ThZeal - The Zeal

morn-20250630

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☑			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED June 30, 2025


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 000-51280

MORNINGSTAR, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Illinois		36-3297908
(State or Other Jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization)		Identification Number)

22 West Washington Street
Chicago,	Illinois	60602
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

(312) 696-6000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common stock, no par value	MORN	NASDAQ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

As of July 25, 2025, there were 42,177,737 shares of the company’s common stock, no par value, outstanding.

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MORNINGSTAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX

PART 1

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.

Financial Statements

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 (unaudited) and December 31, 2024

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Item 2.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 3.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Item 4.

Controls and Procedures

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Item 3.

Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

PART 1.FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.Financial Statements

Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except per share amounts)	2025		2024		2025		2024

Revenue	$	605.1	$	571.9	$	1,187.0	$	1,114.7

Operating expense:
Cost of revenue	230.6		222.7		462.0		440.8
Sales and marketing	119.7		111.3		232.3		215.9
General and administrative	82.0		80.3		158.5		160.6
Depreciation and amortization	48.5		49.1		95.8		96.3

Total operating expense	480.8		463.4		948.6		913.6

Other operating income	0.8		—		0.8		—

Operating income	125.1		108.5		239.2		201.1

Non-operating expense, net:
Interest expense, net	(7.4)		(10.3)		(12.8)		(21.8)
Net realized gains on sale of investments, reclassified from other comprehensive income	1.9		0.2		2.2		2.8




Other expense, net	(3.1)		(8.9)		(3.6)		(5.6)
Non-operating expense, net	(8.6)		(19.0)		(14.2)		(24.6)

Income before income taxes and equity in investments of unconsolidated entities	116.5		89.5		225.0		176.5

Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities	(1.2)		(1.2)		(3.8)		(2.7)

Income tax expense	26.3		19.2		53.7		40.5





Consolidated net income	$	89.0	$	69.1	$	167.5	$	133.3

Net income per share:
Basic	$	2.11	$	1.61	$	3.94	$	3.11
Diluted	$	2.09	$	1.60	$	3.91	$	3.09

Dividends per common share:
Dividends declared per common share	$	0.46	$	0.41	$	0.91	$	0.81
Dividends paid per common share	$	0.46	$	0.41	$	0.91	$	0.81

Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	42.2		42.8		42.5		42.8
Diluted	42.5		43.1		42.8		43.1

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Consolidated net income	$	89.0	$	69.1	$	167.5	$	133.3

Other comprehensive income (loss), net
Foreign currency translation adjustment	41.6		(1.4)		58.6		(12.0)
Unrealized gains on securities:
Unrealized holding gains arising during period	1.5		0.2		1.7		2.1
Reclassification of net realized gains on investments included in net income	(1.4)		(0.2)		(1.6)		(2.1)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net	41.7		(1.4)		58.7		(12.0)



Comprehensive income	$	130.7	$	67.7	$	226.2	$	121.3

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets



(in millions, except share amounts)	As of June 30, 2025 (unaudited)		As of December 31, 2024
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	503.5	$	502.7
Investments	38.1		48.3
Accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses of $7.2 million and $7.1 million, respectively	384.0		358.1

Income tax receivable	18.0		12.4
Deferred commissions	38.6		39.2
Prepaid expenses	49.3		42.1
Other current assets	10.8		11.3
Total current assets	1,042.3		1,014.1
Goodwill	1,618.2		1,562.0
Intangible assets, net	413.3		408.8
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, less accumulated depreciation and amortization of $854.6 million and $790.4 million, respectively	225.6		218.9
Operating lease assets	164.5		181.2
Investments in unconsolidated entities	77.2		85.3
Deferred tax assets	51.9		43.2
Deferred commissions	28.8		26.6
Other assets	8.7		8.8
Total assets	$	3,630.5	$	3,548.9

Liabilities and equity
Current liabilities:
Deferred revenue	$	594.2	$	540.8
Accrued compensation	179.5		272.2
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	90.2		87.3

Operating lease liabilities	39.3		35.1

Income tax payable	8.0		30.5
Other current liabilities	9.8		1.4
Total current liabilities	921.0		967.3
Operating lease liabilities	155.9		170.3
Accrued compensation	21.7		21.0
Deferred tax liabilities	29.9		27.6
Long-term debt	838.8		698.6
Deferred revenue	21.9		22.4
Income tax payable	13.1		11.7
Other long-term liabilities	13.7		11.4
Total liabilities	$	2,016.0	$	1,930.3

Equity:
Morningstar, Inc. shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, no par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, of which 42,176,959 and 42,869,380 shares were outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively	—		—

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Treasury stock at cost, 12,773,450 and 12,010,630 shares as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively	(1,216.0)		(993.9)
Additional paid-in capital	853.0		822.7
Retained earnings	2,038.2		1,909.2
Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Currency translation adjustment	(60.7)		(119.3)
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments	—		(0.1)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	(60.7)		(119.4)


Total equity	1,614.5		1,618.6
Total liabilities and equity	$	3,630.5	$	3,548.9

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Equity

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024


	Morningstar, Inc. Shareholders’ Equity
										Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
	Common Stock					Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings
(in millions, except share and per share amounts)	Shares Outstanding	Par Value		Treasury Stock								Total Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2024	42,869,380	$	—	$	(993.9)	$	822.7	$	1,909.2	$	(119.4)		$	1,618.6

Net income		—		—		—		78.5		—			78.5
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of tax		—		—		—		—		0.2			0.2
Reclassification of realized gains on investments included in net income, net of tax		—		—		—		—		(0.2)			(0.2)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net		—		—		—		—		17.0			17.0
Other comprehensive income, net		—		—		—		—		17.0			17.0
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes on settlements of stock units	69	—		—		—		—		—			—
Reclassification of awards previously liability-classified that were converted to equity		—		—		16.0		—		—			16.0
Stock-based compensation		—		—		9.1		—		—			9.1

Common shares repurchased	(368,199)	—		(110.7)		—		—		—			(110.7)
Dividends declared ($0.46 per share)		—		—		—		(19.3)		—			(19.3)


Balance as of March 31, 2025	42,501,250	$	—	$	(1,104.6)	$	847.8	$	1,968.4	$	(102.4)		$	1,609.2

Net income		—		—		—		89.0		—			89.0
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of tax		—		—		—		—		1.5			1.5
Reclassification of realized gain on investments included in net income, net of tax		—		—		—		—		(1.4)			(1.4)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net		—		—		—		—		41.6			41.6
Other comprehensive loss, net		—		—		—		—		41.7			41.7
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of stock awards, net of shares withheld for taxes on settlements of stock awards	74,151	—		1.2		(13.2)		—		—			(12.0)

Stock-based compensation		—		—		18.4		—		—			18.4

Common shares repurchased	(398,442)	—		(112.6)		—		—		—			(112.6)
Dividends declared ($0.46 per share)		—		—		—		(19.2)		—			(19.2)


Balance as of June 30, 2025	42,176,959	$	—	$	(1,216.0)	$	853.0	$	2,038.2	$	(60.7)		$	1,614.5

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	Morningstar, Inc. Shareholders’ Equity
										Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
	Common Stock					Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings
(in millions, except share and per share amounts)	Shares Outstanding	Par Value		Treasury Stock								Total Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2023	42,728,182	$	—	$	(985.5)	$	789.0	$	1,610.8	$	(86.5)		$	1,327.8
Net income		—		—		—		64.2		—			64.2
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of tax		—		—		—		—		1.9			1.9
Reclassification of realized gains on investments included in net income, net of tax		—		—		—		—		(1.9)			(1.9)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net		—		—		—		—		(10.6)			(10.6)
Other comprehensive loss, net		—		—		—		—		(10.6)			(10.6)
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes on settlements of stock units	17,388	—		—		(3.2)		—		—			(3.2)
Reclassification of awards previously liability-classified that were converted to equity		—		—		10.8		—		—			10.8
Stock-based compensation		—		—		11.4		—		—			11.4

Dividends declared ($0.41 per share)		—		—		—		(17.3)		—			(17.3)


Balance as of March 31, 2024	42,745,570	$	—	$	(985.5)	$	808.0	$	1,657.7	$	(97.1)		$	1,383.1

Net income		—		—		—		69.1		—			69.1
Other comprehensive income (loss):	`
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net of tax		—		—		—		—		0.2			0.2
Reclassification of realized gain on investments included in net income, net of tax		—		—		—		—		(0.2)			(0.2)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net		—		—		—		—		(1.4)			(1.4)
Other comprehensive loss, net		—		—		—		—		(1.4)			(1.4)
Issuance of common stock related to vesting of stock awards, net of shares withheld for taxes on settlements of stock awards	93,002	—		1.6		(15.9)		—		—			(14.3)
Reclassification of awards previously liability-classified that were converted to equity		—		—		0.4		—		—			0.4
Stock-based compensation		—		—		14.2		—		—			14.2

Dividends declared ($0.41 per share)		—		—		—		(17.4)		—			(17.4)


Balance as of June 30, 2024	42,838,572	$	—	$	(983.9)	$	806.7	$	1,709.4	$	(98.5)		$	1,433.7

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Morningstar, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows



	Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024
Operating activities
Consolidated net income	$	167.5	$	133.3
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash flows from operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	95.8		96.3
Deferred income taxes	(13.8)		(13.9)
Stock-based compensation expense	27.5		25.6
Provision for bad debt	1.9		4.5
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities	3.8		2.7






Other, net	(1.0)		1.5
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(17.4)		0.1
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(4.3)		1.0
Accrued compensation and deferred commissions	(78.0)		(31.6)
Income taxes, current	(26.1)		10.4
Deferred revenue	35.4		32.6

Other assets and liabilities	(1.3)		(16.2)
Cash provided by operating activities	190.0		246.3

Investing activities
Purchases of investment securities	(15.2)		(9.6)
Proceeds from maturities and sales of investment securities	26.1		19.7
Capital expenditures	(68.8)		(66.0)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(39.1)		—



Purchases of investments in unconsolidated entities	(2.5)		(3.6)
Other, net	4.9		—
Cash used for investing activities	(94.6)		(59.5)

Financing activities
Common shares repurchased	(221.6)		—
Dividends paid	(38.8)		(34.6)
Proceeds from revolving credit facility	265.0		90.0

Repayment of revolving credit facility	(125.0)		(105.0)

Repayment of term facility	—		(58.1)

Employee taxes withheld for stock awards	(12.0)		(17.5)


Other, net	(0.2)		0.1
Cash used for financing activities	(132.6)		(125.1)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	38.0		(8.4)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	0.8		53.3
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period	502.7		337.9
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period	$	503.5	$	391.2

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for income taxes	$	93.7	$	44.1
Cash paid for interest	$	17.1	$	25.2

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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MORNINGSTAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Basis of Presentation of Interim Financial Information

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Morningstar, Inc. and subsidiaries (Morningstar, we, our, the company) have been prepared to conform to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. In the opinion of management, the statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations, equity, and cash flows. These financial statements and notes are unaudited and should be read in conjunction with our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2025 (our Annual Report).

The acronyms that appear in the Notes to our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements refer to the following:

ASC: Accounting Standards Codification

ASU: Accounting Standards Update

FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Our significant accounting policies are included in Note 2 of the Notes to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Income Taxes: In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No 2023-09: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740) (ASU No. 2023-09), which requires additional disclosures primarily related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The standard is effective for annual financial periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance is to be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. We are evaluating the effect that ASU No. 2023-09 will have on our income tax disclosures.

