |
• | Liquidating the company and distributing the proceeds to shareholders. |
These proposals should be evaluated based on the following factors:
• | Prolonged poor performance with no turnaround in sight; |
• | Signs of entrenched board and management (such as the adoption of takeover defenses); |
• | Strategic plan in place for improving value; |
• | Likelihood of receiving reasonable value in a sale or dissolution; and |
• | The company actively exploring its strategic options, including retaining a financial advisor. |
5. | Compensation |
Executive Pay Evaluation
Underlying all evaluations are five global principles that most investors expect corporations to adhere to in designing and administering executive and director compensation programs:
1. | Maintain appropriate pay-for-performance alignment, with emphasis on long-term shareholder value: This principle encompasses overall executive pay practices, which must be designed to attract, retain, and appropriately motivate the key employees who drive shareholder value creation over the long term. It will take into consideration, among other factors, the link between pay and performance; the mix between fixed and variable pay; performance goals; and equity-based plan costs; |
2. | Avoid arrangements that risk “pay for failure”: This principle addresses the appropriateness of long or indefinite contracts, excessive severance packages, and guaranteed compensation; |
3. | Maintain an independent and effective compensation committee: This principle promotes oversight of executive pay programs by directors with appropriate skills, knowledge, experience, and a sound process for compensation decision-making (e.g., including access to independent expertise and advice when needed); |
4. | Provide shareholders with clear, comprehensive compensation disclosures: This principle underscores the importance of informative and timely disclosures that enable shareholders to evaluate executive pay practices fully and fairly; |
5. | Avoid inappropriate pay to non-executive directors: This principle recognizes the interests of shareholders in ensuring that compensation to outside directors does not compromise their independence and ability to make appropriate judgments in overseeing managers’ pay and performance. At the market level, it may incorporate a variety of generally accepted best practices. |
Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation - Management Proposals (Management Say-on-Pay)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on ballot items related to executive pay and practices, as well as certain aspects of outside director compensation. |
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Vote against Advisory Votes on Executive Compensation (Say-on-Pay or “SOP”) if:
• | There is an unmitigated misalignment between CEO pay and company performance (pay for performance); |
• | The company maintains significant problematic pay practices; |
• | The board exhibits a significant level of poor communication and responsiveness to shareholders. |
Vote against or withhold from the members of the compensation committee and potentially the full board if:
• | There is no SOP on the ballot, and an against vote on an SOP is warranted due to pay for performance misalignment, problematic pay practices, or the lack of adequate responsiveness on compensation issues raised previously, or a combination thereof; |
• | The board fails to respond adequately to a previous SOP proposal that received less than 70 percent support of votes cast; |
• | The company has recently practiced or approved problematic pay practices, such as option repricing or option backdating; or |
• | The situation is egregious. |
Primary Evaluation Factors for Executive Pay
Pay-for-Performance Evaluation
Sustainability Advisory Services annually conducts a pay-for-performance analysis to identify strong or satisfactory alignment between pay and performance over a sustained period. With respect to companies in the Russell 3000 or Russell 3000E Indices11, this analysis considers the following:
1. | Peer Group12 Alignment: |
• | The degree of alignment between the company’s annualized TSR rank and the CEO’s annualized total pay rank within a peer group, each measured over a three-year period. |
• | The rankings of CEO total pay and company financial performance within a peer group, each measured over a three-year period. |
• | The multiple of the CEO’s total pay relative to the peer group median in the most recent fiscal year. |
2. | Absolute Alignment13 – the absolute alignment between the trend in CEO pay and company TSR over the prior five fiscal years – i.e., the difference between the trend in annual pay changes and the trend in annualized TSR during the period. |
If the above analysis demonstrates significant unsatisfactory long-term pay-for-performance alignment or, in the case of companies outside the Russell indices, misaligned pay and performance are otherwise suggested, our
11 | The Russell 3000E Index includes approximately 4,000 of the largest U.S. equity securities. |
12 | The revised peer group is generally comprised of 14-24 companies that are selected using market cap, revenue (or assets for certain financial firms), GICS industry group, and company’s selected peers’ GICS industry group, with size constraints, via a process designed to select peers that are comparable to the subject company in terms of revenue/assets and industry, and also within a market cap bucket that is reflective of the company’s. For Oil, Gas & Consumable Fuels companies, market cap is the only size determinant. |
13 | Only Russell 3000 Index companies are subject to the Absolute Alignment analysis. |
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analysis may include any of the following qualitative factors, as relevant to evaluating how various pay elements may work to encourage or to undermine long-term value creation and alignment with shareholder interests:
• | The ratio of performance- to time-based incentive awards; |
• | The overall ratio of performance-based compensation; |
• | The rigor of performance goals; |
• | The complexity and risks around pay program design; |
• | The transparency and clarity of disclosure; |
• | The company’s peer group benchmarking practices; |
• | Financial/operational results, both absolute and relative to peers; |
• | Special circumstances related to, for example, a new CEO in the prior FY or anomalous equity grant practices (e.g., bi-annual awards); |
• | Realizable pay14 compared to grant pay; and |
• | Any other factors deemed relevant. |
Problematic Pay Practices
The focus is on executive compensation practices that contravene the global pay principles, including:
• | Problematic practices related to non-performance-based compensation elements; |
• | Incentives that may motivate excessive risk-taking or present a windfall risk; and |
• | Pay decisions that circumvent pay-for-performance, such as options backdating or waiving performance requirements. |
Problematic Pay Practices related to Non-Performance-Based Compensation Elements
Pay elements that are not directly based on performance are generally evaluated case-by-case considering the context of a company’s overall pay program and demonstrated pay-for-performance philosophy. Please refer to ISS’ Compensation Policies FAQ document for detail on specific pay practices that have been identified as potentially problematic and may lead to negative recommendations if they are deemed to be inappropriate or unjustified relative to executive pay best practices. The list below highlights the problematic practices that carry significant weight in this overall consideration and may result in adverse vote recommendations:
• | Repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/SARS without prior shareholder approval (including cash buyouts and voluntary surrender of underwater options); |
• | Excessive perquisites or tax gross-ups; |
• | New or materially amended agreements that provide for: |
• | Excessive termination or CIC severance payments exceeding 3 times base salary and average/target/most recent bonus; |
• | CIC severance payments without involuntary job loss or substantial diminution of duties (“single” or “modified single” triggers); or in connection with a problematic Good Reason definition; |
14 | Sustainability Advisory Services research reports include realizable pay for S&P1500 companies. |
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• | CIC excise tax gross-up entitlements (including “modified” gross-ups); |
• | Multi-year guaranteed awards that are not at risk due to rigorous performance conditions; |
• | Liberal CIC definition combined with any single-trigger CIC benefits; |
• | Insufficient executive compensation disclosure by externally- managed issuers (EMIs) such that a reasonable assessment of pay programs and practices applicable to the EMI’s executives is not possible. |
• | Any other provision or practice deemed to be egregious and present a significant risk to investors. |
Options Backdating
The following factors should be examined case-by-case to allow for distinctions to be made between “sloppy” plan administration versus deliberate action or fraud:
• | Reason and motive for the options backdating issue, such as inadvertent vs. deliberate grant date changes; |
• | Duration of options backdating; |
• | Size of restatement due to options backdating; |
• | Corrective actions taken by the board or compensation committee, such as canceling or re-pricing backdated options, the recouping of option gains on backdated grants; and |
• | Adoption of a grant policy that prohibits backdating, and creates a fixed grant schedule or window period for equity grants in the future. |
Compensation Committee Communications and Responsiveness
Consider the following factors case-by-case when evaluating ballot items related to executive pay on the board’s responsiveness to investor input and engagement on compensation issues:
• | Failure to respond to majority-supported shareholder proposals on executive pay topics; or |
• | Failure to adequately respond to the company’s previous say-on-pay proposal that received the support of less than 70 percent of votes cast, taking into account: |
• | The company’s response, including: |
• | Disclosure of engagement efforts with major institutional investors regarding the issues that contributed to the low level of support (including the timing and frequency of engagements and whether independent directors participated); |
• | Disclosure of the specific concerns voiced by dissenting shareholders that led to the say-on-pay opposition; |
• | Disclosure of specific and meaningful actions taken to address shareholders’ concerns; |
• | Other recent compensation actions taken by the company; |
• | Whether the issues raised are recurring or isolated; |
• | The company’s ownership structure; and |
• | Whether the support level was less than 50 percent, which would warrant the highest degree of responsiveness. |
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Frequency of Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (“Say When on Pay”)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for annual advisory votes on compensation, which provide the most consistent and clear communication channel for shareholder concerns about companies’ executive pay programs. |
Voting on Golden Parachutes in an Acquisition, Merger, Consolidation, or Proposed Sale
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on say on Golden Parachute proposals, including consideration of existing change-in-control arrangements maintained with named executive officers rather than focusing primarily on new or extended arrangements. |
Features that may result in an “against” recommendation include one or more of the following, depending on the number, magnitude, and/or timing of issue(s):
• | Single- or modified-single-trigger cash severance; |
• | Single-trigger acceleration of unvested equity awards; |
• | Full acceleration of equity awards granted shortly before the change in control; |
• | Acceleration of performance awards above the target level of performance without compelling rationale; |
• | Excessive cash severance (>3x base salary and bonus); |
• | Excise tax gross-ups triggered and payable; |
• | Excessive golden parachute payments (on an absolute basis or as a percentage of transaction equity value); or |
• | Recent amendments that incorporate any problematic features (such as those above) or recent actions (such as extraordinary equity grants) that may make packages so attractive as to influence merger agreements that may not be in the best interests of shareholders; or |
• | The company’s assertion that a proposed transaction is conditioned on shareholder approval of the golden parachute advisory vote. |
Recent amendment(s) that incorporate problematic features will tend to carry more weight on the overall analysis. However, the presence of multiple legacy problematic features will also be closely scrutinized.