Income Statement: In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03: Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (DISE) (ASU No. 2024-03), which requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement. The standard requires disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement as well as disclosures about selling expenses. This standard is effective for our fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2027 and interim periods beginning on January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted. Entities should apply the guidance prospectively although retrospective application is permitted. We have not made a decision on early adoption and are evaluating the effect that ASU No. 2024-03 will have on our disclosures.

3. Credit Arrangements

Debt

The following table summarizes our debt as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:


(in millions)	As of June 30, 2025		As of December 31, 2024
Amended 2022 Term Facility, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively	$	349.8	$	349.8
Amended 2022 Revolving Credit Facility	140.0		—
2.32% Senior Notes due October 26, 2030, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $1.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively	349.0		348.8
Total debt	$	838.8	$	698.6

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Credit Agreement

On May 6, 2022, the company entered into a senior credit agreement (the 2022 Credit Agreement), providing the company with a five-year multi-currency credit facility with an initial borrowing capacity of up to $1.1 billion, including a $650.0 million term loan and a $450.0 million revolving credit facility. The 2022 Credit Agreement also provided for the issuance of letters of credit and a swingline facility. The 2022 Credit Agreement was amended twice in September 2022 and again most recently in June 2024 (Amended 2022 Credit Agreement) to, among other items, eliminate the options for a second term loan draw and increase both the term loan and revolving credit facility to $650.0 million each, raising the total borrowing capacity to $1.3 billion (Amended 2022 Term Facility and Amended 2022 Revolving Credit Facility, respectively), and to update the reference rate for credit extensions in Canadian dollars. Aside from the increased borrowing capacity, the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement left the 2022 Credit Agreement terms largely unchanged. As of June 30, 2025, our total outstanding debt under the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement was $489.8 million, net of debt issuance costs, with borrowing availability of $510.0 million under the Amended 2022 Revolving Credit Facility.

The interest rate applicable to any loan under the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement is, at the company's option, either: (i) the applicable Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus an applicable margin for such loans, which ranges between 1.00% and 1.48%, based on the company's consolidated leverage ratio or (ii) the lender's base rate plus the applicable margin for such loans, which ranges between 0.00% and 0.38%, based on the company's consolidated leverage ratio.

The portions of deferred debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Revolving Credit Facility are included in other current and non-current assets, and the portion of deferred debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Term Facility is reported as a reduction to the carrying amount of the Amended 2022 Term Facility. Debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Revolving Credit Facility are amortized on a straight-line basis to interest expense over the term of the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement. Debt issuance costs related to the Amended 2022 Term Facility are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement.

Private Placement Debt Offering

On October 26, 2020, we completed the issuance and sale of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.32% senior notes due October 26, 2030 (the 2030 Notes), in a private placement exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Proceeds were primarily used to repay a portion of the company's outstanding debt under the company's prior credit facility. Interest on the 2030 Notes is paid semi-annually on each October 30 and April 30 during the term of the 2030 Notes and at maturity, with the first interest payment date having occurred on April 30, 2021. As of June 30, 2025, our total outstanding debt, net of issuance costs, under the 2030 Notes was $349.0 million.

Compliance with Covenants

Each of the Amended 2022 Credit Agreement and the 2030 Notes include customary representations, warranties, and covenants, including financial covenants, that require us to maintain specified ratios of consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) to consolidated interest charges and consolidated funded indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA, which are evaluated on a quarterly basis. We were in compliance with these financial covenants as of June 30, 2025.

4. Acquisitions, Goodwill, and Other Intangible Assets

2025 Acquisitions

Morningstar Credit Analytics (formerly Dealview Technologies Limited (DealX))

On March 1, 2025, we completed our acquisition of the remaining 65% equity interest in DealX, a provider of standardized US commercial mortgage-backed security (CMBS) and global collateralized loan obligation (CLO) data. We began consolidating the financial results of DealX in our consolidated financial statements as of March 1, 2025. DealX is included in the Morningstar Credit segment.

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The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting pursuant to FASB ASC 805, Business Combinations (FASB ASC 805), which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date. As of March 31, 2025, we completed our initial determination of the fair values of the acquired identifiable assets and liabilities based on the financial data available. Based on the timing of the close of this transaction, certain valuation calculations are considered preliminary due to information that may subsequently become available, and values assigned to various assets and liabilities could change.

The acquisition date fair value of certain assets and liabilities, including intangible assets acquired and related weighted average expected life calculations, are provisional and subject to revision within one year of the acquisition date. Any changes in the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed during the measurement period may result in adjustments to goodwill. During the second quarter of 2025, we did not record significant adjustments to the purchase price allocation compared with the preliminary estimates recorded in the first quarter of 2025.

The preliminary allocation of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed includes $9.7 million of goodwill, which is not deductible for income tax purposes, and $13.1 million of acquired intangible assets, as follows:


	(in millions)		Weighted average useful life (years)
Customer-related assets	$	0.6	10
Technology-based assets	12.5		5

Total intangible assets	$	13.1

Lumonic Inc. (Lumonic)

On March 3, 2025, we acquired Lumonic, a private credit portfolio monitoring and management platform. We began consolidating the financial results of Lumonic in our consolidated financial statements as of March 3, 2025. Lumonic is included in the PitchBook segment.

The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting pursuant to FASB ASC 805, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date. As of March 31, 2025, we completed our initial determination of the fair values of the acquired identifiable assets and liabilities based on the financial data available. Based on the timing of the close of this transaction, certain valuation calculations are considered preliminary due to information that may subsequently become available, and values assigned to various assets and liabilities could change.

The preliminary allocation of the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed includes $22.4 million of goodwill, which is not deductible for income tax purposes, and $10.6 million of acquired intangible assets, as follows:


	(in millions)		Weighted average useful life (years)
Customer-related assets	$	1.4	15
Technology-based assets	9.1		8
Intellectual property	0.1		3
Total intangible assets	$	10.6

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Goodwill

The company has seven operating segments, which are presented as the following five reportable segments: Morningstar Direct Platform, PitchBook, Morningstar Credit, Morningstar Wealth, and Morningstar Retirement. Beginning with the first quarter of 2025 reporting, the company changed the name of the Morningstar Data and Analytics reportable segment to the Morningstar Direct Platform.

The company's operating segments also represent the company's reporting units to which goodwill is assigned. The company allocated goodwill by reporting unit in accordance with FASB ASC 350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (FASB ASC 350). Under this reporting unit structure, the consolidated goodwill balance was allocated based on each reporting unit's relative fair value at January 1, 2021. The company used a market approach and assigned goodwill to the reporting units. The following table shows the changes in our goodwill balances from December 31, 2024 to June 30, 2025:


(in millions)	Morningstar Direct Platform		PitchBook		Morningstar Credit		Morningstar Wealth		Morningstar Retirement		Total Reportable Segments		Corporate and All Other		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	594.0	$	607.4	$	105.2	$	92.7	$	93.5	$	1,492.8	$	69.2	$	1,562.0
Acquisition of DealX	—		—		9.7		—		—		9.7		—		9.7
Acquisition of Lumonic	—		22.4		—		—		—		22.4		—		22.4
Foreign currency translation	16.2		—		5.3		1.7		—		23.2		0.9		24.1
Balance as of June 30, 2025	$	610.2	$	629.8	$	120.2	$	94.4	$	93.5	$	1,548.1	$	70.1	$	1,618.2

We perform our annual impairment reviews in the fourth quarter or when impairment indicators and triggering events are identified. The company did not record any goodwill impairment in the first six months of 2025. Refer to Note 7 for detailed segment information.

Intangible Assets

The following table summarizes our intangible assets:


	As of June 30, 2025							As of December 31, 2024
(in millions)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Weighted Average Useful Life (years)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Weighted Average Useful Life (years)
Customer-related assets	$	590.8	$	(309.7)	$	281.1	14	$	572.4	$	(281.1)	$	291.3	14
Technology-based assets	331.9		(219.1)		112.8		8	301.9		(205.5)		96.4		8
Intellectual property & other	91.4		(72.0)		19.4		8	88.6		(67.5)		21.1		8

Total intangible assets	$	1,014.1	$	(600.8)	$	413.3	12	$	962.9	$	(554.1)	$	408.8	12

The following table summarizes our amortization expense related to intangible assets:


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Amortization expense	$	15.3	$	17.5	$	29.7	$	35.2

We amortize intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives.

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As of June 30, 2025, we expect intangible amortization expense for the remainder of 2025, each of the next four subsequent years and thereafter to be as follows:


(in millions)	As of June 30, 2025
Remainder of 2025 (July 1 through December 31)	$	30.9
2026	57.0
2027	50.4
2028	46.3
2029	43.1
Thereafter	185.6
Total	$	413.3

Our estimates of future amortization expense for intangible assets may be affected by future acquisitions, divestitures, changes in the estimated useful lives, impairments, and foreign currency translation.

5. Income Per Share

The following table shows how we reconcile our net income and the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted net income per share:


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions, except per share amounts)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Basic net income per share:
Consolidated net income	$	89.0	$	69.1	$	167.5	$	133.3




Weighted average common shares outstanding	42.2		42.8		42.5		42.8

Basic net income per share	$	2.11	$	1.61	$	3.94	$	3.11

Diluted net income per share:
Consolidated net income	$	89.0	$	69.1	$	167.5	$	133.3




Weighted average common shares outstanding	42.2		42.8		42.5		42.8
Net effect of dilutive stock awards	0.3		0.3		0.3		0.3
Weighted average common shares outstanding for computing diluted income per share	42.5		43.1		42.8		43.1

Diluted net income per share	$	2.09	$	1.60	$	3.91	$	3.09

During the periods presented, we have outstanding restricted stock units (RSUs), market stock units (MSUs), and performance stock units (PSUs) that are excluded from our calculation of diluted earnings per share as their effect is antidilutive. The amount of these potential antidilutive shares was immaterial.

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6. Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by revenue type. Sales and usage-based taxes are excluded from revenue.


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024

License-based	$	428.4	$	401.7	$	846.4	$	801.9
Asset-based	82.4		84.7		168.1		161.7
Transaction-based	94.3		85.5		172.5		151.1
Consolidated revenue	$	605.1	$	571.9	$	1,187.0	$	1,114.7

Contract Liabilities

Our contract liabilities represent deferred revenue. We record contract liabilities when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance, including amounts which may be refundable. As of June 30, 2025, the contract liabilities balance increased $52.9 million from December 31, 2024, primarily driven by cash payments received or payable in advance of satisfying our performance obligations. We recognized $395.5 million of revenue in the six months ended June 30, 2025 that was included in the contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2024.

We expect to recognize revenue related to our contract liabilities, including future billings, for the remainder of 2025, each of the next four subsequent years and thereafter as follows:


(in millions)	As of June 30, 2025

Remainder of 2025 (July 1 through December 31)	$	703.2
2026	517.4
2027	148.7
2028	44.7
2029	18.5
Thereafter	21.9
Total	$	1,454.4

The aggregate amount of revenue we expect to recognize for the remainder of 2025 and subsequent years is higher than our contract liability balance of $616.1 million as of June 30, 2025. The difference represents the value of future obligations for signed contracts that have yet to be billed.

The table above does not include variable consideration for unsatisfied performance obligations related to certain of our license-based, asset-based, and transaction-based contracts as of June 30, 2025. We are applying the optional exemption available under FASB ASC 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (FASB ASC 606), as the variable consideration relates to these unsatisfied performance obligations being fulfilled as a series. The performance obligations related to these contracts are expected to be satisfied over the next 1 to 3 years as services are provided to the client. For certain license-based contracts, variable consideration is received for services performed based on the number of future users, which is not known until the services are performed. The variable consideration for this revenue can be affected by the number of user licenses, which cannot be reasonably estimated. For asset-based contracts, all the consideration received for services performed is based on future asset values, which are not known until the services are performed. The variable consideration for this revenue can be affected by changes in the underlying value of fund assets due to client redemptions, additional investments, or movements in the market. For transaction-based contracts, the consideration received for most Internet advertising services performed is based on the number of impressions, which is not known until the impressions are created. The variable consideration for this revenue can be affected by the timing and quantity of impressions in any given period and cannot be reasonably estimated.

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As of June 30, 2025, the table above also does not include revenue for unsatisfied performance obligations related to certain of our license-based and transaction-based contracts with durations of one year or less since we are applying the optional exemption under FASB ASC 606. For certain license-based contracts, the remaining performance obligation is expected to be less than one year based on the corresponding subscription terms or the existence of cancellation terms that may be exercised causing the contract term to be less than one year from June 30, 2025. For transaction-based contracts, such as new credit rating issuances and Morningstar-sponsored conferences, the related performance obligations are expected to be satisfied within the next 12 months.

Contract Assets

Our contract assets represent accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses, and deferred commissions.

The following table summarizes our contract assets balance:


(in millions)	As of June 30, 2025		As of December 31, 2024
Accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses	$	384.0	$	358.1
Deferred commissions	67.4		65.8
Total contract assets	$	451.4	$	423.9

7. Segment and Geographical Area Information

Segment Information

Our segments are generally organized around the company's products offerings. The company has concluded that it has seven operating segments, which are presented as the following five reportable segments:

•Morningstar Direct Platform

•PitchBook

•Morningstar Credit

•Morningstar Wealth

•Morningstar Retirement

The operating segments of Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes do not individually meet the quantitative segment reporting thresholds and have been combined and presented as part of Corporate and All Other, which is not a reportable segment. Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between revenue from our total reportable segments and consolidated revenue amounts.

Beginning with the first quarter of 2025 reporting, the company changed the name of the Morningstar Data and Analytics reportable segment to Morningstar Direct Platform.

Morningstar Direct Platform provides investors comprehensive data, research and insights, and investment analysis to empower investment decision-making. Morningstar Direct Platform includes product areas such as Morningstar Data, Morningstar Direct, and Morningstar Advisor Workstation.

PitchBook provides investors with access to a broad collection of data and research covering the private capital markets, including venture capital, private equity, private credit and bank loans, and merger and acquisition (M&A) activities. Investors can also access Morningstar's data and research on public equities.

Morningstar Credit provides investors with credit ratings, research, data, and credit analytics solutions that contribute to the transparency of international and domestic credit markets. Morningstar Credit includes the Morningstar DBRS product area and the Morningstar Credit data and credit analytics product areas.

Morningstar Wealth provides investment products, platform capabilities, and individual investor tools powered by Morningstar’s independent research and data. We serve financial advisors through model portfolios, separately managed accounts, and technology platforms, and individuals through Morningstar Investor, which offers direct access to Morningstar’s research and insights.

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Morningstar Retirement offers products designed to help individuals reach their retirement goals. Its offerings include managed retirement accounts, fiduciary services, Morningstar Lifetime Allocation funds, and custom models.

FASB ASC 280 Segment Reporting (FASB ASC 280) establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (CODM), in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The company's chief executive officer, who is considered to be its CODM, reviews segment revenue and Segment Adjusted Operating Income presented on an operating segment basis for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance. For each segment, the CODM uses segment revenue and Segment Adjusted Operating Income in the annual budget and forecasting process. The CODM considers budget-to-actual variance when making decisions about allocating capital and personnel.

We define Segment Adjusted Operating Income as operating income (loss) excluding intangible amortization expense, the impact of merger, acquisition, and divestiture-related activity which, when applicable, may include certain non-recurring expenses such as pre-deal due diligence, transaction costs, contingent consideration, severance, and post-close integration costs (M&A-related expenses), and certain other one-time, non-recurring items which management does not consider when evaluating ongoing performance (other non-recurring items).

Although these adjustments are excluded from Segment Adjusted Operating Income, they are included in reported consolidated operating income and are included in the reconciliation to consolidated results. The CODM does not consider these adjustments for the purposes of making decisions to allocate resources among segments or to assess segment performance.

Expenses presented as part of the company's segments include allocations of shared costs. Shared costs include technology, investment research, sales, facilities, and marketing. These allocations are based on expected utilization of shared resources. Adjusted Operating Income is the reported measure that the company believes is most consistent with those used in measuring the corresponding amount in the consolidated financial statements.

The CODM does not review any information regarding total assets on a segment basis. Operating segments do not record intersegment revenues; therefore, there is none to be reported.

The following tables present information about the company’s reportable segments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, along with the items necessary to reconcile the segment information to the totals reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Prior period segment information is presented on a comparable basis to the basis on which current period segment information is presented and reviewed by the CODM.


	Three months ended June 30, 2025
(in millions)	Morningstar Direct Platform		PitchBook		Morningstar Credit		Morningstar Wealth		Morningstar Retirement		Total Reportable Segments
Revenue by type:
License-based	$	207.7	$	164.7	$	5.0	$	19.7	$	0.4	$	397.5
Asset-based	—		—		—		35.2		32.0		67.2
Transaction-based	1.5		1.8		80.0		9.4		—		92.7
Total segment revenue	209.2		166.5		85.0		64.3		32.4		557.4

Less:
Compensation expense(1)	58.2		76.3		41.1		28.7		11.3
Other segment items(2)	54.7		37.4		13.4		32.6		5.7
Adjusted operating income (loss)	$	96.3	$	52.8	$	30.5	$	3.0	$	15.4	$	198.0

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	Six months ended June 30, 2025
(in millions)	Morningstar Direct Platform		PitchBook		Morningstar Credit		Morningstar Wealth		Morningstar Retirement		Total Reportable Segments
Revenue by type:
License-based	$	406.9	$	326.5	$	9.6	$	38.8	$	0.9	$	782.7
Asset-based	—		—		—		71.3		64.4		135.7
Transaction-based	1.5		3.7		148.4		15.5		—		169.1
Total segment revenue	408.4		330.2		158.0		125.6		65.3		1,087.5

Less:
Compensation expense(1)	115.9		152.4		79.6		58.9		22.9
Other segment items(2)	109.1		72.7		26.5		64.5		12.4
Adjusted operating income (loss)	$	183.4	$	105.1	$	51.9	$	2.2	$	30.0	$	372.6


	Three months ended June 30, 2024
(in millions)	Morningstar Direct Platform		PitchBook		Morningstar Credit		Morningstar Wealth		Morningstar Retirement		Total Reportable Segments
Revenue by type:
License-based	$	195.7	$	150.1	$	3.7	$	19.9	$	0.5	$	369.9
Asset-based	—		—		—		35.8		32.8		68.6
Transaction-based	1.2		1.6		73.9		6.9		—		83.6
Total segment revenue	196.9		151.7		77.6		62.6		33.3		522.1

Less:
Compensation expense(1)	54.0		70.2		37.7		31.2		10.8
Other segment items(2)	55.6		34.2		12.0		33.6		5.2
Adjusted operating income (loss)	$	87.3	$	47.3	$	27.9	$	(2.2)	$	17.3	$	177.6


	Six months ended June 30, 2024
(in millions)	Morningstar Direct Platform		PitchBook		Morningstar Credit		Morningstar Wealth		Morningstar Retirement		Total Reportable Segments
Revenue by type:
License-based	$	392.4	$	295.7	$	7.9	$	40.4	$	1.0	$	737.4
Asset-based	—		—		—		69.4		60.7		130.1
Transaction-based	1.2		3.6		130.0		11.8		—		146.6
Total segment revenue	393.6		299.3		137.9		121.6		61.7		1,014.1

Less:
Compensation expense(1)	107.6		146.3		73.1		63.6		21.3
Other segment items(2)	107.5		65.7		24.6		65.8		8.9
Adjusted operating income (loss)	$	178.5	$	87.3	$	40.2	$	(7.8)	$	31.5	$	329.7

________________________________________________________________________________________

(1) Compensation expense includes salaries, bonus, commissions, severance, employee benefits, payroll taxes, and stock-based compensation incurred for employees directly associated with each reportable segment. Allocated compensation expense related to corporate and centralized functions is reported within Other segment items.

(2) Other segment items for each reportable segment includes:

Morningstar Direct Platform - allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, and other overhead costs.

PitchBook - allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, professional fees, and other overhead costs.

Morningstar Credit - allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, professional fees, and other overhead costs.

Morningstar Wealth - allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, and other overhead costs.

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Morningstar Retirement - allocated expenses, infrastructure costs, and other overhead costs.


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Reconciliation of reportable segment revenue to consolidated revenue:
Total reportable segment revenue	$	557.4	$	522.1	$	1,087.5	$	1,014.1
Corporate and All Other (3)	47.7		49.8		99.5		100.6
Total consolidated revenue	$	605.1	$	571.9	$	1,187.0	$	1,114.7

Reconciliation of reportable segment adjusted operating income to income before income taxes:
Total reportable segment adjusted operating income	$	198.0	$	177.6	$	372.6	$	329.7
Corporate and All Other (4)	(54.6)		(46.6)		(93.8)		(87.9)
Intangible amortization expense	(15.3)		(17.5)		(29.7)		(35.2)
M&A-related expenses	(3.8)		(5.0)		(10.7)		(5.5)





Other non-recurring items	0.8		—		0.8		—
Operating Income	125.1		108.5		239.2		201.1
Non-operating expense, net	(8.6)		(19.0)		(14.2)		(24.6)
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities	(1.2)		(1.2)		(3.8)		(2.7)
Income before income taxes	$	115.3	$	88.3	$	221.2	$	173.8

___________________________________________________________________________________________

(3) Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between revenue from our Total Reportable Segments and consolidated revenue amounts. Corporate and All Other includes Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes as sources of revenues. Revenue from Morningstar Sustainalytics was $27.3 million and $29.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $56.1 million and $60.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Revenue from Morningstar Indexes was $20.4 million and $20.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $43.4 million and $40.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(4) Corporate and All Other includes unallocated corporate expenses as well as adjusted operating income (loss) from Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes. For the second quarters of 2025 and 2024, unallocated corporate expenses were $50.1 million and $46.1 million, respectively. For the first six months of 2025 and 2024, unallocated corporate expenses were $91.9 million and $87.0 million, respectively. Unallocated corporate expenses include finance, human resources, legal, and other management-related costs that are not considered when segment performance is evaluated.

The following table presents depreciation expense by reportable segment:



	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Morningstar Direct Platform	$	11.2	$	9.5	$	22.0	$	17.7
PitchBook	8.1		8.3		15.9		15.7
Morningstar Credit	2.0		1.7		4.0		3.6
Morningstar Wealth	4.4		5.0		8.9		9.7
Morningstar Retirement	2.7		2.6		5.3		5.4
Total Reportable Segments	28.4		27.1		56.1		52.1
Corporate and All Other (5)	4.8		4.4		9.9		8.6
Total	$	33.2	$	31.5	$	66.0	$	60.7

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(5) Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between depreciation expense from our Total Reportable Segments and consolidated depreciation expense. Corporate and All Other includes unallocated corporate expenses of depreciation expense related to finance, human resources, legal, and other management-related costs that are not considered when segment performance is evaluated as well as depreciation expense from Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes.