In cases where the golden parachute vote is incorporated into a company’s advisory vote on compensation (management say-on-pay), the say-on-pay proposal will be evaluated in accordance with these guidelines, which may give higher weight to that component of the overall evaluation.
Equity-Based and Other Incentive Plans
Please refer to ISS’ U.S. Equity Compensation Plans FAQ document for additional details on the Equity Plan Scorecard policy.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on certain equity-based compensation plans15 depending on a combination of certain plan features and equity grant practices, where positive factors may counterbalance negative factors, and vice versa, as evaluated using an “Equity Plan Scorecard” (EPSC) approach with three pillars: |
15 | Proposals evaluated under the EPSC policy generally include those to approve or amend (1) stock option plans for employees and/or employees and directors, (2) restricted stock plans for employees and/or employees and directors, and (3) omnibus stock incentive plans for employees and/or employees and directors; amended plans will be further evaluated case-by-case. |
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• | Plan Cost: The total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers, measured by the company’s estimated Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) in relation to peers and considering both: |
• | SVT based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; and |
• | SVT based only on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants. |
• | Plan Features: |
• | Quality of disclosure around vesting upon a change in control (CIC); |
• | Discretionary vesting authority; |
• | Liberal share recycling on various award types; |
• | Lack of minimum vesting period for grants made under the plan; |
• | Dividends payable prior to award vesting. |
• | Grant Practices: |
• | The company’s three year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers; |
• | Vesting requirements in CEO’S recent equity grants (3-year look-back); |
• | The estimated duration of the plan (based on the sum of shares remaining available and the new shares requested, divided by the average annual shares granted in the prior three years); |
• | The proportion of the CEO’s most recent equity grants/awards subject to performance conditions; |
• | Whether the company maintains a sufficient claw-back policy; |
• | Whether the company maintains sufficient post exercise/vesting share-holding requirements. |
Generally vote against the plan proposal if the combination of above factors indicates that the plan is not, overall, in shareholders’ interests, or if any of the following egregious factors (“overriding factors”) apply:
• | Awards may vest in connection with a liberal change-of-control definition; |
• | The plan would permit repricing or cash buyout of underwater options without shareholder approval (either by expressly permitting it – for NYSE and Nasdaq listed companies — or by not prohibiting it when the company has a history of repricing – for non-listed companies); |
• | The plan is a vehicle for problematic pay practices or a significant pay-for-performance disconnect under certain circumstances; |
• | The plan is excessively dilutive to shareholders’ holdings; |
• | The plan contains an evergreen (automatic share replenishment) feature; or |
• | Any other plan features are determined to have a significant negative impact on shareholder interests. |
Further Information on certain EPSC Factors
Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT)
The cost of the equity plans is expressed as Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT), which is measured using a binomial option pricing model that assesses the amount of shareholders’ equity flowing out of the company to
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employees and directors. SVT is expressed as both a dollar amount and as a percentage of market value, and includes the new shares proposed, shares available under existing plans, and shares granted but unexercised (using two measures, in the case of plans subject to the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation, as noted above). All award types are valued. For omnibus plans, unless limitations are placed on the most expensive types of awards (for example, full value awards), the assumption is made that all awards to be granted will be the most expensive types.
For proposals subject to Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation, Shareholder Value Transfer is reasonable if it falls below a company-specific benchmark. The benchmark is determined as follows: The top quartile performers in each industry group (using the Global Industry Classification Standard: GICS) are identified. Benchmark SVT levels for each industry are established based on these top performers’ historic SVT. Regression analyses are run on each industry group to identify the variables most strongly correlated to SVT. The benchmark industry SVT level is then adjusted upwards or downwards for the specific company by plugging the company-specific performance measures, size and cash compensation into the industry cap equations to arrive at the company’s benchmark.16
Three-Year Burn Rate
Burn rate benchmarks (utilized in Equity Plan Scorecard evaluations) are calculated as the greater of: (1) the mean (m) plus one standard deviation (s) of the company’s GICS group segmented by S&P 500, Russell 3000 index (less the S&P500) and non-Russell 3000 index; and (2) two percent of weighted common shares outstanding. In addition, year-over-year burn-rate benchmark changes will be limited to a maximum of two (2) percentage points plus or minus the prior year’s burn-rate benchmark. See the U.S. Equity Compensation Plans FAQ for the benchmarks.
Egregious Factors
Liberal Change in Control Definition
Generally vote against equity plans if the plan has a liberal definition of change in control and the equity awards could vest upon such liberal definition of change-in-control, even though an actual change in control may not occur. Examples of such a definition include, but are not limited to, announcement or commencement of a tender offer, provisions for acceleration upon a “potential” takeover, shareholder approval of a merger or other transactions, or similar language.
Repricing Provisions
Vote against plans that expressly permit the repricing or exchange of underwater stock options/stock appreciate rights (SARs) without prior shareholder approval. “Repricing” includes the ability to do any of the following:
• | Amend the terms of outstanding options or SARs to reduce the exercise price of such outstanding options or SARs; |
• | Cancel outstanding options or SARs in exchange for options or SARs with an exercise price that is less than the exercise price of the original options or SARs; |
• | Cancel underwater options in exchange for stock awards; or |
• | Provide cash buyouts of underwater options. |
16 | For plans evaluated under the Equity Plan Scorecard policy, the company’s SVT benchmark is considered along with other factors. |
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While the above cover most types of repricing, Sustainability Advisory Services may view other provisions as akin to repricing depending on the facts and circumstances.
Also, vote against or withhold from members of the Compensation Committee who approved repricing (as defined above or otherwise determined by Sustainability Advisory Services) without prior shareholder approval, even if such repricings are allowed in their equity plan.
Vote against plans that do not expressly prohibit repricing or cash buyout of underwater options without shareholder approval if the company has a history of repricing/buyouts without shareholder approval, and the applicable listing standards would not preclude them from doing so.
Problematic Pay Practices or Significant Pay-for-Performance Disconnect
If the equity plan on the ballot is a vehicle for problematic pay practices, vote against the plan.
If a significant portion of the CEO’s misaligned pay is attributed to non-performance-based equity awards, and there is an equity plan on the ballot with the CEO as one of the participants, Sustainability Advisory Services may recommend a vote against the equity plan. Considerations in voting against the equity plan may include, but are not limited to:
• | Magnitude of pay misalignment; |
• | Contribution of non–performance-based equity grants to overall pay; and |
• | The proportion of equity awards granted in the last three fiscal years concentrated at the named executive officer level. |
Specific Treatment of Certain Award Types in Equity Plan Evaluations
Dividend Equivalent Rights
Options that have Dividend Equivalent Rights (DERs) associated with them will have a higher calculated award value than those without DERs under the binomial model, based on the value of these dividend streams. The higher value will be applied to new shares, shares available under existing plans, and shares awarded but not exercised per the plan specifications. DERS transfer more shareholder equity to employees and non-employee directors and this cost should be captured.