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Geographical Area Information

The tables below summarize our revenue, long-lived assets, which includes property, equipment, and capitalized software, net, and operating lease assets by geographical area. Revenue is attributed to geographical area based on country in which the sale was contracted.



Revenue by geographical area	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
United States	$	431.6	$	410.3	$	856.1	$	801.2

Asia	12.2		13.0		24.1		25.7
Australia	16.2		15.7		31.3		30.7
Canada	38.6		37.8		71.7		70.4
Continental Europe	55.0		50.1		105.6		99.8
United Kingdom	48.2		42.0		91.9		80.9
Other	3.3		3.0		6.3		6.0
Total International	173.5		161.6		330.9		313.5

Consolidated revenue	$	605.1	$	571.9	$	1,187.0	$	1,114.7



Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net by geographical area
(in millions)	As of June 30, 2025		As of December 31, 2024
United States	$	184.3	$	189.5

Asia	9.8		9.6
Australia	1.5		1.6
Canada	17.6		6.6
Continental Europe	6.5		5.3
United Kingdom	5.7		6.1
Other	0.2		0.2
Total International	41.3		29.4

Consolidated property, equipment, and capitalized software, net	$	225.6	$	218.9


Operating lease assets by geographical area
(in millions)	As of June 30, 2025		As of December 31, 2024
United States	$	84.9	$	92.9

Asia	41.7		44.2
Australia	2.0		2.4
Canada	6.8		7.7
Continental Europe	17.1		19.1
United Kingdom	11.9		14.7
Other	0.1		0.2
Total International	79.6		88.3

Consolidated operating lease assets	$	164.5	$	181.2

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8. Fair Value Measurements

The tables below present information about items that are measured at fair value:


	Fair Value as of		Level within the Fair Value Hierarchy as of June 30, 2025
(in millions)	June 30, 2025		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash equivalents	$	70.6	$	70.6	$	—	$	—
Investments:





Marketable equity investments, exchange-traded funds, and mutual funds	32.9		32.9		—		—

Marketable debt securities	1.4		1.4		—		—
Investments in unconsolidated entities:

Non-current investment in Wealth Advisors	27.3		27.3		—		—


Total	$	132.2	$	132.2	$	—	$	—



	Fair Value as of		Level within the Fair Value Hierarchy as of December 31, 2024
(in millions)	December 31, 2024		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash equivalents	$	43.5	$	43.5	$	—	$	—
Investments:





Marketable equity investments, exchange-traded funds, and mutual funds	42.3		42.3		—		—

Marketable debt securities	2.4		2.4		—		—



Investments in unconsolidated entities:
Investment in SmartX Advisory Solutions	24.7		—		—		24.7
Non-current investment in Wealth Advisors	24.9		24.9		—		—



Total	$	137.8	$	113.1	$	—	$	24.7

In 2024, our investment in SmartX Advisory Solutions was measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis due to the identification of an impairment trigger, leading to $12.4 million of impairment losses. The fair value was estimated using an income approach with significant, unobservable inputs, which include the extent and timing of future cash flows, revenue growth rates, and discount rates.

9. Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our investment in unconsolidated entities balance totaled $77.2 million and $85.3 million, respectively. We have investments in both equity method investments and investments in equity securities with and without a readily determinable fair value.

The carrying amount of investments in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value was $42.8 million and $41.1 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. We did not record any material adjustments or impairment losses in the first six months of 2025 or 2024.

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10. Leases

We lease office space and certain equipment under various operating and finance leases, with most of our lease portfolio consisting of operating leases for office space.

We determine whether an arrangement is, or includes, an embedded lease at contract inception. Operating lease assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date and are initially measured using the present value of lease payments over the defined lease term. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, we also recognize a finance lease asset and finance lease liability at inception, with lease expense recognized as interest expense and amortization.

A contract is or contains an embedded lease if the contract meets all the below criteria:

•there is an identified asset;

•we obtain substantially all the economic benefits of the asset; and

•we have the right to direct the use of the asset.

For initial measurement of the present value of lease payments and for subsequent measurement of lease modifications, we are required to use the rate implicit in the lease, if available. However, as most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate, which is a collateralized rate. To apply the incremental borrowing rate, we used a portfolio approach and grouped leases based on similar lease terms in a manner whereby we reasonably expect that the application does not differ materially from a lease-by-lease approach.

Our leases have remaining lease terms of approximately 1 year to 10 years, which may include the option to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option. We do not have lease agreements with residual value guarantees, sale leaseback terms, or material restrictive covenants.

Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recognized on the balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Our operating lease expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $11.2 million, compared with $10.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. Charges related to our operating leases that are variable and, therefore, not included in the measurement of the lease liabilities were $5.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared with $3.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. We made lease payments of $11.4 million during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024.

Our operating lease expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $22.2 million, compared with $20.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Charges related to our operating leases that are variable and, therefore, not included in the measurement of the lease liabilities were $7.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared with $6.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. We made lease payments of $20.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared with $22.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

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The following table shows our minimum future lease commitments due in the remainder of 2025, each of the next four subsequent years and thereafter for operating leases:


(in millions)	As of June 30, 2025
Remainder of 2025 (July 1 through December 31)	$	24.5
2026	46.2
2027	39.3
2028	32.9
2029	21.5
Thereafter	61.4
Total minimum lease commitments	225.8
Adjustment for discount to present value	30.6
Present value of lease liabilities	$	195.2

The following table summarizes the weighted-average remaining lease terms and weighted-average discount rates for our operating leases:


	As of June 30, 2025
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	6.0

Weighted-average discount rate	4.5	%

11. Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

Our employees and our non-employee directors are eligible for awards under the Morningstar Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan, which provides for a variety of equity-based awards, including stock options, RSUs, MSUs, PSUs, and restricted stock.

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense included in each of our operating expense categories:


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Cost of revenue	$	8.2	$	7.0	$	11.7	$	11.6
Sales and marketing	3.1		2.6		5.0		4.5
General and administrative	7.1		4.6		10.8		9.5
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	18.4	$	14.2	$	27.5	$	25.6

As of June 30, 2025, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to outstanding RSUs, MSUs, and PSUs expected to vest was $91.1 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of 29 months.

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12. Income Taxes

The following table shows our effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024:


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025			2024			2025			2024
Income before income taxes and equity in investments of unconsolidated entities	$	116.5		$	89.5		$	225.0		$	176.5
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities	(1.2)			(1.2)			(3.8)			(2.7)

Income before income taxes	$	115.3		$	88.3		$	221.2		$	173.8
Income tax expense	$	26.3		$	19.2		$	53.7		$	40.5
Effective tax rate	22.8		%	21.7		%	24.3		%	23.3		%

Our effective tax rate in the second quarter and first six months of 2025 was 22.8% and 24.3%, respectively, reflecting an increase of 1.1 and 1.0 percentage points, respectively, compared with the same periods in the prior year.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the OBBB) was enacted in the United States. The OBBB contains several changes impacting corporate taxpayers, including modifications to the capitalization of research and development expenses, changes to calculations for the limitation on deductions for interest expense, and the reestablishment of accelerated depreciation (full expensing) on fixed assets. The OBBB also includes adjustments to the calculation of certain international tax framework provisions, which were initially established by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The OBBB has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. We are currently assessing the potential implications of the OBBB; however, an estimate of the impact of the OBBB on our consolidated financial statements cannot be made at this time.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has proposed a global minimum tax of 15% of reported profits (Pillar Two) that has been agreed upon in principle by over 140 countries. Since the proposal, many countries incorporated Pillar Two model rule concepts into their domestic laws. Although the model rules provide a framework for applying the minimum tax, countries may enact Pillar Two slightly different than the model rules and on different timelines. Other countries are also considering changes to their tax laws to adopt certain parts of the OECD’s proposals. Pillar Two represents a significant change in the international tax regime and could result in increases to our effective tax rate as a result of the imposition of minimum taxes. Pillar Two did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025. We are continuing to monitor developments and administrative guidance in addition to evaluating the potential impact of Pillar Two on our consolidated financial statements for future periods.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The table below provides information concerning our gross unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, as well as the effect these gross unrecognized tax benefits would have on our income tax expense, if they were recognized.


(in millions)	As of June 30, 2025		As of December 31, 2024
Gross unrecognized tax benefits	$	12.3	$	11.1
Gross unrecognized tax benefits that would affect income tax expense	$	12.3	$	11.1
Decrease in income tax expense upon recognition of gross unrecognized tax benefits	$	11.9	$	10.9

Our Consolidated Balance Sheets include the following liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits. These amounts include interest and penalties, less any associated tax benefits.

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Liabilities for Unrecognized Tax Benefits (in millions)	As of June 30, 2025		As of December 31, 2024
Current liability	$	0.1	$	0.1
Non-current liability	13.1		11.7
Total liability for unrecognized tax benefits	$	13.2	$	11.8

We conduct business globally, and, as a result, we file income tax returns in US federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, we are subject to examination by tax authorities throughout the world. The open tax years for our US federal tax returns and most state tax returns include the years 2020 to the present.

We are currently under audit by state and local tax authorities in the US as well as tax authorities in certain non-US jurisdictions. It is likely that the examination phase of some of these state, local, and non-US audits will conclude in 2025. It is not possible to estimate the effect of current audits on previously recorded unrecognized tax benefits.

Approximately 83% of our cash, cash equivalents, and investments balance as of June 30, 2025, was held by our operations outside of the US. With the exception of $142.0 million in earnings of certain of our foreign subsidiaries that we disclosed in the fourth quarter of 2024, we generally consider most of our US directly-owned foreign subsidiary earnings to be permanently reinvested. We anticipate a one-time repatriation of these earnings back to the US via distribution later in 2025. We have recorded a deferred tax liability of $7.1 million that reflects the income tax effects of the repatriation of these earnings, mostly due to non-US withholding taxes, that would be due at the time of remittance. We have not recorded deferred income taxes on the remaining balance of accumulated undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries because we consider those earnings to be permanently reinvested, and we do not anticipate dividends in the foreseeable future.

Certain of our non-US operations have incurred net operating losses (NOLs), which may become deductible to the extent these operations become profitable. For each of our operations, we evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the tax benefits related to NOLs will be realized. As part of this evaluation, we consider evidence such as tax planning strategies, historical operating results, forecasted taxable income, and recent financial performance. In the year that certain non-US operations record a loss, we do not recognize a corresponding tax benefit, which increases our effective tax rate. Upon determining that it is more likely than not that the NOLs will be realized, we reduce the tax valuation allowances related to these NOLs, which results in a reduction to our income tax expense and our effective tax rate in that period.

13. Contingencies

We record accrued liabilities for litigation, regulatory, and other business matters when those matters represent loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. In these cases, there may be an exposure to loss in excess of any amounts accrued. Unless a loss contingency is both probable and estimable, we do not establish an accrued liability. As litigation, regulatory, or other business matters develop, we evaluate on an ongoing basis whether such matters present a loss contingency that is probable and estimable.

Data Audits and Reviews

In our global data business, we include in our products, or directly redistribute to our customers, data and information licensed from third-party vendors. Our compliance with the terms of these licenses is reviewed internally and is also subject to audit by the third-party vendors. At any given time, we may be undergoing several such internal reviews and third-party vendor audits, and the results and findings may indicate that we may be required to make a payment for prior data usage. Due to a lack of available information and data, as well as potential variations of any audit or internal review findings, we generally are not able to reasonably estimate a possible loss, or range of losses, for these matters. In situations where more information or specific areas subject to audit are available, we may be able to estimate a potential range of losses. While we cannot predict the outcome of these processes, we do not anticipate they will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial position.

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Ratings and Regulatory Matters

Our ratings and related research activities, including credit ratings, environmental, social, and governance ratings, managed investment, and equity ratings, are or may in the future become subject to regulation or increased scrutiny from executive, legislative, regulatory, and private parties. As a result, those activities may be subject to governmental, regulatory, and legislative investigations, regulatory examinations in the ordinary course of business, subpoenas, and other forms of legal process, which may lead to claims and litigation that are based on these ratings and related research activities. Our regulated businesses are generally subject to periodic reviews, inspections, examinations, and investigations by regulators in the jurisdictions in which they operate, any of which may result in claims, legal proceedings, assessments, fines, penalties, disgorgement, or restrictions on business activities. While it is difficult to predict the outcome of any particular investigation or proceeding, we do not believe the result of any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial position.

Other Matters

We are involved from time to time in commercial disputes and legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of our business. While it is difficult to predict the outcome of any particular dispute or proceeding, we do not believe the result of any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial position.

14. Share Repurchase Program

On December 6, 2022, the board of directors approved a share repurchase program that authorizes the company to repurchase up to $500.0 million in shares of the company's outstanding common stock, effective January 1, 2023 (the Share Repurchase Program). This authorization replaced the then-existing share repurchase program and expires on December 31, 2025. Under this authorization, we may repurchase shares from time to time at prevailing market prices on the open market or in private transactions in amounts that we deem appropriate.

For the three months ended June 30, 2025, we repurchased a total of 398,442 shares for $112.0 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we repurchased a total of 766,641 shares for $221.6 million. As of June 30, 2025, we have repurchased a total of 808,425 shares for $234.6 million under the Share Repurchase Program, leaving $265.4 million available for future repurchases.

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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The discussion included in this section, as well as other under sections of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this Quarterly Report), contains forward-looking statements as that term is used in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on our current expectations about future events or future financial performance. Forward-looking statements by their nature address matters that are, to different degrees, uncertain, and often contain words such as “aim,” “committed,” “consider,” “estimate,” “future,” “goal,” “is designed to,” “maintain,” “may,” “might,” “objective,” “ongoing,” “could,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “predict,” “prospects,” “continue,” “strategy,” “strive,” “will,” “would,” "determine," "evaluate," or the negative thereof, and similar expressions. These statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause the events we discuss not to occur or to differ significantly from what we expect. For us, these risks and uncertainties include, among others:

•failing to maintain and protect our brand, independence, and reputation;

•failure to prevent and/or mitigate cybersecurity events and the failure to protect confidential information, including personal information about individuals;

•changing economic conditions, including prolonged volatility, recessions, or downturns affecting the financial sector and global financial markets, and the impacts of global trade policies, may negatively impact our financial results, including those of our asset-based businesses;

•compliance failures, regulatory action, or changes in laws applicable to our regulated businesses;

•failing to innovate our product and service offerings or meet or anticipate our clients’ changing needs;

•the impact of AI technologies on our business and reputation, and the legal risks as they are incorporated into our products and tools;

•failure to detect errors in our products or failure of our products to perform properly due to defects, malfunctions, or similar problems;

•failing to recruit, develop, and retain qualified employees;

•failing to scale our operations and increase productivity in order to implement our business plans and strategies;

•liability for any losses that result from errors in our automated advisory tools or errors in the use of the information and data we collect;

•inadequacy of our operational risk management and business continuity programs to address materially disruptive events;

•failure of our strategic transactions, acquisitions, divestitures, and investments in companies or technologies to yield expected business or financial benefits, negatively impacting our operating results and our ability to deliver long-term value to shareholders;

•failing to maintain growth across our businesses due to changes in geopolitics and the regulatory landscape;

•liability relating to the information and data we collect, store, use, create, and distribute or the reports that we publish or are produced by our software products;

•the potential adverse effect of our indebtedness (and rising interest rates) on our cash flow and financial and operational flexibility;

•liability, costs, and reputational risks relating to environmental, social, and governance considerations;

•our dependence on third-party service providers in our operations;

•inadequacy of our insurance coverage;

•challenges in accounting for tax complexities in the global jurisdictions we operate in could materially affect our tax obligations and tax rates;

•the potential impact of vendor consolidation and clients' strategic decisions to replace our products and services with in-house products and services;

•our ability to build and maintain short-term and long-term shareholder value and pay dividends to our shareholders;

•our ability to maintain existing business and renewal rates and to gain new business;

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•the impact of recently issued accounting pronouncements on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures; and

•failing to protect our intellectual property rights or claims of intellectual property infringement against us.

A more complete description of these risks and uncertainties can be found in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (our Annual Report), and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 as supplemented by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. If any of these risks and uncertainties materialize, our actual future results and other future events may vary significantly from what we expect. We do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as may be required by law. You are, however, advised to review any further disclosures we make on related subjects, and about new or additional risks, uncertainties, and assumptions in our filings with the SEC on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K.

All dollar and percentage comparisons, which are often accompanied by words such as “increase,” “decrease,” “grew,” “declined,” “was up,” “was down,” “was flat,” or “was similar” refer to a comparison with the same period in the previous year unless otherwise stated.

Understanding our company

Our Business

Our mission is to empower investor success. The investing ecosystem is complex, and navigating it with confidence requires a trusted, independent voice. We deliver our perspective to institutions, advisors, and individuals with a single-minded purpose: to empower every investor with conviction that they can make better-informed decisions and realize success on their own terms.

Our strategy is to deliver insights and experiences that make us essential to investor workflow. Proprietary data sets, meaningful analytics, independent research, and effective investment strategies are at the core of the powerful digital solutions that investors across our client segments rely on. We have a keen focus on innovation across data, research, product, and delivery so that we can effectively cater to the evolving needs and expectations of investors globally.

The company has seven operating segments, which are presented as the following five reportable segments: Morningstar Direct Platform (formerly named Morningstar Data and Analytics), PitchBook, Morningstar Credit, Morningstar Wealth, and Morningstar Retirement. The operating segments of Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes do not individually meet the quantitative segment reporting thresholds and have been combined and presented as part of Corporate and All Other, which is not a reportable segment. Prior-period segment information is presented on a comparable basis to the basis on which current period segment information is presented and reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (CODM). For additional information about our segment reporting, refer to Note 7 of the Notes to our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

In addition to reviewing revenue by our reportable segments, we review revenue by type. We leverage our proprietary data and research to sell products and services across our portfolio that generate revenue in three primary ways:

License-based: Generated mostly by our Morningstar Direct Platform and PitchBook segments, revenue through license agreements is derived on either a per user or enterprise-basis. Our license agreements typically range from one to three years and are accounted for as subscription services available to customers and not as licenses under the accounting guidance.

Asset-based: Generated mostly by our Morningstar Wealth and Morningstar Retirement segments, revenue where basis points and other fees are charged for assets under management or advisement (AUMA). Our asset-based arrangements typically range from one to three years.

Transaction-based: Revenue that is one time in nature and related Morningstar Credit recurring revenue primarily derived from surveillance and research.

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Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 vs. Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

Consolidated Results


	Three months ended June 30,									Six months ended June 30,
Key Metrics (in millions)	2025			2024			Change			2025			2024			Change
Consolidated revenue	$	605.1		$	571.9		5.8	%		$	1,187.0		$	1,114.7		6.5	%
Operating income	$	125.1		$	108.5		15.3	%		$	239.2		$	201.1		18.9	%
Operating margin	20.7		%	19.0		%	1.7		pp	20.2		%	18.0		%	2.2		pp

Cash provided by operating activities	$	99.0		$	152.7		(35.2)	%		$	190.0		$	246.3		(22.9)	%
Capital expenditures	(36.6)			(31.9)			14.7	%		(68.8)			(66.0)			4.2	%
Free cash flow	$	62.4		$	120.8		(48.3)	%		$	121.2		$	180.3		(32.8)	%

Cash used for investing activities	$	(23.9)		$	(32.8)		(27.1)	%		$	(94.6)		$	(59.5)		59.0	%
Cash used for financing activities	$	(108.5)		$	(81.6)		33.0	%		$	(132.6)		$	(125.1)		6.0	%

___________________________________________________________________________________________

pp — percentage points

Supplemental Information

To supplement our consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), we use the following non-GAAP measures:

•"Organic Revenue" is consolidated revenue before (1) acquisitions and divestitures, (2) adoption of new accounting standards or revisions to accounting practices (accounting changes), and (3) the effect of foreign currency translations.

•"Adjusted Operating Income (Loss)" is consolidated operating income (loss) excluding (1) intangible amortization expense, (2) the impact of merger, acquisition, and divestiture-related activity which, when applicable, may include certain non-recurring expenses such as pre-deal due diligence, transaction costs, contingent consideration, severance, and post-close integration costs (M&A-related expenses), and (3) certain other one-time, non-recurring items which management does not consider when evaluating ongoing performance (other non-recurring items).

•"Adjusted Operating Margin" is operating margin excluding (1) intangible amortization expense, (2) M&A-related expenses, and (3) other non-recurring items.

•"Free Cash Flow" is cash provided by or used for operating activities less capital expenditures.

These non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies and should not be considered an alternative to any measure of performance promulgated under GAAP.

We present organic revenue because we believe it helps investors better compare our period-over-period results, and our management team uses this measure to evaluate the performance of our business. We exclude revenue from acquired businesses from our organic revenue growth calculation for a period of 12 months after we complete the acquisition. For divestitures (including sale of assets), we exclude revenue in the prior-year period for which there is no comparable revenue in the current period.

We present adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted operating margin because we believe they better reflect period-over-period comparisons and improve overall understanding of the underlying performance of the business absent the impact of intangible amortization expense, M&A-related expenses, and certain other one-time, non-recurring items.

We present free cash flow as a supplemental disclosure to help investors better understand how much cash is available after making capital expenditures. Our management team uses free cash flow as a metric to evaluate the health of our business.