Operating Partnership (OP) Units in Equity Plan Analysis of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
For Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS), include the common shares issuable upon conversion of outstanding Operating Partnership (OP) units in the share count for the purposes of determining: (1) market capitalization in the Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) analysis and (2) shares outstanding in the burn rate analysis.
Other Compensation Plans
401(k) Employee Benefit Plans
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to implement a 401(k) savings plan for employees. |
Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals to implement an ESOP or increase authorized shares for existing ESOPs, unless the number of shares allocated to the ESOP is excessive (more than five percent of outstanding shares). |
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Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Qualified Plans
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on qualified employee stock purchase plans. Vote for employee stock purchase plans where all of the following apply: |
• | Purchase price is at least 85 percent of fair market value; |
• | Offering period is 27 months or less; and |
• | The number of shares allocated to the plan is 10 percent or less of the outstanding shares. |
Vote against qualified employee stock purchase plans where any of the following apply:
• | Purchase price is less than 85 percent of fair market value; or |
• | Offering period is greater than 27 months; or |
• | The number of shares allocated to the plan is more than ten percent of the outstanding shares. |
Employee Stock Purchase Plans—Non-Qualified Plans
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on nonqualified employee stock purchase plans. Vote for nonqualified employee stock purchase plans with all the following features: |
• | Broad-based participation (i.e., all employees of the company with the exclusion of individuals with 5 percent or more of beneficial ownership of the company); |
• | Limits on employee contribution, which may be a fixed dollar amount or expressed as a percent of base salary; |
• | Company matching contribution up to 25 percent of employee’s contribution, which is effectively a discount of 20 percent from market value; |
• | No discount on the stock price on the date of purchase when there is a company matching contribution. |
Vote against nonqualified employee stock purchase plans when any of the plan features do not meet the above criteria. If the company matching contribution or effective discount exceeds the above, Sustainability Advisory Services may evaluate the SVT cost as part of the assessment.
Amending Cash and Equity Plans (including Approval for Tax Deductibility (162(m))
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on amendments to cash and equity incentive plans. |
Generally vote for proposals to amend executive cash, stock, or cash and stock incentive plans if the proposal:
• | Addresses administrative features only; or |
• | Seeks approval for Section 162(m) purposes only, and the plan administering committee consists entirely of independent outsiders, per Sustainability Advisory Services’ Classification of Directors. Note that if the company is presenting the plan to shareholders for the first time after the company’s initial public offering (IPO), or if the proposal is bundled with other material plan amendments, then the recommendation will be case-by-case (see below). |
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Vote against such proposals to amend executive cash, stock, or cash and stock incentive plans if the proposal:
• | Seeks approval for Section 162(m) purposes only, and the plan administering committee does not consist entirely of independent outsiders, per Sustainability Advisory Services’ Classification of Directors. |
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to amend cash incentive plans. This includes plans presented to shareholders for the first time after the company’s IPO and/or proposals that bundle material amendment(s) other than those for Section 162(m) purposes
Vote case-by-case on all other proposals to amend equity incentive plans, considering the following:
• | If the proposal requests additional shares and/or the amendments may potentially increase the transfer of shareholder value to employees, the recommendation will be based on the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation as well as an analysis of the overall impact of the amendments. |
• | If the plan is being presented to shareholders for the first time after the company’s IPO, whether or not additional shares are being requested, the recommendation will be based on the Equity Plan Scorecard evaluation as well as an analysis of the overall impact of any amendments. |
• | If there is no request for additional shares and the amendments are not deemed to potentially increase the transfer of shareholder value to employees, then the recommendation will be based entirely on an analysis of the overall impact of the amendments, and the EPSC evaluation will be shown for informational purposes. |
Option Exchange Programs/Repricing Options
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on management proposals seeking approval to exchange/reprice options taking into consideration: |
• | Historic trading patterns—the stock price should not be so volatile that the options are likely to be back “in- the-money” over the near term; |
• | Rationale for the re-pricing—was the stock price decline beyond management’s control? |
• | Is this a value-for-value exchange? |
• | Are surrendered stock options added back to the plan reserve? |
• | Timing—repricing should occur at least one year out from any precipitous drop in company’s stock price; |
• | Option vesting—does the new option vest immediately or is there a black-out period? |
• | Term of the option—the term should remain the same as that of the replaced option; |
• | Exercise price—should be set at fair market or a premium to market; |
• | Participants—executive officers and directors must be excluded. |
If the surrendered options are added back to the equity plans for re-issuance, then also take into consideration the company’s total cost of equity plans and its three-year average burn rate.
In addition to the above considerations, evaluate the intent, rationale, and timing of the repricing proposal. The proposal should clearly articulate why the board is choosing to conduct an exchange program at this point in time. Repricing underwater options after a recent precipitous drop in the company’s stock price demonstrates poor timing. and warrants additional scrutiny. Also, consider the terms of the surrendered options, such as the grant date, exercise price and vesting schedule. Grant dates of surrendered options should be far enough back
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(two to three years) so as not to suggest that repricings are being done to take advantage of short-term downward price movements. Similarly, the exercise price of surrendered options should be above the 52-week high for the stock price.
Vote for shareholder proposals to put option repricings to a shareholder vote.
Stock Plans in Lieu of Cash
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on plans that provide participants with the option of taking all or a portion of their cash compensation in the form of stock. |
Vote for non-employee director-only equity plans that provide a dollar-for-dollar cash-for-stock exchange.
Vote case-by-case on plans which do not provide a dollar-for-dollar cash for stock exchange. In cases where the exchange is not dollar-for-dollar, the request for new or additional shares for such equity program will be considered using the binomial option pricing model. In an effort to capture the total cost of total compensation, no adjustments will be made to carve out the in-lieu-of cash compensation.
Transfer Stock Option (TSO) Programs
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: One-time Transfers: Vote against or withhold from compensation committee members if they fail to submit one-time transfers to shareholders for approval. |
Vote case-by-case on one-time transfers. Vote for if:
• | Executive officers and non-employee directors are excluded from participating; |
• | Stock options are purchased by third-party financial institutions at a discount to their fair value using option pricing models such as Black-Scholes or a Binomial Option Valuation or other appropriate financial models; |
• | There is a two-year minimum holding period for sale proceeds (cash or stock) for all participants. |
Additionally, management should provide a clear explanation of why options are being transferred to a third-party institution and whether the events leading up to a decline in stock price were beyond management’s control. A review of the company’s historic stock price volatility should indicate if the options are likely to be back “in-the-money” over the near term.
Ongoing TSO program: Vote against equity plan proposals if the details of ongoing TSO programs are not provided to shareholders. Since TSOs will be one of the award types under a stock plan, the ongoing TSO program, structure and mechanics must be disclosed to shareholders. The specific criteria to be considered in evaluating these proposals include, but not limited, to the following:
• | Eligibility; |
• | Vesting; |
• | Bid-price; |
• | Term of options; |
• | Cost of the program and impact of the TSOs on company’s total option expense |
• | Option repricing policy. |
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Amendments to existing plans that allow for introduction of transferability of stock options should make clear that only options granted post-amendment shall be transferable.
Director Compensation
Shareholder Ratification of Director Pay Programs
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on management proposals seeking ratification of non-employee director compensation, based on the following factors: |
• | If the equity plan under which non-employee director grants are made is on the ballot, whether or not it warrants support; and |
• | An assessment of the following qualitative factors: |
• | The relative magnitude of director compensation as compared to companies of a similar profile; |
• | The presence of problematic pay practices relating to director compensation; |
• | Director stock ownership guidelines and holding requirements; |
• | Equity award vesting schedules; |
• | The mix of cash and equity-based compensation; |
• | Meaningful limits on director compensation; |
• | The availability of retirement benefits or perquisites; and |
• | The quality of disclosure surrounding director compensation. |
Equity Plans for Non-Employee Directors
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on compensation plans for non-employee directors, based on: |
• | The total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers, measured by the company’s estimated Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; |
• | The company’s three-year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers; and |
• | The presence of any egregious plan features (such as an option repricing provision or liberal CIC vesting risk). |
On occasion, director stock plans will exceed the plan cost or burn rate benchmarks when combined with employee or executive stock plans. In such cases, vote case-by-case on the plan taking into consideration the following qualitative factors:
• | The relative magnitude of director compensation as compared to companies of a similar profile; |
• | The presence of problematic pay practices relating to director compensation; |
• | Director stock ownership guidelines and holding requirements; |
• | Equity award vesting schedules; |
• | The mix of cash and equity-based compensation; |
• | Meaningful limits on director compensation; |
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• | The availability of retirement benefits or perquisites; and |
• | The quality of disclosure surrounding director compensation. |
Non-Employee Director Retirement Plans
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against retirement plans for non-employee directors. |
Vote for shareholder proposals to eliminate retirement plans for non-employee directors.