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Consolidated Revenue


Revenue by type	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		Change		2025		2024		Change
Morningstar Direct Platform
License-based	$	207.7	$	195.7	6.1	%	$	406.9	$	392.4	3.7	%
Asset-based	—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%
Transaction-based	1.5		1.2		25.0	%	1.5		1.2		25.0	%
Morningstar Direct Platform total	$	209.2	$	196.9	6.2	%	$	408.4	$	393.6	3.8	%

PitchBook
License-based	$	164.7	$	150.1	9.7	%	$	326.5	$	295.7	10.4	%
Asset-based	—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%
Transaction-based	1.8		1.6		12.5	%	3.7		3.6		2.8	%
PitchBook total	$	166.5	$	151.7	9.8	%	$	330.2	$	299.3	10.3	%

Morningstar Credit
License-based	$	5.0	$	3.7	35.1	%	$	9.6	$	7.9	21.5	%
Asset-based	—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%
Transaction-based	80.0		73.9		8.3	%	148.4		130.0		14.2	%
Morningstar Credit total	$	85.0	$	77.6	9.5	%	$	158.0	$	137.9	14.6	%

Morningstar Wealth
License-based	$	19.7	$	19.9	(1.0)	%	$	38.8	$	40.4	(4.0)	%
Asset-based	35.2		35.8		(1.7)	%	71.3		69.4		2.7	%
Transaction-based	9.4		6.9		36.2	%	15.5		11.8		31.4	%
Morningstar Wealth total	$	64.3	$	62.6	2.7	%	$	125.6	$	121.6	3.3	%

Morningstar Retirement
License-based	$	0.4	$	0.5	(20.0)	%	$	0.9	$	1.0	(10.0)	%
Asset-based	32.0		32.8		(2.4)	%	64.4		60.7		6.1	%
Transaction-based	—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%
Morningstar Retirement total	$	32.4	$	33.3	(2.7)	%	$	65.3	$	61.7	5.8	%

Corporate and All Other (1)
License-based	$	30.9	$	31.8	(2.8)	%	$	63.7	$	64.5	(1.2)	%
Asset-based	15.2		16.1		(5.6)	%	32.4		31.6		2.5	%
Transaction-based	1.6		1.9		(15.8)	%	3.4		4.5		(24.4)	%
Corporate and All Other total	$	47.7	$	49.8	(4.2)	%	$	99.5	$	100.6	(1.1)	%

License-based	$	428.4	$	401.7	6.6	%	$	846.4	$	801.9	5.5	%
Asset-based	82.4		84.7		(2.7)	%	168.1		161.7		4.0	%
Transaction-based	94.3		85.5		10.3	%	172.5		151.1		14.2	%
Consolidated revenue	$	605.1	$	571.9	5.8	%	$	1,187.0	$	1,114.7	6.5	%

___________________________________________________________________________________________

(1) Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between revenue from our reportable segments and consolidated revenue. Corporate and All Other includes Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes as sources of revenues.

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In the second quarter of 2025, consolidated revenue increased 5.8% to $605.1 million. Foreign currency movements decreased revenue by $5.1 million.

License-based revenue increased 6.6%, or 6.3% on an organic basis, during the second quarter of 2025, primarily driven by strong demand for PitchBook and Morningstar Direct Platform products.

Asset-based revenue decreased 2.7% on a reported basis and increased 0.2% on an organic basis during the second quarter of 2025. The decline in reported revenue was primarily driven by decreases in Morningstar Indexes and Morningstar Retirement products. Organic revenue growth was primarily driven by increases in Morningstar Wealth.

Transaction-based revenue increased 10.3%, or 9.4% on an organic basis, during the second quarter of 2025, primarily driven by Morningstar Credit revenue.

In the first six months of 2025, consolidated revenue increased 6.5% to $1,187.0 million. Foreign currency movements decreased revenue by $0.5 million.

License-based revenue increased 5.5%, or 6.2% on an organic basis, during the first six months of 2025, primarily driven by strong demand for PitchBook and Morningstar Direct Platform products.

Asset-based revenue increased 4.0%, or 7.0% on an organic basis, during the first six months of 2025, primarily driven by increases in Morningstar Retirement, Morningstar Wealth, and Morningstar Indexes.

Transaction-based revenue increased 14.2%, or 14.5% on an organic basis, during the first six months of 2025, primarily driven by Morningstar Credit revenue.

Organic Revenue

Organic revenue increased 5.9% in the second quarter of 2025 and 7.5% in the first six months of 2025, driven by organic growth in PitchBook, Morningstar Direct Platform, and Morningstar Credit.

The table below shows a reconciliation of organic revenue to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		Change		2025		2024		Change
Consolidated revenue	$	605.1	$	571.9	5.8	%	$	1,187	$	1,114.7	6.5	%
Acquisitions	(1.0)		—		NMF		(1.3)		—		NMF
Divestitures	(3.0)		(9.3)		(67.7)	%	(6.7)		(18.0)		(62.8)	%
Accounting changes	—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%
Effect of foreign currency translations	(5.1)		—		NMF		(0.5)		—		NMF
Organic revenue	$	596.0	$	562.6	5.9	%	$	1,178.5	$	1,096.7	7.5	%

__________________________________________________________________________________________

NMF — not meaningful

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Consolidated Revenue by Geographical Area


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		Change		2025		2024		Change
United States	$	431.6	$	410.3	5.2	%	$	856.1	$	801.2	6.9	%

Asia	12.2		13.0		(6.2)	%	24.1		25.7		(6.2)	%
Australia	16.2		15.7		3.2	%	31.3		30.7		2.0	%
Canada	38.6		37.8		2.1	%	71.7		70.4		1.8	%
Continental Europe	55.0		50.1		9.8	%	105.6		99.8		5.8	%
United Kingdom	48.2		42.0		14.8	%	91.9		80.9		13.6	%
Other	3.3		3.0		10.0	%	6.3		6.0		5.0	%
Total International	173.5		161.6		7.4	%	330.9		313.5		5.6	%

Consolidated revenue	$	605.1	$	571.9	5.8	%	$	1,187.0	$	1,114.7	6.5	%

International revenue comprised 29% of our consolidated revenue in the second quarter of 2025 and 28% in the first six months of 2025, as well as in both corresponding periods in 2024. Approximately 59% and 60% of international revenue was generated in Continental Europe and the United Kingdom during the second quarter and first six months of 2025, respectively, compared to 57% and 58% during the second quarter and first six months of 2024, respectively. Revenue from international operations increased 7.4% and 5.6% during the second quarter and first six months of 2025, respectively, driven by strong demand for Morningstar Credit, Morningstar Direct Platform, and PitchBook products.

Consolidated Operating Expense


	Three months ended June 30,									Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025			2024			Change			2025			2024			Change
Cost of revenue	$	230.6		$	222.7		3.5	%		$	462.0		$	440.8		4.8	%
% of consolidated revenue	38.1		%	38.9		%	(0.8)		pp	38.9		%	39.5		%	(0.6)		pp
Sales and marketing	119.7			111.3			7.5	%		232.3			215.9			7.6	%
% of consolidated revenue	19.7		%	19.5		%	0.2		pp	19.5		%	19.5		%	—		pp
General and administrative	82.0			80.3			2.1	%		158.5			160.6			(1.3)	%
% of consolidated revenue	13.5		%	14.0		%	(0.5)		pp	13.3		%	14.4		%	(1.1)		pp
Depreciation and amortization	48.5			49.1			(1.2)	%		95.8			96.3			(0.5)	%
% of consolidated revenue	8.0		%	8.6		%	(0.6)		pp	8.1		%	8.6		%	(0.5)		pp


Total operating expense	$	480.8		$	463.4		3.8	%		$	948.6		$	913.6		3.8	%
% of consolidated revenue	79.3		%	81.0		%	(1.7)		pp	79.8		%	82.0		%	(2.2)		pp

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased $7.9 million in the second quarter of 2025 and $21.2 million in the first six months of 2025. Higher compensation expense of $10.9 million and $17.1 million in the second quarter and the first six months of 2025, respectively, was the largest contributor to the increase, primarily driven by an increase in salaries related in part to the Company's annual merit increase as well as higher severance costs related to a targeted reorganization in Morningstar Sustainalytics. Higher severance costs in the first six months of 2025 were also driven by the announced sunsetting of Morningstar Office during the first quarter of 2025.

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Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expense increased $8.4 million in the second quarter of 2025 and $16.4 million in the first six months of 2025. Compensation expense increased $4.7 million during the second quarter of 2025 and $8.6 million in the first six months of 2025 due to an increase in salaries and payroll taxes. In addition, approximately a third of the increase during the first six months of 2025 was due to higher sales commission expense. Advertising and marketing costs increased $2.8 million during the second quarter of 2025 and $5.8 million during the first six months of 2025 due to increased costs associated with marketing and brand campaigns, as well as paid advertising.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expense increased $1.7 million in the second quarter of 2025 and decreased $2.1 million in the first six months of 2025. The increase in the second quarter of 2025 was driven primarily by higher facilities-related expense and stock-based compensation. The decline in general and administrative expense during the first six months of 2025 was due to lower professional fees.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation expense increased $1.7 million in the second quarter of 2025 and $5.3 million in the first six months of 2025 due primarily to higher capitalized software costs for product enhancements in prior periods.

Intangible amortization expense decreased $2.2 million during the second quarter of 2025 and $5.5 million in the first six months of 2025 as certain intangible assets from some of our earlier acquisitions became fully amortized.

Consolidated Operating Income and Operating Margin


	Three months ended June 30,									Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025			2024			Change			2025			2024			Change
Operating income	$	125.1		$	108.5		15.3	%		$	239.2		$	201.1		18.9	%
% of revenue	20.7		%	19.0		%	1.7		pp	20.2		%	18.0		%	2.2		pp

Consolidated operating income increased $16.6 million in the second quarter of 2025, reflecting an increase in revenue of $33.2 million, partially offset by an increase in operating expense of $17.4 million. Operating margin was 20.7%, an increase of 1.7 percentage points compared with the second quarter of 2024.

Consolidated operating income increased $38.1 million in the first six months of 2025, reflecting an increase in revenue of $72.3 million offset by an increase in operating expense of $35.0 million. Operating margin was 20.2% in the first six months of 2025, an increase of 2.2 percentage points compared with the first six months of 2024.

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Adjusted Operating Income and Adjusted Operating Margin

We reported adjusted operating income of $143.4 million and $278.8 million in the second quarter of 2025 and first six months of 2025, respectively. The table below shows a reconciliation of adjusted operating income to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		Change		2025		2024		Change
Operating income	$	125.1	$	108.5	15.3	%	$	239.2	$	201.1	18.9	%
Intangible amortization expense	15.3		17.5		(12.6)	%	29.7		35.2		(15.6)	%
M&A-related expenses	3.8		5.0		(24.0)	%	10.7		5.5		94.5	%
Other non-recurring items	(0.8)		—		NMF		(0.8)		—		NMF




Adjusted operating income	$	143.4	$	131.0	9.5	%	$	278.8	$	241.8	15.3	%

Morningstar Direct Platform	$	96.3	$	87.3	10.3	%	$	183.4	$	178.5	2.7	%
PitchBook	52.8		47.3		11.6	%	105.1		87.3		20.4	%
Morningstar Credit	30.5		27.9		9.3	%	51.9		40.2		29.1	%
Morningstar Wealth	3.0		(2.2)		NMF		2.2		(7.8)		NMF
Morningstar Retirement	15.4		17.3		(11.0)	%	30.0		31.5		(4.8)	%
Less: Corporate and All Other (1)	(54.6)		(46.6)		NMF		(93.8)		(87.9)		NMF
Adjusted operating income	$	143.4	$	131.0	9.5	%	$	278.8	$	241.8	15.3	%

___________________________________________________________________________________________

(1) Corporate and All Other includes unallocated corporate expenses as well as adjusted operating income (loss) from Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes. For the second quarters of 2025 and 2024, unallocated corporate expenses were $50.1 million and $46.1 million, respectively. For the first six months of 2025 and 2024, unallocated corporate expenses were $91.9 million and $87.0 million, respectively. Unallocated corporate expenses include finance, human resources, legal, and other management-related costs that are not considered when segment performance is evaluated.

We reported adjusted operating margin of 23.7% in the second quarter of 2025 and 23.5% in the first six months of 2025. The table below shows a reconciliation of adjusted operating margin to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.


	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2025		2024		Change	2025		2024		Change
Operating margin	20.7	%	19.0	%	1.7 pp	20.2	%	18.0	%	2.2 pp
Intangible amortization expense	2.5	%	3.0	%	(0.5) pp	2.5	%	3.2	%	(0.7) pp
M&A-related expenses	0.6	%	0.9	%	(0.3) pp	0.9	%	0.5	%	0.4 pp
Other non-recurring items	(0.1)	%	—	%	(0.1) pp	(0.1)	%	—	%	(0.1) pp




Adjusted operating margin	23.7	%	22.9	%	0.8 pp	23.5	%	21.7	%	1.8 pp

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Segment Results

Segment adjusted operating income reflects the impact of direct segment expenses as well as certain allocated centralized costs, such as information technology, sales and marketing, and research and data.

Morningstar Direct Platform

The following table presents the results for Morningstar Direct Platform:


	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025			2024			Change		2025			2024			Change




Total revenue	$	209.2		$	196.9		6.2	%	$	408.4		$	393.6		3.8	%

Adjusted operating income	$	96.3		$	87.3		10.3	%	$	183.4		$	178.5		2.7	%
Adjusted operating margin	46.0		%	44.3		%	1.7 pp		44.9		%	45.4		%	(0.5) pp

Morningstar Direct Platform total revenue increased $12.3 million, or 6.2%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025. Revenue grew 6.3% on an organic basis, primarily driven by growth in Morningstar Data and Morningstar Direct. Organic revenue growth excludes revenue associated with the divested Commodity and Energy Data business from the prior-year period and foreign currency impact.

Starting in the first quarter of 2025, the Company changed the name of this reportable segment to Morningstar Direct Platform. It also changed the composition of the key product areas within the segment (Morningstar Data, Morningstar Direct, and Morningstar Advisor Workstation). There were no changes to the overall composition of the reportable segment.

Morningstar Data contributed $11.9 million to revenue growth, with revenue increasing 12.6% or 10.1% on an organic basis. Increases in managed investment (fund) data helped drive Morningstar Data growth.

Morningstar Direct contributed $4.2 million to revenue growth, with revenue increasing 6.0%, or 4.5%, on an organic basis, with growth across geographies. Morningstar Direct licenses increased 0.6%.

Morningstar Direct Platform adjusted operating income increased $9.0 million, or 10.3%, and adjusted operating margin increased 1.7 percentage points for the three months ended June 30, 2025.

Morningstar Direct Platform total revenue increased $14.8 million, or 3.8%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Revenue grew 5.3% on an organic basis, primarily driven by growth in Morningstar Data and Morningstar Direct.

Morningstar Direct Platform adjusted operating income increased $4.9 million, or 2.7%, and adjusted operating margin decreased 0.5 percentage points for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Morningstar Direct Platform depreciation expense was $11.2 million and $9.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $22.0 million and $17.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

PitchBook

The following table presents the results for PitchBook:


	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025			2024			Change		2025			2024			Change




Total revenue	$	166.5		$	151.7		9.8	%	$	330.2		$	299.3		10.3	%

Adjusted operating income	$	52.8		$	47.3		11.6	%	$	105.1		$	87.3		20.4	%
Adjusted operating margin	31.7		%	31.2		%	0.5 pp		31.8		%	29.2		%	2.6 pp

PitchBook total revenue increased $14.8 million, or 9.8%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025. Revenue grew 9.6% on an organic basis.

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Growth was primarily driven by the PitchBook platform. PitchBook platform growth drivers were consistent with recent quarters and reflected strength in PitchBook's core investor and advisor client segments, including commercial banks, private equity, credit investors, and investment banks. This was partially offset by continued softness in the corporate client segment, especially with smaller firms with more limited use cases when deal activity is depressed. PitchBook licensed users grew 7.6%, driven primarily by growth among PitchBook clients and the addition of new clients. With the Leveraged Commentary & Data (LCD) user migration near completion, the total user counts reflect legacy LCD clients, most of whom transitioned to the PitchBook platform in 2024 and are now included in licensed user counts.

PitchBook adjusted operating income increased $5.5 million, or 11.6%, and adjusted operating margin increased 0.5 percentage points for the three months ended June 30, 2025.

PitchBook total revenue increased $30.9 million, or 10.3% on a reported and organic basis for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Revenue growth was primarily driven by the PitchBook platform.

PitchBook adjusted operating income increased $17.8 million, or 20.4%, and adjusted operating margin increased 2.6 percentage points for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

PitchBook depreciation expense was $8.1 million and $8.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $15.9 million and $15.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Morningstar Credit

The following table presents the results for Morningstar Credit:


	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025			2024			Change		2025			2024			Change




Total revenue	$	85.0		$	77.6		9.5	%	$	158.0		$	137.9		14.6	%

Adjusted operating income	$	30.5		$	27.9		9.3	%	$	51.9		$	40.2		29.1	%
Adjusted operating margin	35.9		%	36.0		%	(0.1) pp		32.8		%	29.2		%	3.6 pp

Morningstar Credit total revenue increased $7.4 million, or 9.5%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025. Revenue grew 8.4% on an organic basis. Higher asset-backed, residential mortgage-backed, and commercial mortgage-backed securities ratings revenue, together with an increase in licensed data revenue, were the primary drivers of growth. An increase in the US and Europe contributed to reported and organic revenue growth, partially offset by a modest revenue decline in Canada. Organic revenue growth excludes current-period revenue associated with Morningstar Credit Analytics (formerly Dealview Technologies Limited (DealX)), which was acquired in the first quarter, and foreign currency impact.

Morningstar Credit adjusted operating income increased $2.6 million, or 9.3%, and adjusted operating margin decreased 0.1 percentage points for the three months ended June 30, 2025.

Morningstar Credit total revenue increased $20.1 million, or 14.6%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Revenue grew 14.8% on an organic basis. Growth was driven by strength in commercial mortgage-backed, asset-backed, and residential mortgage-backed securities, particularly in Europe and the US.

Morningstar Credit adjusted operating income increased $11.7 million, or 29.1%, and adjusted operating margin increased 3.6 percentage points for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Morningstar Credit depreciation expense was $2.0 million and $1.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $4.0 million and $3.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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Morningstar Wealth

The following table presents the results for Morningstar Wealth:


	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025			2024			Change		2025			2024			Change




Total revenue	$	64.3		$	62.6		2.7	%	$	125.6		$	121.6		3.3	%

Adjusted operating loss	$	3.0		$	(2.2)		NMF		$	2.2		$	(7.8)		NMF
Adjusted operating margin	4.7		%	(3.5)		%	8.2 pp		1.8		%	(6.4)		%	8.2 pp

Morningstar Wealth total revenue increased $1.7 million, or 2.7%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025. Revenue grew 7.2% on an organic basis, primarily driven by an increase in advertising sales and Investment Management, supported by higher revenue for Morningstar Model Portfolios offered on third-party platforms. Organic revenue growth excludes platform revenue associated with US TAMP assets sold to AssetMark from the prior-year period, interim service fees received from AssetMark in the current period, and foreign currency impact.

Asset-based revenue is based on quarter-end, prior quarter-end, or average asset levels during each quarter, which are often reported on a one-quarter lag for certain Investment Management products including Morningstar Managed Portfolios. The timing of client asset reporting and the structure of our contracts often results in a lag between market movements and the impact on revenue. The following table summarizes our approximate Morningstar Wealth AUMA:


	As of June 30,
(in billions)	2025		2024		Change







Morningstar Model Portfolios	$	47.6	$	41.8	13.9	%
Institutional Asset Management	5.8		7.3		(20.5)	%
Asset Allocation Services	13.4		10.0		34.0	%
Investment Management (total)	$	66.8	$	59.1	13.0	%

Investment Management total revenue decreased $0.6 million, or 1.7% on a reported basis. Revenue increased 6.2% on an organic basis. Reported AUMA increased 13.0% to $66.8 billion compared with the prior-year period, helped by market performance, which contributed to higher asset values, and positive net flows to Morningstar Model Portfolios offered on third-party platforms outside the US and to the International Wealth Platform.

Morningstar Wealth adjusted operating income increased $5.2 million and adjusted operating margin increased 8.2 percentage points for the three months ended June 30, 2025.

Morningstar Wealth total revenue increased $4.0 million, or 3.3%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Revenue grew 7.5% on an organic basis, primarily driven by growth in Investment Management and advertising sales.

Morningstar Wealth adjusted operating income increased $10.0 million and adjusted operating margin increased 8.2 percentage points for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Morningstar Wealth depreciation expense was $4.4 million and $5.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $8.9 million and $9.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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Morningstar Retirement

The following table presents the results for Morningstar Retirement:


	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025			2024			Change		2025			2024			Change




Total revenue	$	32.4		$	33.3		(2.7)	%	$	65.3		$	61.7		5.8	%

Adjusted operating income	$	15.4		$	17.3		(11.0)	%	$	30.0		$	31.5		(4.8)	%
Adjusted operating margin	47.5		%	52.0		%	(4.5) pp		45.9		%	51.1		%	(5.2) pp

Morningstar Retirement total revenue decreased $0.9 million, or 2.7% on a reported and organic basis for the three months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to an isolated item in the prior-year period. AUMA, calculated using the most recently available average quarterly or monthly data, increased 11.0% to $285.4 billion compared with the prior-year period, due to positive net flows and market gains, supported by strong growth in traditional and Advisor Managed Accounts and custom models.

Asset-based revenue is based on quarter-end, prior quarter-end, or average asset levels during each quarter, which are often reported on a one-quarter lag. The timing of client asset reporting and the structure of our contracts often results in a lag between market movements and the impact on revenue. The following table summarizes our approximate Morningstar Retirement AUMA:


	As of June 30,
(in billions)	2025		2024		Change


Managed Accounts	$	171.7	$	149.9	14.5	%
Fiduciary Services	63.3		62.6		1.1	%
Custom Models/CIT	50.4		44.7		12.8	%
Morningstar Retirement (total)	$	285.4	$	257.2	11.0	%

Morningstar Retirement adjusted operating income decreased $1.9 million, or 11.0%, and adjusted operating margin decreased 4.5 percentage points for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The decline in margin was primarily driven by the decline in revenue; increased marketing expenses, including costs related to campaign tracking and data management; and higher compensation costs, which included the impact of increased technology and operations headcount to support growth as well as increased commissions.

Morningstar Retirement total revenue increased $3.6 million, or 5.8% on a reported and organic basis for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Growth was driven by positive net flows and market gains, supported by strong growth in traditional and Advisor Managed Accounts and custom models.

Morningstar Retirement adjusted operating income decreased $1.5 million, or 4.8%, and adjusted operating margin decreased 5.2 percentage points for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Morningstar Retirement depreciation expense was $2.7 million and $2.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $5.3 million and $5.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Corporate and All Other

Corporate and All Other provides a reconciliation between revenue from our Total Reportable Segments and consolidated revenue amounts. Corporate and All Other includes Morningstar Sustainalytics and Morningstar Indexes as sources of revenues.

Corporate and All Other revenue decreased $2.1 million, or 4.2% on a reported basis, and $1.1 million, or 1.1% on a reported basis, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively.

Morningstar Sustainalytics revenue decreased $1.9 million or 6.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2025. Organic revenue decreased 9.8%, which was primarily driven by the ongoing streamlining of the licensed-ratings offering, as well as lower revenues for ESG Risk Ratings, due in part to vendor consolidation.

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Morningstar Sustainalytics revenue decreased $3.9 million or 6.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Organic revenue decreased 7.3%, which was primarily driven by the ongoing streamlining of the licensed-ratings offering; lower revenues for ESG Risk Ratings, due in part to vendor consolidation; and softness in second-party opinions.