Shareholder Proposals on Compensation
Adopt Anti-Hedging/Pledging/Speculative Investments Policy
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals seeking a policy that prohibits named executive officers from engaging in derivative or speculative transactions involving company stock, including hedging, holding stock in a margin account, or pledging stock as collateral for a loan. However, the company’s existing policies regarding responsible use of company stock will be considered. |
Bonus Banking/Bonus Banking “Plus”
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals seeking deferral of a portion of annual bonus pay, with ultimate payout linked to sustained results for the performance metrics on which the bonus was earned (whether for the named executive officers or a wider group of employees), taking into account the following factors: |
• | The company’s past practices regarding equity and cash compensation; |
• | Whether the company has a holding period or stock ownership requirements in place, such as a meaningful retention ratio (at least 50 percent for full tenure); and |
• | Whether the company has a rigorous claw-back policy in place. |
Compensation Consultants—Disclosure of Board or Company’s Utilization
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals seeking disclosure regarding the company, board, or compensation committee’s use of compensation consultants, such as company name, business relationship(s), and fees paid. |
Disclosure/Setting Levels or Types of Compensation for Executives and Directors
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals seeking additional disclosure of executive and director pay information, provided the information requested is relevant to shareholders’ needs, would not put the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its industry, and is not unduly burdensome to the company. |
Vote against shareholder proposals seeking to set absolute levels on compensation or otherwise dictate the amount or form of compensation.
Vote against shareholder proposals seeking to eliminate stock options or any other equity grants to employees or directors.
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Vote against shareholder proposals requiring director fees be paid in stock only.
Generally vote against shareholder proposals that mandate a minimum amount of stock that directors must own in order to qualify as a director or to remain on the board.
Vote case-by-case on all other shareholder proposals regarding executive and director pay, taking into account company performance, pay level versus peers, pay level versus industry, and long-term corporate outlook.
Golden Coffins/Executive Death Benefits
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals calling companies to adopt a policy of obtaining shareholder approval for any future agreements and corporate policies that could oblige the company to make payments or awards following the death of a senior executive in the form of unearned salary or bonuses, accelerated vesting or the continuation in force of unvested equity grants, perquisites and other payments or awards made in lieu of compensation. This would not apply to any benefit programs or equity plan proposals that the broad-based employee population is eligible. |
Hold Equity Past Retirement or for a Significant Period of Time
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals asking companies to adopt policies requiring senior executive officers to retain a portion of net shares acquired through compensation plans. The following factors will be taken into account: |
• | The percentage/ratio of net shares required to be retained; |
• | The time period required to retain the shares; |
• | Whether the company has equity retention, holding period, and/or stock ownership requirements in place and the robustness of such requirements; |
• | Whether the company has any other policies aimed at mitigating risk taking by executives; |
• | Executives’ actual stock ownership and the degree to which it meets or exceeds the proponent’s suggested holding period/retention ratio or the company’s existing requirements; and |
Pay Disparity
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote case-by-case on proposals calling for an analysis of the pay disparity between corporate executives and other non-executive employees. |
Pay for Performance/Performance-Based Awards
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals requesting that a significant amount of future long-term incentive compensation awarded to senior executives shall be performance-based and requesting that the board adopt and disclose challenging performance metrics to shareholders, based on the following analytical steps: |
• | First, vote for shareholder proposals advocating the use of performance-based equity awards, such as performance contingent options or restricted stock, indexed options or premium-priced options, unless the proposal is overly restrictive or if the company has demonstrated that it is using a “substantial” portion of performance-based awards for its top executives. Standard stock options and performance-accelerated awards do not meet the criteria to be considered as performance-based awards. Further, premium-priced options should have a meaningful premium to be considered performance-based awards. |
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• | Second, assess the rigor of the company’s performance-based equity program. If the bar set for the performance-based program is too low based on the company’s historical or peer group comparison, generally vote for the proposal. Furthermore, if target performance results in an above target payout, vote for the shareholder proposal due to program’s poor design. If the company does not disclose the performance metric of the performance-based equity program, vote for the shareholder proposal regardless of the outcome of the first step to the test. |
In general, vote for the shareholder proposal if the company does not meet both of the above two steps.
Pay for Superior Performance
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals that request the board establish a pay-for-superior performance standard in the company’s executive compensation plan for senior executives. These proposals generally include the following principles: |
• | Set compensation targets for the plan’s annual and long-term incentive pay components at or below the peer group median; |
• | Deliver a majority of the plan’s target long-term compensation through performance-vested, not simply time-vested, equity awards; |
• | Provide the strategic rationale and relative weightings of the financial and non-financial performance metrics or criteria used in the annual and performance-vested long-term incentive components of the plan; |
• | Establish performance targets for each plan financial metric relative to the performance of the company’s peer companies; |
• | Limit payment under the annual and performance-vested long-term incentive components of the plan to when the company’s performance on its selected financial performance metrics exceeds peer group median performance. |
Consider the following factors in evaluating this proposal:
• | What aspects of the company’s annual and long-term equity incentive programs are performance driven? |
• | If the annual and long-term equity incentive programs are performance driven, are the performance criteria and hurdle rates disclosed to shareholders or are they benchmarked against a disclosed peer group? |
• | Can shareholders assess the correlation between pay and performance based on the current disclosure? |
• | What type of industry and stage of business cycle does the company belong to? |
Pre-Arranged Trading Plans (10b5-1 Plans)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals calling for certain principles regarding the use of prearranged trading plans (10b5-1 plans) for executives. These principles include: |
• | Adoption, amendment, or termination of a 10b5-1 Plan must be disclosed within two business days in a Form 8-K; |
• | Amendment or early termination of a 10b5-1 Plan is allowed only under extraordinary circumstances, as determined by the board; |
• | Ninety days must elapse between adoption or amendment of a 10b5-1 Plan and initial trading under the plan; |
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• | Reports on Form 4 must identify transactions made pursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan; |
• | An executive may not trade in company stock outside the 10b5-1 Plan. |
• | Trades under a 10b5-1 Plan must be handled by a broker who does not handle other securities transactions for the executive. |
Prohibit Outside CEOs from Serving on Compensation Committees
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals seeking a policy to prohibit any outside CEO from serving on a company’s compensation committee, unless the company has demonstrated problematic pay practices that raise concerns about the performance and composition of the committee. |
Recoupment of Incentive or Stock Compensation in Specified Circumstances
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to recoup incentive cash or stock compensation made to senior executives if it is later determined that the figures upon which incentive compensation is earned turn out to have been in error, or if the senior executive has breached company policy or has engaged in misconduct that may be significantly detrimental to the company’s financial position or reputation, or if the senior executive failed to manage or monitor risks that subsequently led to significant financial or reputational harm to the company. Many companies have adopted policies that permit recoupment in cases where an executive’s fraud, misconduct, or negligence significantly contributed to a restatement of financial results that led to the awarding of unearned incentive compensation. However, such policies may be narrow given that not all misconduct or negligence may result in significant financial restatements. Misconduct, negligence or lack of sufficient oversight by senior executives may lead to significant financial loss or reputational damage that may have long-lasting impact. |
In considering whether to support such shareholder proposals, the following factors will be taken into consideration:
• | If the company has adopted a formal recoupment policy; |
• | The rigor of the recoupment policy focusing on how and under what circumstances the company may recoup incentive or stock compensation; |
• | Whether the company has chronic restatement history or material financial problems; |
• | Whether the company’s policy substantially addresses the concerns raised by the proponent; |
• | Disclosure of recoupment of incentive or stock compensation from senior executives or lack thereof; or |
• | Any other relevant factors. |
Severance Agreements for Executives/Golden Parachutes
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for shareholder proposals requiring that golden parachutes or executive severance agreements be submitted for shareholder ratification, unless the proposal requires shareholder approval prior to entering into employment contracts. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals to ratify or cancel golden parachutes. An acceptable parachute should include, but is not limited to, the following:
• | The triggering mechanism should be beyond the control of management; |
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• | The amount should not exceed three times base amount (defined as the average annual taxable W-2 compensation during the five years prior to the year in which the change of control occurs); |
• | Change-in-control payments should be double-triggered, i.e., (1) after a change in control has taken place, and (2) termination of the executive as a result of the change in control. Change in control is defined as a change in the company ownership structure. |
Share Buyback Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against shareholder proposals prohibiting executives from selling shares of company stock during periods in which the company has announced that it may or will be repurchasing shares of its stock. Vote for the proposal when there is a pattern of abuse by executives exercising options or selling shares during periods of share buybacks. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting the company exclude the impact of share buybacks from the calculation of incentive program metrics, considering the following factors:
• | The frequency and timing of the company’s share buybacks; |
• | The use of per-share metrics in incentive plans; |
• | The effect of recent buybacks on incentive metric results and payouts; and |
• | Whether there is any indication of metric result manipulation. |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs)
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting to put extraordinary benefits contained in SERP agreements to a shareholder vote unless the company’s executive pension plans do not contain excessive benefits beyond what is offered under employee-wide plans. |
Generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting to limit the executive benefits provided under the company’s supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP) by limiting covered compensation to a senior executive’s annual salary or those pay elements covered for the general employee population.
Tax Gross-Up Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals calling for companies to adopt a policy of not providing tax gross-up payments to executives, except in situations where gross-ups are provided pursuant to a plan, policy, or arrangement applicable to management employees of the company, such as a relocation or expatriate tax equalization policy. |
Termination of Employment Prior to Severance Payment/Eliminating Accelerated Vesting of Unvested Equity
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals seeking a policy requiring termination of employment prior to severance payment and/or eliminating accelerated vesting of unvested equity. |
The following factors will be considered:
• | The company’s current treatment of equity in change-of-control situations (i.e. is it double triggered, does it allow for the assumption of equity by acquiring company, the treatment of performance shares, etc.); |
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• | Current employment agreements, including potential poor pay practices such as gross-ups embedded in those agreements. |
Generally vote for proposals seeking a policy that prohibits acceleration of the vesting of equity awards to senior executives in the event of a change in control (except for pro rata vesting considering the time elapsed and attainment of any related performance goals between the award date and the change in control).
6. | Social and Environmental Issues |
Global Approach
Socially responsible shareholder resolutions receive a great deal more attention from institutional shareholders today than in the past. While focusing on value enhancement through risk mitigation and exposure to new sustainability-related opportunities, these resolutions also seek standardized reporting on ESG issues, request information regarding an issuer’s adoption of, or adherence to, relevant norms, standards, codes of conduct or universally recognized international initiatives to promote disclosure and transparency. ISS’ Sustainability Policy generally supports standards-based ESG shareholder proposals that enhance long-term shareholder and stakeholder value while aligning the interests of the company with those of society at large. In particular, the policy will focus on resolutions seeking greater transparency and/or adherence to internationally recognized standards and principles.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: In determining our vote recommendation on standardized ESG reporting shareholder proposals, we also analyze the following factors: |
• | Whether the proposal itself is well framed and reasonable; |
• | Whether adoption of the proposal would have either a positive or negative impact on the company’s short—term or long-term share value; |
• | The percentage of sales, assets and earnings affected; |
• | Whether the company has already responded in some appropriate manner to the request embodied in a proposal; |
• | Whether the company’s analysis and voting recommendation to shareholders is persuasive; |
• | Whether there are significant controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company’s environmental or social practices; |
• | What other companies have done in response to the issue addressed in the proposal; |
• | Whether implementation of the proposal would achieve the objectives sought in the proposal; and |
• | The degree to which the company’s stated position on the issues raised in the proposal could affect its reputation or sales, or leave it vulnerable to a boycott or selective purchasing. |
Animal Welfare
Animal Welfare Policies
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals seeking a report on a company’s animal welfare standards, or animal welfare-related risks, unless: |
• | The company has already published a set of animal welfare standards and monitors compliance; |
• | The company’s standards are comparable to industry peers; and |
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• | There are no recent significant fines, litigation, or controversies related to the company’s and/or its suppliers’ treatment of animals. |
Animal Testing
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals to phase out the use of animals in product testing, unless: |
• | The company is conducting animal testing programs that are unnecessary or not required by regulation; |
• | The company is conducting animal testing when suitable alternatives are commonly accepted and used by industry peers; or |
• | There are recent, significant fines or litigation related to the company’s treatment of animals. |
Animal Slaughter
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals requesting the implementation of Controlled Atmosphere Killing (CAK) methods at company and/or supplier operations unless such methods are required by legislation or generally accepted as the industry standard. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting a report on the feasibility of implementing CAK methods at company and/or supplier operations considering the availability of existing research conducted by the company or industry groups on this topic and any fines or litigation related to current animal processing procedures at the company.
Consumer Issues
Genetically Modified Ingredients
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals requesting that a company voluntarily label genetically engineered (GE) ingredients in its products. The labeling of products with GE ingredients is best left to the appropriate regulatory authorities. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals asking for a report on the feasibility of labeling products containing GE ingredients, taking into account:
• | The potential impact of such labeling on the company’s business; |
• | The quality of the company’s disclosure on GE product labeling, related voluntary initiatives, and how this disclosure compares with industry peer disclosure; and |
• | Company’s current disclosure on the feasibility of GE product labeling. |
Generally vote FOR proposals seeking a report on the social, health, and environmental effects of genetically modified organism (GMOs).
Generally vote against proposals to eliminate GE ingredients from the company’s products, or proposals asking for reports outlining the steps necessary to eliminate GE ingredients from the company’s products. Such decisions are more appropriately made by management with consideration of current regulations.
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Reports on Potentially Controversial Business/Financial Practices
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on a company’s potentially controversial business or financial practices or products, taking into account: |
• | Whether the company has adequately disclosed mechanisms in place to prevent abuses; |
• | Whether the company has adequately disclosed the financial risks of the products/practices in question; |
• | Whether the company has been subject to violations of related laws or serious controversies; and |
• | Peer companies’ policies/practices in this area. |
Consumer Lending
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on the company’s lending guidelines and procedures taking into account: |
• | Whether the company has adequately disclosed mechanisms in place to prevent abusive lending practices; |
• | Whether the company has adequately disclosed the financial risks of the lending products in question; |
• | Whether the company has been subject to violations of lending laws or serious lending controversies; and |
• | Peer companies’ policies to prevent abusive lending practices. |
Pharmaceutical Pricing, Access to Medicines, Product Reimportation and Health Pandemics
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals requesting that companies implement specific price restraints on pharmaceutical products unless the company fails to adhere to legislative guidelines or industry norms in its product pricing practices. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting that a company report on its product pricing or access to medicine policies, considering:
• | The potential for reputational, market, and regulatory risk exposure; |
• | Existing disclosure of relevant policies; |
• | Deviation from established industry norms; |
• | Relevant company initiatives to provide research and/or products to disadvantaged consumers; |
• | Whether the proposal focuses on specific products or geographic regions; |
• | The potential burden and scope of the requested report; and |
• | Recent significant controversies, litigation, or fines at the company. |
Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on the financial and legal impact of its prescription drug reimportation policies unless such information is already publicly disclosed.
Generally vote against proposals requesting that companies adopt specific policies to encourage or constrain prescription drug reimportation. Such matters are more appropriately the province of legislative activity and may place the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its peers.
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Health Pandemics
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for reports outlining the impact of health pandemics (such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and avian flu) on the company’s operations and how the company is responding to the situation, taking into account: |
• | The scope of the company’s operations in the affected/relevant area(s); |
• | The company’s existing healthcare policies, including benefits and healthcare access; and |
• | Company donations to relevant healthcare providers. |
Vote against proposals asking companies to establish, implement, and report on a standard of response to health pandemics (such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and avian flu), unless the company has significant operations in the affected markets and has failed to adopt policies and/or procedures to address these issues comparable to those of industry peers.
Product Safety and Toxic/Hazardous Materials
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its policies, initiatives/procedures, and oversight mechanisms related to toxic/hazardous materials or product safety in its supply chain. |
Generally vote for resolutions requesting that companies develop a feasibility assessment to phase-out of certain toxic/hazardous materials, or evaluate and disclose the potential financial and legal risks associated with utilizing certain materials.
Generally vote against resolutions requiring that a company reformulate its products.
Tobacco-Related Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on resolutions regarding the advertisement of tobacco products, considering: |
• | Recent related fines, controversies, or significant litigation; |
• | Whether the company complies with relevant laws and regulations on the marketing of tobacco; |
• | Whether the company’s advertising restrictions deviate from those of industry peers; |
• | Whether the company entered into the Master Settlement Agreement, which restricts marketing of tobacco to youth; and |
• | Whether restrictions on marketing to youth extend to foreign countries. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals regarding second-hand smoke, considering;
• | Whether the company complies with all laws and regulations; |
• | The degree that voluntary restrictions beyond those mandated by law might hurt the company’s competitiveness; and |
• | The risk of any health-related liabilities. |
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Generally vote against resolutions to cease production of tobacco-related products, to avoid selling products to tobacco companies, to spin-off tobacco-related businesses, or prohibit investment in tobacco equities. Such business decisions are better left to company management or portfolio managers.
Generally vote against proposals regarding tobacco product warnings. Such decisions are better left to public health authorities.
Climate Change
Climate Change/Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
Climate change has emerged as the most significant environmental threat to the planet to date. Scientists agree that gases released by chemical reactions including the burning of fossil fuels contribute to a “greenhouse effect” that traps the planet’s heat. Environmentalists claim that the greenhouse gases produced by the industrial age have caused recent weather crises such as heat waves, rainstorms, melting glaciers, rising sea levels and receding coastlines. With notable exceptions, business leaders have described the rise and fall of global temperatures as naturally occurring phenomena and depicted corporate impact on climate change as minimal. Shareholder proposals asking a company to issue a report to shareholders, “at reasonable cost and omitting proprietary information,” on greenhouse gas emissions ask that the report include descriptions of efforts within companies to reduce emissions, their financial exposure and potential liability from operations that contribute to global warming, their direct or indirect efforts to promote the view that global warming is not a threat and their goals in reducing these emissions from their operations. Proponents argue that there is scientific proof that the burning of fossil fuels causes global warming, that future legislation may make companies financially liable for their contributions to global warming, and that a report on the company’s role in global warming can be assembled at reasonable cost.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals seeking information on the financial, physical, or regulatory risks it faces related to climate change- on its operations and investments, or on how the company identifies, measures, and manage such risks. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals calling for the reduction of GHG emissions. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals seeking reports on responses to regulatory and public pressures surrounding climate change, and for disclosure of research that aided in setting company policies around climate change. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals requesting a report/disclosure of goals on GHG emissions from company operations and/or products. |
Energy Efficiency
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting that a company report on its energy efficiency policies. |
Renewable Energy
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for requests for reports on the feasibility of developing renewable energy resources. |
Generally vote for proposals requesting that the company invest in renewable energy resources.
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Diversity
Board Diversity
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for requests for reports on a company’s efforts to diversify the board, unless: |
• | The gender and racial minority representation of the company’s board is reasonably inclusive in relation to companies of similar size and business; and |
• | The board already reports on its nominating procedures and gender and racial minority initiatives on the board and within the company. |
Vote case-by-case on proposals asking a company to increase the gender and racial minority representation on its board, taking into account:
• | The degree of existing gender and racial minority diversity on the company’s board and among its executive officers; |
• | The level of gender and racial minority representation that exists at the company’s industry peers; |
• | The company’s established process for addressing gender and racial minority board representation; |
• | Whether the proposal includes an overly prescriptive request to amend nominating committee charter language; |
• | The independence of the company’s nominating committee; |
• | Whether the company uses an outside search firm to identify potential director nominees; and |
• | Whether the company has had recent controversies, fines, or litigation regarding equal employment practices. |
Equality of Opportunity
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting a company disclose its diversity policies or initiatives, or proposals requesting disclosure of a company’s comprehensive workforce diversity data, including requests for EEO-1 data. |
Generally vote for proposals seeking information on the diversity efforts of suppliers and service providers.
Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Domestic Partner Benefits
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals seeking to amend a company’s EEO statement or diversity policies to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity, unless the change would be unduly burdensome. |
Generally vote for proposals to extend company benefits to domestic partners.
Gender, Race/Ethnicity Pay Gap
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for reports on a company’s pay data by gender or race/ethnicity or a report on a company’s policies and goals to reduce any gender or race/ethnicity pay gaps, taking into account: |
• | The company’s current policies and disclosure related to both its diversity and inclusion policies and practices and its compensation philosophy and fair and equitable compensation practices; |
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• | Whether the company has been the subject of recent controversy, litigation, or regulatory actions related to gender, race, or ethnicity pay gap issues; |
• | The company’s disclosure regarding gender, race, or ethnicity pay gap policies or initiatives compared to its industry peers; and |
• | Local laws regarding categorization of race and/or ethnicity and definitions of ethnic and/or racial minorities. |
Environment and Sustainability
Facility and Workplace Safety
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on resolutions requesting that a company report on safety and/or security risks associated with its operations and/or facilities, considering: |
• | The company’s compliance with applicable regulations and guidelines; |
• | The company’s current level of disclosure regarding its security and safety policies, procedures, and compliance monitoring; and |
• | The existence of recent, significant violations, fines, or controversy regarding the safety and security of the company’s operations and/or facilities. |
Hydraulic Fracturing
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting greater disclosure of a company’s (natural gas) hydraulic fracturing operations, including measures the company has taken to manage and mitigate the potential community and environmental impacts of those operations. |
Operations in Protected Areas
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for requests for reports on potential environmental damage as a result of company operations in protected regions, unless: |
• | Operations in the specified regions are not permitted by current laws or regulations; |
• | The company does not currently have operations or plans to develop operations in these protected regions; or |
• | The company’s disclosure of its operations and environmental policies in these regions is comparable to industry peers. |
Recycling
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote FOR proposals to adopt a comprehensive recycling strategy, taking into account: |
• | The nature of the company’s business; |
• | The current level of disclosure of the company’s existing related programs; |
• | The timetable and methods of program implementation prescribed by the proposal; |
• | The company’s ability to address the issues raised in the proposal; and |
• | How the company’s recycling programs compare to similar programs of its industry peers. |
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Sustainability Reporting
The concept of sustainability is commonly understood as meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Indeed, the term sustainability is complex and poses significant challenges for companies on many levels. Many in the investment community have termed this broader responsibility the “triple bottom line,” referring to the triad of performance goals related to economic prosperity, social responsibility and environmental quality. In essence, the concept requires companies to balance the needs and interests of their various stakeholders while operating in a manner that sustains business growth for the long-term, supports local communities and protects the environment and natural capital for future generations.
Shareholders may request general environmental reports or reports on a specific location/operation, often requesting that the company detail the environmental risks and potential liabilities of a specific project. Companies have begun to report on environmental and sustainability issues using the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. The GRI was established in 1997 with the mission of developing globally applicable guidelines for reporting on economic, environmental, and social performance. The GRI was developed by the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) in partnership with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals seeking greater disclosure on the company’s environmental and social practices, and/or associated risks and liabilities. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals asking companies to report in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals to prepare a sustainability report. |
Water Issues
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for on proposals requesting a company to report on, or to adopt a new policy on, water-related risks and concerns, taking into account: |
• | The company’s current disclosure of relevant policies, initiatives, oversight mechanisms, and water usage metrics; |
• | Whether or not the company’s existing water-related policies and practices are consistent with relevant internationally recognized standards and national/local regulations; |
• | The potential financial impact or risk to the company associated with water-related concerns or issues; and |
• | Recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding water use by the company and its suppliers. |
Equator Principles
The Equator Principles are the financial industry’s benchmark for determining, assessing and managing social and environmental risk in project financing. First launched in June 2003, the Principles were ultimately adopted by over forty financial institutions over a three-year implementation period. Since its adoption, the Principles have undergone a number of revisions, expanding the use of performance standards and signatory banks’ banks’ commitments to social responsibility, including human rights, climate change, and transparency. The fourth iteration of the Principles was launched in November 2019, incorporating amendments and new commitment to
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human rights, climate change, Indigenous Peoples and biodiversity related topics. Financial institutions adopt these principles to ensure that the projects they finance are developed in a socially responsible manner and reflect sound environmental management practices. As of 2019, 101 financial institutions have officially adopted the Equator Principles.
Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for shareholder proposals to study or implement the Equator Principles.
General Corporate Issues
Charitable Contributions
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals restricting a company from making charitable contributions. Charitable contributions are generally useful for assisting worthwhile causes and for creating goodwill in the community. In the absence of bad faith, self-dealing, or gross negligence, management should determine which, and if, contributions are in the best interests of the company. |
Data Security, Privacy, and Internet Issues
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting the disclosure or implementation of data security, privacy, or information access and management policies and procedures, considering: |
• | The level of disclosure of company policies and procedures relating to data security, privacy, freedom of speech, information access and management, and Internet censorship; |
• | Engagement in dialogue with governments or relevant groups with respect to data security, privacy, or the free flow of information on the Internet; |
• | The scope of business involvement and of investment in countries whose governments censor or monitor the Internet and other telecommunications; |
• | Applicable market-specific laws or regulations that may be imposed on the company; and |
• | Controversies, fines, or litigation related to data security, privacy, freedom of speech, or Internet censorship. |
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Compensation-Related Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals to link, or report on linking, executive compensation to environmental and social criteria (such as corporate downsizings, customer or employee satisfaction, community involvement, human rights, environmental performance, or predatory lending). |
Human Rights, Labor Issues, and International Operations
Investors, international human rights groups, and labor advocacy groups have long been making attempts to safeguard worker rights in the international marketplace. In instances where companies themselves operate factories in developing countries for example, these advocates have asked that the companies adopt global corporate human rights standards that guarantee sustainable wages and safe working conditions for their workers abroad. Companies that contract out portions of their manufacturing operations to foreign companies have been asked to ensure that the products they receive from those contractors have not been made using forced labor, child labor, or sweatshop labor. These companies are asked to adopt formal vendor standards that, among other things, include monitoring or auditing mechanism. Globalization, relocation of production overseas, and
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widespread use of subcontractors and vendors, often make it difficult to obtain a complete picture of a company’s labor practices in global markets. Many Investors believe that companies would benefit from adopting a human rights policy based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Labor Organization’s Core Labor Standards. Efforts that seek greater disclosure on a company’s labor practices and that seek to establish minimum standards for a company’s operations will be supported. In addition, requests for independent monitoring of overseas operations will be supported.
The Sustainability Policy generally supports proposals that call for the adoption and/or enforcement of principles or codes relating to countries in which there are systematic violations of human rights; such as the use of slave, child, or prison labor; a government that is illegitimate; or there is a call by human rights advocates, pro-democracy organizations, or legitimately-elected representatives for economic sanctions. The use of child, sweatshop, or forced labor is unethical and can damage corporate reputations. Poor labor practices can lead to litigation against the company, which can be costly and time consuming.
Human Rights Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: |
• | Generally vote for proposals requesting a report on company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals to implement human rights standards and workplace codes of conduct. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals calling for the implementation and reporting on ILO codes of conduct, SA 8000 Standards, or the Global Sullivan Principles. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals that call for the adoption and/or enforcement of principles or codes relating to countries in which there are systematic violations of human rights. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals that call for independent monitoring programs in conjunction with local and respected religious and human rights groups to monitor supplier and licensee compliance with codes. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals that seek publication of a “Code of Conduct” to the company’s foreign suppliers and licensees, requiring they satisfy all applicable standards and laws protecting employees’ wages, benefits, working conditions, freedom of association, and other rights. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals seeking reports on, or the adoption of, vendor standards including: reporting on incentives to encourage suppliers to raise standards rather than terminate contracts and providing public disclosure of contract supplier reviews on a regular basis. |
• | Vote for shareholder proposals to adopt labor standards for foreign and domestic suppliers to ensure that the company will not do business with foreign suppliers that manufacture products for sale using forced labor, child labor, or that fail to comply with applicable laws protecting employee’s wages and working conditions. |
• | Vote for proposals requesting that a company conduct an assessment of the human rights risks in its operations or in its supply chain, or report on its human rights risk assessment process. |
Mandatory Arbitration
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for a report on a company’s use of mandatory arbitration on employment-related claims, taking into account: |
• | The company’s current policies and practices related to the use of mandatory arbitration agreements on workplace claims; |
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• | Whether the company has been the subject of recent controversy, litigation, or regulatory actions related to the use of mandatory arbitration agreements on workplace claims; and |
• | The company’s disclosure of its policies and practices related to the use of mandatory arbitration agreements compared to its peers. |
MacBride Principles
These resolutions have called for the adoption of the MacBride Principles for operations located in Northern Ireland. They request companies operating abroad to support the equal employment opportunity policies that apply in facilities they operate domestically. The principles were established to address the sectarian hiring problems between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland. It is well documented that Northern Ireland’s Catholic community faced much higher unemployment figures than the Protestant community. In response to this problem, the U.K. government instituted the New Fair Employment Act of 1989 (and subsequent amendments) to address the sectarian hiring problems.
Many companies believe that the Act adequately addresses the problems and that further action, including adoption of the MacBride Principles, only duplicates the efforts already underway. In evaluating a proposal to adopt the MacBride Principles, shareholders must decide whether the principles will cause companies to divest, and therefore worsen the unemployment problem, or whether the principles will promote equal hiring practices. Proponents believe that the Fair Employment Act does not sufficiently address the sectarian hiring problems. They argue that the MacBride Principles serve to stabilize the situation and promote further investment.
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Support the MacBride Principles for operations in Northern Ireland that request companies to abide by equal employment opportunity policies. |
Community Social and Environmental Impact Assessments
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for requests for reports outlining policies and/or the potential (community) social and/or environmental impact of company operations considering: |
• | Current disclosure of applicable policies and risk assessment report(s) and risk management procedures; |
• | The impact of regulatory non-compliance, litigation, remediation, or reputational loss that may be associated with failure to manage the company’s operations in question, including the management of relevant community and stakeholder relations; |
• | The nature, purpose, and scope of the company’s operations in the specific region(s); |
• | The degree to which company policies and procedures are consistent with industry norms; and |
• | Scope of the resolution. |
Operations in High Risk Markets
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for a report on a company’s potential financial and reputational risks associated with operations in “high-risk” markets, such as a terrorism-sponsoring state or politically/socially unstable region, taking into account: |
• | The nature, purpose, and scope of the operations and business involved that could be affected by social or political disruption; |
• | Current disclosure of applicable risk assessment(s) and risk management procedures; |
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• | Compliance with U.S. sanctions and laws; |
• | Consideration of other international policies, standards, and laws; and |
• | Whether the company has been recently involved in recent, significant controversies, fines or litigation related to its operations in “high-risk” markets. |
Outsourcing/Offshoring
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals calling for companies to report on the risks associated with outsourcing/plant closures, considering: |
• | Controversies surrounding operations in the relevant market(s); |
• | The value of the requested report to shareholders; |
• | The company’s current level of disclosure of relevant information on outsourcing and plant closure procedures; and |
• | The company’s existing human rights standards relative to industry peers. |
Sexual Harassment
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on requests for a report on company actions taken to strengthen policies and oversight to prevent workplace sexual harassment, or a report on risks posed by a company’s failure to prevent workplace sexual harassment, taking into account: |
• | The company’s current policies, practices, oversight mechanisms related to preventing workplace sexual harassment; |
• | Whether the company has been the subject of recent controversy, litigation, or regulatory actions related to workplace sexual harassment issues; and |
• | The company’s disclosure regarding workplace sexual harassment policies or initiatives compared to its industry peers. |
Weapons and Military Sales
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against reports on foreign military sales or offsets. Such disclosures may involve sensitive and confidential information. Moreover, companies must comply with government controls and reporting on foreign military sales. |
Generally vote against proposals asking a company to cease production or report on the risks associated with the use of depleted uranium munitions or nuclear weapons components and delivery systems, including disengaging from current and proposed contracts. Such contracts are monitored by government agencies, serve multiple military and non-military uses, and withdrawal from these contracts could have a negative impact on the company’s business.
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Political Activities
Lobbying
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals requesting information on a company’s lobbying (including direct, indirect, and grassroots lobbying) activities, policies, or procedures, considering: |
• | The company’s current disclosure of relevant lobbying policies, and management and board oversight; |
• | The company’s disclosure regarding trade associations or other groups that it supports, or is a member of, that engage in lobbying activities; and |
• | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding the company’s lobbying-related activities. |
Political Contributions
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote for proposals requesting greater disclosure of a company’s political contributions and trade association spending policies and activities, considering: |
• | The company’s policies, and management and board oversight related to its direct political contributions and payments to trade associations or other groups that may be used for political purposes; |
• | The company’s disclosure regarding its support of, and participation in, trade associations or other groups that may make political contributions; and |
• | Recent significant controversies, fines, or litigation related to the company’s political contributions or political activities. |
Vote against proposals barring a company from making political contributions. Businesses are affected by legislation at the federal, state, and local level; barring political contributions can put the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Vote against proposals to publish in newspapers and other media a company’s political contributions. Such publications could present significant cost to the company without providing commensurate value to shareholders.
Political Ties
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against proposals asking a company to affirm political nonpartisanship in the workplace, so long as: |
• | There are no recent, significant controversies, fines, or litigation regarding the company’s political contributions or trade association spending; and |
• | The company has procedures in place to ensure that employee contributions to company-sponsored political action committees (PACs) are strictly voluntary and prohibit coercion. |
Vote against proposals asking for a list of company executives, directors, consultants, legal counsels, lobbyists, or investment bankers that have prior government service and whether such service had a bearing on the business of the company. Such a list would be burdensome to prepare without providing any meaningful information to shareholders.
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7. | Mutual Fund Proxies |
Election of Directors
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the election of directors and trustees, following the same guidelines for uncontested directors for public company shareholder meetings. However, mutual fund boards do not usually have compensation committees, so do not withhold for the lack of this committee. |
Closed End Funds- Unilateral Opt-In to Control Share Acquisition Statutes
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: For closed-end management investment companies (CEFs), vote against or withhold from nominating/governance committee members (or other directors on a case-by-case basis) at CEFs that have not provided a compelling rationale for opting-in to a Control Share Acquisition statute, nor submitted a by-law amendment to a shareholder vote. |
Converting Closed-end Fund to Open-end Fund
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on conversion proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Past performance as a closed-end fund; |
• | Market in which the fund invests; |
• | Measures taken by the board to address the discount; and |
• | Past shareholder activism, board activity, and votes on related proposals. |
Proxy Contests
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proxy contests, considering the following factors: |
• | Past performance relative to its peers; |
• | Market in which fund invests; |
• | Measures taken by the board to address the issues; |
• | Past shareholder activism, board activity, and votes on related proposals; |
• | Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents; |
• | Independence of directors; |
• | Experience and skills of director candidates; |
• | Governance profile of the company; |
• | Evidence of management entrenchment. |
Investment Advisory Agreements
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on investment advisory agreements, considering the following factors: |
• | Proposed and current fee schedules; |
• | Fund category/investment objective; |
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• | Performance benchmarks; |
• | Share price performance as compared with peers; |
• | Resulting fees relative to peers; |
• | Assignments (where the advisor undergoes a change of control). |
Approving New Classes or Series of Shares
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for the establishment of new classes or series of shares. |
Preferred Stock Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on the authorization for or increase in preferred shares, considering the following factors: |
• | Stated specific financing purpose; |
• | Possible dilution for common shares; |
• | Whether the shares can be used for antitakeover purposes. |
1940 Act Policies
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on policies under the Investment Advisor Act of 1940, considering the following factors: |
• | Potential competitiveness; |
• | Regulatory developments; |
• | Current and potential returns; and |
• | Current and potential risk. |
Generally vote for these amendments as long as the proposed changes do not fundamentally alter the investment focus of the fund and do comply with the current SEC interpretation.
Changing a Fundamental Restriction to a Nonfundamental Restriction
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to change a fundamental restriction to a non-fundamental restriction, considering the following factors: |
• | The fund’s target investments; |
• | The reasons given by the fund for the change; and |
• | The projected impact of the change on the portfolio. |
Change Fundamental Investment Objective to Nonfundamental
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals to change a fund’s fundamental investment objective to non-fundamental. |
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Name Change Proposals
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on name change proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Political/economic changes in the target market; |
• | Consolidation in the target market; and |
• | Current asset composition. |
Change in Fund’s Subclassification
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on changes in a fund’s sub-classification, considering the following factors: |
• | Potential competitiveness; |
• | Current and potential returns; |
• | Risk of concentration; |
• | Consolidation in target industry. |
Business Development Companies—Authorization to Sell Shares of Common Stock at a Price below Net Asset Value
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for proposals authorizing the board to issue shares below Net Asset Value (NAV) if: |
• | The proposal to allow share issuances below NAV has an expiration date no more than one year from the date shareholders approve the underlying proposal, as required under the Investment Company Act of 1940; |
• | The sale is deemed to be in the best interests of shareholders by (1) a majority of the company’s independent directors and (2) a majority of the company’s directors who have no financial interest in the issuance; and |
• | The company has demonstrated responsible past use of share issuances by either: |
• | Outperforming peers in its 8-digit GICS group as measured by one- and three-year median TSRs; or |
• | Providing disclosure that its past share issuances were priced at levels that resulted in only small or moderate discounts to NAV and economic dilution to existing non-participating shareholders. |
Disposition of Assets/Termination/Liquidation
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to dispose of assets, to terminate or liquidate, considering the following factors: |
• | Strategies employed to salvage the company; |
• | The fund’s past performance; |
• | The terms of the liquidation. |
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Changes to the Charter Document
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on changes to the charter document, considering the following factors: |
• | The degree of change implied by the proposal; |
• | The efficiencies that could result; |
• | The state of incorporation; |
• | Regulatory standards and implications. |
Vote against any of the following changes:
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to reorganize or terminate the trust or any of its series; |
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement for amendments to the new declaration of trust; |
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to amend the fund’s management contract, allowing the contract to be modified by the investment manager and the trust management, as permitted by the 1940 Act; |
• | Allow the trustees to impose other fees in addition to sales charges on investment in a fund, such as deferred sales charges and redemption fees that may be imposed upon redemption of a fund’s shares; |
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to engage in and terminate subadvisory arrangements; |
• | Removal of shareholder approval requirement to change the domicile of the fund. |
Changing the Domicile of a Fund
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on re-incorporations, considering the following factors: |
• | Regulations of both states; |
• | Required fundamental policies of both states; |
• | The increased flexibility available. |
Authorizing the Board to Hire and Terminate Subadvisers Without Shareholder Approval
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against proposals authorizing the board to hire or terminate subadvisers without shareholder approval if the investment adviser currently employs only one subadviser. |
Distribution Agreements
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on distribution agreement proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Fees charged to comparably sized funds with similar objectives; |
• | The proposed distributor’s reputation and past performance; |
• | The competitiveness of the fund in the industry; |
• | The terms of the agreement. |
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Master-Feeder Structure
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote for the establishment of a master-feeder structure. |
Mergers
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on merger proposals, considering the following factors: |
• | Resulting fee structure; |
• | Performance of both funds; |
• | Continuity of management personnel; |
• | Changes in corporate governance and their impact on shareholder rights. |
Shareholder Proposals for Mutual Funds
Establish Director Ownership Requirement
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Generally vote against shareholder proposals that mandate a specific minimum amount of stock that directors must own in order to qualify as a director or to remain on the board. |
Reimburse Shareholder for Expenses Incurred
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on shareholder proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. When supporting the dissidents, vote for the reimbursement of the proxy solicitation expenses. |
Terminate the Investment Advisor
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote case-by-case on proposals to terminate the investment advisor, considering the following factors: |
• | Performance of the fund’s Net Asset Value (NAV); |
• | The fund’s history of shareholder relations; |
• | The performance of other funds under the advisor’s management. |
8. | Foreign Private Issuers Listed on U.S. Exchanges |
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Sustainability Policy Recommendation: Vote against (or withhold from) non-independent director nominees at companies which fail to meet the following criteria: a majority-independent board, and the presence of an audit, a compensation, and a nomination committee, each of which is entirely composed of independent directors. |
Where the design and disclosure levels of equity compensation plans are comparable to those seen at U.S. companies, U.S. compensation policy will be used to evaluate the compensation plan proposals. Otherwise, they, and all other voting items, will be evaluated using the relevant regional or market approach under the Sustainability proxy voting guidelines.
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UNITED STATES 2021 SUSTAINABILITY PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES |
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