Morningstar Indexes revenue decreased $0.2 million or 1.0% for the three months ended June 30, 2025. Organic revenue decreased 1.3%, reflecting lower investable product revenue driven by outflows and lower AUMA for certain higher margin products partially offset by higher licensed data revenue.

Morningstar Indexes revenue increased $2.8 million or 6.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2025. Organic revenue increased 7.0%, primarily driven by higher licensed data revenue, including strong leveraged loan data sales, and some contribution from investable product revenue. Market performance and net inflows over the trailing 12 months increased asset value linked to Morningstar Indexes by 6.5% to $221.0 billion.

Non-operating expense, net, Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities, and Effective tax rate and income tax expense

Non-Operating Expense, Net


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Interest income	$	2.9	$	2.8	$	6.4	$	5.3
Interest expense	(10.3)		(13.1)		(19.2)		(27.1)
Net realized gains on sale of investments, reclassified from other comprehensive income	1.9		0.2		2.2		2.8




Other expense, net	(3.1)		(8.9)		(3.6)		(5.6)
Non-operating expense, net	$	(8.6)	$	(19.0)	$	(14.2)	$	(24.6)

Interest income reflects interest from our investment portfolio. Interest expense mainly relates to the outstanding principal balance under our Amended 2022 Credit Agreement and the $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2030 Notes.

Other expense, net primarily consists of foreign currency exchange gains (losses) and unrealized gains (losses) on investments.

Equity in Investments of Unconsolidated Entities


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities	$	(1.2)	$	(1.2)	$	(3.8)	$	(2.7)

Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities primarily reflects income and losses from our unconsolidated entities.

Effective Tax Rate and Income Tax Expense


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025			2024			2025			2024
Income before income taxes and equity in investments of unconsolidated entities	$	116.5		$	89.5		$	225.0		$	176.5
Equity in investments of unconsolidated entities	(1.2)			(1.2)			(3.8)			(2.7)

Income before income taxes	$	115.3		$	88.3		$	221.2		$	173.8
Income tax expense	$	26.3		$	19.2		$	53.7		$	40.5
Effective tax rate	22.8		%	21.7		%	24.3		%	23.3		%

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents, and investments totaling $541.6 million, compared with $551.0 million as of December 31, 2024, a decrease of $9.4 million.

Cash provided by operating activities is our main source of cash. In the first six months of 2025, cash provided by operating activities decreased 22.9% to $190.0 million and free cash flow decreased by 32.8% to $121.2 million. The decline in cash provided by operating activities and free cash flow was primarily driven by higher bonus and income tax payments in the first six months of 2025 compared to the prior-year period.

We believe our available cash balances and investments, along with cash generated from operations and our credit facility, will be sufficient to meet our operating and cash needs for at least the next 12 months. We are focused on maintaining a strong balance sheet and liquidity position. We hold our cash reserves in cash equivalents and investments and maintain a conservative investment policy. We invest most of our investment balance in stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider.

Approximately 83% of our cash, cash equivalents, and investments balance as of June 30, 2025 was held by our operations outside the United States, up from 76% as of December 31, 2024. We generally consider most of our US directly-owned foreign subsidiary earnings to be permanently reinvested. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we determined $142.0 million in earnings of certain of our foreign subsidiaries to be no longer permanently reinvested. We anticipate a one-time repatriation of these earnings back to the US via distribution later in 2025.

We intend to use our cash, cash equivalents, and investments for general corporate purposes, including working capital and funding future growth.

Credit Agreement

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Private Placement Debt Offering

Compliance with Covenants

Dividend

In June 2025, our board of directors approved a regular quarterly dividend of $0.455 per share, or $19.2 million, payable on July 31, 2025 to shareholders of record as of July 11, 2025. We paid $38.8 million in dividends during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Share Repurchase Program

Other

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, we paid $39.1 million, net of cash acquired, related to the acquisitions of DealX and Lumonic Inc.

We expect to continue making capital expenditures for the remainder of 2025, primarily for computer hardware, software, and leasehold improvements for new and existing office locations.

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Consolidated Free Cash Flow

The table below shows a reconciliation of free cash flow to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.


	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
(in millions)	2025		2024		Change		2025		2024		Change
Cash provided by operating activities	$	99.0	$	152.7	(35.2)	%	$	190.0	$	246.3	(22.9)	%
Capital expenditures	(36.6)		(31.9)		14.7	%	(68.8)		(66.0)		4.2	%
Free cash flow	$	62.4	$	120.8	(48.3)	%	$	121.2	$	180.3	(32.8)	%

We generated free cash flow of $62.4 million in the second quarter of 2025 compared with $120.8 million in the second quarter of 2024. The change reflects a $53.7 million decrease in cash provided by operating activities and a $4.7 million increase in capital expenditures compared to the prior-year period. The decline in cash provided by operating activities and free cash flow was primarily driven by an increase in income tax payments in the second quarter of 2025 compared to the prior-year period. We made income tax payments of $79.5 million during the second quarter of 2025 compared with $31.6 million in the second quarter of 2024. Second-quarter 2025 payments were primarily related to US federal and state income taxes, including 2025 estimated tax installments for the first half of 2025 and catch-up installments for 2024 tax liabilities. Capital expenditures increased primarily due to investment in our product development efforts across our key product areas.

We generated free cash flow of $121.2 million in the first six months of 2025 compared with $180.3 million in the first six months of 2024. The change reflects a $56.3 million decrease in cash provided by operating activities and a $2.8 million increase in capital expenditures compared to the prior-year period. The decline in cash provided by operating activities and free cash flow was primarily driven by higher bonus and income tax payments in the first six months of 2025 compared to the prior-year period. We made annual bonus payments of $163.5 million during the first quarter of 2025 compared with $123.9 million in the first quarter of 2024. We made income tax payments of $93.7 million during the first six months of 2025 compared with $44.1 million during the first six months of 2024. The increase in tax payments during the first six months of 2025 was due to the factors noted above. Capital expenditures increased primarily due to investment in our product development efforts across our key product areas.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in our Annual Report. We also discuss our significant accounting policies in Note 2 of the Notes to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report and in Note 2 of the Notes to our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report. There have not been any material changes during the three months ended June 30, 2025 to the methodologies applied by management for critical accounting policies previously disclosed in our Annual Report.

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Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Our investment portfolio is actively managed and may suffer losses from fluctuating interest rates, market prices, or adverse security selection. These accounts may consist of stocks, bonds, options, mutual funds, money market funds, or exchange-traded products that replicate the model portfolios and strategies created by Morningstar. These investment accounts may also include exchange-traded products where Morningstar is an index provider. As of June 30, 2025, our cash, cash equivalents, and investments balance was $541.6 million. Based on our estimates, a 100 basis-point change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair value of our investment portfolio.

We are subject to risk from fluctuations in the interest rates related to a portion of our long-term debt. The interest rates are based upon the applicable Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus an applicable margin for such loans or the lender's base rate plus an applicable margin for such loans. On an annualized basis, we estimate a 100 basis-point change in the SOFR would have a $4.9 million impact on our interest expense based on our outstanding principal balance and SOFR at June 30, 2025.

We are subject to risk from fluctuations in foreign currencies from our operations outside of the US. We do not currently have any positions in derivative instruments to hedge our foreign currency risk.

The table below shows our exposure to foreign currency denominated revenue and operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2025:


	Six months ended June 30, 2025
(in millions, except foreign currency rates)	Australian Dollar			British Pound			Canadian Dollar			Euro			Other Foreign Currencies
Currency rate in US dollars as of June 30, 2025	0.6552			1.3715			0.7325			1.1744			n/a

Percentage of revenue	2.6		%	7.7		%	6.0		%	6.3		%	5.2		%
Percentage of operating income (loss)	4.6		%	(3.6)		%	5.8		%	7.4		%	(11.7)		%

Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on revenue	$	(3.1)		$	(9.7)		$	(7.4)		$	(8.1)		$	(6.5)
Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on operating income (loss)	$	(1.1)		$	0.9		$	(1.4)		$	(1.9)		$	2.7

The table below shows our net investment exposure to foreign currencies as of June 30, 2025:


	As of June 30, 2025
(in millions)	Australian Dollar		British Pound		Canadian Dollar		Euro		Other Foreign Currencies
Assets, net of unconsolidated entities	$	69.2	$	348.0	$	237.1	$	290.4	$	248.6
Less: liabilities	(32.9)		(94.0)		(88.9)		(108.5)		(65.9)
Net currency position	$	36.3	$	254.0	$	148.2	$	181.9	$	182.7

Estimated effect of a 10% adverse currency fluctuation on equity	$	(3.6)	$	(25.4)	$	(14.8)	$	(18.2)	$	(18.3)

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Item 4.Controls and Procedures

(a)Evaluation and Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of June 30, 2025. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that as of June 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b)Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, believe that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the company have been or would be detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PART 2.OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.Legal Proceedings

We incorporate by reference the information regarding legal proceedings set forth in Note 13 of the Notes to our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report.

Item 1A.Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report, you should carefully consider the risk factors in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report and in Part II, "Item 1A, Risk Factors" in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 as well as other risks described in this Report, when deciding whether to invest in our common stock or otherwise evaluating our business. If any of those risks or uncertainties materialize, our business, financial condition, and/or operating results could suffer. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Our operations could also be affected by other risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial to our operations.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The table below presents month-to-month information related to repurchases of common stock we made during the three months ended June 30, 2025. Refer to Note 14 of the Notes to our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our share repurchase program:


Period:	Total number of shares purchased	Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs (a)	Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the programs (a)
April 1, 2025 - April 30, 2025	309,232	$	276.87	309,232	$	291,754,626
May 1, 2025 - May 31, 2025	89,210	295.83		89,210	$	265,363,898
June 1, 2025 - June 30, 2025	—	—		—	$	265,363,898
Total	398,442	$	281.11	398,442

_______________________________________

(a) Repurchases will only be effected pursuant to the $500.0 million share repurchase program authorized by our board of directors and announced publicly on December 6, 2022, which commenced on January 1, 2023 and which will expire on December 31, 2025.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Insider Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, none of the company’s officers (as defined in Section 16 of the Exchange Act) and directors adopted or terminated contracts, instructions, or written plans for the purchase or sale of the company’s securities.

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Item 6.Exhibits


Exhibit No						Description of Exhibit
3.1						Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Morningstar are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, Registration No. 333-115209.

3.2						By-laws of Morningstar, as in effect on February 27, 2018, are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K that we filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018.

10.1†*						Form of Morningstar, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Market Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards made on or after May 15, 2025.

10.2†*						Form of Morningstar, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Stretch Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards made on or after May 15, 2025.

10.3†*						Form of Morningstar, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards made on or after May 15, 2025.

10.4†*						Form of Morningstar, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, for awards made on or after May 15, 2025.

10.5†*						Morningstar, Inc. Executive Severance Policy effective May 9, 2025.

31.1†						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended

31.2†						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended

32.1†**						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2†**						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101†						The following financial information from Morningstar, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025, filed with the SEC on July 31, 2025 formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Cover Page, (ii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (iv) Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, (v) Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Equity, (vi) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vii) the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

104†						Cover Page Interactive Data File (Embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)

† Filed herewith.

* Management contract with a director or executive officer or a compensatory plan or arrangement in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.

**The certificates furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


		MORNINGSTAR, INC.

Date: July 31, 2025	By:	/s/ Michael Holt
		Michael Holt
		Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer)