ThZeal - The Zeal

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-40964

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		99-0431609
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Anjaneya Techno Park, No.147, 1st Floor
Kodihalli, Bangalore, Karnataka India 560008

+91 80488 21871

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	ZCAR	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Warrants, each exercisable for one share of Common Stock at a price of $571, subject to adjustment	ZCARW	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

☐	Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer
☒	Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company
		☒	Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): Yes ☐ No ☒

As of February 10, 2025, 7,846,450 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock were outstanding.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements	1

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024.	1

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023	2

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income / (Loss) for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023	3

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for the nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023	4

	Unaudited Condensed Statement of Cash Flows for the nine months ended December 31, 2024.	5

	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	53

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	77

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	77

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION		80

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	80

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	82

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	121

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	122

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	122

Item 5.	Other Information	122

Item 6.	Exhibits	122

SIGNATURES		123

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” (as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the section of this report entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning our expected financial performance and our ability to operate our business and execute our anticipated business plans and strategy. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results of operations or the results of other matters that we anticipate herein could be materially different from our expectations. Accordingly, readers are cautioned that significant known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other important factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include:

●

our ability to continue as a going concern and to meet our financial obligations as they become due;

●

our ability to obtain additional capital, in particular while we are in default under various of our obligations, including certain of our indebtedness, which will be necessary to continue our business and operations;

●

our limited operating history under our current and upcoming business models and history of net losses;

●

our ability to sell our platform offerings to new guests and hosts;

●

our ability to retain and expand use of our platform by our existing guests and hosts;

●

our ability to effectively manage our growth;

●

our ability to successfully obtain timely returns on our investments in initiatives relating to sales and marketing, research and development, and other areas;

●

our ability to maintain our competitive advantages;

●

our ability to maintain and expand our partner ecosystem;

●

our ability to maintain the security of our platform and the security and privacy of customer data;

●

our ability to successfully expand in our existing markets and into new markets;

●

the attraction and retention of qualified employees and key personnel;

●

our ability to successfully defend litigation that has been and may in the future be brought against us;

●

the impact of pandemics, inflation, war, other hostilities, and other disruptive events on our business or that of our customers, partners, and supply chain or on the global economy;

●

our ability to successfully remediate and prevent material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting;

●

our ability to comply with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq (including the requirement to maintain a minimum market value of publicly held shares of $15,000,000, a minimum market value of listed securities of $50,000,000 for which we have received a deficiency notice) and maintain our listing on Nasdaq; and

●

other risks and uncertainties described under the section titled “Risk Factors” herein and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024,which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 15, 2024 (“Form 10-K/A”) and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly periods ended June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2024 which were filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 14, 2024 and December 14, 2024 respectively.

You should thoroughly read this report and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from, and worse than, what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this report relate only to events or information as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

iii

FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

Unless otherwise stated in this quarterly report or the context otherwise requires, references to:

“ACM” means ACM Zoomcar Convert LLC.

“Board” means the board of directors of the Company. References herein to the Company will include its subsidiaries to the extent reasonably applicable.

“Business Combination” and “Reverse Recapitalization” means the business combination of the IOAC and Zoomcar pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement.

“Bylaws” means the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company as in effect on the date of its prospectus.

“Charter” means the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company as in effect on the date of its prospectus.

“Closing” means the closing of the Business Combination.

“Closing Date” means December 28, 2023.

“Common Stock” means the shares of Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company.

“Company”, “we”, “us”, “our” and “Zoomcar” means (i) Zoomcar Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Closing and (ii) Zoomcar, Inc., (the predecessor entity in existence prior to the Closing) and its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the Closing.

“Incentive Plan” means the Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. 2023 Equity Incentive Plan.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“GAAP” means generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

“IOAC” means the Company prior to the Closing.

“Merger” means the merger of Merger Sub with and into Zoomcar, with Zoomcar continuing as the surviving corporation and as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement.

“Merger Agreement” means the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of October 13, 2022, as amended by the Post-Closing Amendment, by and among IOAC, Zoomcar, Merger Sub and the Seller Representative.

“Nasdaq” means The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

“Post-Closing Amendment” means the amendment to the Merger Agreement, dated as of December 29, 2023.

“Public Warrants” means one (1) whole redeemable warrant that was included in as part of each Unit, entitling the holder thereof to purchase one (1) share of Common Stock after the Business Combination at a purchase price of $5.71 per share.

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“Securities Purchase Agreement” means the securities purchase agreement, dated as of December 28, 2023, by and among the Company, Zoomcar, Inc. and ACM.

“Sponsor” means Innovative International Sponsor I LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

“Zoomcar Common Stock” means, collectively, the shares of Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Zoomcar Holdings, Inc..

“Zoomcar India” means Zoomcar India Private Limited, an Indian limited liability company and subsidiary of Zoomcar.

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

(in USD, except number of shares) As at	December 31, 2024			March 31, 2024

Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents (Refer Note 30- VIE)	$	4,397,373		$	1,496,144
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts (Refer Note 30- VIE)		97,128			194,197
Balances with government authorities		472,097			427,702
Short term investments		-			298,495
Prepaid expenses (Refer Note 30- VIE)		184,868			1,445,336
Other current assets (Refer Note 30- VIE)		338,271			523,746
Other current assets with related parties		-			44,168
Assets held for sale		527,784			629,908
Total current assets	$	6,017,521		$	5,059,696
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation $6,717,519 and $6,189,452 respectively (Refer Note 30- VIE)		1,147,427			1,558,980
Operating lease right-of-use assets		1,067,777			1,290,608
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortisation of $14,640 and $106,769 respectively (Refer Note 30- VIE)		7,458			18,393
Long term investments (Refer Note 30- VIE)		25,295			91,947
Balances with government authorities, (Refer Note 30- VIE)		3,940			18,126
Prepaid expenses (Refer Note 30- VIE)		274,331			326,109
Other non-current assets		1,001,612			808,739
Total assets	$	9,545,361		$	9,172,598

Liabilities and stockholders’ deficit
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (Refer Note 30- VIE)	$	20,639,479		$	14,279,152
Accounts payable towards related parties		152,435			152,435
Current maturities of long-term debt		2,973,192			5,049,483
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		312,491			365,542
Finance lease liabilities		4,015,692			5,738,239
Contract Liabilities (Refer Note 30- VIE)		689,018			716,091
Current portion of pension and other employee obligations (Refer Note 30- VIE)		146,976			183,655
Unsecured Convertible Note		7,017,543			-
Unsecured promissory note to related parties		-			2,027,840
Derivative financial instruments		7,950,503			-
Other current liabilities (Refer Note 30- VIE)		2,875,156			2,783,618
Total current liabilities	$	46,772,485		$	31,296,055
Operating lease liabilities, less current portion		847,700			1,009,681
Pension and other employee obligations, less current portion (Refer Note 30- VIE)		347,930			491,449
Unsecured Convertible Note		-			10,067,601
Total liabilities	$	47,968,115		$	42,864,786
Commitments and contingencies (Note 32)
Stockholders’ deficit:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, 250,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024; 6,771,662 shares and 632,373 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 respectively *		677			63
Additional paid-in capital		280,779,361			272,063,258
Accumulated deficit		(321,357,118	)		(307,551,501	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		2,154,326			1,795,992
Total stockholders’ deficit	$	(38,422,754	)	$	(33,692,188	)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	9,545,361		$	9,172,598

Prior period numbers have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split of the Common Stock at a ratio of 1-for-100 that became effective October 21, 2024. (Refer Note 4)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
(In USD, except number of shares)	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023

Revenue:
Revenues from services	$	2,449,368		$	2,421,438		$	6,895,308		$	7,717,064
Other revenues		-			-			41,942			-
Total revenue	$	2,449,368		$	2,421,438		$	6,937,250		$	7,717,064
Cost and Expenses
Cost of revenue		1,499,282			2,093,057			4,224,993			8,441,525
Technology and development		749,287			1,261,101			2,385,988			3,507,839
Sales and marketing		191,090			962,652			1,208,431			4,822,646
General and administrative		3,247,389			9,782,855			7,302,337			14,424,956
Total costs and expenses	$	5,687,048		$	14,099,665		$	15,121,749		$	31,196,966
Loss from operations before income tax		(3,237,680	)		(11,678,227	)		(8,184,499	)		(23,479,902	)
Finance costs		4,050,856			8,392,470			6,127,161			13,628,832
Finance costs to related parties		-			12,426			-			38,203
Gain on troubled debt restructuring		(124,299	)		-			(476,746	)		-
Other (income)/expense, net		757,826			(34,503,014	)		(29,297	)		(10,377,735	)
Other income from related parties		-			(5,548	)		-			(11,224	)
Profit/(Loss) before income taxes	$	(7,922,063	)	$	14,425,439		$	(13,805,617	)	$	(26,757,978	)
Provision for income taxes		-			-			-			-

Net profit/(loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	(7,922,063	)	$	14,425,439		$	(13,805,617	)	$	(26,757,978	)

Net profit/(loss) per share *
Basic	$	(3.56	)	$	451.45		$	(9.85	)	$	(1,924.75	)
Diluted	$	(3.56	)	$	89.86		$	(9.85	)	$	(1,924.75	)
Weighted average shares used in computing loss per share: *
Basic		2,223,441			31,954			1,402,217			13,902
Diluted		2,223,441			160,534			1,402,217			13,902

Prior period numbers have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split of the Common Stock at a ratio of 1-for-100 that became effective October 21, 2024. (Refer Note 3)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS) (UNAUDITED)

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
(In USD, except number of shares)	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023			December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023

Net Profit/(loss)	$	(7,922,063	)	$	14,425,439		$	(13,805,617	)	$	(26,757,978	)

Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment		373,803			1,775			417,695			(12,305	)
Gain/(Loss) for defined benefit plan		(12,118	)		(17,989	)		(54,353	)		(61,594	)

Reclassification adjustments:
Amortization of gains on defined benefit plan		(1,657	)		(5,250	)		(5,008	)		(15,859	)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	360,028		$	(21,464	)	$	358,334		$	(89,758	)
Comprehensive profit/(loss)	$	(7,562,035	)	$	14,403,975		$	(13,447,283	)	$	(26,847,736	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT (UNAUDITED)

FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023

	Redeemable									Shares
	Non-controlling			Mezzanine equity						pending
	Interest			Preferred stock						issuance			Zoomcar Holdings, Inc.
(In USD, except number of shares)	Amounts			Shares			Amounts			Amounts			Shares			Amounts			Additional paid-in capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)			Total equity (deficit)

Balance as at April 01, 2023		25,114,751			99,309,415			168,974,437			-			16,987,064			1,699			22,140,867			(270,002,281	)		1,827,999			(246,031,716	)
Retroactive application of Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3) *		-			(77,466,242	)		-			-			(16,504,250	)		(1,651	)		1,651			-			-			-
Retroactive application of Reverse Stock Split (Note 3) **		-			-			-			-			(477,472	)		(48	)		48			-			-			-
Balance as at April 01, 2023		25,114,751			21,843,173			168,974,437			-			5,342			0			22,142,566			(270,002,281	)		1,827,999			(246,031,716	)
Stock based compensation		-			-			-			-			-			-			444,212			-			-			444,212
Gain on employee benefit, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(79,400	)		(79,400	)
Net loss		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(28,781,134	)		-			(28,781,134	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)					-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(44,777	)		(44,777	)
Balance as at June 30, 2023		25,114,751			21,843,173			168,974,437			-			5,342			0			22,586,778			(298,783,415	)		1,703,822			(274,492,815	)
Stock based compensation		-			-			-			-			-			-			173,693			-			-			173,693
Gain on employee benefit, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			25,186			25,186
Net loss		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(12,402,285	)					(12,402,285	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			30,697			30,697
Balance as at September 30, 2023		25,114,751			21,843,173			168,974,437			-			5,342			0			22,760,471			(311,185,700	)		1,759,705			(286,665,524	)
Accelerated vesting of stock based awards on cancellation		-			-			-			-			-			-			1,265,828			-			-			1,265,828
Gain on employee benefit, (net of taxes amounts to $ NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(23,239	)		(23,239	)
Net profit		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			14,425,439			-			14,425,439
Conversion of redeemable non-controlling interest into common stock upon Merger		(25,114,751	)		-			-			-			13,061			1			25,114,750			-			-			25,114,751
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock into common stock upon Merger		-			(21,843,173	)		(168,974,437	)		-			378,280			38			168,974,399			-			-			168,974,437
Issuance of shares to vendors against services		-			-			-			-			36,173			3			19,051,997			-			-			19,052,000
Issuance of common stock upon settlement of SSCPN		-			-			-			-			73,571			7			27,148,306			-			-			27,148,311
Issuance of common stock upon settlement of promissory notes		-			-			-			-			10,715			1			3,953,855			-			-			3,953,856
Reclassification on conversion of preferred stock warrants and derivative financial instruments of Zoomcar, Inc. to common stock warrants of the Company		-			-			-			-			-			-			24,314,334			-			-			24,314,334
Issuance of Common Stock upon Merger		-			-			-			-			112,121			11			(20,520,680	)		(3,271,969	)		-			(23,792,638	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, (net of taxes amounts to $ Nil)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			1,775			1,775
Balance as at December 31, 2023		-			-			-			-			629,263			63			272,063,260			(300,032,230	)		1,738,241			(26,230,668	)

Balance as at April 01, 2024		-			-			-			-			63,185,881			6,319			272,057,002			(307,551,501	)		1,795,992			(33,692,188	)
Retroactive application of Reverse Stock Split (Note 3) **		-			-			-			-			(62,553,508	)		(6,256	)		6,256			-			-			-
Balance as at April 01, 2024		-			-			-			-			632,373			63			272,063,258			(307,551,501	)		1,795,992			(33,692,188	)
Issue of common stock against Atalaya note ***		-			-			-			-			125,121			13			2,324,683			-			-			2,324,696
Issue of common stock warrants along with redeemable promissory notes		-			-			-			-			-			-			2,047,925			-			-			2,047,925
Issue of common stock warrants to placement agents		-			-			-			-			-			-			418,157			-			-			418,157
Gain on employee benefit, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(65,190	)		(65,190	)
Net loss		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(2,334,233	)		-			(2,334,233	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			56,219			56,219
Balance as at June 30, 2024		-			-			-			-			757,494			76			276,854,023			(309,885,734	)		1,787,021			(31,244,614	)
Shares pending issuance on conversion of Unsecured promissory note		-			-			-			2,027,840			-			-			-			-			-			2,027,840
Gain on employee benefit, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			19,604			19,604
Net loss		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(3,549,321	)		-			(3,549,321	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(12,327	)		(12,327	)
Balance as at September 30, 2024		-			-			-			2,027,840			757,494			76			276,854,023			(313,435,055	)		1,794,298			(32,758,818	)
Issuance of common stock upon conversion of unsecured promissory note		-			-			-			(2,027,840	)		6,759			1			2,027,839			-			-			-
Issue of common stock upon conversion of warrants along with redeemable promissory notes					-			-			-			930,522			93			(93	)		-			-			-
Issue of common stock and pre-funded warrants		-			-			-			-			4,398,775			440			2,432,531			-			-			2,432,971
Issue of Common Stock warrants to placement agents		-			-			-			-			-			-			37,266			-			-			37,266
Issuance costs towards Common Stock and warrants		-			-			-			-			-			-			(572,138	)		-			-			(572,138	)
Issuance of Common Stock upon exercise of pre-funded warrants		-			-			-			-			410,000			41			(41	)		-			-			-
Reverse stock split rounding adjustment		-			-			-			-			268,112			26			(26	)		-			-			-
Gain on employee benefit, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(13,775	)		(13,775	)
Net loss		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(7,922,063	)		-			(7,922,063	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, (net of taxes amounts to $NIL)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			373,803			373,803
Balance as at December 31, 2024		-			-			-			-			6,771,662			677			280,779,361			(321,357,118	)		2,154,326			(38,422,754	)

Both the number of stock outstanding and their par value have been retroactively recast for all prior periods presented to reflect the par value of the outstanding stock of Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. as a result of the successful Reverse Recapitalization.

Prior period numbers have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split of the Common Stock at a ratio of 1-for-100 that became effective October 21, 2024. (Refer Note 3)

***

125,121 (12,512,080 prior to Reverse Stock Split) shares were issued against Atalaya Note.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

Nine months ended	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
A. Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss		(13,805,617	)		(26,757,978	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities :
Depreciation and amortization		305,658			754,660
Stock-based compensation		-			1,883,733
Interest income		-			(824	)
Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant		-			5,284,494
Change in fair value of convertible promissory note		-			(3,448,846	)
Change in fair value of Senior Subordinated Convertible Promissory Notes		-			(6,990,870	)
Change in fair value of derivative financial instruments		(5,471,519	)		3,465,293
Note issue expenses		-			1,564,210
Interest on redeemable promissory note		1,995,967			-
Loss on extinguishment of redeemable promissory note		1,765,615			-
Issuance cost towards issue of Common Stock and warrants		2,868,085			-
Change in fair value of Unsecured Convertible Note		(725,362	)		1,732,589
Discount on issue of Unsecured Convertible Note		-			632,595
(Gain)/Loss on sale and disposal of assets, net		(7,145	)		85,806
(Gain)/Loss on sale and disposal of assets held for sale, net		(1,796	)		11,325
Impairment on assets held for sale		251,590			165,216
Assets written off		162,205			39,650
Liabilities written back		(494	)		(385	)
Payable to customers written back		(76,052	)		-
Provisions written back		(137,235	)		-
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets		-			45,701
Gain on troubled debt restructuring		(476,746	)		-
Gain on modification of finance leases		(766	)		-
Unrealized foreign currency exchange loss, net		852			4,052
		(13,352,760	)		(21,529,579	)

Changes in operating assets and liabilities :
Decrease/(Increase) in Accounts receivable		92,870			(43,795	)
(Increase) in Balances with government authorities		(58,848	)		(116,133	)
Decrease in Prepaid expenses		1,300,660			682,785
Decrease in Other assets		139,971			86,909
Increase in Accounts payables		7,056,825			11,838,986
Increase in Other liabilities		244			482,139
(Decrease)/Increase in Pension and other employee obligations		(224,386	)		29,617
Decrease in Operating lease right of use asset		192,983			-
(Decrease) in Operating lease liabilities		(182,771	)		-
(Decrease)/Increase in Contract liabilities		(8,509	)		26,927
Net cash used in operating activities (A)		(5,043,721	)		(8,542,144	)

B. Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from sale/payment for purchase of property and equipment, including intangible assets and capital advances		14,201			(61,296	)
Payment towards investments in fixed deposits		-			(130,132	)
Proceeds from sale of asset held for sale		86,880			61,344
Proceeds from maturity of investments in fixed deposits		362,475			67,250
Interest received on fixed deposits		-			824
Net cash generated/(used) in investing activities (B)		463,556			(62,010	)

C. Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issue of equity and warrants (including prepayment of exercise price on pre funded warrants)		14,634,810			-
Payment of issuance cost towards issue of Common Stock and Warrants		(2,182,774	)		-
Proceeds from issue of Senior Subordinated Convertible Promissory Notes		-			13,175,025
Payment of notes issuance cost		-			(1,564,210	)
Proceeds from issue of redeemable promissory notes		3,000,000			-
Payment of redeemable promissory note issue expenses		(491,500	)		-
Repayment of redeemable promissory note		(3,804,000	)		-
Payment of offering costs		-			(4,804,482	)
Proceeds from merger		-			5,770,630
Repayment of debt		(1,854,880	)		(1,026,291	)
Principal payment of finance lease obligation		(1,603,626	)		(346,248	)
Net cash generated from financing activities (C)		7,698,030			11,204,424

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (A+B+C)		3,117,865			2,600,270
Effect of foreign exchange on cash and cash equivalents.		(16,636	)		(168,160	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash
Beginning of period		1,496,144			3,684,883
End of period		4,597,373			6,116,993

Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
Cash and cash equivalents		4,397,373			6,116,993
Restricted cash and cash equivalents included under other non-current assets		200,000			-
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows		4,597,373			6,116,993

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Cash (paid) for income taxes		(4,099	)		(57,337	)
Interest paid on debt		(167,929	)		(326,482	)

Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Issue of unsecured convertible promissory note		-			8,434,605
Issue of common stock to vendors against services		-			19,052,000
Issue of common stock upon conversion of SSCPN		-			27,147,577
Issue of common stock upon conversion of convertible promissory notes		-			3,953,749
Payments for offering costs		-			4,804,482
Warrants issued on completion of Merger		-			7,538,708
Issue of common stock upon conversion of Unsecured Convertible Note		2,324,683			-
Issue of warrants to redeemable promissory note holders		2,047,925			-
Issue of common stock upon exercise of warrants issued with redeemable promissory notes		93			-
Issue of common stock upon conversion of unsecured promissory note		2,027,840			-
Warrants issued to placement agents towards issue of redeemable promissory notes		418,157			-
Warrants issued to placement agents		1,257,449			-
Acquisition of assets held for sale by incurring a liability		238,349			-

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.	Organization, Business operation and Going concern

Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. (formerly “Innovative International Acquisition Corp”) a Delaware corporation provides mobility solutions to consumers and businesses. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts and transactions of Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “the combined entity” or “Zoomcar”). The Company operates its facilitation services under the Zoomcar brand with its operations in India.

Going concern

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and the rules and regulations of the SEC. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared using U.S. GAAP applicable to a going concern that contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company incurred a net loss of $7,922,063 and $13,805,617 during the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024, and cash used in operations was $5,043,721 for the nine months ended December 31, 2024. The Company’s accumulated deficit amounts to $321,357,118 (March 2024: $307,551,501). The Company has negative working capital of $40,754,964 as on December 31, 2024. In addition, the Company’s cash position is critically deficient and critical payments to the operational and financial creditors of the Company are not being made in the ordinary course of business, all of which raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

On November 5, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement in connection with a private placement offering pursuant to which the Company raised gross proceeds of $9.15 million. After the deduction of fees, expenses payable to the Placement Agent and other offering expenses, including legal fees payable to the Company’s and Placement Agent’s counsel, the net proceeds to the Company was $7.625 million. Proceeds were also used to repay $3.804 million of outstanding indebtedness to debt investors pursuant to an offering in June 2024. After all of such deductions the Company retained net proceeds of $3.621 million.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

On December 23, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement in connection with a private placement offering pursuant to which the Company raised gross proceeds of $5.48 million and after the deduction of fees and expenses payable to the Placement Agent and other offering expenses, including legal fees payable to the Company’s and Placement Agent’s counsel, the net proceeds to the Company was approximately $4.79 million.

On January 31, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement, in connection with the second closing of the Offering (the “Second Closing”) pursuant to a Confidential Private Placement Memorandum, dated December 3, 2024. The Securities were offered at a for an aggregate amount of $3 million; provided, however, that the Company did not receive any cash proceeds with respect to Securities with a subscription price of $1.56 million of such amount, as those Securities were issued in consideration for the settlement of litigation with a claimant. The Company received balance net proceeds of approximately $1.25 million after the deduction of fees and expenses payable to the Placement Agent and other offering expenses, including legal fees payable to the Company’s and Placement Agent’s counsel.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

While these financing arrangements resulted in the payment of certain outstanding indebtedness, the Company will still need to raise additional capital imminently in order to have sufficient capital.

There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to achieve its business plan, raise any additional capital or secure the additional financing necessary to implement its current operating plan. The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to increase its revenues and eventually achieve profitable operations. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

2.	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)

Basis of presentation

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (US GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by US GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The results of operations for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024, are not necessarily indicative of the results for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2025, or any future interim period.

These Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements follow the same significant accounting policies as those included in the audited Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company for the year ended March 31, 2024. In the opinion of management, these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for the fair statement of the Condensed Consolidated Financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for these interim periods.

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities in which the Company is the primary beneficiary, including an entity in India and in other geographical locations. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements herein.

(b)

Principles of consolidation

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. and of its wholly owned subsidiaries and Variable Interest Entities (“VIE”) in which the Company is the primary beneficiary, including an entity in India and in other geographical locations (collectively, the “Company”).

The Company determines, at the inception of each arrangement, whether an entity in which it has made an investment or in which it has other variable interest is considered a VIE. The Company consolidates a VIE when it is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the party that meets both of the following criteria:

has the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE; and

ii.

has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that in either case could potentially be significant to the VIE.

Periodically, the Company determines whether any changes in its interest or relationship with the entity impact the determination of whether the entity is still a VIE and, if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary.

As at December 31, 2024, following are the list of subsidiaries and step-down subsidiaries:

Name of Entity	Place of Incorporation	Investor Entity	Method of consolidation
Zoomcar, Inc.	USA	Zoomcar Holdings, Inc.	Voting Interest
Zoomcar India Private Limited	India	Zoomcar, Inc.	Voting Interest
Zoomcar Netherlands Holding B. V	Netherlands	Zoomcar, Inc.	Voting Interest
Fleet Holding Pte ltd	Singapore	Zoomcar, Inc.	Voting Interest
PT Zoomcar Indonesia Mobility Service	Indonesia	Fleet Holding Pte ltd	Voting Interest
Fleet Mobility Philippines Corporation	Philippines	Zoomcar, Inc.	VIE
Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC	Egypt	Zoomcar Netherlands Holding	VIE
Zoomcar Vietnam Mobility LLC	Vietnam	Fleet Holding Pte ltd	VIE

In determining whether the VIE model was applicable to the subsidiaries the criteria prescribed under ASC 810 were examined as below:

The subsidiaries were incorporated as legal entities under the laws and regulations of the country in which they are incorporated.

The scope exemptions under ASC 810 were not applicable to the entities.

Zoomcar Holdings, Inc holds variable interest in all the subsidiaries by way of contribution towards equity and in the form of debt.

The entities are variable interest entities for Zoomcar Holdings, Inc since the legal entities do not have sufficient equity investment at risk and equity investors at risk.

For the purpose of equity interests, the interests held by employees are also considered under ASC 810 since employees are considered as de-facto agents. Thus, Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC, Fleet Mobility Philippines Corporation, and Zoomcar Vietnam Mobility LLC are considered as wholly owned subsidiaries of Zoomcar, Inc and step-down subsidiaries of Zoomcar Holdings, Inc.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Through the direct and indirect interest that Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. holds in the subsidiaries, Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Accordingly, Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. is the primary beneficiary to Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC, Zoomcar Vietnam Mobility LLC and Fleet Mobility Philippines Corporation under the VIE model. Zoomcar, Inc., Zoomcar India Private Limited, Zoomcar Netherlands Holding B.V, Fleet Holding Pte Ltd and PT Zoomcar Indonesia Mobility Service are consolidated as per the voting interest model.

On August 14, 2023, Zoomcar Vietnam Mobility LLC has voluntarily filed application for bankruptcy with the local authorities of Vietnam. In accordance with ASC 205-30, the liquidation of the VIE is imminent and thus, the financial statements of VIE are prepared on a liquidation basis, which entails valuing assets at their estimated net realizable values and recording liabilities at their expected settlement amounts. Further, in accordance with ASC 810-10-15-10, the Company consolidate the VIE as the bankruptcy application is pending with the authorities in Vietnam and unless the application is admitted, the Company holds a variable interest and still is the primary beneficiary.

On May 30, 2024, PT Zoomcar Indonesia Mobility Services has closed down its operations due to decrease in bookings and increased difficulties in carrying out the day-to-day operations. Furthermore, on June 3, 2024, Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC has closed down its operations due to decrease in operations and rising economic difficulties. Additionally, On December 15 , 2024, Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC held an extraordinary general meeting to initiate the liquidation process and appoint a liquidator.

The assets/liabilities consolidated for the VIE are not material.

(c)

Use of estimates and assumptions

The use of estimates and assumptions as determined by management is required in the preparation of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with US GAAP. These estimates are based on management’s evaluation of historical trends and other information available when the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared and may affect the amounts reported and related disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The significant estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include, but are not limited to; are:

Estimation of defined benefit obligation

Fair value measurement of financial instruments

Estimation of utilization of loyalty points

Leases – assumption to determine the incremental borrowing rate

Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets

Estimation of utilization of balances with government authorities

(d)

Revenue recognition

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company derives its revenue principally from the following:

Facilitation revenue (“Host services”)

The Company launched its platform “Zoomcar Host Services” during the year ended March 2022. Zoomcar Host Services is a marketplace feature of the platform that helps owners of vehicles (“Hosts/ Customer/Lessors”) connect with users (“Renters/Lessee”) in temporary need of a vehicle on leasehold basis for their personal use.

Facilitation Services revenue consists of facilitation fees charged to Hosts, net of incentives and refunds and trip protection charged to the Renters. The Company charges facilitation fees to its customers as a percentage of the value of the total booking, excluding taxes. The Company collects both the booking value on behalf of the Host and the trip protection charges from the renter. On a daily basis the Company, or its third-party payment processors, disburse the booking value to the host, less the fees due from the host to the Company. The amounts charged for trip fees for the Marketplace service vary based on factors such as the vehicle type, the day of the week, time of the trip, and the duration of the trip. Hence, the Company’s primary performance obligation in the transaction towards the Host is to facilitate the successful completion of the rental transaction and towards the renter is to offer trip protection.

Customer support is rendered to both the Host (customer/lessor) and the renter (lessee). Company being the intermediary between the two provides its platform through which all communication takes place related to any services e.g., extension of trip period. Such services also include the normal customer support related to any vehicle breakdowns, tracking of vehicles, renter background checks, vehicle ownership checks and various other activities which are part of an ongoing set of series required for successful listing, renting and completion of trip. These activities are not distinct from each other and are not separate performance obligations. As a result, these series of services integrate together to form a single performance obligation.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

In case of booking value collected from the renter on behalf of the Host, the Company evaluates the presentation of revenue on a gross versus net basis based on whether or not it is the principal(gross) or the agent (net) in the transaction. The Company considers whether it controls the right to use the vehicle before control is transferred to the renter. Indicators of control that the Company considers include whether the Company is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise associated with the booking of the vehicle, whether it has inventory risk associated with the vehicle, and whether it has discretion in establishing the prices for the vehicles booked. The Company determined that it does not establish pricing for vehicles listed on its platform and does not control the right to use the host’s vehicle at any time before, during, or after completion of a trip booked on the Company’s platform. Accordingly, the Company has concluded that it is acting in an agent capacity, and revenue is presented net reflecting the facilitation fees received from the Marketplace service. The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity’s performance as the entity performs. Revenue is recognized ratably over the trip period. The Company recognizes facilitation revenue from these performance obligations on a straight-line basis over the duration of the rental trip using the output method as its performance obligation is satisfied over time. The Company uses the output method based on rental hours or days, where revenue is calculated based on the percentage of total time elapsed in relation to total estimated rental period. In the event a user books a trip extension, at the time the extension is booked, the service revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the duration of the extension period.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the Company launched the Fleet Management Program as an additional service for hosts, offering parking spaces for their vehicles. The Company charges a fixed fee to the hosts for this service, which is recognized under ‘Other Operating Revenue’ in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company offers vehicle listing incentive programs to hosts. The incentives are recorded in accordance with ASC 606- 10-32-25 and ASC 606-10-32-27 as a reduction to revenue and in cases where the amount of incentive paid to the Host are above the facilitation fees earned from that Host on cumulative basis, the excess of the revenue amount is recorded as a marketing expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. These incentives are offered as part of overall marketing strategy of the Company and incentivize the hosts to refer the platform. No incentives were paid during the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Loyalty program

The Company offers loyalty program, Z-Points, wherein customers are eligible to earn loyalty points that are redeemable for payment towards facilitation fees. Under ASC 606, each transaction that generates loyalty points results in the deferral of revenue equivalent to the retail value at the date the points are earned. The associated revenue is recognized when the customer redeems the loyalty points at some time in future. The retail value of points is estimated based on the current retail value measured as of the date the loyalty points are earned, less an estimated amount representing loyalty points that are not expected to be redeemed (“breakage”). Breakage is reviewed on an annual basis and includes significant assumptions such as historical breakage trends, internal Company forecasts and extended redemption period, if any. As at December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the Company’s deferred revenue balance amounted to $29,369 and $96,710 respectively and is included in Contract liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Contract liabilities

Contract liabilities primarily consist of obligations to customers for advance received against bookings, revenue-share payable to customers for vehicles listed by them on Company’s portal for short-term rentals and related to Company’s points-based loyalty program. As per ASC 606-10-50-14 the Company does not aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations as required under ASC 606-10-50-13, since the company’s performance obligation is a part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less.

(e)

Restricted Cash

The Company is required to place cash in an indemnification escrow fund with the placement agent for all indemnification liabilities and expenses payable by the Company as per the placement agent agreement for a period of 3 years from closing of the November 2024 Offering. Such cash is classified as restricted cash and reported as a component of other non-current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(f)

Accounts receivable, net of allowance

Accounts receivables are stated net of allowances and primarily represent corporate debtors and dues from payment gateways for amounts paid by customers. In case of corporate debtors, the payment terms generally include a credit of 30-60 days. The amounts receivable from payment gateways are settled within 2 days.

The Company records an allowance for credit losses for amounts owed for completed transactions that may never settle or be collected. The Company estimates its exposure to balances deemed to be uncollectible based on factors including known facts and circumstances, historical experience, and the age of the uncollected balances. Accounts receivable balances are written off against the allowance of credit losses after all means of collection has been exhausted and potential recovery is considered remote.

(g)

Balances with government authorities – Input Tax Credit

Balances with government authorities represent the tax credit with government agencies which are recognized when the Company has performed the required services and when they meet the eligibility criteria outlined in the applicable government regulations.

The input tax credits are related to Indian Goods and Service Tax (“GST”). These balances are classified based on their expected period of utilization of future GST credit and GST debit that comes from domestic purchases and sales of services, respectively. If the tax credits are expected to be utilized within twelve months from the reporting date, they are classified as current assets. If the tax credits are not expected to be utilized within twelve months from the reporting date, they are classified as non-current assets.

(h)

Assets held for sale

The Company classifies vehicles to be disposed of as held for sale in the period in which they are available for immediate sale in their present condition and the sale is probable and expected to be completed within one year. The Company initially measures assets held for sale at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to sell and assesses their fair value annually until disposed. The fair value of Assets held for sale not traded in an active market is determined using valuation techniques which maximize the use of observable market data and rely as little as possible on entity-specific estimates. If all significant inputs required to fair value an asset are observable, the Valuation is included in Level 2.

In case of certain vehicles which are not sold within one year from date of classification, the Company reassess the carrying value of the assets to adjust it for the realizable value.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(i)

Debt

The debt instruments of the Company consist of debentures and term loans from financial institutions. The Company based on available proceeds makes periodic prepayments of scheduled instalments and the same has been accounted for under ASC 470-50.

Redeemable Promissory Notes

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the Company has issued Redeemable Promissory Notes which are repayable at the principal value on maturity date and has been accounted for under ASC 470-10. The Company issued these Redeemable Promissory notes on discount and incurred expenses on issue of the Redeemable Promissory Notes. As per ASC 835, the discount and the expenses incurred on issue of the Redeemable Promissory Notes have been amortized over the period of the Redeemable Promissory note on a straight-line basis. The Redeemable Promissory Notes liabilities have been presented net off the discount and issue expenses.

Debt Issuance costs

Debt issuance costs consist primarily of arrangement fees paid to Placement agent, professional fees and legal fees. These costs are netted off with the related debt and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the related.

The debt has been classified into current or non-current based on the payment terms of the debt instruments. Non-current obligations are those scheduled to mature beyond twelve months from the date of the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(j)

Warrants

When the Company issues warrants, it evaluates the balance sheet classification of the warrant to determine whether the warrant should be classified as equity or as a derivative liability on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In accordance with ASC 815- 40, Derivatives and Hedging- Contracts in the Entity’s Own Equity (ASC 815-40), the Company classifies a warrant as equity so long as it is “indexed to the Company’s equity” and several specific conditions for equity classification are met. A warrant is not considered indexed to the Company’s equity, in general, when it contains certain types of exercise contingencies or adjustments to exercise price. If a warrant is not indexed to the Company’s equity or it has net cash settlement that results in the warrants to be accounted for under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, or ASC 815-40, it is classified as a derivative liability which is carried on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value with any changes in its fair value recognized currently in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(a)

Warrants issued towards the November 2024 and December 2024 offering:

(b)

Warrants issued along with Redeemable Promissory Note:

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued warrants along with Redeemable Promissory Note and as consideration to the placement agent for the issuance of the Redeemable Promissory Note.

These warrants were classified as equity in accordance with ASC 815-40 since all the conditions required for equity classification are met. During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, these were exercised and were converted into common stock.

(c)

Warrants issued along with SSCPN and to placement agent (‘Derivative financial instrument’):

During the year ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued warrants along with Senior Subordinated Convertible Promissory Note (“SSCPN)” and as consideration to the placement agent for the issuance of SSCPN.

These warrants were deemed derivative instruments in accordance with ASC 815-10-15-83 since they contained an underlying, had cash less payment provisions, that could have been net settled in shares and had a very minimal initial net investment. Accordingly, the derivatives were measured at fair value and subsequently revalued at each reporting date until the close of Reverse Recapitalization consummated during year ended March 31, 2024.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(d)

Warrants issued to preferred stockholders:

Before the date of reverse recapitalization, the Company had warrants issued to preferred stockholders convertible into shares of preferred stock and common stock which were issued during the year ended March 31, 2022, and were classified as liabilities and equity respectively.

Each unit of issued by the Company consisted of one share of Series E preferred stock and a warrant which entitled the holder to purchase one share of common stock of the Company on the satisfaction of certain conditions. Warrants were also issued to the placement agent of the Series E and Series E1 which included the following two categories: a) warrants to purchase common stock of the company; and b) warrants to purchase Series E and Series E1preferred shares.

Warrants to be converted into common stock:

The Company’s warrants to purchase common stock were classified as equity. Upon issuance of the warrant, the Company had allocated a portion of the proceeds from the issuance of its preferred stock to the warrant based on the relative fair values of warrants and preferred stock.

Warrants to be converted into preferred stock (“Preferred stock warrant liability”):

The Company’s warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock were classified as a liability and were held at fair value as the warrants were exercisable for contingently redeemable preferred stock, which was classified outside of stockholders’ deficit.

The warrant instruments classified as liabilities were subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date, and any change in fair value was recognized as a component of finance costs.

The Company continued to adjust the liability classified warrant for changes in the fair value until the Reverse Recapitalization transaction at which time the warrants were reclassified to additional paid-in-capital.

(k)

Financial liabilities measured at fair value

Convertible Promissory notes (“Notes”), Senior Subordinated Convertible Promissory Note (“SSCPN”) and Unsecured Convertible Note (“Atalaya Note”)

During the year ended March 31, 2024 the Company issued Notes and SSCPN. The Company evaluated the balance sheet classification for these instruments either as liabilities or equity, and accounting for conversion feature. As per ASC 480-10-25-14, the Notes and SSCPN were classified as liabilities because the Company intended to settle them by issuing variable number of shares with a fixed and known monetary value at the time of inception. However, the Company had elected fair value option for these Notes and SSCPN, as discussed below and thus did not bifurcate the embedded conversion feature.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fair Value Option (“FVO”) Election

The Company accounted for Notes and SSCPN under the fair value option election of ASC 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC-825”) as discussed below.

The Notes and SSCPN accounted under the FVO election which were debt host financial instruments containing conversion features which otherwise would be required to be assessed for bifurcation from the debt-host and recognized as separate derivative liabilities subject to measurements under ASC 815. Notwithstanding, ASC 825-10-15-4 provides for the “fair value option” (“FVO”) election, to the extent not otherwise prohibited by ASC 825-10-15- 5, to be afforded to financial instruments, wherein bifurcation of an embedded derivative is not necessary, and the financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date.

The estimated fair value adjustment, as required by ASC 825-10-45-5, was recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) with respect to the portion of the fair value adjustment attributed to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk, with the remaining amount of the fair value adjustment recognized under Finance costs shown as “Change in fair value of Notes” and “Change in fair value of SSCPN” in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. With respect to the above Notes and SSCPN, as provided for by ASC 825-10-50- 30(b), the estimated fair value adjustments were presented as a separate line item in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations, since the change in fair value of the Notes and SSCPN payable were not attributable to instrument specific credit risk.

During the year ended March 31, 2024, as a result of consummation of the Business Combination by way of Reverse Recapitalization, the Notes and SSCPN outstanding were converted into 59,757 shares (5,975,686 shares prior to the Reverse Stock Split) of the Company’s Common Stock.

The SSCPN and Notes were adjusted for their carrying value through Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations as on date of Reverse Recapitalization and credited at carrying value to the capital accounts upon conversion to reflect the stock issued.

During the year ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued an unsecured convertible note (“Atalaya Note) which had features similar to that of SSCPN and were accounted accordingly as enumerated above.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(l)

Net profit/(loss) per share attributable to common stockholders

The Company computes net profit/(loss) per share using the two-class method required for participating securities. The two-class method requires income available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common stock and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all the income for the period had been distributed. The Company’s convertible preferred stock is participating security. The holders of the convertible preferred stock would be entitled in preference to common shareholders, at specified rate, if declared.

Then any remaining earnings would be distributed to the holders of common stock and convertible preferred stock on a pro-rata basis assuming conversion of all convertible preferred stock into common stock. This participating security do not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in the Company’s losses. As such, net losses for the periods presented were not allocated to the Company’s participating securities.

The Company’s basic profit/(loss) per share is computed using the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. The diluted profit/(loss) per share is computed by considering the impact of potential issuance of common stock on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period, except where the results would be anti-dilutive.

(m)

Provisions and accrued expenses

A provision is recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. If the effect is material, provisions are recognized at present value by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money.

Provisions for onerous contracts are recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable costs of meeting the future obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract. The Company does not have any onerous contracts.

(n)

Fair value measurements and financial instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), the Company uses the fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy, as defined below, gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are set forth below:

	Level 1	Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

	Level 2	Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs other than the quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly for the full term of assets or liabilities.

	Level 3	Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s primary financial instruments included cash and cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivables, other financial assets, accounts payable, debt, unsecured convertible note, redeemable promissory note and other financial liabilities. The estimated fair value of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, redeemable promissory note and accrued liabilities approximate their carrying value due to short-term maturities of these instruments.

(o)

Troubled debt restructuring

As per ASC 470-60 Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDR) refers to a situation where the creditor, grants concessions to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. These concessions may include modifications to the terms of the payable, such as reducing the interest rate, extending the repayment period, or forgiving a portion of the payable. Such restructuring is done with the intent to provide relief to the borrower and to maximize the potential for payable recovery by the Company.

In accordance with ASC 470-60, when the total future cash payments under the new terms are less than the carrying amount of the payable at the date of restructuring, the difference between the carrying amount and the total future cash payments is recognized as a ‘Gain on Troubled Debt Restructuring’ in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. This gain is recorded immediately in the period the restructuring occurs.

If the total future cash payments under the new terms exceed the carrying amount of the payable at the date of restructuring, no adjustment to the carrying amount of the payable is made. Instead, the company calculates a New Effective Interest Rate (EIR) based on the revised terms of the restructured payable. The debt is then amortized over the remaining life of the payable using the new EIR, with interest expense recognized based on this rate in future periods.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(p)

Segment information

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which discrete financial information is available and is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in making decisions regarding resource allocation and performance assessment. The Company’s CODM is its Board of Directors. The Company has determined it has one operating and reportable segment as the CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.

(q)

Common Stock Reverse Split

In October 2024, the Company effectuated a one-for-hundred reverse stock split. All share, stock option and warrant information has been retroactively adjusted to reflect these stock splits. See Note 3 for additional disclosure.

(r)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Pronouncement Pending Adoption

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2024-03, “Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires public companies to disaggregate key expense categories such as inventory purchases, employee compensation and depreciation in their financial statements. Further, in January 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2025-01, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date” which clarifies the effective date of ASU 2024-03. The guidance is effective for all public entities with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact that adoption of the provisions of ASU 2024-03 will have on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03, “Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments”. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025 (and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods). Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of a reporting period if the entity has also adopted ASU 2020-06 for that period. This update does not have any impact on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (ASC 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. This update does not have any impact on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for our annual periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential effect that the updated standard will have on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02 Codification Improvements – Amendments to Remove References to the Concept Statements to provide amendments to the Codification that remove references to various FASB Concepts Statements. ASU 2024-02 is effective for our annual periods beginning December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. This update does not have any impact on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

There are other new accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB that the Company has adopted or will adopt, as applicable, and the Company does not believe any of these accounting pronouncements have had, or will have, a material impact on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements or disclosures.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3	Reverse Stock Split

The Company’s shareholders authorized, and the Board of Directors approved for a 1-for-100 Reverse Stock Split, which became effective on October 21, 2024. Any fractional shares that would have otherwise resulted from the Reverse Stock Split were rounded up to the nearest whole share.

Every 100 shares of issued and outstanding Common Stock has been consolidated into one share, without affecting the par value. In addition, (i) a proportionate adjustment has been made to the number of outstanding warrants, per share exercise price and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of all outstanding stock options and warrants to purchase shares of common stock as per the terms and conditions of the respective warrant agreements, and (ii) the number of shares reserved for issuance pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plans was also reduced proportionately.

4	Troubled Debt Restructuring

7.7% Debenture

On September 25, 2024, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Blacksoil Capital Private Limited (lender). As per the agreement, the lender has agreed to waive off 25% of the outstanding amount and the Company agreed to make full settlement of its outstanding amount (net of 25% waiver) by November 15, 2024 (original date was October 31, 2024) and in case of default, the Company is liable to pay fixed coupon interest @10% p.a. on the revised outstanding amount for the period starting October 31, 2024 till December 15, 2024 (“Long stop date”). As of December 31, 2024, the Company has fully repaid its outstanding liability to the lender.

The Company has accounted for this transaction as troubled debt restructuring under ASC 470-60. The gain on troubled debt restructuring recorded during the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 is $NIL and $83,645, respectively.

Mercury Car Rentals Limited

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the Company has entered into a new arrangement with Mercury Car Rentals Limited whereby the lender has waived all penal interest amounting to $31,951 charged due to non-payment of bullet payment which was due in January, 2024. As per the agreed terms, the company was to make payment in 3 installments starting from September 2024 until November 30, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has fully repaid its outstanding liability to Mercury Car Rentals Limited.

Jain and Sons Services Limited

On November 06, 2024, the Company has entered into a settlement arrangement with Jain and Sons Services Limited, under which the lender waived a portion of the outstanding liability. The remaining liability was to be settled by December 23, 2024. The Company has repaid its liability as per the agreed dates, and as a result, no liability remains outstanding to the lender.

This transaction has been accounted for as a troubled debt restructuring in accordance with ASC 470-60. The gain on troubled debt restructuring recorded during the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 is $17,883 and $17,883, respectively.

Accounts Payable

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the Company carried out negotiations with its vendors and as per the revised agreements with the vendors, they have granted a short-term deferral in payments and/or reduction in outstanding liability. As a part of the agreement, they cannot initiate any new proceedings and/or are required to withdraw (if previously initiated) any legal notices or proceedings against the Company until the payments are due in accordance with the revised agreed terms.

The Company has accounted for this transaction as troubled debt restructuring under ASC 470-60. The Company has recorded a net gain on troubled debt restructuring in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations during the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 amounting to $106,819 and $343,267, respectively.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Accounting considerations

The Company assessed the transactions under the guidance of ASC 470-60 Troubled Debt Restructuring to determine if the transactions qualified as troubled debt restructuring. For a payable restructuring to be considered troubled, the debtor must be experiencing financial difficulty, and the creditor must have granted a concession. The Company is experiencing financial difficulties such as continuous default in debt repayments, significant doubt about the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern, threat of being delisted from an exchange and vendors/lenders have granted concessions, hence the Company has accounted the concessions in accordance with ASC 470-60. The restructured payables is significantly less than the carrying value of old payables and in accordance with the guidance in ASC 470-60, gain on restructuring is recorded as the difference between future undiscounted cash flows and the carrying value.

The total gain on troubled debt restructuring recorded during the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 amounts to $124,299 and $476,746. Basic EPS was increased by $0.06 ($0.0006 prior to Reverse Stock Split) and $0.34 ($0.0034 prior to Reverse Stock Split) as a result of these gains.

5	Cash and cash equivalents

The components of cash and cash equivalents were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024

Balances in bank accounts	$	4,396,189	$	1,495,097
Cash		1,184		1,047
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,397,373	$	1,496,144

6	Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts

The components of accounts receivable were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024			March 31, 2024

Accounts receivable	$	110,542		$	207,971
Allowance for credit losses		(13,414	)		(13,774	)
Net accounts receivable	$	97,128		$	194,197

The Company records an allowance for credit losses for amounts owed for completed transactions that may never settle or be collected. For the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024, allowance amounting to $NIL and $NIL was created for expected credit losses respectively (March 31, 2024 : $13,774).

7	Balances with government authorities

The components of balances with government authorities were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024			March 31, 2024
Current
Goods and service tax receivable	$	4,220,938		$	4,277,019
Less: Impairment*		(3,748,841	)		(3,849,317	)
	$	472,097		$	427,702

Non-current
Other tax receivables	$	3,940		$	18,126
	$	3,940		$	18,126

*	During the year ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded an allowance for impairment of tax credits for an amount of $3,849,317 for estimated losses resulting from substantial doubt about the utilization of the tax credits. As of December 31, 2024 the impairment amounts to $3,748,841.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

8	Short term investments

The components of short term investments were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024

Certificate of deposits	$	-	$	298,495
Short term investments	$	-	$	298,495

9 (a)

Other current assets

The components of other current assets were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024

Security deposits	$	27,279	$	98,813
Franchise tax refund receivable		84,490		84,490
Advance to employees		17,164		15,159
Receivables from car sale		81,987		90,244
Advance income taxes, net		4,844		9,094
Advance to suppliers		84,522		9,370
Other receivables		37,985		216,576
Other current assets	$	338,271	$	523,746

9 (b)

Other current assets with related parties

The components of other current assets with related parties were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024

Advance to director	$	-	$	44,168
Other current assets with related parties	$	-	$	44,168

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

10	Assets held for sale

The components of assets held for sale were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024

Vehicles	$	527,784	$	629,908
Total assets held for sale	$	527,784	$	629,908

Vehicles represent the vehicles held for sale in the Indian subsidiary, Zoomcar India Private Limited. The gain or loss on sale of these assets is included in Loss/(Gain) on sale of assets held for sale under Other (income)/expense of Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024, total profit of $5,011 and $7,861 was recorded on sale of vehicles held for sale respectively (total loss of $9,940 and $11,325 for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2023 respectively).

During the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024, the Company has recorded the impairment amount of $251,590 and $251,590, respectively. During the three and nine months ended December 31, 2023, the Company has recorded the impairment amount of $165,216 and $165,216, respectively. The impairment amount is included in ‘Impairment on assets held for sale’ under Other (income)/expense of Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

11	Property and equipment, net

The components of property and equipment were as follows:

(In USD) As at	Estimated useful life	December 31, 2024			March 31, 2024

Devices	3 - 5 years	$	3,107,319		$	3,274,998
Computer equipments	2 - 7 years		550,939			603,864
Office equipments	3 - 10 years		229,025			245,545
Furniture and fixtures	10 years		1,718			7,398
Total, at cost			3,889,001			4,131,805
Less: Accumulated depreciation			(2,741,574	)		(2,572,825	)
		$	1,147,427		$	1,558,980

Right-of-use assets under finance leases:

Vehicles, at cost	$	4,009,932		$	4,117,406
Accumulated depreciation		(4,009,932	)		(4,117,406	)
	$	-		$	-

Total property and equipment, net	$	1,147,427		$	1,558,980

Depreciation expense for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 was $89,552 and $302,715 respectively and for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2023 was $244,051 and $754,658, respectively. Depreciation expense has been shown under cost of revenue amounting to $73,683 and $222,862 for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 respectively ($205,260 and $624,630 respectively for three months and nine month ended December 31, 2023) and under General and administrative expenses amounting to $15,869 and $79,853 for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 respectively ($38,791 and $130,028 respectively for three months and nine months ended December 31, 2023). Vehicles are pledged against debt from financial institutions.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

12	Leases

The Company’s leases primarily include vehicles and corporate offices which have been classified as finance leases and operating leases, respectively. The lease term of operating and finance leases varies between 3 to 7 years. The lease agreements do not contain any covenants to impose any restrictions except for market-standard practice for similar lease arrangements. In assessment of the lease term, the Company considers the extension option as part of its lease term for those lease arrangements where the Company is reasonably certain of availing the extension option.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

(In USD)	Three months ended December 31,				Nine months ended December 31,
Period ended	2024		2023		2024		2023
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Interest on lease liabilities		180,841		152,659		448,050		469,140
Operating lease cost		85,570		127,399		280,140		387,681
Short term lease cost		328,932		43,691		501,855		123,364
Total lease cost	$	595,343	$	323,749	$	1,230,045	$	980,185

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

(In USD) For the Nine months ended	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	259,503	$	341,981
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	$	1,603,626	$	816,744
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	-	$	-
Finance leases	$	-	$	-

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024			March 31, 2024
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	1,067,777		$	1,290,608

Current operating lease liabilities	$	312,491		$	365,542
Non-current operating lease liabilities		847,700			1,009,681
Total operating lease liabilities	$	1,160,191		$	1,375,223

Finance Leases

Property and equipment, at cost	$	5,768,936		$	5,923,555
Accumulated depreciation		(4,009,932	)		(4,117,406	)
Accumulated impairment		(1,759,004	)		(1,806,149	)
Property and equipment, net	$	-		$	-

Current finance lease liabilities	$	4,015,692		$	5,738,239
Non-current finance lease liabilities		-			-
Total finance lease liabilities	$	4,015,692		$	5,738,239

Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Operating leases		51 months			58 months
Finance leases		21 months			30 months
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases		13.00	%		13.00	%
Finance leases		21.00	%		9.00	%

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

The Company determines the incremental borrowing rate by adjusting the benchmark reference rates, with appropriate financing spreads applicable to the respective geographies where the leases were entered and lease specific adjustments for the effects of collateral.

	December 31, 2024				March 31, 2024
	Operating Leases		Finance Leases		Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:
2025	$	80,245	$	4,817,953	$	392,443	$	6,475,668
2026		336,564		73,401		345,584		-
2027		352,926		-		362,385		-
2028		370,106		-		380,025		-
2029		388,144		-		398,548		-
Total Lease Payments	$	1,527,985	$	4,891,354	$	1,878,985	$	6,475,668
Less : Imputed Interest		367,794		875,662		503,762		737,429
Total Lease Liabilities	$	1,160,191	$	4,015,692	$	1,375,223	$	5,738,239

During the period ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into re-structuring agreements with Orix Leasing and Financial Services India Limited (Orix). Under the restructured terms with Orix, the Company was to pay 50% of the outstanding liability by November 25, 2024, with the remaining 50% due in 12 monthly installments at 12% interest, starting January 15, 2025. If the Company defaults, the entire liability, plus 18% annual compounded interest, will be due after a 15-day grace period. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has fulfilled all payment obligations under the restructured terms.

In adherence to the agreement, the Company has accumulated penal interest at a simple interest rate of 1% per month on the overdue EMIs after adjustment of amounts paid during the three months ended December 31, 2024, amounting to $226,093.

As per the terms of the agreement, an additional simple interest of 1.5% per month is levied on the overdue amount as it is still unpaid after 60 days from date of default.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

13	Investments

The components of investments were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Long term investments
Investments in certificate of deposits*	$	25,295	$	91,947
	$	25,295	$	91,947

*	Investments includes certificate of deposits and interest accrued on the same.

14	Other non-current assets

The components of other non-current assets were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024

Security deposits	$	554,993	$	350,149
Restricted cash*		200,000		-
Receivables from car sale		446,619		458,590
Other non-current assets	$	1,001,612	$	808,739

Restricted cash represents amount held as an indemnification escrow fund with the placement agent for all indemnification liabilities and expenses payable by the Company as per the placement agent agreement for a period of 3 years from closing of the November 2024 Offering.

15	Accounts Payable

The components of other non-current assets were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024

Accounts payable towards related parties	$	152,435	$	152,435
Accounts Payable towards others*		20,639,479		14,279,152

Total Accounts Payable	$	20,791,914	$	14,431,587

The Company carried out negotiations with its vendors which resulted in a short-term deferral in payments and/or reduction in outstanding liability. The Company has accounted for this transaction as troubled debt restructuring under ASC 470-60 (Refer to Note 4) and includes provision for settlement of litigation (Refer to Note 33).

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Debt

The components of long term and short term debt were as follows:

(In USD) As at	Effective interest rates	Original Maturities*	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Current
Non-convertible debentures
- 7.7% Debentures	-	November 15, 2024	$	-	$	335,549
- from non-banking financial companies (NBFCs)
- from others (NBFCs)
- Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited	-	February 28, 2025		538,695		873,924
- TATA Motors Finance Limited	12.77%	May 31, 2027		1,921,963		2,187,128
- Kotak Mahindra Financial Services Limited	1.00%	February 28, 2025		342,417		348,599
- Jain and Sons Services Limited	-	December 31, 2024		-		47,992
- Mercury Car Rentals Private Limited	-	November 30, 2024		-		249,560
- Orix Leasing and Financial Services India LTD	12.00%	December 31, 2025		83,327		156,370
- Clix Finance India Private Limited	4.11%	July 2, 2025		86,790		124,931
Financing arrangement with-
- AON Premium Finance LLC	-	September 28, 2024		-		725,430

			$	2,973,192	$	5,049,483

Total maturity as of December 31, 2024
Year ending March 31,
2025 (January 1, 2025 till March 31, 2025)	$	2,909,457
2026		63,735
2027		-
2028		-
2029		-
Thereafter		-
	$	2,973,192

*	Maturities have been stated as per the respective agreements with the financiers. For Tata Motors Finance Limited, due to non-payment of scheduled EMIs, the loan is immediately payable and is classified as current. The debts are not associated with any restrictive covenants.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(1)

Non-convertible debentures

(i)

7.7% Debenture

On September 25, 2024, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Blacksoil Capital Private Limited, wherein the lender waived 25% of the outstanding amount. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had fully repaid its liability to the lender. This transaction was accounted for as troubled debt restructuring under ASC 470-60 (Refer to Note 4), resulting in a net gain of $NIL and $83,645 for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024, respectively.

The Company has recorded an interest expense amounting to $NIL and $9,834 for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 ($9,523 and $31,609 for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2023).

(2)

Term loans from NBFCs

Includes loans outstanding as at December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 amounting to $2,973,192 and $4,713,936, respectively.

The Company has recorded an interest expense amounting to $68,067 and $220,282 for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 ($100,243 and $294,872 for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2023).

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has defaulted on debt obligations, totaling $1,070,281, owed to various lenders, including Kotak Mahindra Finance, Tata Motors Finance Limited, Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited, and Clix Finance India Private Limited. The Company has also recorded a penal interest expense amounting to $25,051 and $112,635 for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 ($5,157 and $5,157 for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2023). The Company is in negotiations or has entered into settlement agreements with these lenders to restructure payment terms and resolve outstanding claims.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into settlement agreements with Mercury Car Rentals Limited and Jain and Sons Services Limited, resulting in waiver of partial liabilities. These transactions were accounted for as troubled debt restructuring under ASC 470-60 (Refer to Note 5), and all outstanding amounts owed to these lenders were fully repaid by December 31, 2024.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

16A

Redeemable Promissory Note

On June 18, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional accredited investors pursuant to which the Company issued and sold an aggregate of $3,600,000 in principal amount of notes and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,267,728 shares (52,966,102 prior to Reverse Stock Split) of Company Common Stock for gross proceeds of $3,000,000. The closing occurred on June 20, 2024.

Pursuant to the funding received on November 7, 2024, the Company has repaid the outstanding amount of the redeemable promissory notes (including interest accrued) and the difference between the amount paid and the net carrying amount of the redeemable promissory notes (post amortization of discount on issue and issuance cost until the date of payment) has been recognized as ‘Loss on extinguishment of the redeemable promissory note’ under other income/(expense) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Terms of Warrants issued along with Redeemable Promissory Note

The warrants are each exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.832 per share ($0.1416 per share prior to Reverse Stock Split) and may be exercised at any time after six months and up to 5 years the date of issue.

During the period ended December 31, 2024, 930,522 warrants have been exercised and are converted into Common Stock. As of December 31, 2024, 1,394,062 warrants are outstanding (after considering antidilution effect).

These Warrants are classified as equity on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

17	Unsecured promissory note to related parties

The following is a summary of the Company’s unsecured promissory note payable as of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024:

	Outstanding
(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Unsecured promissory note	$	-	$	2,027,840
Total		-		2,027,840

During the nine months ended December 2024, Ananda Small Business Trust has opted for conversion of the Unsecured promissory note into the common stock of the Company at the agreed conversion price of $300 ($3.00 prior to Reverse Stock Split) per share. On October 2, 2024, 6,759 shares (675,946 shares prior to Reverse Stock Split) have been issued to Ananda Small Business Trust on conversion of the Unsecured promissory note.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

18	Unsecured Convertible Note (‘Atalaya Note’)

The following is a summary of the Company’s Atalaya Note payable for which it elected fair value option as on December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024:

	Fair Value Outstanding
(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Non-current liability
Atalaya Note	$	-	$	10,067,601
Total	$	-	$	10,067,601

	Fair Value Outstanding
(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Current liability
Atalaya Note	$	7,017,543	$	-
Total	$	7,017,543	$	-

The Atalaya Note was initially recorded at the fair value of $10,167,194 on issuance. The Atalaya Note was issued at 7.5% discount on principal amounting to $632,596 and bears an interest of 8% and an additional interest on default of 8% compounded monthly.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, partial liability was settled by issue of 125,120 (12,512,080 prior to Reverse Stock Split) shares to the Atalaya Note holders for a settlement of $2,324,696.

The principal balance of the Atalaya Note was $8,434,605 (amount received $7,802,009). As of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the fair value of the Atalaya Note of $7,017,543 and $10,067,601, was recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for their respective periods. The change in fair value resulted in loss of $244,658 and gain of $725,362 that is recorded for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 ($NIL and $NIL for three months and nine months ended December 31, 2023) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (as no portion of such fair value adjustment resulted from instrument-specific credit risk). Also, Refer Note 31.

The Company is liable to pay liquidated damages to the note holders, owing to breach of certain conditions as prescribed by the agreement. However, there is no visibility on the amount of such damages, henceforth, no provision has been booked for the same.

During the period ended December 31, 2024, the Company received notices from Atalaya regarding equity line transactions and incurring debt without the Purchaser’s consent. Under the Atalaya Note, any default would make all accrued interest, liquidated damages, and other amounts immediately due in cash. The Company is in discussions with Atalaya to resolve this matter and has classified all payments due to Atalaya as a current liability.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

19	Other current liabilities

The components of other current liabilities were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024

Payable to renters	$	482,987	$	576,052
Statutory dues payable		1,560,108		1,550,688
Capital creditors		5,781		5,936
Employee benefit expenses payable		194,804		320,360
Other liabilities*		631,476		330,582
Other current liabilities	$	2,875,156	$	2,783,618

*	Includes payables related to operating leases and the residual value of vehicles acquired from Leaseplan India Private Limited.

20	Accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss)

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) were as follows:

(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024			March 31, 2024

(Loss)/ Gain on employee benefit
Balance, beginning of period	$	46,101		$	115,818
Recognized during the period, net of taxes amounts to $NIL		(54,353	)		(48,593	)
Reclassification to net income: Amortization losses/(gains)		(5,008	)		(21,124	)
Balance, end of period	$	(13,260	)	$	46,101

Foreign currency translation adjustment
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,749,891		$	15,594,868
Translation adjustments gain recognized during the period, net of taxes amounts to $NIL		417,695			(13,844,977	)
Balance, end of period	$	2,167,586		$	1,749,891
Accumulated other comprehensive income	$	2,154,326		$	1,795,992

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

21	Capital Stock

On November 7, 2024, the Company sold (i) 1,302,850 Common Units, each consisting of one share of common stock, two Series A Warrants (“Series A Warrants - November 2024 Offering”) and maximum number of Series B Warrants (“Series B Warrants - November 2024 Offering”) as mentioned in the agreement, and (ii) 835,000 Pre-Funded Units, each consisting of one Pre-Funded Warrant (“Pre Funded Warrants - November 2024 Offering”), two Series A Warrants, and maximum number of Series B Warrants as mentioned in the agreement, through the placement agent (collectively referred to “November 2024 Offering”). Along with a cash fee, the Company has issued to the placement agent, warrants to purchase 10% of the shares of Common Stock and shares of Common Stock underlying the Pre-funded Warrants (“Common Stock Warrants”)*; Series A Warrants equal to 10% of the Series A Warrants sold at closing and Series B Warrants equal to 10% of the Series B Warrants issued at or following the Reset Date.

213,785 Common Stock Warrants were issued to the placement agent as a part of compensation for services rendered in connection with the November 2024 offering. These warrants are each exercisable at an exercise price of $4.03 per share and are classified as equity instruments.

The common units and pre-funded units are issued at a price of $4.2800 and $4.2799, respectively. Pre-funded warrants can be exercised at any time. The exercise price for the pre-funded warrants is $0.0001, which is to be paid by the warrant holder at the time of exercise of these warrants. As of December 31, 2024, 410,000 Prefunded warrants have been exercised and are converted into common stock.

On December 24, 2024, the Company sold (i) 3,095,925 Common Units, each consisting of one share of common stock, Series A Warrants (“Series A Warrants - December 2024 Offering”) and maximum number of Series B Warrants (“Series B Warrants - December 2024 Offering”) as mentioned in the agreement, and (ii) 420,000 Pre-Funded Units, each consisting of one Pre-Funded Warrant (“Pre Funded Warrants - December 2024 Offering”), such number of Series A Warrants and maximum number of Series B Warrants as mentioned in the agreement, through the placement agent (collectively referred to “December 2024 Offering”). Along with a cash fee, the Company has issued to the placement agent, warrants to purchase 10% of the shares of Common Stock and shares of Common Stock underlying the Pre-funded Warrants*; Series A Warrants equal to 10% of the Series A Warrants sold at closing and Series B Warrants equal to 10% of the Series B Warrants issued at or following the Reset Date.

351,593 warrants to the placement agent as a part of compensation for services rendered in connection with the November 2024 offering. These warrants are each exercisable at an exercise price of $1.95 per share and are classified as equity instruments.

The common units and pre-funded units are issued at a price of $1.56 and $1.5599, respectively. Pre-funded warrants can be exercised at any time. The exercise price for the pre-funded warrants is $0.0001, which is to be paid by the warrant holder at the time of exercise of these warrants.

The holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to the stockholders for their vote or approval. On all matters to be voted upon, holders of Common Stock and holders of Preferred Stock will vote together as a single class. They are entitled to receive dividends at the discretion of the Board of Directors. In the event of liquidation, after paying debts and any preferential amounts to Preferred Stockholders, Common Stockholders are entitled to share in the remaining assets ratably.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

22	Derivative financial instruments

The following is a summary of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024:

	Fair Value Outstanding
(In USD) As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Current
Series A and Series B Warrants	$	7,950,503	$	-
Total	$	7,950,503	$	-

On November 7, 2024, the Company had issued, in the November 2024 Offering, 4,275,700 Series A warrants, each exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an initial exercise price of $4.03 per share. Each Series A warrant is exercisable on or after the initial exercise date as defined in the agreement and until expiry of five years from such date. On the Reset Date, as defined in the agreement, the exercise price of the warrants shall be adjusted to equal the lower of the exercise price and the Reset Price. Upon such reset, the number of warrant shares issuable upon exercise shall be increased such that aggregate exercise price remains unchanged. The Reset Price is defined as greater of a) the lowest daily volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) during the ten trading day period following the Reset Date and b) the floor price as mentioned in the agreement. The Company has issued 427,570 Series A warrants to the placement agent as a part of compensation for services rendered in connection with the November 2024 offering.

The Company had also sold, in the November 2024 Offering, Series B warrants, with a maximum eligibility at issue date equal to zero which shall be increased on the reset date as defined in the agreement to equal the Reset Share Amount. Each warrant will be exercisable for one share of Common Stock at a nominal exercise price of $0.0001 per share. Reset Share Amount means the number of shares of Common Stock obtained by subtracting (a) the total number of shares and warrants purchased by the holder from (b) the quotient determined by dividing (i) the aggregate purchase price paid by the holder (including all exercise prices paid or payable in respect of pre-funded warrants) by (ii) the Reset Price. The Company also issued Series B Warrants to the placement agent equal to 10% of the shares of Common Stock that will be issued to investors pursuant to their Series B Warrants at the Reset Date. These warrants have the same terms and conditions as the Series B warrants that were issued at closing. The maximum number of Series B Warrants that may be issued to the placement agent for the November 2024 offering is 921,451.

On December 24, 2024, the Company had issued, in the December 2024 Offering, 8,680,443 Series A warrants, each exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an initial exercise price of $1.95 per share. Each Series A warrant is exercisable on or after the initial exercise date as defined in the agreement and until expiry of five years from such date. On the Reset Date, as defined in the agreement, the exercise price of the Series A warrants shall be adjusted to equal the lower of the exercise price and the Reset Price. Upon such reset, the number of warrant shares issuable upon exercise shall be increased such that aggregate exercise price remains unchanged. The Company has issued 868,044 Series A warrants to the placement agent as a part of compensation for services rendered in connection with the December 2024 offering, which has similar terms as those Series A warrants issued to investors but cannot be recalled.

On December 24, 2024, the Company had sold, in the December 2024 Offering, Series B warrants, with a maximum eligibility at issue date equal to zero which shall be increased on the reset date as defined in the agreement to equal the Reset Share Amount. Each warrant will be exercisable for one share of Common Stock at a nominal exercise price of $0.0001 per share. Reset Share Amount means the number of shares of common stock obtained by subtracting (a) the total number of shares and warrants purchased by the holder from (b) the quotient determined by dividing (i) the aggregate purchase price paid by the holder (including all exercise prices paid or payable in respect of pre-funded warrants) by (ii) the Reset Price. The Company also issued Series B Warrants to the placement agent exercisable for a number of shares equal to 10% of the shares that will be exercisable by investors pursuant to their Series B Warrants at the Reset Date. These Series B warrants have the same terms and conditions as the Series B warrants that were issued at Closing .

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

The Company has classified both the Series A and Series B warrants (both November 2024 and December 2024 offering) as derivative financial instruments as per ASC 815-10-15-83.

The gain on fair value change of the derivative financial instruments recorded was $5,471,519 and $5,471,519, respectively, for three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 which was recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for their respective period (as no portion of such fair value adjustment resulted from instrument-specific credit risk).

As per the terms of the agreement, the number of warrants issued in the November 2024 and December 2024 offering are subject to anti-dilution adjustments wherein the exercise price of these Warrants will be adjusted to equal the floor price, if the Company secures any funding in a variable rate transaction and the number of warrants will also be adjusted such that aggregate exercise price of the warrants remains the same. Hence, the exercise price of warrants issued in November 2024 offering will be adjusted to equal the floor price once the stockholder’s approval is received and the exercise price of the warrants issued in December 2024 offering will also be adjusted to equal the price so adjusted for the warrants issued in the November 2024 offering.

The fair value of derivative financial instruments as on December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 are as follows:

	December 31, 2024			March 31, 2024
As at	Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815-20
Series A and Series B Warrants	Derivative financial instruments	$	7,950,503	Derivative financial instruments	$	-
Total		$	7,950,503		$	-

The changes in fair value of the Series A and Series B warrants are being recognized under ‘Change in fair value of derivative financial instruments’ within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer Note 31, Fair value measurements. The Company classifies cash flows related to derivative liabilities as financing activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Further, the Company has reported the (gain)/loss on fair value change of these derivative financial instruments under non cash adjustments to the cash flow from operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

23	Revenue

The components of revenue, net were as follows:

	Three months ended December 31,				Nine months ended December 31,
(In USD)	2024		2023		2024		2023

Revenue from services
Facilitation revenue (net)	$	2,448,571	$	2,421,438	$	6,894,511	$	7,717,064
Others		797		-		797		-

Other operating revenues		-		-		41,942		-
Total	$	2,449,368	$	2,421,438	$	6,937,250	$	7,717,064

	Three months ended December 31,					Nine months ended December 31,
Revenue by geographical location		2024		2023		2024		2023
India	$	2,449,323	$	2,391,332	$	6,920,079	$	7,615,314
Egypt		-		27,868		13,225		78,259
Vietnam		-		-		-		17,873
Indonesia		45		2,238		3,946		5,618
	$	2,449,368	$	2,421,438	$	6,937,250	$	7,717,064

Contract balances

The Company’s contract liabilities for consideration collected prior to satisfying the performance obligations is $689,018 and $716,091 as at December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 respectively. The Company has collected $659,650 as advance from customers during the nine months ended December 31, 2024.

The Company offers loyalty program, Z-Points, that results in the deferral of revenue equivalent to the retail value at the date the points are earned. The Company had accumulated deferred revenue amounting to $29,369 and $96,710 as at December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively in relation to Loyalty program.

Revenue recognized during the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 which was included in contract liabilities balance at the beginning of the respective period amounts to $(13,488) and $256,341 respectively ($NIL and $360,686 recognized during the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2023 respectively).

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

24	Finance costs

The components of finance costs were as follows:

	Three months ended December 31,				Nine months ended December 31,
(In USD)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Finance costs -other than related parties
Interest on vehicle loans	$	68,032	$	97,341	$	230,116	$	288,279
Interest on finance leases		180,841		152,659		448,050		469,140
Interest on subcontractor liability		23,098		23,435		69,586		70,585
Issuance cost towards issue of Common Stock and warrants		2,868,085		-		2,868,085		-
Change in fair value of derivative financial instruments		-		-		-		3,465,293
Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liability		-		5,704,739		-		5,284,494
Discount on issue of Atalaya Note		-		632,595		-		632,595
Interest on redeemable promissory notes		528,344		-		1,995,967		-
Change in fair value of Atalaya Note		244,658		1,732,589		-		1,732,589
Note issue expenses		-		-		-		1,564,210
Bank charges		5,100		4,990		18,705		28,920
Other borrowings cost		132,698		44,122		496,652		92,727
Total	$	4,050,856	$	8,392,470	$	6,127,161	$	13,628,832

Finance costs -to related parties
Interest on vehicle loans	$	-	$	12,426	$	-	$	38,203
Total	$	-	$	12,426	$	-	$	38,203

25	Other (income) /expense, net

The components of other (income)/expense, net were as follows:

	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
(In USD)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Other (income) /expense, net - other than related parties
Interest income	$	(10,946	)	$	(13,412	)	$	(25,554	)	$	(33,799	)
Change in fair value of SSCPN		-			(20,110,058	)		-			(3,448,846	)
Change in fair value of derivative financial instruments		(5,471,519	)		(6,571,082	)		(5,471,519	)		-
Gain on modification of finance leases		(766	)		-			(766	)		-
Change in fair value of convertible promissory note		-			(7,986,326	)		-			(6,990,870	)
Change in fair value of Atalaya Note		-			-			(725,362	)		-
Loss on litigation settlement		4,338,865			-			4,338,865			-
Loss/(Gain) on sale of property, plant & equipment		115			1,713			(1,079	)		85,806
Loss/(Gain) on sale of assets held for sale		(5,011	)		9,940			(7,861	)		11,325
Loss on extinguishment of redeemable promissory note		1,765,615			-			1,765,615			-
Impairment on assets held for sale		251,590			165,216			251,590			165,216
Loss on foreign currency remeasurements		21,290			5,188			23,071			18,886
Loss on assets written off		68,768			(364	)		162,508			39,650
Provision written back		(114,679	)		384			(137,235	)		(113,443	)
Payable to customers written back		(62,899	)		(762	)		(76,052	)		(58,265	)
Other, net		(22,597	)		(3,451	)		(125,518	)		(53,395	)
Total	$	757,826		$	(34,503,014	)	$	(29,297	)	$	(10,377,735	)

Other (income) - from related parties
Interest income	$	-		$	(5,548	)	$	-		$	(11,224	)
Total	$			$	(5,548	)	$	-		$	(11,224	)

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

26	Income taxes

The components of (loss)/gain before income taxes consist of the following:

	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
(In USD)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Domestic	$	(5,889,163	)	$	19,809,584		$	(8,072,027	)	$	(11,367,084	)
Foreign		(2,032,900	)		(5,384,145	)		(5,733,590	)		(15,390,894	)
Profit/(Loss) before income taxes	$	(7,922,063	)	$	14,425,439		$	(13,805,617	)	$	(26,757,978	)

The Company has computed income tax expense/(benefit) for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 by using a forecasted annual effective tax rate and adjust for any discrete items arising during the period. The Company has recorded $NIL tax expense for all of the periods. Our effective tax rate was 0.00%, 0.00%, 0.00% and 0.00% for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company has computed a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets for the nine months ending December 31, 2024 and hence no deferred tax asset is recognized as of December 31, 2024. The effective tax rate differs from the statutory tax rate of 21% for the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, due to changes in valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets.

The Company files tax returns in the U.S. federal, various state, and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by tax authorities. Our major tax jurisdiction is in India. The Indian tax authority is currently examining our 2016 through 2022 tax returns.

As at December 31, 2024, tax returns for years ended March 31, 2020 and onward remain subject to examination by tax authorities in India. There are other ongoing audits in various other jurisdictions that are not material to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Company has received various orders from Indian tax authorities, for details Refer Note 32.

27	Net loss per share

The components of basic and diluted loss per share were as follows: (In USD, except loss per share)

(In USD, except loss per share)	Three months ended December 31,					Nine months ended December 31,
	2024			2023		2024			2023

Net loss available for common shareholders (A)	$	(7,922,063	)	$	14,425,439	$	(13,805,617	)	$	(26,757,978	)
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock (B)		2,223,441			31,954		1,402,217			13,902
Dilutive effect of potentially dilutive outstanding securities		-			128,580		-			-
Common stock and common stock equivalents (C)		2,223,441			160,534		1,402,217			13,902
Loss per share
Basic (A/B)	$	(3.56	)	$	451.45	$	(9.85	)	$	(1,924.75	)
Diluted (A/C)	$	(3.56	)	$	89.86	$	(9.85	)	$	(1,924.75	)

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Share related amounts have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse stock-split for all periods presented.

Since the Company was in a loss position for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and nine months ended December 31, 2023, basic loss per share was same as diluted net loss per share for the periods presented. The following potentially dilutive outstanding securities as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share except for three months ended December 31,2023, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented, or issuance of such shares is contingent upon the satisfaction of certain conditions which were not satisfied by the end of the period.

	Three months ended December 31,				Nine months ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Convertible preferred stock		-		-		-		-
Preferred stock warrants		-		-		-		-
Stock options*		204		7		204		2
SSCPN		-		-		-		-
Public warrants		11,500,000		11,500,000		11,500,000		11,500,000
Private warrants*		380,011		12,876		380,011		4,276
Unsecured convertible note		-		697		-		231
Warrants issued along with redeemable promissory note		1,499,996		-		1,118,179		-
Warrants issued in November 2024 and December 2024 offering		4,091,018		-		1,368,632		-
Total		17,471,229		11,513,580		14,367,026		11,504,509

The computation of diluted earnings per common share excludes the 204 common stock options (20,425 prior to Reverse Stock Split) for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 respectively and 7 common stock options (674 prior to Reverse Stock Split) for the three months and 2 common stock options (224 prior to Reverse Stock Split) for the nine months ended December 31, 2023 respectively and the 380,011 private warrants (37,956,206 prior to Reverse Stock Split) for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 respectively and 12,876 private warrants (1,287,616 prior to Reverse Stock Split) for the three months and 4,276 private warrants (427,639 prior to Reverse Stock Split) for nine months ended December 31, 2023 respectively.

28	Employee benefit plans (unfunded)

Employee benefit plans includes gratuity and compensated absences payable to employees. These benefit plans consist of a defined benefit plan for gratuity payable by the Indian subsidiary of the Company under Indian regulations. These are determined under the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each reporting date. The retirement benefit obligations recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets represents the present value of the defined obligations. Under an employee benefit plan, it is the Company’s obligation to provide agreed benefits to the employees. The related actuarial and investment risks fall on the Company. The summary of current and non-current employee benefit plans obligations along with its components are as below:

Pension and other employee obligations
As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Current
Gratuity	$	78,460	$	93,967
Compensated absences		68,516		89,688
	$	146,976	$	183,655
Non-current
Gratuity	$	200,148	$	258,524
Compensated absences		145,708		232,925
Other statutory dues		2,074		-
	$	347,930	$	491,449

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

28	Employee benefit plans (unfunded) (Continued)

I.	Gratuity

	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Changes in projected benefit obligation (PBO)
PBO at the beginning of the year	$	291,569		$	347,647		$	352,492		$	286,713
Service cost		15,629			20,975			50,152			71,084
Interest cost		3,891			3,748			13,867			13,541
Actuarial loss/ (gain)		12,118			17,989			54,353			61,594
Benefits paid		(38,337	)		(39,713	)		(184,366	)		(78,390	)
Effect of exchange rate changes		(6,261	)		(230	)		(7,889	)		(4,126	)
PBO at the end of the period	$	278,609		$	350,416		$	278,609		$	350,416

Accrued pension liability
Current liability							$	78,460		$	88,040
Non-current liability								200,149			262,376
							$	278,609		$	350,416

Accumulated benefit obligation							$	216,993		$	254,630

Net gratuity cost recognized in income statement	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Service cost	$	15,629		$	20,975		$	50,152		$	71,084
Interest cost		3,891			3,748			13,867			13,541
Amortization of net actuarial (gains)/loss		(1,657	)		(5,250	)		(5,008	)		(15,859	)
Net periodic benefit cost	$	17,863		$	19,473		$	59,011		$	68,766

Re-measurement (gains) / losses in other comprehensive income		Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
		2024			2023			2024			2023
Actuarial (gain)/loss	$	12,118		$	17,989		$	54,353		$	61,594
Amortization loss		(1,657	)		(5,250	)		(5,008	)		(15,859	)
Total	$	13,775		$	23,239		$	59,361		$	77,453

Components of actuarial gain:		Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
		2024			2023			2024			2023
Actuarial (gain)/loss due to demographic assumption changes in defined benefit obligation	$	(3,739	)	$	(3,178	)	$	(2,676	)	$	(2,430	)
Actuarial (gain)/ loss due to financial assumption changes in defined benefit obligation		1,649			5,847			4,350			312
Actuarial (gain)/loss due to experience on defined benefit obligation		14,121			15,320			52,679			63,712
Total	$	12,031		$	17,989		$	54,353		$	61,594

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

The assumptions used in accounting for the gratuity plan are as follows:

	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
Discount rate – staff		6.86	%		7.28	%
Discount rate - independent service provider*		6.84	%		7.21	%
Attrition rate – staff		42.00	%		37.96	%
Attrition rate - independent service provider*		81.43	%		83.44	%
Rate of increase in compensation levels - staff		12.87	%		12.63	%
Rate of increase in compensation levels - independent service provider*		11.13	%		11.43	%

Independent service provider are contract employees responsible for maintaining the fleet of the Company.

During the period ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, actuarial gain was driven by changes in actuarial assumptions, offset by experience adjustments on present value of benefit obligations.

The Company evaluates these assumptions annually based on its long-term plans of growth and industry standards. The discount rates are based on current market yields on government securities adjusted for a suitable risk premium.

Expected benefit payments as of December 31, 2024 is as follows:

Year ending March 31,
2025 (January 1, 2025 till March 31, 2025)	$	19,615
2026		69,633
2027		40,348
2028		27,934
2029		14,652
Thereafter		106,427
Total	$	278,609

II.

Compensated absences

The employees are permitted to encash a maximum of 45 days of accumulated leave balance on separation. The Company has provided liability for compensated absences as per an actuarial valuation carried out by an independent actuary as of the Balance Sheet dates. The amount of compensated absences cost is $5,379 and $4,020 for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 respectively ($26,786 and $128,414 for three months and nine months ended December 31, 2023 respectively).

	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
Net leave encashment cost includes the following components	2024			2023			2024			2023
Service cost	$	(1,933	)	$	(6,569	)	$	24,007		$	119,187
Interest cost		4,309			3,672			14,045			14,084
Recognized net actuarial loss		3,003			29,683			(34,032	)		(4,857	)
Net periodic benefit cost	$	5,379		$	26,786		$	4,020		$	128,414

III.

Defined contribution plan

The Indian subsidiary makes provident fund contributions which are defined contribution plans, for qualifying employees. Under the Schemes, the Indian subsidiary is required to contribute a specified percentage of the payroll costs to fund the benefits. The contributions are made to provident fund in accordance with the fund rules. The interest rate payable to the beneficiaries every year is notified by the Government. The amount of contributions made to provident fund is $54,704 and $213,263 for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 respectively ($98,424 and $317,248 for the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2023 respectively).

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

29	Related Party Transactions

	Key managerial personnel (KMP)

	Gregory Bradford Moran	Chief Executive Officer & Director (until June 20, 2024)

	Hiroshi Nishijima	Chief Executive Officer (w.e.f. June 20, 2024)

	Uri Levine	Director (until July 20, 2023)

	David Ishag	Director (until January 31, 2024)

	Evelyn D’An	Director (w.e.f. April 19, 2023)

	Graham Gullan	Director (until June 18, 2024)

	Swatick Majumdar	Director (w.e.f. August 9, 2023)

	Mohan Ananda	Director (w.e.f. December 28, 2023)

	Madan Menon	Director (w.e.f. December 28, 2023)

	Lisbeth McNabb	Director (until April 18, 2023)

	John Robert Clarke	Director (w.e.f. June 20, 2024)

	Mark Bailey*	Director (until December 06, 2024)

	Investor in Indian subsidiary

	Mahindra & Mahindra Limited**	Investor in Indian subsidiary (until December 28, 2023)

	Enterprises owned or significantly influenced by above

	Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited**
	Mahindra First Choice Wheels Limited**

	Yard Management Services Limited**
	Ananda Small Business Trust

Related party transactions pertaining to debt, investments, and other current liabilities have been stated on the face of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

The Company had following transactions with related parties:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Interest expense
Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited**	$	-	$	12,427	$	-	$	38,203

Interest income
Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited**	$	-	$	5,548	$	-	$	11,224

Parking charges
Yard Management Services Limited**	$	-	$	241,866	$	-	$	241,866

Debt - principal repayment
Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited**	$	-	$	66,525	$	-	$	119,576

Debt - foreclosure charges
Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited**	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	153

Amount received for November 2024 Offering
Mark Bailey*	$	2,499,959	$	-	$	2,499,959	$	-

Amount received for December 2024 Offering
Hiroshi Nishijima	$	50,001	$	-	$	50,001	$	-

The Company has the following outstanding balances with related parties:
As at	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Convertible promissory note (non-current and current)
Ananda Small Business Trust	$	-	$	2,027,840

Payable to Director
Mohan Ananda	$	152,435	$	152,435

Advance to director (net)
Gregory Bradford Moran	$	-	$	44,168

Derivative financial instruments
Hiroshi Nishijima	$	8,464	$	-
	$	160,899	$	2,224,443

Mark Bailey was considered a related party until December 6, 2024. Accordingly, transactions until December 6, 2024 with him has been disclosed. However, outstanding balances as of December 31, 2024, have not been disclosed, as he was no longer classified as a related party on that date.

Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited, Mahindra First Choice Wheels Limited and Yard Management Services Limited were related parties until December 28, 2023, hence, the transactions until December 28, 2023 with these related parties have been disclosed. The outstanding balances with these related parties have not been disclosed since they were not related parties as on March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2024.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

30	Variable Interest Entities

An entity is a VIE if it has any of the following characteristics :

●

The entity does not have enough equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support.

●

The equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest.

●

The entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights (i.e., an anti-abuse clause).

We consolidate VIEs in which Company hold a variable interest and are the primary beneficiary. Company is the primary beneficiary because it has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that potentially could be significant to the VIE and the right to receive benefits from the VIE that potentially could be significant to the VIE (benefits). As a result, we consolidate the assets and liabilities of these consolidated VIEs.

The VIEs have been incorporated in their respective locations to perform the business of providing mobility solutions to consumers and businesses.

The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities related to the Company’s consolidated VIEs:

	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Assets
Cash and Cash equivalents	$	4,534	$	11,888
Accounts receivable	$	-	$	7,341
Other current assets	$	388	$	3,868
Prepaid expenses	$	-	$	4,282
Property and equipment, net	$	-	$	41,849
Intangible assets, net	$	-	$	3,012
Long term Investments	$	4,003	$	4,112
Receivable from government authorities - non-current	$	3,940	$	18,126
Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	382,947	$	374,692
Contract Liabilities	$	-	$	3,755
Current portion of pension and other employee obligations	$	78	$	986
Other current liabilities	$	141,756	$	148,950
Pension and other employee obligations, less current portion	$	-	$	1,189

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

Total investment in the VIEs is as follows:

Name of the VIE entity	Place of incorporation	Nature of investment	Investor entity
Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC***	Egypt	Debt	Zoomcar Netherlands Holding B.V
Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC***	Egypt	Debt	Zoomcar Inc.
Fleet Mobility Philippines Corporation*	Philippines	Debt	Zoomcar Inc.
Zoomcar Vietnam Mobility LLC**	Vietnam	Debt	Fleet Holding Pte Ltd
Zoomcar Vietnam Mobility LLC**	Vietnam	Debt	Zoomcar Inc.
Zoomcar Vietnam Mobility LLC**	Vietnam	Equity	Fleet Holding Pte Ltd

These amounts have been eliminated during the process of consolidation

In May 2022, Company had initiated the process of winding-up for Fleet Mobility Philippines Corporation. The assets consolidated for the VIE are not material.

In August 2023, Zoomcar Vietnam Mobility LLC has filed for bankruptcy with the local authorities. In accordance with ASC 810-10-15-10, the Company consolidates the VIE as the bankruptcy application is pending with the authorities in Vietnam and unless the application is admitted, the Company holds a variable interest and still is the primary beneficiary. The assets/liabilities consolidated for the VIE are not material.

***

On June 3, 2024, Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC has closed down its operations due to decrease in operations and rising economic difficulties. The assets consolidated for the VIE are not material. Additionally, On December 15 , 2024, Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC held an extraordinary general meeting to initiate the liquidation process and appoint a liquidator.

The VIEs included in Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are separate legal entities and their assets are legally owned by them and are not available to the Company’s creditors or creditors of the Company’s other subsidiaries.

Nature of, and changes (if any) in, the risks associated with a reporting entity’s involvement with the VIE

In case of all the entities, the reporting entity is exposed to foreign currency exchange risk of the subsidiaries since the subsidiaries are incorporated in countries other than the country in which the reporting entity has been incorporated.

Further, Zoomcar Netherlands Holding B.V has advanced loan to Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC. Accordingly, Zoomcar Netherlands Holding B.V is exposed to the credit risk of Zoomcar Egypt Car Rental LLC.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

31	Financial Instruments - Fair Value Measurements

ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”) defines fair value as the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid upon transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability. The fair value should be calculated based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability as against assumptions specific to the entity. In addition, the fair value of liabilities should include consideration of non-performance risk, including the Company’s own credit risk.

The carrying value of financial instruments not carried at fair value by categories are as below:

	December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
As at Financial assets	Carrying value		Carrying value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,397,373	$	1,496,144
Accounts receivable		97,128		194,197
Short term investments		-		298,495
Receivable from government authorities		476,037		445,828
Long term investments		25,295		91,947
Other financial assets		966,027		770,941
Total assets	$	5,961,860	$	3,297,552
Financial liabilities
Accounts payable	$	20,791,914	$	14,431,587
Debt		2,973,192		5,049,483
Other financial liabilities		1,315,048		1,232,930
Total liabilities	$	25,080,154	$	20,714,000

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	December 31, 2024
	Total Carrying value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Assets held for sale	$	527,784	$	-	$	527,784	$	-
Liabilities:
Atalaya Note	$	7,017,543	$	-	$	-	$	7,017,543
Derivative financial instruments	$	7,950,503	$	-	$	-	$	7,950,503

	March 31, 2024
	Total Carrying value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Assets held for sale	$	629,908	$	-	$	629,908	$	-
Liabilities:
Atalaya Note	$	10,067,601	$	-	$	-	$	10,067,601

Level 2: The fair value of Assets held for sale not traded in an active market is determined using the quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs other than the quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly considering all the relevant factors of assets.

The Company’s recurring Level 3 financial instruments within the Company’s fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 consist of the Company’s Atalaya Note and derivative financial instruments.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

31	Financial Instruments - Fair Value Measurements (Continued)

Atalaya Note

The Company measures its notes at fair value based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which caused them to be classified as Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. Changes in the fair value of unsecured convertible note related to updated assumptions and estimates were recognized as change in fair value of Atalaya Note within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company used the following assumptions for the valuation of Atalaya Note as on December 31, 2024 in the model of Valuation of:

	Atalaya Note
Remaining term (years)		0.25
Rate of interest		8.00	%
Penal rate of interest		8.00	%
Cost of Debt*		14.60	%

Cost of debt for commensurate term is considered as discount rate for cash payment.

The assumptions for the valuation of Atalaya Note as on December 31, 2024 have been updated since the last valuation. Until March 31, 2024, the settlement of Atalaya Note could have been through either issue of shares or repayment of outstanding amount. During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the stock price of the Company was reduced below $25 ($ 0.25 prior to Reverse Stock Split) and in accordance with the agreement on the breach of this stock price threshold, the Atalaya Note is to be settled mandatorily in cash. The Company adopted discounted cash flow method to fair value the lability of Atalaya Note. The Company used the discount rate as per CCC+ bond i.e., 14.60% for discounting the future cash outflow.

Derivative financial instruments

The Company measures its derivative financial instruments at fair value based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which caused them to be classified as Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy and used the Monte Carlo pricing model to calculate the fair value of the instruments. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments related to updated assumptions and estimates were recognized as change in fair value of derivative financial instruments within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

The changes in the fair value are summarized below:

	Preferred stock warrant liability			Notes			SSCPN			Unsecured Convertible Note (‘Atalaya Note’)			Derivative financial instruments
Balance as of April 1, 2023	$	1,190,691		$	10,944,727		$	17,422,132		$	-		$	14,373,856
Issue of SSCPN and warrants		-			-			8,655,330			-			-
Change in fair value of convertible preferred stock warrant		(245,143	)		-			-			-			-
Change in fair value of SSCPN		-			-			10,519,247			-			-
Change in fair value of Notes		-			420,022			-			-			-
Change in fair value of derivative financial instrument		-			-			-			-			9,222,809
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	945,548		$	11,364,749		$	36,596,709		$	-		$	23,596,665
Issue of SSCPN and warrants		-			-			4,519,696			-			-
Change in fair value of convertible preferred stock warrant		(175,102	)		-			-			-			-
Change in fair value of Notes		-			575,434			-			-			-
Change in fair value of SSCPN		-			-			6,141,965			-			-
Change in fair value of derivative financial instrument		-			-			-			-			813,566
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	770,446		$	11,940,183		$	47,258,370		$	-		$	24,410,231
Issue of unsecured convertible note at discount		-			-			-			8,434,605			-
Issue of senior subordinated convertible promissory note and warrants		-			-			(20,110,058	)		-			-
Change in fair value of convertible preferred stock warrant		5,704,739			-			-			-			-
Change in fair value of convertible promissory note		-			(7,986,326	)		-			-			-
Change in fair value of derivative financial instrument		-			-			-			-			(6,571,082	)
Cost of issuance of Warrants		-			-			-			-			-
Conversion to Common Stock		-			(3,953,857	)		(27,148,312	)		-			-
Reclassification on conversion of preferred stock warrants and derivative financial instruments of Zoomcar, Inc. to common stock warrants of the Company		(6,475,185	)		-			-			-			(17,839,149	)
Fair valuation of Company warrants		-			-			-			-			-
Discount on issue of unsecured convertible note		-			-			-			-			-
Change in fair value of unsecured convertible note		-			-			-			1,732,589			-
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	10,167,194		$	-

Balance as of April 1, 2024	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	10,067,601		$	-
Shares issued to Atalaya Note holders		-			-			-			(2,324,696	)		-
Change in fair value of unsecured convertible note		-			-			-			(1,360,238	)		-
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	6,382,667		$	-
Shares issued to Atalaya Note holders											-
Change in fair value of unsecured convertible note											390,218
Balance as of September 30, 2024	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	6,772,885		$	-
Shares issued to Atalaya Note holders		-			-			-			-			-
Change in fair value of unsecured convertible note		-			-			-			244,658			-
Issue of derivative financial instruments		-			-			-			-			13,422,022
Change in fair value of derivative financial instruments		-			-			-			-			(5,471,519	)
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	7,017,543		$	7,950,503

During the three months and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no non-recurring fair value measure of assets or liabilities subsequent to initial recognition.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

32	Commitments and contingencies

Contingencies

(A) Claims filed by customers and third-parties not acknowledged as liability amounted to $4,075,587 and $4,565,949 as at December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively. The claims made by the customers against the Company includes claims that have been made for amounts charged to customers by the Company as damages for improper use of vehicles and/or physical damages made to vehicles during an active trip ; or claims made by customers for unavailability of the booked vehicle or for any mechanical default in the booked vehicle ; or claims against any similar issue faced by either the host or the customer. Under the erstwhile business model of the Company , the Company had procured third-party insurance policies for fleet under its management which indemnifies against personal death and/or injuries suffered either by the customer or third-parties during the use of its vehicles. Based on the insurance coverage, the Company is confident that liability, if any, arising from the claims under the previous business model will be covered by the insurance. Further, under the current business model of the Company, wherein the Company acts only as a facilitator, any issues arising from breach of any terms including improper use of vehicles and/or physical damages made to the vehicles or any mechanical issues in the vehicle will be the responsibility of either the host or the customer. While uncertainties are inherent in the final outcome of these matters, the Company believes that the disposition of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

(B) The Company has received various orders and show cause notices from Indian indirect tax authorities relating to disputes on input tax credits, service tax liabilities, GST dues, and taxability of car rental revenue for periods between 2014 and 2023, totaling $15,934,836 (March 31, 2024: $7,984,418). These disputes include disallowance of input credits, service tax liabilities on booking fees and penalty charges, disputes on goods and service tax input availed, and GST demands on gross booking value. The Company has taken necessary steps, including filing appeals, submissions, and deposits, and is awaiting further communication from the authorities. In relation to the GST demands on gross booking value, the Company has filed a writ petition with various authorities challenging the order. Based on the submissions provided and documents available, management believes that no significant outflow is expected, and therefore, no provision has been recorded as of December 31, 2024, and March 31, 2024.

(C) In February 2023, a former employee of Zoomcar India instituted a suit before the City Civil and Sessions Judge at Mayo Hall, Bengaluru against Zoomcar India, Zoomcar, Inc. and Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. (formerly IOAC) challenging his termination, claiming damages amounting to $396,457 and claiming that 100,000 options to purchase shares of Zoomcar, Inc. have vested. On March 3, 2023, the City Civil and Sessions Judge at Mayo Hall, Bengaluru, issued an interim injunction to restrain each of Zoomcar, Inc. and Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. from “alienating or dealing” the 100,000 shares of Zoomcar, Inc. claimed by the former employee while the suit is pending. Zoomcar believes that such claims are baseless and is attempting to have the interim order vacated. In addition, Zoomcar India filed an application in the former employee’s suit, seeking that Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. be deleted from the array of parties in the suit.

(D) On January 30, 2024, the Company received a statement of arbitration claims involving warrant holders seeking damages of at least $10,000,000 purportedly arising from the alleged breaches of certain agreements between the Company and warrant holders. Additionally, the Claim requests additional amounts for attorneys’ fees and costs, as well as an order of rescission regarding the issuance of certain allegedly wrongfully dilutive shares of the Company’s stock issued in connection with the business combination or, alternatively, an order mandating a purportedly anti-dilutive issuance of additional shares of Zoomcar common stock to the warrant holders. The Court denied the temporary injunctive relief and passed an order to prevent issuance of securities to insiders and allowing Claimants to attach Company’s assets up to $3,500,000 if, and only if, located in New York. No further action has been taken as JAMS arbitration panel is yet to be appointed. The claimants have filed a case in New York County Supreme Court for seeking relief in aid of the arbitration claim to secure potential recovery. On June 18, 2024, the parties agreed to defer all further action with respect to the arbitration and associated litigation until June 18, 2025. Zoomcar is examining its legal options with respect to the Claim and the Court action. The Company believes that the claims are baseless and there was no breach of agreements as alleged.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

32	Commitments and contingencies (Continued)

(E) The Company received a notice from Nasdaq on November 6, 2024 stating that the Company has still not regained compliance with the Rule 5450 (b)(2)(A). Accordingly, its securities will be delisted from The Nasdaq Global Market. In that regard, unless the Company requests an appeal of Staff’s determination to a Hearings Panel, pursuant to the procedures set forth in the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5800 Series, trading of the Company’s common stock and warrants will be suspended at the opening of business on November 15, 2024 and the Company’s securities will be removed from listing and registration on The Nasdaq Stock Market. Furthermore, on October 29, 2024, the Staff notified the Company that it did not comply with Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(B), which requires that the Company’s ordinary shares maintain a minimum of 1,100,000 publicly held shares for continued listing. This matter serves as a separate and additional basis for delisting.

As of date the Company has regained compliance with the minimum 1.1 million publicly held shares requirement in Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(B).

The Company requested a hearing before a Nasdaq Hearings Panel seeking an extension to comply with the requirements of Rule 5450(b)(2)(A). The Panel has granted an extension to comply with the requirements of the said rule until March 31, 2025. (Refer to Note 33).

(F) On November 1, 2024, Gregory Moran, a former employee of Zoomcar India, has filed a case with the Superior Court, Delaware, challenging his termination without a cause or a sufficient notice, claiming $100,000 payment that was agreed to be paid on the 6 month anniversary of the effective date of closing of the SPAC transaction along with a 8% fully diluted equity interest in Zoomcar Holdings, Inc., non-payment of “vacation” valued at approximately $30,000, leave encashment of approximately $42,000, $96,000 entitled to him for severance pay and gratuity as per India’s Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. Additionally, he has claimed 210,520 stock units already existing, fully vested. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the matter on November 27, 2024. On January 7, 2025, the Company subsequently filed the opening brief in support of the motion to dismiss filed on November 27, 2024.

(G) On November 7, 2024, the Company received a notice from ACM Zoomcar Convert LLC (“ACM”) regarding a breach of obligations under the Unsecured Convertible Note executed on December 28, 2023. The Company had defaulted on its payment obligations to ACM on June 25, 2024, resulting in the entire outstanding amount becoming payable on demand. ACM has initiated litigation with the Court to recover the principal amount of $5,656,087, unpaid interest of $341,746, and interest at the contractual rate until the date of judgment. The Company has filed an opposition to the claim and is currently awaiting the Court’s decision.

(H) Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. files tax returns in the U.S. federal, various state, and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by tax authorities. Our major tax jurisdiction is in India. The Indian tax authority is currently examining our 2016 through 2022 tax returns.

The Company received an order for fiscal year 2015-16 in relation to non-deduction of tax deducted at source withholding taxes on certain payments to resident payees/service providers amounting to $125,660 (March 31, 2024: $129,027). Penalty of $125,660 has been claimed but the proceedings are kept under abeyance until the above order is disposed off.

The Company has filed appeals against the above orders before higher authority.

The Company has not recognized any uncertain tax position as at December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively. The Company believes these orders are unlikely to be sustained at the higher appellate authorities.

(I) The Company entered into a placement agent agreement with Aegis Capital Corp. (‘Aegis’) dated November 5, 2024 wherein Aegis will act as the placement agent in connection with the November 2024 and December 2024 offering. Along with a cash fee payable and warrants issuable to Aegis as a placement agent commission, Aegis is also entitled to a fee of 5% of the gross proceeds from cash exercise of any Series A warrants issued in the November 2024 and December 2024 offering, payable upon exercise.

The Company has not recognized a provision for such fee payable in the books as the Company believes that the exercise of warrants is not probable as of December 31, 2024. The Company will record the fee in the books in the period in which the warrants will be exercised.

ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

33	Subsequent events

(A) On January 22, 2025, the Company entered into a contract with AON Premium Finance LLC to refinance its D&O insurance, totaling $1,069,500, with Allied World Insurance Company, Axis Insurance Company, National Union Fire Insurance Company, XL Specialty Insurance Company, and Berkshire Hathaway Specialty. The Company is required to make a 40% cash down payment, with the remaining balance to be paid in four equal monthly installments at an interest rate of 8.25% per annum, commencing on January 28, 2025.

(B) The Company had received multiple notices from the staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) regarding non-compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(C) ("MVPHS Rule"), as its publicly held shares failed to meet the minimum market value requirement of $15,000,000. On February 10, 2025, the Panel granted the Company's request for continued listing in the exchange and granted an extension until March 31 2025 subject to following requirements (i) the Company shall apply for transfer to The Nasdaq Capital Market on or before February 19, 2025 (ii) The Company shall demonstrate compliance with the listing rule 5550(b)(1) which requires the Stockholder's equity to be atleast $2.5 million on or before March 31, 2025 (iii) The Company must file a public disclosure describing any transactions undertaken by the Company to increase its equity and providing an indication of its equity following those transactions on or before March 31,2025 (iv) The Company must provide the Panel with an update on its fundraising plans, updated income projections for the next 12 months, with all underlying assumptions clearly stated on or before March 31, 2025.

(C) On January 31, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain additional accredited investors, for the second closing of the December 2024 Offering (the “Second Closing”). In connection with the second closing, the Company issued 1,049,796 shares of common stock of the Company, Pre-funded warrants issued to certain investors, at their option, exercisable for an aggregate of up to 872,000 shares of Common Stock, Series A Warrants to initially purchase up to an aggregate of 4,804,491 shares of Common Stock and Series B Warrants to purchase initially no shares of Common Stock and then up to such number of shares of Common Stock, as determined on the Reset Date for an aggregate investment of $3 million. The Securities were offered at a price of $1.56. Out of the total proceeds of $3 million, the Company did not receive any cash proceeds with respect to Securities with a subscription price of $1.56 million, as those Securities were issued in consideration for the settlement of litigation with Randall Yanker. Hence, the Company raised gross proceeds of $1.44 million and net proceeds of $1.25 million after deduction of offering expenses amounting to $0.2 million.

(D) In August 2022, the Company received a complaint and a demand for trial by jury from Randall Yanker (complainant) towards non-payment of performance bonus consideration seeking damages amounting to $15.9 million towards breach of contract claims, as well as costs, attorneys’ fees, and interest on the $15.9 million amount.

On February 4, 2025, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Randall Yanker to settle claims arising out of a certain consulting agreement, dated May 1, 2020, for which claims had been brought by Mr. Yanker. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Company agreed to issue an aggregate of (i) 1,000,000 shares and/or Pre-Funded Warrants, (ii) Series A Warrants to initially purchase up to an aggregate of 2,500,000 shares of Common Stock and (iii) Series B Warrants, in connection with the second closing of December 2024 offering. The settlement agreement is considered a recognized subsequent event and hence, as on December 31, 2024, the Company has recorded a provision for expense under ‘Accounts payable’ under Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for an amount equal to the fair value of instruments issued on settlement on February 4, 2025 and has recorded the corresponding expense as ‘Loss on litigation settlement’ under ‘Other income/expense’ in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as of and for the year ended March 31, 2024 included in our Form 10-K/A. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included in this Form 10-Q. Additionally, our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in any future period. Amounts are presented in U.S. dollars.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “Zoomcar,” “we”, “us”, “our”, and the “Company” are intended to refer to (i) following the Business Combination, the business and operations of Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, and (ii) prior to the Business Combination, Zoomcar, Inc. (the predecessor entity in existence prior to the consummation of the Business Combination) and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

During our fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, Zoomcar’s business model shifted from a prior business model, in which we owned and leased vehicles to our customers, to our current online peer-to-peer car sharing platform which connects Hosts (car owners) with Guests (persons in temporary need of vehicles). Although our platform technology was already under development for several years prior to this transition and we began on-boarding Hosts to our platform before the transition was complete, until our business model changed, most of our revenue was derived from what we refer to as “short-term car rentals” and “vehicle subscriptions,” whereas, beginning in December 2021, a shift in our business model occurred in connection with which “facilitation revenues” generated from bookings on our marketplace platform began to represent an increasing proportion of our total revenues.

As of February 10, 2025, we had 7,846,450 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding. Except as otherwise indicated, all share and per share information in this report gives effect to a reverse stock split effected on October 21, 2024, at a ratio of 1-for-100.

Standard Booking Flow

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, we operated a peer-to-peer car sharing platform in emerging markets across three countries and generated revenues from bookings by our Guests of vehicles listed on our Zoomcar platform by our Hosts. Zoomcar receives a portion of the associated booking fee charged to the Guest (less any credits or discounts applied), as well as platform fees charged to Guests and Hosts and trip protection fees (which we refer to as “value-added fees”) charged to Guests. As further described below, other fees charged to Guests, such as fuel charges, are paid fully to Hosts, who also receive a revenue share equal to approximately 60% of booking fees and between 0% and 40% of certain other charges. We use our customized algorithm to price trips dynamically on the platform, leveraging our data from the millions of miles driven on our platform to intelligently price the risks of trips and the market, incorporating information about Guests informed by data we collect and Zoomcar management’s professional experience. While Hosts can opt to offer bookings at prices that are different from those the platform generates as recommendations, most Hosts tend to select the algorithmically derived pricing for their bookings. The functionality enabled by our customized pricing tools is reflected in both Guest booking fees and in the trip protection or “value-added fees” charged to Guests, who are presented with three algorithmically derived trip protection pricing options from which to choose. The revenue- generating components of a trip booked on our peer-to-peer car sharing platform include:

●

Charges to Guests: For each booking on our platform, the aggregate amount we charge the Guest consists of the upfront booking fee, value-added fees, the Guest platform fees, and certain other charges (e.g., late fees, trip extension fees, etc.). We refer to these fees collectively as the “gross booking value (GBV).” The booking fee and trip protection fees are determined algorithmically by our system at the time of booking inception, while other fees may be charged during or after the trip, depending on events arising during the trip. Neither Zoomcar nor our Host subsidize fuel costs for Guests. Guests cover their own fuel costs, which are in addition to the booking fee.

●

Charges to Hosts: For each booking on our platform, we charge a “revenue share” to the Host based on a percentage of the booking fee plus other fees that are transferable to the Host. The average revenue share that Zoomcar receives from a booking on our platform is approximately 40%, with the Host retaining the remaining 60%. Our platform provides Hosts with a menu of incentives related to specific factors such as bookings served and minimum host ratings. We charge Hosts minimum marketplace fees to offset the costs of our installed devices.

Key Business Metrics

In addition to the measures presented in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we use the following key business metrics to help us evaluate our business, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions. We are not aware of any uniform standards for calculating these key metrics, which may hinder comparability with other companies that may calculate similarly titled metrics in a different way.

	Three months Ended December 31,				Nine months Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Booking Days		182		164		512		511
Gross Booking Value	$	6,530	$	6,531	$	18,879	$	20,539

Booking Days

We define “Booking Days” as total days (24 hours measured in minutes) that a vehicle is booked by Guests on our platform in a given period, for trips ended, net of total days relating to cancelled bookings in that period. We believe Booking Days is a key business metric to help investors and others understand and evaluate our results of operations in the same manner as our management team, as it represents a standardized unit of transaction volume on our platform in any given time period.

(1)	Refers to calendar quarters (i.e., Q2-21 = April 01 to June 30, 2021).

For the three months ending December 31, 2024, Booking Days on the platform totaled approximately 181,842 compared to 163,864 during the three ended December 31, 2023.

For the nine months ending December 31, 2024, Booking Days on the platform totaled approximately 511,389 compared to 510,023 during the nine months ended December 31, 2023.

Gross Booking Value

We define the Gross Booking Value, or GBV, as the total dollar value of Booking Days booked on our platform, including upfront booking fee (less discounts and credits), value-added fees (i.e., trip protection fees), Guest and Host platform fees, and other charges. GBV includes applicable pass-through taxes and other fees required to be remitted to local authorities, which are excluded from net revenue. GBV is driven by the number of Booking Days and related trip pricing. Revenue from bookings is recognized ratably over the duration of the trip; accordingly, we consider GBV a “leading indicator” of revenue.

(1)	Refers to calendar quarters (i.e., Q2-21 = April 01 to June 30, 2021).

(2)	Booking Days and GBV for bookings ended, excludes cancelled bookings.

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, Gross Booking Value on the platform totaled approximately $6.53 million, with negligible decline compared to approximately $6.53 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, Gross Booking Value on the platform totaled approximately $18.88 million, compared to approximately $20.54 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023.

Though there is increase in booking days and number of bookings for the three and nine months ended December 31,2024 as compared to December 31, 2023, we continue to observe decline in GBV owing to the several measures we took to shift our strategy from volume to profitability and improve our unit profitability, which resulted in the lower sequential growth in GBV.

Components of results of operations

Net revenue

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, we began offering a peer-to-peer car sharing platform, which enables Hosts to connect with Guests. We act as an agent under this model and thus, our primary source of revenue is recording revenue from services (on a net basis) for those trips fulfilled by Host vehicles. Prior to August 2021, vehicles available on our platform consisted solely of Company-owned or leased vehicles that we offered for short-term rental or longer-term subscription.

Our revenue for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, consists of revenue from services and other operating revenue.

Revenue from Services

Support and facilitation services offered by the Company include services like assistance in execution of a lease agreement, payment facilitation, vehicle delivery, on-road assistance, prospective renter diligence and vehicle usage/location tracking (in cases of loss or theft).

Revenue from services consists of our share of GBV. The fees that are components of GBV are charged as a percentage of the value of certain components of the gross booking value, excluding taxes. Our revenue from services consists of our share of the service fees charged to the Hosts, net of incentives and refunds. We collect these fees from the Guest and share a portion of the booking fee and trip extension with the Host post recovery of our share of facilitation revenue. Daily we, or our third-party payment processors, disburse a portion of the GBV to the Hosts, less the fees due from the Host to us. The amounts charged for the booking fee vary based on factors such as the vehicle type, the day of the week, time of the trip, and the duration of the trip. Revenue is recognized ratably over the trip period as we satisfy our performance obligations.

We also require our Guests to choose one of the three trip protection options. A per-trip amount (included in the booking fee) is charged for trip protection, which is collected upon the booking. We recognize revenue from trip protection charges over the trip completion period.

Recorded revenue from services is reduced by the portion of those incentives and credits paid to our Hosts and Guests that cannot be directly attributable to distinct services performed by the Hosts and Guests. These incentives are treated as contra-revenue and reduce our net Revenue recorded in each period. Those incentive costs that can be attributed to a distinct service (e.g., referral bonuses paid to referrer) are included in sale and marketing expenses.

Others

We exclude from revenue the taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are imposed on specific revenue- producing transactions and collected from customers/subscribers.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue primarily consists of, (1) personnel-related compensation costs of local operations teams and teams that provide phone, email and chat support to users, (2) repair and maintenance expenses of vehicles, (3) payment gateway charges, (4) depreciation of devices for keyless entry system and GPS which are installed in the vehicles of Hosts, (5) software support and maintenance, and (6) other direct expenses. We expect that the cost of revenue will continue to increase on an absolute dollar basis for the foreseeable future to the extent that we continue to see growth on the platform. However, cost of revenue may vary as a percentage of revenue from period to period based on activity on the platform.

Technology and Development

Technology and development expenses primarily consist of personnel-related compensation expenses for technology, product, and engineering teams, as well as expenses associated with our information technology and data science platforms. We expect that our technology and development expenses will increase on an absolute dollar basis but vary from period to period as a percentage of net revenue for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in technology and development activities relating to ongoing improvements to and maintenance of our platform, including the potential hiring of additional personnel to support these efforts.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of online marketing expenses, marketing promotion expense, marketing partnerships with third parties, sales and marketing personnel compensation expenses and certain incentives and referral bonuses paid to Hosts (reflecting the portion of incentive costs not adjusted against net revenue). Sales and marketing expenses also include allocated overhead. We expect that our sales and marketing expenses will increase on an absolute dollar basis but vary from period to period as a percentage of net revenue for the foreseeable future.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related expenses for executive management and administrative functions, including finance and accounting, legal, and human resources. General and administrative expenses also include certain travel expenses, professional service fees, including legal expenses, rent expenses, office expenses, repairs and maintenance of office equipment and furniture, directors’ and officers’ insurance and other expenses. We further expect to continue incurring general and administrative expenses of operating as a public company, including expenses for insurance, costs to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a Nasdaq, costs related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, investor relations, and professional services expenses. We expect general and administrative expenses will reduce on absolute dollar basis owing to our efforts to manage costs.

Finance Costs

Finance costs consist primarily of interest on vehicle loans, finance leases and redeemable promissory note. Costs recognized on account of change in fair valuation of preferred stock warrant liability, convertible promissory notes and derivative financial instruments and convertible promissory notes are included. In addition, it also includes funds issue expenses, note issue expenses, bank charges, other borrowing costs.

Other (Income) and Expense, Net

Other (income) and expense, net consists primarily of change in fair value of the convertible promissory note, SSCPN, derivative financial instrument and the unsecured convertible note, interest income, (gain)/loss on sale of assets & assets held for sale, Loss on assets written off, loss on foreign currency transactions and balances, gain on modification of finance leases, provisions written back, payable to customers written back and other expenses.

Gain on troubled debt restructuring

Gain on troubled debt restructuring includes the gain consists of gains on account of restructuring of loans from lenders and gains on account of concluded negotiations with vendors for reduction in outstanding liabilities.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented:

	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Net revenue	$	2,449,368		$	2,421,438		$	6,937,250		$	7,717,064
Costs and expenses		-			-			-			-
Cost of revenue		1,499,282			2,093,057			4,224,993			8,441,525
Technology and development		749,287			1,261,101			2,385,988			3,507,839
Sales and marketing		191,090			962,652			1,208,431			4,822,646
General and administrative		3,247,389			9,782,855			7,302,337			14,424,956
Total costs and expenses		5,687,048			14,099,665			15,121,749			31,196,966
(Loss) income from operations		(3,237,680	)		(11,678,227	)		(8,184,499	)		(23,479,902	)
Finance costs		4,050,856			8,392,470			6,127,161			13,628,832
Finance costs to related parties		-			12,426			-			38,203
Gain on troubled debt restructuring		(124,299	)		-			(476,746	)		-
Other (income)/expense, net		757,826			(34,503,014	)		(29,297	)		(10,377,735	)
Other income from related parties		-			(5,548	)		-			(11,224	)
(Loss) income before provision for income taxes		(7,922,063	)		14,425,439			(13,805,617	)		(26,757,978	)
Provision for income taxes		-			-			-			-
Net (loss) income		7,922,063	)		14,425,439			(13,805,617	)		(26,757,978	)

The following table sets forth our results of operations as a percentage of net revenue:

	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Net revenue		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%
Costs and expenses
Cost of revenue		61	%		86	%		61	%		109	%
Technology and development		31	%		52	%		34	%		45	%
Sales and marketing		8	%		40	%		17	%		62	%
General and administrative		133	%		404	%		105	%		187	%
Total costs and expenses		232	%		582	%		218	%		404	%
(Loss) income from operations		-132	%		-482	%		-118	%		-304	%
Finance costs		165	%		347	%		88	%		177	%
Finance costs to related parties		0	%		1	%		0	%		0	%
Gain on troubled debt restructuring		-5	%		0	%		-7	%		0	%
Other (income)/expense, net		31	%		-1425	%		-39	%		-134	%
Other income from related parties		0	%		0	%		0	%		0	%
(Loss) income before provision for income taxes		-323	%		596	%		-199	%		-347	%
Provision for income taxes		0	%		0	%		0	%		0	%
Net (loss) income		-323	%		596	%		-199	%		-347	%

Net Revenue

	Three months ended December 31,									Nine months ended December 31,
	2024		2023		Change		% Change			2024		2023		Change			% Change
Revenues from services	$	2,449,368	$	2,421,438	$	27,930		1	%	$	6,895,308	$	7,717,064	$	(821,756	)		-11	%
Other revenues		-		-		-		-			41,942		-		41,942			100	%
Net Revenue		2,449,368		2,421,438	$	27,930					6,937,250		7,717,064	$	(779,814	)

Our total net revenue for the three months ended on December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, was $2.45 million and $2.42 million, respectively, representing a decline of $0.03 million, or 1.15%. While the total number of Bookings and booking Days increased by 19% and 11% respectively, GBV declined marginally by 0.02% during the three months ended December 31, 2024, versus the previous comparable period.

Our total net revenue for the nine months ended on December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, was $6.94 million and $7.72 million, respectively, representing a decline of $0.78 million, or 10%. While the total number of Bookings and Booking Days increased by 11% and 0.02% respectively, GBV declined by 8%, during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, versus the previous comparable period.

In the peer-to-peer car sharing model, we continued to take several measures to improve profitability, such as (i) reduction of cash incentives paid to Hosts and (ii) introduction of cancellation fees for Guest. These and other cost rationalization strategies resulted in improved unit profitability at the expense of lower or negligible growth in GBV and Net revenue for the three and nine months ended on December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023.

Costs and Expenses

Cost of Revenue

	Three months ended December 31,										Nine months ended December 31,
	2024		2023		Change			% Change			2024		2023		Change			% Change
Cost of revenue	$	1,499,282	$	2,093,057	$	(593,775	)		-28	%	$	4,224,993	$	8,441,525	$	(4,216,532	)		-50	%

Cost of revenue was $1.50 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $2.09 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $0.59 million, or 28%. This decrease was driven by overall Company-wide efforts to drive greater operational efficiency. Key drivers of the cost savings $0.40 million reduction in personnel costs including ESOP related costs (driven by headcount reductions in India, and discontinuation of operations in Vietnam, Egypt and Indonesia during the three months ending December 31, 2024). Due to discontinuation of operations in Egypt, Indonesia, and Vietnam there was a savings of $0.04 million during the three months ended in December 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023., under other expenses. Further, there were cost savings of $0.13 million on account of depreciation on tracking devices during the three months ended December 31,2024, as compared to three months ended December 31, 2023, since these devices were completely depreciated in the previous Fiscal year ending March 31, 2024.

Cost of revenue was $4.22 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $8.44 million during nine months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $4.22 million, or 50%. This decrease was driven by overall Company-wide efforts to drive greater operational efficiency. Key drivers of the cost savings include $1.29 million reduction in personnel costs including ESOP related costs (driven by headcount reductions in India, and the closure operations in Vietnam, Egypt and Indonesia during the nine months ending December 31, 2024), Repair and maintenance charges were reduced by $1.15 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, by optimizing network of third-party vehicle garages, entering new pricing contract with these garages, and reducing accident rate by strengthening the Guest verification process. During the nine months ended December 31, 2024 there is a savings of $0.32 million due to introducing direct settlement of Toll charges between host and guest, a decrease of $0.26 million of uncollected customer charges which were paid to the Host by the Company as part of its business customary practice. Due to discontinuation of operations in Egypt, Indonesia, and Vietnam there was a savings of $0.16 million during the nine months ended in December 31, 2024, as compared to nine months ended December 31, 2023 under other expenses..

We further achieved savings of $0.29 million for software support and maintenance charges due to optimization of cloud cost and google maps services which were comparatively higher during the nine months ending December 31, 2023, owing to the higher spending on brand marketing which brought more customers on the platform, increased searches without any material impact on booking. Further, there were cost savings of $0.40 million on account of depreciation on tracking devices during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to nine months ended December 31, 2023, since these devices were completely depreciated in the previous Fiscal year ending March 31, 2024.

Technology and Development

	Three months ended December 31,										Nine months ended December 31,
	2024		2023		Change			% Change			2024		2023		Change			% Change
Technology and development	$	749,287	$	1,261,101	$	(511,814	)		-41	%	$	2,385,988	$	3,507,839	$	(1,121,851	)		-32	%

Technology and development expenses totaled $0.75 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $1.26 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $0.51 million, or 41%. This decrease was driven by employee benefit costs reductions of $0.52 million.

Technology and development expenses totaled $2.39 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $3.51 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $1.12 million, or 32%. This decrease was driven by employee benefit costs reductions of $0.89 million, and a further reduction of $0.23 million in IT platforms support costs as the Company continues to optimize usage of cloud-based IT services while enabling more in-app features for Guests and Hosts.

Sales and Marketing

	Three months ended December 31,										Nine months ended December 31,
	2024		2023		Change			% Change			2024		2023		Change			% Change
Sales and marketing	$	191,090	$	962,652	$	(771,562	)		-80	%	$	1,208,431	$	4,822,646	$	(3,614,215	)		-75	%

Sales and marketing expense totaled $0.19 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $0.96 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $0.77 million, or 80%, primarily driven by a $0.56 million reduction in performance marketing expenses and $0.03 million reduction in brand marketing expenses incurred on brand visibility. Further there was a reduction of $0.04 million in Host incentives (this reflects the portion of the host incentives accounted for as sales and marketing expense during the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023). Personnel-related costs decreased by $0.14 million due to reductions in headcount.

Sales and marketing expense totaled $1.21 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $4.82 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $3.61 million, or 75%, primarily driven by a $1.82 million reduction in brand marketing expenses incurred on brand visibility, and $1.25 million reduction in performance marketing expenses. Further there was a reduction of $ 0.24 million in Host incentives (this reflects the portion of the host incentives accounted for as sales and marketing expense) during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended December 31, 2023. Personnel-related costs decreased by $0.31 million due to reductions in headcount.

General and Administrative

	Three months ended December 31,										Nine months ended December 31,
	2024		2023		Change			% Change			2024		2023		Change			% Change
General and administrative	$	3,247,389	$	9,782,855	$	(6,535,466	)		-67	%	$	7,302,337	$	14,424,956	$	(7,122,619	)		-49	%

General and administrative expenses were $3.25 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $9.78 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023, a reduction of $6.54 million, or 67%. Professional fees reduced by $5.34 million driven by elimination of SPAC related expenses during the three months ending December 31, 2024, as compared to the previous comparable period. Employee benefit expenses, repairs and maintenance expenses reduced by $ 1.38 and $0.24 million respectively , this reduction is offset by increase In rates and taxes and rent by $ 0.18 and $0.29 million.

General and administrative expenses were $7.30 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $14.42 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023, a reduction of $7.12 million, or 49%. Professional fees reduced by $5.67 million driven by elimination of SPAC related expenses during the nine months ending December 31, 2024, as compared to the previous comparable period. Employee Benefit expenses reduced by $1.44 during the nine months ending December 31, 2024, as compared to the nine months ending December 31, 2023, due to reductions in headcount.

Finance Costs

	Three months ended December 31,										Nine months ended December 31,
	2024		2023		Change			% Change			2024		2023		Change			% Change
Finance costs	$	4,050,856	$	8,392,470	$	(4,341,613	)		-52	%	$	6,127,161	$	13,628,832	$	(7,501,671	)		-55	%
Finance costs to related parties	$	-	$	12,426	$	(12,426	)		-100	%	$	-	$	38,203	$	(38,203	)		-100	%

Finance costs were $4.05 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $8.39 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $4.34 million, or 52%. This decrease is due to Non-cash expenses related to change in fair valuation of preferred stock warrants amounting to $5.70 million recognized during three months ended December 31, 2023, which was converted into equity at the close of deSPAC in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024, one time discount on issuance of unsecured convertible note accounted as expenses amounting to $0.63 million during December 31, 2023 and change in the fair value of unsecured convertible note (Atalaya note) was $0.24 million during three months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $1.73 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023. This decrease is partially offset by increase in the cost of issuance cost of November 2024 and December 2024 private placement offerings amounting to $ 2.87 million respectively and $0.53 million in accrued interest on a redeemable promissory note during the three months ended December 31, 2024, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023. Other borrowing cost has increased by $0.09 million during three months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same period ending December 31, 2023.

Finance costs were $6.13 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $13.63 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $7.50 million, or 55%. This decrease is due to Non-cash expenses related to change in fair valuation of derivative financial instrument, preferred stock warrant were $3.47 million and $5.28 million respectively during nine months ended December 31, 2023, all of which was converted into equity at the close of deSPAC during the fiscal year ended on March 31,2024, one time discount on issuance of unsecured convertible note accounted as expenses amounting to $0.63 million during December 31, 2023, change in the fair value of Atalaya note resulted in $1.73 million expenses during the nine months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the same being gain and accounted under other income during the nine months ended December 31, 2024. Additionally, note issue expenses reduced to Nil during the nine months ending December 31, 2024, as compared to $1.56 million incurred during the nine months ended December 31, 2023. This decrease has been partially offset by increase in the cost is primarily due to issuance cost on issuance of November 2024 and December 2024 private placement offerings amounting to $ 2.87 million, $2.00 million in accrued interest on a redeemable promissory note and $0.40 million increase in borrowing cost respectively during the three months ended December 31, 2024, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023. This increase has been partially offset

Gain on troubled debt restructuring

	Three months ended December 31,											Nine months ended December 31,
	2024			2023		Change			% Change			2024			2023		Change			% Change
Gain on troubled debt restructuring	$	(124,299	)	$	-	$	(124,299	)		100	%	$	(476,746	)	$	-	$	(476,746	)		100	%

Gain on troubled debt restructuring during the three months ended December 31, 2024, was $0.12 million vs Nil during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

Gain on troubled debt restructuring during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, was $0.48 million vs Nil during the nine months ended December 31, 2023.

Other (income) and expense, net

	Three months ended December 31,										Nine months ended December 31,
	2024		2023			Change		% Change			2024			2023			Change		% Change
Other (income)/expense, net	$	757,826	$	(34,503,014	)	$	35,260,840		-102	%	$	(29,297	)	$	(10,377,735	)	$	10,348,438		-100	%
Other (income) from related parties	$	-	$	(5,548	)	$	5,548		-100	%	$	-		$	(11,224	)	$	11,224		-100	%

Other Expense was $0.76 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, versus other Income of $34.50 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023, a reduction of $35.26 million or 102% This reduction is due to elimination of non-cash gain on account of change in the fair value of convertible promissory note and SSCPN resulted in a net gain of $28.10 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to Nil during the three months ended December 31, 2024 due to conversion of these instrument into equity at the close of deSPAC during the three months ended December 2023. Loss recognized on litigation settlement of $4.34 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024 as comparted to Nil during the three months ended December 31, 2023 was partially offset by the change in the fair value of derivative financial instruments resulted in a gain of $ 5.47 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to gain of $6.57 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023, Further There was a loss on extinguishment of redeemable promissory notes amounting to $1.77 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to Nil expenses recognized during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

Other Income was $0.03 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, versus other income of $10.38 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $10.35 million or 100%. This decrease is primarily due to elimination of non-cash gain on account of change in the fair value of convertible promissory note and SSCPN resulted in a net gain of $10.44 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to Nil during the nine months ended December 31, 2024 due to conversion of these instruments into equity at the close of deSPAC during the three months ended December 31, 2023. Loss recognized on litigation settlement of $4.34 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024 as comparted to Nil during the nine months ended December 31, 2023 and $1.76 million Loss on extinguishment of redeemable promissory note during the nine months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to Nil during the nine months ended December 31, 2023 was partially offset by the change in the fair value of derivative financial instruments resulted in a gain of $ 5.47 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same being nil during the nine months ended December 31, 2023. Further there was a non-cash gain on account of change in the fair value of Atalaya note amounting to $0.73 million recorded during the nine months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same being cost to the company during the nine months ended December 31, 2023.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP financial measures help us to evaluate our business, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions. We use the following non-GAAP financial measures, collectively, to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes.

We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because they provide consistency and comparability with past financial performance and assist in comparisons with other companies, some of which use similar non-GAAP financial measures to supplement their GAAP results. The non-GAAP financial measures are presented for supplemental informational purposes only, should not be considered as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. Because of these limitations, we consider, and you should consider, our non-GAAP financial measures alongside other financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. A reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP is provided below. Investors are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

The following table summarizes our non-GAAP financial measures, along with the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for each period presented below.

	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Gross profit/(loss)	$	950,086		$	328,381		$	2,712,257		$	(724,461	)
Gross margin		39	%		14	%		39	%		-9	%
Contribution profit/(loss)		1,283,994			208,873			2,950,921			(1,080,363	)
Contribution margin		52	%		9	%		43	%		-14	%
Net (loss) income		(7,922,063	)		14,425,439			(13,805,617	)		(26,757,978	)
Adjusted EBITDA		(3,147,158	)		(10,168,346	)		(7,878,841	)		(20,841,509	)

Contribution Profit (Loss) and Contribution Margin

We define contribution profit (loss) as our gross profit (loss) plus (a) depreciation expense included in cost of revenue, (b) stock-based compensation expense included in cost of revenue, (c) other general costs included in cost of revenue (rent, software support, insurance, travel); less (i) Host incentive payments and (ii) marketing and promotional expenses (excluding brand marketing).

We use contribution profit (loss) and contribution margin as indicators of the economic impact of a new booking on our platform, as they capture the direct expenses attributable to a new booking on our platform and the cost required to generate revenue. While certain contribution profit (loss) adjustments may not be non-recurring, non-cash, non-operating, or unusual, contribution profit (loss) is a metric our management and board of directors find useful, and we believe investors may find useful in understanding the costs most directly associated with our revenue-generating activities.

We recorded a contribution profit of $1.28 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $0.21 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023. Our gross profit improved to $0.95 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, versus a gross profit of $0.33 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023, which was driven by significant reductions in cost of revenue due to the overall improvements in Companywide operational efficiencies accomplished over the past few quarters. In addition, host incentives and marketing costs (excl. brand marketing) were significantly reduced to $0.03 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, versus $0.63 million during the same period in 2023, which further contributed to the Company achieving higher contribution profit as compared to contribution profit in the previous comparable period.

We recorded a contribution profit of $2.95 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, versus a contribution loss of $1.08 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023. Our gross profit improved to $2.71 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, versus a gross loss of $0.72 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023, which was driven by significant reductions in cost of revenue due to the overall improvements in Companywide operational efficiencies accomplished over the past few quarters. In addition, host incentives and marketing costs (excl. brand marketing) were significantly reduced to $0.62 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, versus $2.10 million during the same period in 2023, which further contributed to the Company achieving contribution profit as compared to contribution loss in the previous comparable period.

Contribution profit (loss) and contribution margin are non-GAAP financial measures with certain limitations regarding their usefulness; they should be considered as supplemental in nature and are not meant as substitutes for gross profit /(loss) and gross margin, which are measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. For purposes of calculating the non-GAAP financial measures, we utilize the GAAP financial measure of gross profit (loss), which is defined as revenue minus cost of revenue, each of which is presented in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Our definitions of contribution profit (loss) and contribution margin may differ from the definitions used by other companies in our industry and, therefore, comparability may be limited. In addition, other companies may not publish these or other similar metrics. Further, our definition of contribution profit (loss) does not include the impact of certain expenses that are reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Thus, our contribution profit (loss) should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or in isolation from, gross profit (loss) prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The following tables present reconciliations of gross profit/(loss) to contribution profit/(loss) and gross margin to contribution margin for each of the periods indicated:

Contribution Profit/(Loss)

	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Net revenue	$	2,449,368		$	2,421,438		$	6,937,250		$	7,717,064
Cost of revenue		1,499,282			2,093,057			4,224,993			8,441,525
Gross Profit/(loss)		950,086			328,381			2,712,257			(724,461	)
Add: Depreciation and amortization in COR		73,683			205,260			222,862			624,630
Add: Stock-based compensation in COR		-			51,848			-			134,883
Add: Overhead costs in COR (rent, software support, insurance, travel)		286,639			249,651			636,960			988,946
Less: Host Incentives and Marketing costs (excl. brand marketing)		26,414			626,267			621,158			2,104,360
Less: Host incentives		32,800			73,216			110,664			348,261
Less: Marketing costs (excl. brand marketing)		(6,386	)		553,051			510,494			1,756,099
Contribution Profit / (Loss)		1,283,994			208,873			2,950,921			(1,080,363	)
Contribution margin		52	%		9	%		43	%		-14	%

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that represents our net income or loss adjusted for (i) provision for income taxes; (ii) other income and (expense), net; (iii) depreciation and amortization; (iv) stock-based compensation expense; and (v) finance costs.

We use adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with net income or loss, its corresponding GAAP measure, as a performance measure that we use to assess our operating performance and operating leverage in our business. The above items are excluded from our adjusted EBITDA measure because these items are non-cash in nature, or because the amount and timing of these items is unpredictable, or they are not driven by core results of operations, thereby rendering comparisons with prior periods and competitors less meaningful.

We believe that adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating the results of our operations, as well as provides a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our business performance. Moreover, we have included adjusted EBITDA because it is a key measurement used by our management internally to make operating decisions, including those related to analyzing operating expenses, evaluating performance, and performing strategic planning and annual budgeting.

Our adjusted EBITDA loss has reduced to $3.15 million during the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to an adjusted EBITDA loss of $10.17 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

Our adjusted EBITDA loss has reduced to $7.88 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to an adjusted EBITDA loss of $20.84 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2023.

This improvement is a result of broad-based cost reduction and optimization initiatives that reduced our cost of revenue, technology and development costs, sales and marketing costs, and general and administrative costs (as described above) during the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as a financial measure, should be considered as supplemental in nature, and is not meant as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. These limitations include the following:

●

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect other (income)/expense, net, which includes interest income on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments, net of interest expense, and gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and balances;

●

Adjusted EBITDA excludes certain recurring non-cash charges, such as depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets; although these are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may need to be replaced in the future, and adjusted EBITDA does not reflect all cash requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements;

●

Adjusted EBITDA excludes stock-based compensation expense, which has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy: and

●

Adjusted EBITDA excludes all finance charges.

Because of these limitations, you should consider adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including net loss and our other GAAP results.

The following is a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to the most comparable GAAP measure, Net (Loss) / Income:

	Three months ended December 31,						Nine months ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Net (Loss) / Income	$	(7,922,063	)	$	14,425,439		$	(13,805,617	)	$	(26,757,978	)
Add/ (deduct)
Stock-based compensation		-			1,265,828			-			1,883,733
Depreciation and amortization		90,522			244,053			305,658			754,660
Finance costs		4,050,856			8,392,470			6,127,161			13,628,832
Finance costs to related parties		-			12,426			-			38,203
Other (income)/expense, net		757,826			(34,503,014	)		(29,297	)		(10,377,735	)
Other income from related parties		-			(5,548	)		-			(11,224	)
Gain on troubled debt restructuring		(124,299	)		-			(476,746	)		-
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(3,147,158	)	$	(10,168,346	)	$	(7,878,841	)	$	(20,841,509	)

Liquidity and Capital Resources

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 respectively, we generated negative cash flows from operations of $5.04 million and $8.54 million, respectively, reflecting greater operating cost efficiencies and reduced overhead expenditures in 2024. The Company incurred a net loss of $13.80 million and $26.76 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and the accumulated deficit amounts to $321.36 million and $300.03 million as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $4.40 million, consisting of cash on hand, fixed deposits, and other bank balances.

Our primary use of cash is to fund our existing operations. If we have sufficient working capital, we will continue to invest in product development and in our technology platform. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will be reduced on an absolute dollar basis due to our efforts to manage cost, use of our cash effectively and improve profitability while managing our research and development programs. The Company’s cash position is critically deficient and critical payments to the operational and financial creditors of the Company are not being made in the ordinary course of business, all of which raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

In October 2022, we entered into a Business Combination Agreement (BCA) for merger with Innovative International Acquisition Corp. (“IOAC”) In October 2022, we entered into a note purchase agreement with Ananda small business trust, an affiliate of the SPAC sponsor. Ananda small business trust has purchased notes worth $10.00 million. Additionally, pursuant to signing the BCA, the Company has entered into a warrant and convertible note agreement in February 2023 with new investors and has raised a total of $21.28 million (before fees) as of August 16, 2023 (which has converted at a discount in the deSPAC). On December 28, 2023, we completed our deSPAC transaction with IOAC and received cash of $5.77 million, assumed liabilities amounting to $21.5 million and unsecured promissory notes of $3.26 million were also assumed.

Financing Arrangements

We have financed our operations through revenue generated from sales, borrowings, and issuance of Common Stock, preferred stock, senior subordinated convertible promissory notes, convertible promissory note and unsecured convertible notes and redeemable promissory notes.

Debentures and Other Borrowings from Financial Institutions

We have obtained loan facilities from various financial institutions during earlier time periods, which remained outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

Issue of Common Stock

The Company’s shareholders authorized, and the Board of Directors approved for a 1-for-100 Reverse Stock Split, which became effective on October 21, 2024.

In December 2023, we raised $5,000,000 against issuance of 16,667 shares (1,666,666 prior to Reverse Stock Split) to Mohan Ananda, Chairman of Board of Directors and our largest shareholder.

In May 2024, we issued 125,120 shares (12,512,080 prior to Reverse Stock Split) to Atalaya Note holders to settle a part of the unsecured promissory note liability.

Issue of Unsecured Convertible Note

In December 2023, we issued an Unsecured Convertible Note bearing a principal amount of $8,434,605.

Issue of Redeemable Promissory Note

On June 18, 2024 , the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional accredited investors pursuant to which the Company issued and sold an aggregate of $3,600,000 in principal amount of notes and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,267,728 shares (52,966,102 shares prior to Reverse Stock Split) of Company Common Stock for gross proceeds of $3,000,000. The closing occurred on June 20, 2024. Out of the proceeds of November 7^th Placement, this note has been repaid along with accrued interest.

Private Placement of Equity and Warrants

On November 7, 2024, the Company sold (i) 1,302,850 Common Units, each consisting of one share of common stock, two Series A Warrants and maximum number of Series B Warrants as mentioned in the agreement, and (ii) 835,000 Pre-Funded Units, each consisting of one Pre-Funded Warrant, two Series A Warrants, and maximum number of Series B Warrants as mentioned in the agreement, through the placement agent (collectively referred to “November 2024 Offering”) for a value of $9.15 million). The Company paid $3.80 million from these net proceeds towards the outstanding Redeemable Promissory Notes. Further, there is a holdback of $0.2 million from the remaining proceeds for indemnification of the placement agent in the financing.

On December 24, 2024, the Company sold (i) 3,095,925 Common Units, each consisting of one share of common stock, Series A Warrants and maximum number of Series B Warrants as mentioned in the agreement, and (ii) 835,000 Pre-Funded Units, each consisting of one Pre-Funded Warrant, Series A Warrants and maximum number of Series B Warrants as mentioned in the agreement, through the placement agent (collectively referred to “December 2024 Offering”) for a value of $5.48 million.

On January 31, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain additional accredited investors, for the second closing of the December 2024 Offering (the “Second Closing”). In connection with the second closing, the Company has issued 1,049,796 shares of common stock of the Company, Pre-funded warrants issued to certain investors, at their option, exercisable for an aggregate of up to 872,000 shares of Common Stock, Series A Warrants to initially purchase up to an aggregate of 4,804,491 shares of Common Stock and Series B Warrants to purchase initially no shares of Common Stock and then up to such number of shares of Common Stock, as determined on the Reset Date for an aggregate investment of $3 million. The Securities were offered at a price of $1.56. However, out of the $ 3 million aggregate investments, the Company did not receive any cash proceeds with respect to Securities with a subscription price of $1.56 million, as those Securities were issued in consideration for the settlement of litigation with Randall Yanker. Hence, the Company raised gross proceeds of $1.44 million and net proceeds of $1.25 million after deduction of offering expenses amounting to $0.2 million.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, our growth, our ability to attract and retain Hosts and Guests, and the scope of future sales and marketing activities.

The Company expects to continue to incur net losses and have significant cash outflows from operating activities for at least the next 12 months. Management has evaluated the significance of the conditions described above in relation to the Company’s ability to meet its obligations and concluded that based on multiple rounds of funding raised by the Company as detailed above under the section titled as “Private Placement of Equity and Warrants”, while this financing resulted in the payment of certain outstanding indebtedness, the Company will still need to raise additional capital imminently in order to have sufficient capital. The Company believes that current cash and cash equivalents will allow the Company to continue operations through December 31, 2025, assuming that the Company makes no further payments on its currently outstanding indebtedness and only pays current operating accruals. The Company was advised by its largest investor and director that he would no longer commit to continuing his support to the Company in the event that any liquidity requirements arise in the future.

There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to achieve its business plan, raise any additional capital or secure the additional financing necessary to implement its current operating plan. The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to increase its revenues and eventually achieve profitable operations. No adjustments have been made to the financial statements based on this uncertainty.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

	Nine Months ended Dec 31,
Statements of Cash Flows Data:	2024			2023
Net cash used in provided by operating activities	$	(5,043,721	)	$	(8,542,144	)
Net cash flows generated from investing activities		463,556			(62,010	)
Net cash generated from financing activities		7,698,030			11,204,424
Effect of foreign exchange on cash and cash equivalents.		(16,636	)		(168,160	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		3,117,865			2,600,270

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $5.04 million and $8.54 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. The major drivers contributing to the decrease of $3.50 million during the current nine months compared to previous nine months period included the following:

Decrease in net loss of $8.18 million after adjustments for non-cash items. These adjustments include fair value changes in financial instruments, SSCPN issue expense, stock-based employee compensation, issuance cost towards November and December 2024 offering, note issue expenses, gain on trouble restructuring, Interest expenses on redeemable promissory note and finance leases, depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets and intangibles assets, discount on issuance of common stock and warrants, among others.

Net decrease in working capital of $4.68 million was a result of improved working capital management during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended December 31, 2023.

Investing Activities

Net cash generated from investing activities totaled $0.46 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to Net cash used for investing activities totaled $0.06 million during the same period in 2023. The increase in cash generated during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, is largely attributable to receipt of proceeds from maturity of investment in fixed deposits during the current nine months as compared use of proceeds to investment in fixed deposits during the nine months ended December 31,2023.

Financing Activities

Net cash generated from financing activities totaled $7.70 million and $11.20 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company received proceeds from issue of redeemable promissory notes $3.00 million out of which note issuance expenses of $0.49 million has been paid, issuance of equity and warrants amounting to $14.63 million out of which $2.18 million paid in relation to issuance expenses of equity and warrants, and repayment of redeemable promissory note of $3.80 million, debt repayments and principal payment of finance lease obligations totaled to $3.46 million during the nine months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to proceeds from the issuance of Senior Subordinated convertible promissory note of $13.18 million which was partly offset by note issuance cost, debt repayments and principal payment of finance lease obligations totaled to $1.37 million, during the nine months ended December 31, 2023. As the Company’s cash position decreased, critical payments and debt repayments were not being made in the ordinary course of business.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Contractual obligations are cash amounts that we are obligated to pay as part of certain contracts that we have entered into during the normal course of business.

Below is a table that shows our contractual lease obligations as of December 31, 2024:

	December 31, 2024
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2025	$	80,245	$	4,817,953
2026		336,564		73,401
2027		352,926		0
2028		370,106		0
2029		388,144		0
Total Lease Payments		1,527,985		4,891,354
Less : Imputed Interest		367,794		875,662
Total Lease Liabilities	$	1,160,191	$	4,015,692

Borrowings

The contractual commitment amounts in the table below are associated with agreements that are enforceable and legally binding. Obligations under contracts that we can cancel without a material penalty are not included in the table above.

As at	December 31, 2024
Current
- from NBFCs
- Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited	$	538,695
- TATA Motors Finance Limited		1,921,963
- Kotak Mahindra Financial Services Limited		342,417
- Orix Leasing and Financial Services India LTD		83,327
- Clix Finance India Private Limited		86,790
	$	2,973,192

Contingencies

The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues for losses associated with legal claims when such losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted as additional information becomes available or circumstances change.

(A)

Claims filed by customers and third-parties not acknowledged as liability amounted to $4,075,587 and $4,565,949 as at December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively. The claims made by the customers against the Company includes claims that have been made for amounts charged to customers by the Company as damages for improper use of vehicles and/or physical damages made to vehicles during an active trip ; or claims made by customers for unavailability of the booked vehicle or for any mechanical default in the booked vehicle ; or claims against any similar issue faced by either the host or the customer. Under the erstwhile business model of the Company , the Company had procured third-party insurance policies for fleet under its management which indemnifies against personal death and/or injuries suffered either by the customer or third-parties during the use of its vehicles. Based on the insurance coverage, the Company is confident that liability, if any, arising from the claims under the previous business model will be covered by the insurance. Further, under the current business model of the Company, wherein the Company acts only as a facilitator, any issues arising from breach of any terms including improper use of vehicles and/or physical damages made to the vehicles or any mechanical issues in the vehicle will be the responsibility of either the host or the customer. While uncertainties are inherent in the final outcome of these matters, the Company believes that the disposition of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

(B)

The Company has received various orders and show cause notices from Indian indirect tax authorities relating to disputes on input tax credits, service tax liabilities, GST dues, and taxability of car rental revenue for periods between 2014 and 2023, totaling $15,934,836 (March 31, 2024: $7,984,418). These disputes include disallowance of input credits, service tax liabilities on booking fees and penalty charges, disputes on goods and service tax input availed, and GST demands on gross booking value. The Company has taken necessary steps, including filing appeals, submissions, and deposits, and is awaiting further communication from the authorities. In relation to the GST demands on gross booking value, the Company has filed a writ petition with various authorities challenging the order. Based on the submissions provided and documents available, management believes that no significant outflow is expected, and therefore, no provision has been recorded as of December 31, 2024, and March 31, 2024.

(C)

In February 2023, a former employee of Zoomcar India instituted a suit before the City Civil and Sessions Judge at Mayo Hall, Bengaluru against Zoomcar India, Zoomcar, Inc. and Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. (formerly IOAC) challenging his termination, claiming damages amounting to $396,457 and claiming that 100,000 options to purchase shares of Zoomcar, Inc. have vested. On March 3, 2023, the City Civil and Sessions Judge at Mayo Hall, Bengaluru, issued an interim injunction to restrain each of Zoomcar, Inc. and Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. from “alienating or dealing” the 100,000 shares of Zoomcar, Inc. claimed by the former employee while the suit is pending. Zoomcar believes that such claims are baseless and is attempting to have the interim order vacated. In addition, Zoomcar India filed an application in the former employee’s suit, seeking that Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. be deleted from the array of parties in the suit.

(D)

On January 30, 2024, the Company received a statement of arbitration claims involving warrant holders seeking damages of at least $10,000,000 purportedly arising from the alleged breaches of certain agreements between the Company and warrant holders. Additionally, the Claim requests additional amounts for attorneys’ fees and costs, as well as an order of rescission regarding the issuance of certain allegedly wrongfully dilutive shares of the Company’s stock issued in connection with the business combination or, alternatively, an order mandating a purportedly anti-dilutive issuance of additional shares of Zoomcar common stock to the warrant holders. The Court denied the temporary injunctive relief and passed an order to prevent issuance of securities to insiders and allowing Claimants to attach Company’s assets up to $3,500,000 if, and only if, located in New York. No further action has been taken as JAMS arbitration panel is yet to be appointed. The claimants have filed a case in New York County Supreme Court for seeking relief in aid of the arbitration claim to secure potential recovery. On June 18, 2024, the parties agreed to defer all further action with respect to the arbitration and associated litigation until June 18, 2025. Zoomcar is examining its legal options with respect to the Claim and the Court action. The Company believes that the claims are baseless and there was no breach of agreements as alleged.

(E)

The Company received a notice from Nasdaq on November 6, 2024 stating that the Company has still not regained compliance with the Rule 5450 (b)(2)(A). Accordingly, its securities will be delisted from The Nasdaq Global Market. In that regard, unless the Company requests an appeal of Staff’s determination to a Hearings Panel, pursuant to the procedures set forth in the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5800 Series, trading of the Company’s common stock and warrants will be suspended at the opening of business on November 15, 2024 and the Company’s securities will be removed from listing and registration on The Nasdaq Stock Market. Furthermore, on October 29, 2024, the Staff notified the Company that it did not comply with Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(B), which requires that the Company’s ordinary shares maintain a minimum of 1,100,000 publicly held shares for continued listing. This matter serves as a separate and additional basis for delisting.

As of date the Company has regained compliance with the minimum 1.1 million publicly held shares requirement in Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(B).

(F)

On November 1, 2024, Gregory Moran, a former employee of Zoomcar India, has filed a case with the Superior Court, Delaware, challenging his termination without a cause or a sufficient notice, claiming $100,000 payment that was agreed to be paid on the 6 month anniversary of the effective date of closing of the SPAC transaction along with a 8% fully diluted equity interest in Zoomcar Holdings, Inc., non-payment of “vacation” valued at approximately $30,000, leave encashment of approximately $42,000, $96,000 entitled to him for severance pay and gratuity as per India’s Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. Additionally, he has claimed 210,520 stock units already existing, fully vested. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the matter on November 27, 2024. On January 7, 2025, the Company subsequently filed the opening brief in support of the motion to dismiss filed on November 27, 2024.

(G)

On November 7, 2024, the Company received a notice from ACM Zoomcar Convert LLC (“ACM”) regarding a breach of obligations under the Unsecured Convertible Note executed on December 28, 2023. The Company had defaulted on its payment obligations to ACM on June 25, 2024, resulting in the entire outstanding amount becoming payable on demand. ACM has initiated litigation with the Court to recover the principal amount of $5,656,087, unpaid interest of $341,746, and interest at the contractual rate until the date of judgment. The Company has filed an opposition to the claim and is currently awaiting the Court’s decision.

(H)

Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. files tax returns in the U.S. federal, various state, and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by tax authorities. Our major tax jurisdiction is in India. The Indian tax authority is currently examining our 2016 through 2022 tax returns.

The Company has filed appeals against the above orders before higher authority.

(I)

The Company entered into a placement agent agreement with Aegis Capital Corp. (‘Aegis’) dated November 5, 2024 wherein Aegis will act as the placement agent in connection with the November 2024 and December 2024 offering. Along with a cash fee payable and warrants issuable to Aegis as a placement agent commission, Aegis is also entitled to a fee of 5% of the gross proceeds from cash exercise of any Series A warrants issued in the November 2024 and December 2024 offering, payable upon exercise.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company prepared its financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Our preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements, as well as revenue and expense recorded during the reporting periods. The Company evaluates our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis.

The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and/or other relevant assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from management’s estimates.

See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further information related to our critical accounting policies and estimates, which are as follows:

Debt

Redeemable Promissory Notes

Debt Issuance costs

Debt issuance costs consist primarily of arrangement fees paid to Placement agent, professional fees, and legal fees. These costs are netted off with the related debt and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the related.

Warrants

(a)

Warrants issued towards the November 2024 and December 2024 offering:

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued shares of Common Stock, pre-funded, Series A and Series B warrants in the November 2024 and December 2024 offering (Refer to Note 22) and as consideration to the placement agents for the issuance. The Common stock and pre-funded warrants were classified as equity in accordance with ASC 815-40 since all the conditions required for equity classification are met. The Series A warrants and Series B warrants were classified as derivative financial instruments in accordance with ASC 815-10-15-83 since they contain an underlying, can only be net settled and required no initial net investment. Accordingly, the derivative instruments were measured at fair value and subsequently revalued at each reporting date. Upon issuance of these instruments, the Company had applied the with and without method and allocated a portion of the proceeds from the issuance to the Series A and Series B warrants based on the fair values of these warrants at initial measurement. The remaining proceeds were then allocated between the Common Stock and the pre-funded warrants using the relative fair value method.

(b)

Warrants issued along with Redeemable Promissory Note:

These warrants were classified as equity in accordance with ASC 815-40 since all the conditions required for equity classification are met. Upon issuance of the warrants, the Company had allocated a portion of the proceeds from the issuance of its Redeemable Promissory Note to the warrant based on the relative fair values of warrants and Redeemable Promissory Note in accordance with ASC 820.

(c)

Warrants issued along with SSCPN and to placement agent (‘Derivative financial instrument’):

(d)

Warrants issued to preferred stockholders:

Each unit issued by the Company consisted of one share of Series E preferred stock and a warrant which entitled the holder to purchase one share of common stock of the Company on the satisfaction of certain conditions. Warrants were also issued to the placement agent of the Series E and Series E1 which included the following two categories: a) warrants to purchase common stock of the company; and b) warrants to purchase Series E and Series E1 shares.

Warrants to be converted into common stock:

Warrants to be converted into preferred stock (“Preferred stock warrant liability”):

The warrant instruments classified as liabilities were subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date, and any change in fair value was recognized as a component of finance costs.

Financial liabilities measured at fair value

Convertible Promissory notes (“Notes”), Senior Subordinated Convertible Promissory Note (“SSCPN”) and Unsecured Convertible Note (“Atalaya Note”)

Fair Value Option (“FVO”) Election

The Company accounted for Notes and SSCPN under the fair value option election of ASC 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC-825”) as discussed below.

Troubled debt restructuring

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

As a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Item 10 of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide information required by this Item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, with the participation and supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below. In light of this fact, our management has performed additional analyses, reconciliations, and other post-closing procedures and has concluded that, notwithstanding the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods covered by and included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cashflows for the periods presented in conformity with GAAP.

Material Weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management’s Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or because the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management conducted, under the supervision of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, commonly referred to as the “COSO” criteria. Based on the assessment performed, as of June 30, 2024, we identified six material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to:

(i)

Our controls were not adequately designed to properly monitor and document related party transactions.

(ii)

Our controls over independent review and documentation of third-party specialists and advisors’ reports were not operating effectively. We rely on third-party specialists for critical assessments, such as fair value measurements and preparation of key schedules and financial statements. However, we failed to establish a consistent process for independently reviewing these third-party specialist and advisor reports before incorporating them into our financial statements.

(iii)

Our controls over financial reporting, specifically related to the inadequacy of our financial reporting policies and procedures, were not operating effectively. The Company lacks financial reporting policies and procedures that are commensurate with GAAP and SEC reporting requirements.

(iv)

Our resources are deficient in comprehensive knowledge and expertise pertaining to technical accounting and SEC reporting requirements.

(v)

Our controls over the financial statement close process do not provide sufficient evidence.

(vi)

Our controls were not adequately designed to provide sufficient documentation and review of the operating effectiveness of Information Technology General Controls (‘ITGC’) for information systems that are relevant to the preparation of the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financials. Specifically, our user access controls were not adequately designed or implemented, our change management process lacked rigor and documentation and our monitoring of ITGC controls was insufficient.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We are taking actions to remediate the material weaknesses relating to our internal control over financial reporting, as described above. Except as otherwise described herein, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Remediation Plans

We have commenced measures to remediate the identified material weaknesses, including:

(i)

The Company designed and implemented process for identification, monitoring and regulatory compliance of transactions involving related parties. The Company’s process includes rolling out related party transaction questionnaires quarterly to the identified related parties. The management intends to continue to take steps and monitor the progress of the internal controls implemented.

(ii)

Significant reduction in the number of complex financial instruments post the reverse recapitalization. The management actively engages with valuation experts to communicate the underlying assumptions and terms of the financial instruments. The management intends to continue to monitor the progress of the internal controls implemented.

(iii)

Developing financial reporting manuals including Standard Operating Procedures for financial statement closure process to ensure compliance with US GAAP and SEC reporting requirements and monitoring controls over financial statement closure process.

(iv)

The Management is working on hiring, training and retention of inhouse resources with requisite US GAAP knowledge. The management has also engaged external accounting professionals and developing process for sufficient managements reviews.

(v)

The Management is currently working on developing accounting manuals, policies, and standard operating procedures in consultation with external consultants.

(vi)

The management is in the process of developing ITGC policies and procedures to address identified deficiencies, ensuring controls are designed and operating effectively. This will include establishing monitoring mechanisms to regularly evaluate and test the effectiveness of ITGC, including access controls, change management, and data integrity validation.

We intend to continue to take steps to remediate the material weaknesses described above and further evolving our accounting processes. The actions we are taking are subject to ongoing executive management review and are also subject to the oversight of the Audit Committee. We will not be able to fully remediate these material weaknesses until these steps have been completed and have been operating effectively for a sufficient period of time. If we are unable to successfully remediate these material weaknesses, or if in the future, we identify further material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements may be materially misstated.

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the company have been detected. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Except as described below, we are not currently subject to any material claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, administrative actions, government investigations and other legal and regulatory disputes and proceedings (collectively, “Legal Proceedings”) and we are not subject to any pending Legal Proceedings in any of the jurisdictions where we operate other than in India. We have received communications relating to certain legal proceedings, as described in below under the following Risk Factor titles:

“Risk Factors — A former employee of Zoomcar India has instituted a wrongful termination suit and claims that certain Zoomcar options have vested”;

“Risk-Factor - The founder and former CEO of the Company has initiated a civil complaint against the Company contesting the reasons for his termination and has raised certain other claims with regards to his ownership of the Company and compensation for termination of his employment.”

“Risk Factors- ACM has filed a notice of motion for summary judgement in lieu of complaint against Zoomcar in New York courts for payment of amounts due under the Note pursuant to breach of the terms of a note

We may become subject to other Legal Proceedings over time or from time to time, in the ordinary course of our business and as our business continues to grow and expand over time. Becoming involved with Legal Proceedings, regardless of the outcome, may result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention.

As a result of our business operations in India, we are regularly subject to legal proceedings, many of which are de minimis in nature and amount and the majority of which relate to local tax matters. Many of these tax and vehicle accident-related Legal Proceedings are pending before various forums in India and involve localized practices and interpretations of regulatory matters that make the ultimate outcomes or resolution of these Legal Proceedings inherently uncertain and difficult to predict. Management’s views and estimates related to these matters may change in the future, as new events and circumstances arise and the matters continue to develop.

On August 4, 2023, a former consultant (Mr. Randall Yanker) to Zoomcar filed a complaint against Zoomcar in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint contains breach and anticipatory breach of contract claims arising from a letter agreement, effective as of May 2020, between Zoomcar and the former consultant, which engagement letter was terminated by Zoomcar in January 2022. The plaintiff alleges that the terms of the engagement letter entitle him to cash and warrants to purchase Zoomcar shares in relation to prior Zoomcar transactions and upon consummation of the proposed Business Combination. The complaint seeks declaratory relief affirming the plaintiff’s alleged continuing right to receive compensation from Zoomcar under the engagement letter, together with attorneys’ fees, costs, and interests, as well as punitive damages. A motion to dismiss filed by the Company has been denied vide the orders passed on October 9 and October 16, 2024. Subsequently the Company has filed its response to the allegations levelled in the complaint. Subsequently on February 4, 2025, the parties executed a settlement agreement wherein the Company agreed to issue to Mr. Randall Yanker and/or his designees an aggregate of (i) 1,000,000 Shares and/or Pre-Funded Warrants, (ii) Series A Warrants to initially purchase up to an aggregate of 2,500,000 shares of Common Stock, subject to certain adjustments, and (iii) Series B Warrants (all of the warrants collectively referred to as “Units”), in connection with Reg D Private Placement(defined elsewhere in this Form on 10-Q) post which Mr. Randall Yanker shall withdraw the said complaint.

On January 30, 2024, Zoomcar received a statement of arbitration claim (the “Claim”) before Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services, Inc. (“JAMS”), with Aegis Capital Corp. (“Aegis”), Adam Stern, and the Robert J. Eide Pension Plan being the claimants therein. The Claim alleges breaches of certain agreements between (a) Aegis and Zoomcar, and (b) Adam Stern and the Robert J. Eide Pension Plan as warrant holders, on the one hand, and Zoomcar on the other; it seeks damages “preliminarily believed to be” at least $10,000,000 purportedly arising from the alleged breaches, though the Claim does not set forth any basis for that preliminary belief, additional amounts for attorneys’ fees and costs, as well as an order of rescission with respect to the issuance of certain allegedly wrongfully dilutive shares of Zoomcar stock issued in connection with the business combination between Zoomcar and Innovative International Acquisition Corp. or, alternatively, an order mandating a purportedly anti-dilutive issuance of additional shares of Zoomcar Common Stock to the claimants. Zoomcar is examining its legal options with respect to the Claim. On January 31, 2024, the Zoomcar claimants filed an action in the New York State Supreme Court, including an order to show cause seeking substantially the same relief as the Claim on a declaratory basis along with temporary injunctive relief. The Court denied the temporary injunctive relief and has scheduled a hearing on the order to show cause for February 21, 2024. Zoomcar is examining its legal options with respect to the Claim and the Court action. The Company believes that the claims are baseless and there was no breach of agreements as alleged. Claimants filed a separate order to show cause seeking attachment of the Company’s assets arguing the Company did not have sufficient working capital to satisfy a potential award based on its public filings. The Court found that while Claimants had not shown a likelihood of success on their theory of the case, it was likely something would be owed. An order, granting claimants the right to attach up to $3,399,878 of Zoomcar’s assets in New York along with other relief, was issued and later modified by the New York Appellate Division, First Department. A motion seeking to stay or modify that order is currently pending in the First Department and the parties are awaiting the start of arbitration. On June 18, 2024, in connection with the Company’s agreement to engage Aegis as placement agent as mentioned under ‘Liquidity and Capital Resources’ section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The parties have thereafter agreed to defer all further action with respect to the arbitration and associated litigation until June 18, 2025.

In February 2023, a former employee of Zoomcar India instituted a suit before the City Civil and Sessions Judge at Mayo Hall, Bengaluru against Zoomcar India, Zoomcar and IOAC challenging his termination, claiming approximately $400,000 in damages, and claiming that 100,000 options to purchase shares of Zoomcar have vested. On March 3, 2023, the City Civil and Sessions Judge at Mayo Hall, Bengaluru, issued an interim injunction to restrain each of Zoomcar and IOAC from “alienating or dealing” the 100,000 shares, on pre-split basis, of Zoomcar claimed by the former employee while the suit is pending. Zoomcar believes that such claims are baseless and is attempting to have the interim order vacated. In addition, Zoomcar India filed an application in the former employee’s suit, seeking that IOAC be deleted from the array of parties in the suit, inter alia since (i) IOAC is neither a necessary nor a proper party to the suit; (ii) no reliefs have been sought by the former employee from IOAC; and (iii) there is no cause of action against IOAC.

On September 26, 2024, we received a copy of a complaint filed with the United States District Court for the District of Delaware wherein our founder and former CEO Mr. Moran has challenged the Company’s termination of his employment for cause, effective as of June 18, 2024,. Mr. Moran has contested the facts leading up to the grounds on which his termination was based and has also claimed that this alleged wrongful termination has also deprived him of his vested right to 8% of the Company’s outstanding equity that he claims was owed to him under his Employment Agreement. He has also claimed that in connection with his termination he is entitled to the payment of certain amounts for unused paid leave during his employment with Zoomcar, along with certain bonuses he claims to be owed under the terms of his Employment Agreement, as well as severance equal to one year’s base salary. Zoomcar believes that the Mr. Moran’s employment, for cause, was properly terminated in accordance with the terms of his Employment Agreement As of October 31, 2024, the suit has been dismissed on account of Mr. Moran’s intention to refile the case in Delaware Superior Court. Mr. Moran refiled his lawsuit in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware on November 1, 2024. On 27 November 2024, the Company has filed a motion to dismiss certain of the causes of action for failure to state a cause of action, and the briefing on that motion was filed on 7 January 2025. Even if the Company prevails on the motion, there will still be remaining count of breach of contract the Company will be required to defend.

The Company received two default notices from ACM. The first notice was issued on May 22, 2024 which stated that the Company is in default of the terms of the Unsecured Convertible Note issued to ACM on December 28, 2023, since the Company had entered into an equity line arrangement with White Lion Capital LLC, a variable rate transaction, without the prior consent of ACM. Further, on June 25, 2024, the Company received the second notice of default from ACM stating that the Company has incurred indebtedness in the form of $3,600,000 in principal amount of notes in a transaction involving Aegis Capital Corp. acting as the placement agent, prior to which, the consent of ACM was not obtained. As per the terms of the ACM note, in the event of any default, all accrued but unpaid interest plus liquidated damages and other amounts thereof, shall become immediately due and payable in cash. Subsequently on November 7, 2024, ACM filed a notice of motion for summary judgement in in lieu of complaint against Zoomcar in New York for payment of $5,997,832.72 due under the ACM note and related legal expenses, pursuant to breach of the terms of the note. On December 6, 2024, the court allowed adjournment of the return date of motion from December 24, 2024 to January 24, 2025, with the Company’s opposition due by January 14, 2025 and plaintiff’s reply by January 23, 2025. The Company has filed its opposition on January 14, 2025. On January 23, 2025, the attorneys for ACM sent a letter to the New York County Supreme Court Justice requesting a stay or adjournment for 30 days for the completion of settlement paperwork, in connection with a settlement in principle by the parties.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. The trading price of our securities could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks. Any of the risk factors we describe below have affected or could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The market price of our securities could decline, possibly significantly or permanently, if one or more of these risks and uncertainties occur. Certain statements in “Risk Factors” are forward-looking statements. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risk Factors Summary

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section entitled “Risk Factors” immediately following this risk factors summary, which represent challenges that we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy and the growth of our business. In particular, the following considerations, among others, may offset our competitive strengths or have a negative effect on our business strategy, which could cause a decline in the price of shares of our Common Stock or Public Warrants and result in a loss of all or a portion of your investment:

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Our current business model’s limited operating history and financial results make our future results, prospects, and the risks we may encounter difficult to predict.

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We have a history of operating losses and negative cash flow, we have limited cash resources, we will need to raise additional funds imminently to finance operations and as a result there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern;

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Certain of our debt financing arrangements are currently in default and we have delayed certain other payments to lenders, which may restrict our current and future business and operations;

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Our operating and financial forecasts are subject to various known and unknown contingencies and factors outside of our control and may not prove accurate, and we may not achieve results consistent with management’s expectations;

	●	If we do not retain existing Hosts, or attract and maintain new Hosts, or if Hosts fail to provide an adequate supply of high-quality vehicles, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be negatively impacted;

	●	If we fail to retain existing Guests, or attract and maintain new Guests, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be negatively impacted;

	●	If we are unable to introduce new or upgraded platform features that Hosts or Guests recognize as valuable, we may fail to retain and attract such users to our platform and our operating results would be adversely affected;

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The market for online platforms for peer-to-peer car sharing is relatively new, competitive, and rapidly evolving. If we fail to successfully adapt to developments in our market, or if peer-to-peer car sharing online platforms do not achieve general acceptance, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results;

	●	We require additional capital to support current operations and will require additional capital to support the growth of our business, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all;

	●	Our success depends upon our ability to maintain favorable customer reviews and ratings, and if our reputation suffers, our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected;

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Maintaining and enhancing our brand and reputation is critical to our business prospects. While we have taken significant steps to build and improve our brand and reputation, failure to maintain or enhance our brand and reputation will cause our business to suffer;

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Breaches and other types of security incidents of our networks or systems, or those of our third-party service providers, could negatively impact our business, our brand and reputation, our ability to retain existing Hosts and Guests and attract new Hosts and Guests, may cause us to incur significant liabilities and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

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Our business depends on attracting and retaining capable management, technology development and operating personnel;

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We may be exposed to risk if we cannot enhance, maintain, and adhere to our internal controls and procedures;

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We are in the process of remediating identified material weaknesses in our internal controls and if we fail to remediate these weaknesses or if we experience additional material weakness in the future, or otherwise fail to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, or comply with the accounting and reporting requirements applicable to public companies, which may adversely affect investor confidence in the Company and the market price of our stock;

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Geographic areas in which Zoomcar operates and plans to operate in the future have been and may continue to be subject to political and economic instability;

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We may incur liability for the activities of Hosts or Guests which could harm our reputation, increase our operating costs, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results. ;

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Our business operations may result in losses for which we are not insured;

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The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert our management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified independent board members;

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There can be no assurance that we will continue to be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq ;

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We are an Emerging Growth Company, making comparisons to non-Emerging Growth companies difficult or impossible;

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Future sales of our securities may affect the market price of the Common Stock and result in material dilution, including triggering the most favored nation features of our Convertible Notes and the anti-dilution protection in the warrants issued in June 2024, November 2024 and at the First Closing. We are also in default of various outstanding debt obligations, including under the Notes issued to ACM, and may issue shares of Common Stock or other securities to satisfy those obligations in the future (in the case of ACM, subject to receipt of shareholder approval). The issuance of shares of Common Stock or other securities in the future will dilute your percentage ownership interest and may also result in downward pressure on the price of our Common Stock;.

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We have issued a significant number of options and warrants and exercise of these securities and the sale of the shares of Common Stock issuable thereunder (along with the issuance of any similar securities in the future)will dilute your percentage ownership interest and may also result in downward pressure on the price of our Common Stock;

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Future sales , or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for the Common Stock to decline;

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Uncertain global macro-economic and political conditions could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition; and

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Natural disasters, including and not limited to unusual weather conditions, epidemic outbreaks, terrorist acts and political events could disrupt our business schedule.

Risks related to our Business and Operations

Our current business model’s limited operating history and financial results make our future results, prospects, and the risks we may encounter difficult to predict.

Although Zoomcar commenced operating in 2013, we have recently transitioned from a prior business model to our current business model, consisting of our asset-light online platform for peer-to-peer car sharing. As a result of this transition, certain components of our financial statements have experienced variation, and our operating history may not be indicative of our future growth or financial results. The limited history of our current business model makes predicting our future operating and other results difficult, if not impossible, and there is no assurance that we will be able to grow our revenues in future periods. Our results of operations are impacted by a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, and we may suffer adverse impacts to our further development as a result of circumstances which include decreasing customer demand, increasing competition, declining growth of the car sharing industry in general, insufficient supply of vehicles on our platform, or changes in government policies or general economic conditions. We will continue to develop and improve the features, functions, technologies, and other offerings on our platform to increase our Guest and Host bases and volume of bookings on our platform. However, the execution of our business plan is subject to uncertainty and bookings may not grow at the rate we expect. If our growth rates decline, investors’ perceptions of our business and prospects may be adversely affected and the market price of our Common Stock could decline.

Existing and potential holders of our securities should also consider the risks and uncertainties that a company with a limited history, such as ours, will face in the evolving personal mobility solutions market. In particular, there can be no assurance that we will:

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successfully execute on our business plan, particularly in light of our current liquidity and capital resources;

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facilitate sufficient bookings to become profitable in the near-term if at all;

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attract increasing numbers of Hosts and Guests within our current market and future potential additional markets;

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increase penetration within our current markets through continued improvements in vehicle density, platform features and strategic marketing efforts;

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enable us to successfully execute our business plans;

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enhance our brand recognition and awareness;

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acquire new Hosts and Guests by increasing our market penetration with deeper market coverage;

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develop new platform functionality and features that enhance our ability to retain Guests and Hosts;

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develop, improve, or innovate our proprietary technology that allows for a sustainable competitive advantage;

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attract, retain, and manage a sufficient staff of management and technology personnel; or

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respond effectively to competitive pressures.

We have a history of operating losses and expect to continue incurring operating losses in the foreseeable future as we continue to develop our current business model and enhance our platform offerings. We also have indebtedness that is in default in excess of our current capital resources (see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources” in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2024). On June 18, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional accredited investors (the “June Aegis Securities Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company issued and sold an aggregate of $3,600,000 in principal amount of notes (the “June Notes”) and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,267,728 shares of Common Stock (which takes into account an adjustment following the Company’s Share Combination Event that was effective on October 22, 2024) (the “June Warrants”) for gross proceeds of $3,000,000.

Further, on November 7, 2024, the Company closed the November 7 Placement for gross proceeds of $9.15 million (including $2.5 million of which was provided by one of the Company’s directors) (before deduction of fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company). The Placement Agent in this offering acted as exclusive placement agent in the November 7 Placement. At closing of the November 7 Placement, the Company issued an aggregate of 2,137,850 units at a price of $4.28 per unit, each unit consisting of one share of Common Stock (or pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof), two November Series A Warrants (as hereinafter defined) each to purchase one share of Common Stock and a November Series B Warrant (as hereinafter defined) to purchase such number of shares of Common Stock, as determined on the November Reset Date. As a result of the November 7 Placement, the Company received $3.62 million of cash and cash equivalents after giving effect to offering fees and expenses, the payment of $3.8 million to the holders of the Company’s June 2024 notes and a holdback of $0.2 million for indemnification of the Placement Agent as described in more detail herein. The Company believes that current cash and cash equivalents will allow the Company to continue operations through December 31, 2024, assuming that the Company makes partial payments on its currently outstanding indebtedness and future accruals, however there can be no assurance that this will be the case. Even if our current cash position supports operations through the end of December 2024, we cannot assure that this cash will be sufficient in the longer run and we will be required to obtain a further infusion of cash funds to support our operations or address the indebtedness..

Further, on December 24, 2024, the Company held the First Closing for gross proceeds of $5,484,843 (including $50,000 of which was provided by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and $300,000 of which was provided by a consultant to the Company) (before deduction of fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company). The Placement Agent in this offering acted as exclusive placement agent at the First Closing. At the First Closing, the Company issued an aggregate of (i) 3,095,925 shares of Common Stock (ii) Pre-Funded Warrants issued to certain of the investors, at their option, exercisable for an aggregate of up to 420,000 shares of Common Stock, to the extent that the issuance of shares of Common Stock would cause such Investors to beneficially own more than 4.99% or 9.99% of the shares of Common Stock outstanding. Also issued along with the shares of Common Stock and/or the Pre-Funded Warrants were (x) Series A Warrants to initially purchase up to an aggregate of 8,680,443 shares of Common Stock, subject to certain adjustments and (y) Series B Warrants to initially purchase no shares of Common Stock, subject to certain adjustments as provided in the Series B Warrants. As a result of the First Closing, the Company received $4,786,963 of cash and cash equivalents after giving effect to offering fees and expenses. The Company believes that current cash and cash equivalents will allow the Company to continue operations through December 2025, assuming that the Company makes no payments on its currently outstanding indebtedness and only pays current operating accruals, however there can be no assurance that this will be the case. Even if our current cash position supports operations through December 2025, we cannot assure that this cash will be sufficient in the longer run and we will be required to obtain a further infusion of cash funds to support our operations or address the indebtedness, including through this offering. The Company will still need to seek financing for the purpose of raising additional funds to be able to meet its obligations and so that there will no longer be substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. However, there is no assurance that the Company will be able to raise any such financing or, even if it does, that it will be sufficient for it to meet its obligations or continue as a going concern.

The Company as of date of this filing has $4.40 million of cash and cash equivalents

Accordingly, we believe that additional funds will be imminently required to support current operations and, in the long term, the growth of our business.. Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash, and we have incurred operating losses since we began operating in 2013. While our cash consumption has been reduced following our business transition from short-term rental of vehicles owned by or leased to Zoomcar to an online platform for peer-to-peer car sharing, we have consumed significant amounts of cash in effecting such transition in terms of technology and platform innovation, and our cash consumption has varied over time. Our cash needs will depend on numerous factors, including our revenues, upgrade and innovation of our peer-to-peer car sharing platform, customer and market acceptance and use of our platform, and our ability to reduce and control costs. We expect to devote substantial capital resources to, among other things, fund operations, continued improvement, upgrading or innovation of our platform, and expand our international outreach. If we are unable to secure such additional financing, it will have a material adverse effect on our business, and we may have to limit operations in a manner inconsistent with our development.

Our quarterly and annual operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to fluctuate in the future. During any given period, our operating and financial results may be influenced by numerous factors, many of which are unpredictable or are outside of our control. Additionally, our limited operating history with our current peer-to-peer car sharing business model makes it difficult for us to forecast our future results and subjects us to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for and anticipate future growth. As a result, you should not rely upon our past quarterly and annual operating results as indicators of future performance. We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly evolving markets, such as the risks and uncertainties described herein.

The market for online platforms for peer-to-peer car sharing is relatively new and rapidly evolving. If we fail to successfully adapt to developments in our market, or if peer-to-peer car sharing online platforms do not achieve general acceptance, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

In December , we transitioned to our current peer-to-peer cash sharing business model. The market for online peer-to-peer car sharing platforms is relatively new and unproven and the data and research available regarding the market or the industry may be limited and unreliable. It is uncertain whether the peer-to-peer car sharing market will continue to develop or if our platform will achieve and sustain a level of demand and market acceptance sufficient for us to generate meaningful revenue, net income, and cash flow. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the willingness of Hosts and Guests to use our platform to identify car sharing opportunities. Some Hosts may be reluctant or unwilling to make their vehicles available for use on our platform because of concerns which may include, but are not limited to, potential decline in the value of their vehicle if listed on our platform, uncertainty of economic benefits from platform usage, ability to recover losses associated with lost or damaged property, compliance with our platform’s terms of use, data privacy and security concerns, or other reasons.

In addition, our success also requires utilization of our platform by Guests to book vehicles. Guests’ willingness to utilize our platform may depend, among other factors, on Guests’ belief in the ease-of-use, integrity, quality, availability, safety, cost-effectiveness, convenience and reliability of our platform and the vehicles listed by Hosts for bookings thereon. Any shift in Guest preferences in the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, Guests may be reluctant or unwilling to use a platform requiring Guests to provide personally identifiable information, payment information and driver’s license details, or have their driving behaviors monitored during bookings. Further, Guests may be reluctant to book vehicles containing GPS-enabled tracking or monitoring devices accessible by Zoomcar, or to use our platform at all due to the perception of the use of such devices.

If we do not retain existing Hosts, or attract and maintain new Hosts, or if Hosts fail to provide an adequate supply of high-quality vehicles, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be negatively impacted.

Our success in a given geographic market depends on our ability to establish and grow the scale of our platform in that market by attracting Hosts and Guests to our platform. We depend upon having Hosts register high quality vehicles on our platform, maintain the safety and cleanliness of their vehicles, and ensure that the descriptions and availability of their vehicles on our platform are accurate and up to date. These practices are beyond our direct control and the number of vehicles shared by Hosts and resulting bookings options available to Guests on our platform may decline based on a number of factors including, among other things, public health and safety concerns, including pandemics/epidemics; economic, social, and political factors; state laws and regulations regarding car sharing, or the absence of such laws and regulations, challenges obtaining, insuring, financing and servicing vehicles to list on the platform, some of which may be exacerbated by infrastructure challenges in the emerging market where we operate our business. If Hosts register and offer fewer high-quality vehicles to Guests on our platform, our bookings and revenues may decline, and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Further, if Hosts with available vehicles choose not to offer their vehicles through our platform because competitive car sharing platforms emerge that Hosts find more attractive than our platform, Hosts may be unwilling to continue registering vehicles or making them available for bookings through the platform. For example, Hosts may cease or reduce vehicle registrations or the periods of time they make cars available for bookings for any number of reasons, such as competitor platforms having more Guests making bookings, risk of vehicle damage for which Hosts may not be able to recoup damages from Zoomcar or for any other reason, we may lack sufficient supply of vehicles to attract Guests to utilize our platform. If Hosts do not share sufficient numbers of vehicles, or if the vehicles they register to our platform are less attractive to Guests than vehicles offered by competitors, our revenue would likely decline and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Hosts are not required to make their vehicles available on our platform for a minimum sharing period or number of bookings and Hosts may choose not to share their vehicles on our platform at all if we cannot generate sufficient demand for their vehicles or if bookings through our platform are not sufficiently attractive to Hosts to retain and attract Hosts to use the platform. While we continue to invest in tools and resources and curate add-on services to support Hosts, the pricing features and other capabilities of our platform may not be as attractive to Hosts as those developed by our competitors, and Hosts may not share their vehicles on our platform as a result. If Hosts perceive that listing vehicles on our platform may be insufficiently remunerative to, for example, offset any leasing, financing, parking, registration, maintenance, and repair costs of vehicles registered to the platform, we may lose or fail to attract Hosts and may not be able to make a sufficient number of vehicles available for use by our Guests.

If we fail to retain existing Guests, or attract and maintain new Guests, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be negatively impacted.

Our business model depends on our ability to retain and attract Guests to make bookings on our platform. There are a number of trends in and aspects of Guest preferences which have an impact on us and the car sharing industry as a whole. These include, among others, preferences for types of vehicles, convenience of online bookings, and monetary savings associated with car sharing and platform bookings relative to other possible transportation solutions. Any shift in Guest preferences, which are susceptible to change, in the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business. For example, if the vehicles registered to our platform are not popular or of sufficient quality or are not available at locations convenient for Guests, Guests may lose interest in utilizing our platform. Additionally, if Guests find our platform not to be user-friendly or to lack functions that Guests expect from a car sharing or other online platform, Guests may decrease or stop using our platform. Our competitiveness therefore depends on our ability to predict and quickly adapt to Guest trends, exploiting profitable opportunities for platform development, innovation, and upgrades without alienating our existing Guest base or focusing excessive resources or attention on unprofitable or short-lived trends. If we are unable to respond on a timely and appropriate basis to changes in demand or Guest preferences, our business may be adversely affected.

Additionally, if we are unable to compete with other car sharing platforms and other mobility solutions in the market in which we operate, our bookings will decrease, and our financial results will be adversely affected. Guests desiring to book vehicles through our platform must pay booking fees, which include, among other fees, “upfront booking fees,” less any applicable discounts and credits, and “value added” or trip-protection fees payable at the time of a booking; other charges may also be incurred by Guests after a booking, such as trip cancellation fees, gasoline fees, late fees and other charges. Many of these fees are generated through our platform functions and some of the fees are selected by Guests from a range of options presented to them at the time of a booking. If our booking and trip-related fees are not competitive, or our platform functionality is not appealing or outdated, or negative reviews or publications are released in connection with our platform, Guests may stop or reduce their use of our platform, our business, results of operations, reputation, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

If we are unable to introduce new or upgraded platform features that Hosts or Guests recognize as valuable, we may fail to retain and attract such users to our platform and our operating results would be adversely affected.

To continue to retain and attract Hosts and Guests to our platform, we will need to continue to introduce new or upgraded features or product offerings, functions and technologies that add value for Hosts and Guests that differentiate us from our competitors. Developing and delivering these new or upgraded features, functions and technologies is costly, and the success of such features, functions and technologies depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction, and market acceptance of such features, functions, and technologies. Moreover, any such new or upgraded features, functions and technologies may not work as intended or may not provide intended value to Hosts and Guests. If we are unable to continue to develop new or upgraded features, functions, and technologies, or if Hosts and Guests do not perceive value in such new or upgraded features, functions and technologies, Hosts and Guests may choose not to use our platform, which would adversely affect our operating results.

We have made substantial investments to develop new or upgraded features, functions, and technologies, and we intend to continue investing significant resources in developing new technologies, tools, features, services and other platform offerings. If we are unable to attract/retain and pay qualified technical staff required to continue our platform feature development efforts, we may not realize the expected benefits of our developments.

There can be no assurance that the new developments will exist or be sustained at the levels that we expect, or that any of these new developments will gain sufficient traction or market acceptance to generate enough revenue to offset any new expenses or liabilities associated with these new investments. Our development efforts with respect to new features, functions and technologies on our platform could distract management from current operations and will divert capital and other resources from our more established functions and technologies. Even if we are successful in developing new features, functions, or technologies, or otherwise update or upgrade our platform, regulatory authorities may subject us to new rules or restrictions in response to our innovations that could increase our expenses or prevent us from successfully commercializing the new features, functions, technologies, updates, or upgrades of our platform. If we are unable to adapt in a cost-effective and timely manner in response to the changing market conditions or platform users’ preferences, either for technical, legal, financial, or other reasons, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We require additional capital to support current operations and will require additional capital to support the growth of our business, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

To continue current operations, we will need to raise capital imminently. Further, to continue to effectively compete thereafter, we will require additional funds to support the growth of our business. Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash, and we have incurred operating losses since we began operating in 2013. While our cash consumption has been reduced following our business transition from short-term rental of vehicles owned by or leased to Zoomcar to an online platform for peer-to-peer car sharing, we have consumed significant amounts of cash in effecting such transition in terms of technology and platform innovation, and our cash consumption has varied over time.

Further, as a result of the consummation of the Business Combination, our expenses continue to increase substantially in connection with the actions and efforts we need to take for operating as a public company. Moreover, we expect our expenses to increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities, including the continuing increase in our technological capabilities with respect to IoT, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. We do not currently have sufficient cash resources to operate our business beyond December 2025(assuming that we do not repay our outstanding indebtedness) and accordingly, will need to raise capital imminently to continue our operations and to fully execute our business plan. Additionally, circumstances could cause us to consume capital more rapidly than we currently anticipate and if our cash resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to issue additional equity or debt securities or obtain new or expanded credit facilities or identify and secure additional sources of capital. Our ability to obtain external financing in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including our future financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, share price performance, liquidity of capital and lending markets and governmental regulations in India. In addition, incurring indebtedness would subject us to increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. There can be no assurance that financing will be available in a timely manner or in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Any failure to raise needed funds on terms favorable to us, or at all, will severely restrict our liquidity as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, any issuance of equity or equity-linked securities could result in significant dilution to our existing shareholders. Additionally, fundraising efforts may divert our management from its day-to-day duties and activities, which may affect our ability to execute our business plan. If we do not raise additional capital imminently to continue operations in the short term or otherwise when required or in sufficient amounts and on acceptable terms, we may need to:

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significantly delay, scale back or discontinue certain business initiatives, such as our international expansion;

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significantly delay key investments in IoT, advanced computer vision, machine learning and related artificial intelligence technology; or

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significantly delay our consumer brand-building initiatives, thereby delaying our broader expansion.

Our future funding requirements, both short-term and long-term, depend on many factors, including but not limited to:

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our ability to successfully scale our business within the market in which we currently operate, including by increasing the number and quality of Host vehicles and attracting and retaining more Guests to use our platform to meet a broader variety of mobility needs;

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our ability to successfully expand into additional emerging markets as opportunities to grow our operations become available to us;

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the pace of technological development in core focus areas such as IoT, computer vision, machine learning, and artificial intelligence;

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the cost to establish, maintain, expand, and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make in preparing, filing, prosecution, defense, and enforcement of any intellectual property rights;

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the effect of competing technological and market developments; and

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market acceptance of our platform and the functionality it provides to facilitate peer-to-peer car sharing.

If lack of available capital prevents us from proceeding with the execution of our business plan, our ability to become profitable will be compromised and our business will be materially affected.

We will finance our immediate cash needs (and expect to finance our future cash needs until we become profitable, if ever) through equity offerings, debt financings or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances, and licensing arrangements. We will require substantial funding to fund our business. Investors in the Zoomcar 2023 Private Financing (“Financing Investors”) received most favored nation exchange right provisions (the “MFN Noteholder Rights”) with respect to their convertible notes (“Convertible Notes”), and such provisions may have survived the closing of that offering. Additionally, in June 2024 we issued warrants that contain an “alternative cashless exercise” provision which gives the warrant holder the right to exchange the warrant on a one-for-one basis for shares of Common Stock at any time that the warrant is exercisable without any cash payment and without regard to the then market price of the Company’s Common Stock or exercise price of the warrant, many of which warrants have already been exercised pursuant to the “alternative cashless exercise” provision. In addition, the June Warrants, the November Series A Warrants and the Series A Warrants issued at the First Closing include a provision that resets the warrant exercise price with a proportionate adjustment to the number of shares underlying the warrant in the event of a reverse split of the Company’s Common Stock at any time between the issuance date and the three-year anniversary of the issuance date (a “Share Combination Event”). In the event of a Share Combination Event, the exercise price of the warrants will be reset to a price equal to the lesser of (i) the then exercise price and (ii) the lowest volume weighted average price (VWAP) during the period commencing five trading days immediately after the date the Company effects a reverse stock split, subject to a floor price of $2.832 for the June Warrants, $0.806 for the November Series A Warrants and $0.312 for the Series A Warrants issued at the First Closing (as may be adjusted in the future for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, reclassification or similar transaction, the “Floor Price”). The June Warrants, the November Series A Warrants and the Series A Warrants issued at the First closing are also subject to full ratchet anti-dilution protection for any issuances of Company securities (other than certain excluded issuances) at a price or effective price that is less than the then current exercise price of the warrants following the issuance date. In the event of a Dilutive Issuance, the exercise price of the June Warrants and the November Series A Warrants will be reduced to the lower of the Dilutive Issuance Price and the lowest VWAP during the five consecutive trading days commencing after the date of the Dilutive Issuance, in each case, subject to the Floor Price, and there will be a proportionate adjustment to the number of shares underlying such warrants The exercise price of the Series A Warrants issued at the First closing will be reduced to the Dilutive Issuance Price, subject to the Floor Price, and there will be a proportionate adjustment to the number of shares underlying the such warrants. Further, the June Warrants, the November Series A Warrants and the Series A Warrants issued at the First Closing provide that if the Company enters into a Variable Rate Transaction (as defined in each class of warrant), then such warrants will automatically adjust down to the lowest price that the Company shall be deemed to have issued shares of Common Stock at the lowest exercise price at which such Warrants herein may be exercised. As a result, to the extent that this Offering is deemed a Variable Rate Transaction (in particular, upon receipt of stockholder approval), the June Warrants and the November Series A Warrants will be adjusted down to the lowest respective Floor Price in each of the Offerings (which will trigger an adjustment of the Series A Warrants down to the Floor Price as well) and in the future may be adjusted down to their respective Floor Prices if lower than the Floor Price in this Offering. The exercise price of Series A Warrants issued at the First Closing would be similarly reduced in the event of any subsequent Variable Rate Transaction, subject to the $0.312 Floor Price.

In connection with the Business Combination, we also issued the Notes to ACM in satisfaction of certain transaction expenses associated with the Business Combination. The Notes, which are presently in default (and are the subject of a demand letter sent by the ACM to the Company for immediate payment and a notice of motion for summary judgement as described in more detail herein), contain price based anti-dilution protection on the conversion price of such Notes down to a floor price of $25 per share which has already been reached. Additionally, while the holder of the Notes is unable to convert any additional amounts under the Notes since the Notes have already been converted into the maximum number of shares permissible under the terms of the Notes without receiving stockholder approval, we may seek stockholder approval in the future to allow for the Notes to convert into additional shares. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, the MFN Noteholder Rights and anti-dilution provision may be triggered, and the terms of the newly issued securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights.

Any future adjustments to the exercise price of the warrants (or additional issuances to make the Financing Investors whole) may have a negative impact on the trading price of our Common Stock. Additionally, raising additional capital with new investors may be difficult as a result of the MFN Noteholder Rights and anti-dilution protection. Sales of substantial amounts of Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could materially adversely affect the market price of the Common Stock, and may make it more difficult for you to sell your securities at a time and price which you deem appropriate.

In addition to our defaults under current indebtedness described elsewhere here, certain of our debt financing arrangements are currently in default and we have delayed certain other payments to lenders, which may restrict our current and future business and operations.

Since November 2023, we are in violation of our scheduled monthly instalment payment obligations of $215,337 per month on our lease liability with Ayvens Group (f/k/a Leaseplan India Private Limited) (“Leaseplan”). Leaseplan notified us on February 7, 2024, that we are in default of our November 2023 payment. As of the date hereof, we are in default beyond the 30-day extended cure period (as envisaged under the terms of our debt with Leaseplan) of our November 2023 payment and continue to be default of all EMIs thereafter. As a result of such defaults, as of the date hereof, Leaseplan (i) has initiated the process of repossession of all vehicles, and (ii) has invoked the bank guarantee of $120,482 which was a security created by Zoomcar in favor of Leaseplan. Such outcomes may have a material adverse impact on our business, operations, or financial condition.

Based on the most recent discussions with Leaseplan, the Company continues to negotiate a payment plan to the restructured debt proposal shared by the Company wherein the debt after certain waivers and discounts, will stand restructured to $4,755,942 and the Company is hopeful that Leaseplan will issue a comfort letter in this regard acknowledging the proposed payment schedule spread across six tranches for repayment of the restructured debt. As of January 31, 2024, the Company has already cleared the first three tranches in accordance with the proposed payment schedule as per the comfort letter, amounting to $ 2,851,924 (approx.) towards the outstanding debt. Given the continuing negotiations and the expected comfort letter, we do not contemplate any immediate legal action against the Company in this regard. If we are unable to execute a settlement agreement for the restructured debt or fail to honor the obligations under any agreement for the subject matter, it may, possibly result in inter alia (a) the entire outstanding debt becoming due and payable and (b) the withdrawal of a conditional waiver of $1.2 million which was given during a prior restructuring and will become immediately due and payable with interest of 1.5% per month.

The Company is in breach of the payment obligation of $408,351 pursuant to the terms of the settlement deed with Orix Leasing and Financial Services Limited (“Orix”). Orix has issued a default notice during May 2024. . Thereafter, Orix had initiated mediation proceedings on August 13, 2024 at Delhi HC legal service committee for settlement of outstanding dues. Based on the most recent discussions with Orix, the Company has received an in-principal approval to the settlement terms proposed by the Company on November 7, 2024 from Orix which has agreed to extend the timeline for repayment of the outstanding dues. The terms of the settlement were also presented to the appointed mediator on November 7, 2024 and the final settlement agreement was executed and taken on record at the mediation proceedings on November 20, 2024. As of January 15, 2025, Zoomcar has also made payment of two tranches amounting to $224,355 (approx.) towards partial settlement of the outstanding debts. If we fail to honor the obligations under the settlement agreement as executed, Orix may pursue debt recovery measures against the Company and further impose a penal interest at the rate of 18 percent p.a. Such an outcome may have a material adverse impact on our business, operations, or financial condition.

Further we are in violation of the final payment obligation of $538,695 on our loan with Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited (“Mahindra”). As of the date hereof, Mahindra has not formally extended or provided a waiver of such overdue payment. Mahindra may initiate legal action for resolution of the dispute. Such outcomes may have a material adverse impact on our business, operations, or financial condition.

Additionally, we are in various stages of discussion on deferment with our other lenders with regards to the scheduled loan payments from November 2023 onwards and extending up to January 2025. However, we have not received any formal notice of default from these other lenders, but such lenders have not formally extended or provided waivers of such overdue payments. While the Company is actively engaging in discussions with its lenders and vendors to restructure the existing indebtedness by means of haircuts and deferment of payment timelines, no assurance can be made that the Company will be successful in restructuring these outstanding liabilities.

As a result of the foregoing, the Company is at material risk that the above parties including certain vendors could initiate insolvency proceedings under Indian Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 (IBC). As per the provisions of IBC, an operational creditor can initiate an insolvency resolution process against the Company where the minimum amount of the default is INR 1,00,00,000 (Rupees One crore) or ~USD 119,000. If insolvency proceedings were initiated and the petition is admitted, it could result in significant disruptions to our operations, loss of management control, and a substantial decrease in stockholder value. Furthermore, the outcomes of such proceedings are uncertain and could materially affect our financial position and results of operations.

The Zoomcar Board and Zoomcar management are evaluating options to improve liquidity and address Zoomcar’s long-term capital structure, however, there can be no assurance that any such option or plan will be available on favorable terms, or at all.

We have issued a significant number of options and warrants and exercise of these securities and the sale of the shares of Common Stock issuable thereunder (along with the issuance of any similar securities in the future,) will dilute your percentage ownership interest and may also result in downward pressure on the price of our Common Stock.

As of December 31, 2024, we have issued and outstanding options to purchase 205 shares of our Common Stock with a weighted average exercise price of $573, pre-funded warrants to purchase 425,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share, warrants to purchase 380,011 shares of Common Stock with an exercise price of $300 per share which were assumed by the Company in connection with the Business Combination, 11,500,000 Public Warrants to purchase 115,000 shares of our Common Stock, each Public Warrant exercisable into one hundredth of one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $571.00 per full share, warrants to purchase 1,394,062 shares of Common Stock at a current exercise price of $2.832 per share which were issued in June 2024, warrants to purchase 105,934 shares of Common Stock at a current exercise price of $2.832 per share which were issued to the Placement Agent in June 2024, November Series A Warrants to purchase 4,275,700 shares of Common Stock at an initial exercise price of $4.03, November Series B Warrants to purchase up to maximum of 9,214,513 shares at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share assuming a reset to the Floor Price of $0.806, November 2024 Placement Agent warrants to purchase 213,785 shares at an initial exercise price of $4.03 per share, November 2024 Placement Agent Series A warrants to purchase 427,570 shares at an initial exercise price of $4.03 per share and November 2024 Placement Agent Series B warrants to purchase up to maximum of 921,451 shares at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share assuming a reset to the Floor Price of $0.806.

We have also issued December Series A Warrants to purchase 8,680,443 shares of Common Stock at an initial exercise price of $1.95, December Series B Warrants to purchase up to maximum of 14,063,700 shares at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share assuming a reset to the Floor Price of $0.312, December 2024 Placement Agent warrants to purchase 351,593 shares at an initial exercise price of $1.95 per share, December 2024 Placement Agent Series A warrants to purchase 868,044 shares at an initial exercise price of $1.95 per share and December 2024 Placement Agent Series B warrants to purchase up to maximum of 1,406,370 shares at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share assuming a reset to the Floor Price of $0.312.

Additionally, if, November Series A Warrants are reset or ratcheted down to their respective Floor Prices, then there would be (in each case subject to rounding) (i) investor November Series A Warrants to purchase 21,378,500 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.806 per share, (ii) November 2024 Placement Agent warrants to purchase 1,068,925 shares at an exercise price of $0.806 per share and (iii) November 2024 Placement Agent Series A warrants to purchase 2,137,850 shares at an exercise price of $0.806 per share.

If December Series A Warrants are reset or ratcheted down to their respective Floor Prices, then there would be (in each case subject to rounding) (i) investor December Series A Warrants to purchase 54,252,769 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.312 per share, (ii) December 2024 Placement Agent warrants to purchase 2,197,456 shares at an exercise price of $0.312 per share and (iii) December 2024 Placement Agent Series A warrants to purchase 5,425,275 shares at an exercise price of $0.312 per share.

Further, the warrants issued in our June 2024 financing contain the “alternative cashless exercise” provision, and the all the warrants issued in the November and December financing contain reset provisions and full ratchet anti-dilution protection described elsewhere herein. Because the market for our Common Stock is thinly traded, the sales and/or the perception that those sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock. Furthermore, even though the options and warrants (other than the warrants issued in June 2024,November 2024 and December 2024) are all out of the money, the mere existence of a significant number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of these securities may be perceived by the market as having a potential dilutive effect, which could lead to a decrease in the price of our Common Stock.

Our success depends upon our ability to maintain favorable customer reviews and ratings, and if our reputation suffers, our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected.

We have a customized rating and review system connected to our search-and-ranking-base algorithm in order to provide a more holistic, more relevant overall search experience for the Guests. By combining Host ratings and reviews into the overall sort algorithm, our platform is able to highlight particular Hosts who are more likely to receive bookings. The reliable and trustworthy ratings and reviews of our Hosts and Guests are crucial to our business, which will to a substantial extent affect our Hosts and Guests’ determination as to whether to utilize the platform to book cars.

Monitor the rating and review system on an ongoing basis to enforce quality standards and build trust among members of our community. We have procedures in place to combat fraud or abuse of our rating and review system, but there is no assurance that these procedures are or will be effective, or at all. Further, Hosts and Guests can leave reviews or ratings on third-party platforms or websites, which are out of our control and off platform reviews and ratings or other statements about the platform, or a business or brand may have adverse impact on our business operations. If any Hosts and Guests leave negative ratings and reviews, it may not only cause a decrease in the number of existing Hosts and Guests but also may negatively affect acquisitions of new Hosts and Guests, which may adversely affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Unreliable ratings and reviews could also make it more difficult for us to enforce quality standards, which could damage our reputation and reduce trust within our community.

Additionally, our ability to attract and retain Hosts and Guests is dependent in part on our ability to provide high-quality customer support services. Hosts and Guests depend on our customer support centers to resolve any issues relating to our platform both during and after their trips. As we continue to grow our business and improve our platform, we will face challenges related to providing high-quality support services at scale. Any failure to maintain high-quality support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could harm our reputation, and adversely affect our ability to scale our platform and business, our financial condition, and results of operations.

A former employee of Zoomcar India has instituted a wrongful termination suit and claims that certain Zoomcar options have vested.

In February 2023, a former employee of Zoomcar India instituted a suit before the City Civil and Sessions Judge at Mayo Hall, Bengaluru against Zoomcar India, Zoomcar and IOAC challenging his termination, claiming approximately $400,000 in damages, and claiming that 100,000 options to purchase shares of Zoomcar have vested. On March 3, 2023, the City Civil and Sessions Judge at Mayo Hall, Bengaluru, issued an interim injunction to restrain each of Zoomcar and IOAC from “alienating or dealing” the 100,000 shares of Zoomcar claimed by the former employee while the suit is pending. Zoomcar believes that such claims are baseless and is attempting to have the interim order vacated. In addition, Zoomcar India filed an application in the former employee’s suit, seeking that IOAC be deleted from the array of parties in the suit, inter alia since (i) IOAC is neither a necessary nor a proper party to the suit; (ii) no reliefs have been sought by the former employee from IOAC; and (iii) there is no cause of action against IOAC. However, there can be no assurance that Zoomcar India and Zoomcar will be successful in their efforts to have the matter vacated or IOAC deleted from the parties, and such efforts may be time-consuming, costly and may have reputational and other negative effects on Zoomcar.

We received a statement of arbitration claim from certain of our warrant holders related to the purported cashless exercise of their warrants.

On January 30, 2024, we received a statement of arbitration claim before Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services, Inc., with Aegis Capital Corp., Adam Stern, and the Robert J. Eide Pension Plan being the claimants therein. The Claim alleges breaches of certain agreements between (a) the Company and Aegis, and (b) Adam Stern and the Robert J. Eide Pension Plan as warrant holders, on the one hand, and the Company on the other; it seeks damages “preliminarily believed to be” at least $10,000,000 purportedly arising from the alleged breaches. The Claim also seeks amounts for attorneys’ fees and costs, as well as an order of rescission with respect to the issuance of certain allegedly wrongfully dilutive shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the Business Combination or, alternatively, an order mandating a purportedly anti-dilutive issuance of additional shares of Common Stock to the claimants. On January 31, 2024, the claimants filed an action in the New York State Supreme Court in aid of the arbitration, including seeking by order to show cause substantially the same relief as the Claim on a declaratory basis. The Court denied the application for a mandatory injunction granting ultimate relief on the record. Claimants filed a separate order to show cause seeking attachment of the Company’s assets arguing the Company did not have sufficient working capital to satisfy a potential award based on its public filings. The Court found that while Claimants had not shown a likelihood of success in their theory of the case, it was likely something would be owed. An order, granting claimants the right to attach up to $3,399,878 of Zoomcar’s assets in New York along with other relief, was issued and later modified by the New York Appellate Division, First Department. A motion seeking to stay or modify that order is currently pending in the First Department and the parties are awaiting the start of arbitration. While the Company believes that the claims are not supported by the facts or law and there was no breach of agreements as alleged, there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in their efforts to have the matter vacated, and such efforts may be time-consuming, costly and may have reputational and other negative effects on the Company. On June 18, 2024, in connection with the Company’s agreement to engage Aegis as placement agent as mentioned under ‘Liquidity and Capital Resources’ section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The parties thereafter agreed to defer all further action with respect to the arbitration and associated litigation until June 18, 2025.

The founder and former CEO of the Company has initiated a civil complaint against the Company contesting the reasons for his termination and has raised certain other claims with regards to his ownership of the Company and compensation for termination of his employment.

On September 26, 2024, we received a copy of a complaint filed with the United States District Court for the District of Delaware wherein our founder and former CEO Mr. Moran has challenged the Company’s termination of his employment for cause, effective as of June 18, 2024. Mr. Moran has contested the facts leading up to the grounds on which his termination was based and has also claimed that this alleged wrongful termination has also deprived him of his vested right to 8% of the Company’s outstanding equity that he claims was owed to him under his Employment Agreement. He has also claimed that in connection with his termination he is entitled to the payment of certain amounts for unused paid leave during his employment with Zoomcar, along with certain bonuses he claims to be owed under the terms of his Employment Agreement, as well as severance equal to one year’s base salary. Zoomcar believes that the Mr. Moran’s employment, because of cause, was properly terminated in accordance with the terms of his Employment Agreement is currently assessing and verifying the monetary and statutory claims made by Mr. Moran and intends to defend this action vigorously. As of October 31, 2024, the suit has been dismissed on account of Mr. Moran’s intention to refile the case in Delaware Superior Court.

Mr. Moran refiled his lawsuit in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware on November 1, 2024. On 27 November 2024, the Company has filed a motion to dismiss certain of the causes of action for failure to state a cause of action, and the briefing on that motion was filed on 7 January 2025. Even if the Company prevails on the motion, there will still be remaining count of breach of contract the Company will be required to defend. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in defending these claims in its entirety and such efforts may be time-consuming, costly and may have reputational and other negative effects on Zoomcar.

ACM has filed a notice of motion for summary judgement in lieu of complaint against Zoomcar in New York courts for payment of amounts due under the Note pursuant to breach of the terms of a note

On November 7, 2024, ACM filed a notice of motion for summary judgement in in lieu of complaint against Zoomcar in New York for payment of $5,997,832.72 due under the ACM note and related legal expenses, pursuant to breach of the terms of the note. On December 6, 2024, the court allowed adjournment of the return date of motion from December 24, 2024 to January 24, 2025, with the Company’s opposition due by January 14, 2025 and plaintiff’s reply by January 23, 2025. The Company has filed its opposition on January 14, 2025. On January 23, 2025, the attorneys for ACM sent a letter to the New York County Supreme Court Justice requesting a stay or adjournment for 30 days for the completion of settlement paperwork, in connection with a settlement in principle by the parties. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in resolving these claims in its entirety, and such efforts may be time-consuming, costly and may have reputational and other negative effects on Zoomcar.

If the pre-programmed IoT devices distributed to our Hosts to affix to registered cars, which IoT devices enable GPS tracking and data collection by Zoomcar and keyless, digital access to booked vehicles by Guests, do not function as they are intended to function, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

As part of our vehicle registration process, all Hosts are provided with an option to install a variety of customized software-enabled IoT devices These devices, which Zoomcar obtains from several suppliers and then programs prior to distribution to Hosts, serve multiple functions, including enabling Guests to access Host vehicles by digitized keyless access and start and end bookings using Zoomcar’s mobile app. The IoT devices also facilitate GPS monitoring by Zoomcar of in-trip vehicles, which serves a data collection function that is important to Zoomcar.

We have no control over the quality or functionality of the IoT devices distributed to Hosts and such devices may not function as intended or may be out of service during the course of a booking or while a Guest is attempting to access a booked vehicle. In such scenarios, Guests are able to contact Hosts via number masking call or text chat enabled by Zoomcar Guest App. However, failures to provide the seamless keyless functions may deny or delay Guests’ quick access to the vehicles, thus reducing Guests’ interest in utilizing our platform. Hosts, in turn, may rely on Zoomcar’s customer support functionality to facilitate connecting Guests to emergency services in the event of a vehicle accident or other situation that, if unresolved, could result in damage to a Host vehicle. If Zoomcar is unable to help Guests that encounter problems during bookings, it could result in complaints and negative reviews from both Hosts and Guests, and higher incidents of damages claims to Zoomcar by Hosts, leading to adverse consequences to our reputation, brand, business, prospects, and operating results.

We do not have long term contracts with the third-party suppliers of the IoT devices distributed to our Hosts and such suppliers can reduce quantities or terminate their sales of IoT devices to us at any time. Any adverse changes in such supply or the costs of such products or services may adversely affect our operations.

We collaborate with third-party suppliers who regularly provide products and services, including but not limited to IoT devices and software integrations, to us. We do not have long term purchase agreements in place with our current suppliers of the IoT devices that we program and advise our Hosts to install in the vehicles that they register to our platform and our suppliers could reduce the quantity of or discontinue providing IoT devices suitable for our needs. Given that the Hosts now have an option to install/not install these devices, we do not currently anticipate material challenges to identifying replacement suppliers if shortages of IoT devices occur, we are reliant on third parties to provide such devices and unanticipated shortages or an inability to identify new suppliers if our existing suppliers cease to be willing or able to provide the IoT devices on terms and at costs acceptable to Zoomcar may occur. Any such shortages, reductions, or terminations in IoT device supply arrangements may indirectly lead up to an adverse impact on our revenues, profits, and financial condition. Additionally, if the market prices for IoT devices that are suitable for our needs goes up, we may need to purchase the devices at a comparatively higher price, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have limited control over the operations of our suppliers and other business partners and any significant interruption in their operations may have an adverse impact on our operations. For example, a significant interruption in the operations of our supplier’s production facilities could cause delay or termination of shipment of the IoT devices to us, which may, in turn, reduce or delay our ability to pre-program and distribute such devices to Hosts which may in turn affect the retention of Hosts who are more inclined towards installing the devices leading to a lower availability of inventory on our Platform.

As our operations continue to scale and grow, we anticipate needing an increased number of IoT devices, and our demand therefore may exceed the capabilities of our existing suppliers. If our suppliers cease to supply adequate numbers of IoT devices to us, or if we need alternative sources of supply for any other reason, those devices may not be immediately available to us. If alternative suppliers are not immediately available, we will have to identify and qualify alternative suppliers, and the installation of such devices on vehicles which Hosts wish to add to our platform may be delayed. We may not be able to find adequate alternative or additional suppliers in a reasonable period of time or on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. An inability to obtain sufficient supply of IoT devices which we can program for platform use may delay installation of such devices on vehicles that would otherwise become registered or more promptly registered to our platform, harm our relationships with Hosts, which could adversely affect our business and operations.

As our platform continues to scale and becomes increasingly interconnected, resulting in increased media coverage and public awareness of our brand, future damage to our brand and reputation could have an amplified effect on our platform offerings. Our brand and reputation may also be harmed by events outside of our control, including by perceptions of our business or our platform which are subjective in nature. For example, if Hosts misrepresent the features or safety of their vehicles in platform listings or otherwise provide diminished quality of vehicles, Guests may not have positive experiences with bookings and may not return to the platform for future transportation needs. If Guests, in turn, do not treat Host vehicles with care, engage in reckless driving or other malfeasance during booked trips or violate platform terms and conditions or use Host vehicles in the commission of crimes or illegal acts, their actions could cause Hosts to withdraw vehicles from our platform or pursue damages claims against Zoomcar. Events ranging from unanticipated litigation involving Zoomcar to trip cancellations by Guests may affect perceptions of our business by individual Hosts and Guests or of larger numbers of persons or groups of persons about our platform and the perceived benefits or risks to booking cars through our platform. Because our ratings and review system encourage and facilitates public sharing of Hosts’ and Guests’ experience with bookings and with our platform, platform users have a forum to express describe their individual, subjective experiences with Host vehicles, bookings, and any other aspect of our business, which may not always be favorable. Although we monitor usage of our platform review and ratings systems, we cannot control behaviors of our customers and from time to time platform features designed to encourage productive information sharing may lead to dissemination of information which is misleading, misrepresentative, false and which may be damaging to our reputation. Any of the foregoing, among other facts and circumstances, may result in unfavorable press coverage of Zoomcar and our reputation and, consequently, our business may be harmed.

The acceptance of our brand will depend largely on maintaining a good reputation, minimizing the number of safety incidents, continuing an improved culture and workplace practices, improving existing functions, feature, and technologies, developing new functions, features and technologies of our platform, maintaining a high quality of customer service and ethical behavior and continuing our marketing and public relations efforts. Our brand promotion, reputation building, and media strategies involve and will continue to involve significant costs yet may not be successful. We anticipate that other competitors and potential competitors will scale and expand their business, which will make maintaining and enhancing our reputation and brand increasingly more difficult and expensive. If we fail to successfully maintain our brand in the current or future competitive environment or if events occur in the future which negatively affect public perception of our Company, our brand and reputation would be further damaged, and our business may suffer.

The impact of adverse or changing economic conditions, including the resulting effects on consumer spending or mobility patterns, may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business depends on the overall demand for vehicle bookings. Any significant weakening of the economy in our operating jurisdictions or of the global economy, including the current macroeconomic downturn, more limited availability of credit, economic uncertainty, inflation, financial turmoil affecting the banking system or financial markets, increased unemployment rates, restrictions and reduction in domestic or international travel, fluctuations in the price or availability of gasoline, and other adverse economic or market conditions may adversely impact our business and operating results. Global economic and political events or uncertainty may cause some of our current or potential Hosts and Guests to curtail their use of our platform. In addition, travel has been disproportionately impacted by a macroeconomic downturn. In response to such downturns, Hosts and Guests may not use or spend on our platform at rates we expect, thus further reducing demand for vehicle bookings. These adverse conditions have in the past resulted, and could in the future result in, reductions in consumer spending, slower adoption of new technologies, and increased competition. We cannot predict the timing, strength, or duration of any economic slowdown, including the current macroeconomic downturn, or any subsequent recovery generally. In addition, increases in inflation may cause Guests to decrease travel or choose alternative or lower cost methods of transportation versus utilizing our platform. If the conditions in the general economy significantly deviate from present levels and continue to deteriorate as a result of any such macroeconomic downturns, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Increases in, labor, energy, and other costs could adversely affect our operating results.

Factors such as inflation, increased labour and employee benefit costs, and increased technology upgrade and updated costs, as well as other inflationary pressure, may increase our operating costs. Many of the factors affecting such costs are beyond our control cause these increased costs may cause us to pass costs on to Hosts and Guests by increasing certain fees paid by them to us, which may cause booking volume to decline, which would harm our business and operating results.

Our operations have grown substantially since our inception, and we expect that they will continue to do so, subject to our financial condition. If we are unable to effectively manage that growth, our financial performance and future prospects will be adversely affected.

Since our inception, we have experienced significant growth in the scale of our operations. This expansion increases the complexity of our business and places significant strains on our management, personnel, operations, systems, technical performance, financial resources, and internal financial control and reporting functions. We may not be able to manage growth effectively, which could damage our reputation, limit our growth, increase our costs, and negatively affect the results of operations. Our business is becoming increasingly complex, and this complexity and our rapid growth have demanded, and will continue to demand, substantial resources and attention from our management.

Further, to accommodate our expected growth, we must improve and maintain our platform, technology, systems, and network infrastructure. Failure to effectively upgrade our technology or network infrastructure to support the expected increased traffic on our platform could result in unanticipated system disruptions, slow response times, or poor experiences for Hosts and Guests. To manage the expected growth of our operations and to support financial reporting requirements, we will need to improve our transaction processing and reporting, operational and financial systems and reporting, procedures, and controls. These improvements will be particularly challenging to realize if we acquire new operations with different systems or if we continue to rely on manual financial reporting practices. Our current and planned personnel, systems, procedures, and controls may not be adequate to support our future operations. If we are unable to expand our operations, improve our financial reporting processes, and hire additional qualified personnel in an efficient manner, it could adversely affect our business, customer and investor satisfaction, compliance with regulations and laws, and cause our expenses to grow disproportionately relative to our revenue, and our financial performance and future prospects will be adversely affected.

In the regular course of our business, we collect, use, store, transmit, and process data and information about Hosts, Guests, employees, and others, some of which may be sensitive, personal, or confidential and make us an attractive target and potentially vulnerable to cyberattacks, computer viruses, electronic break-ins, or similar disruptions. Any actual or perceived unauthorized access to or use of such data and information, or breach of our security measures or those of our third-party service providers, could adversely affect our business, operations, and future prospects. While we have taken steps to mitigate our cyberattack risks and protect the confidential information that we have access to, including but not limited to installation and periodical updates of antivirus software and backup of information on our computer systems, our security measures could be breached. Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any cybersecurity incident, accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our systems could cause confidential information to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. Cybersecurity incidents, security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of the information, time-consuming and expensive litigation, and negative publicity. If security measures are breached because of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, or if design flaws in our technology infrastructure are exposed and exploited, our relationships with our Hosts and Guests could be severely damaged, we could incur significant liability, and our business and operations could be adversely affected. Additionally, if we fail to protect confidential information, we may be susceptible to potential claims such as breach of contract, negligence, or other claims. Such claims will require considerable time and resources to defend and there can be no assurances that favorable final outcomes will be obtained.

An increasing number of organizations, including large online and offline merchants and businesses, other large Internet companies, financial institutions, and government institutions have disclosed breaches of their information security systems and other information security incidents, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks. In addition, users on our platform could have vulnerabilities on their own mobile devices that are entirely unrelated to our systems and platform, but which could mistakenly be attributed to us and our system and platform. Further, breaches experienced by other companies may also be leveraged against us. For example, credential stuffing and ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly common, and sophisticated actors can mask their attacks, making them increasingly difficult to identify and prevent. Certain efforts may be state-sponsored or supported by significant financial and technological resources, making them even more difficult to detect. If a third party or employee circumvents any of our security measures or those of our third-party service providers, they may access, misappropriate, delete, alter, publish, or modify this information, which could cause interruptions in our business and operations, fraud or loss to third parties, regulatory enforcement actions, litigation, indemnity obligations, competitive harm, and other possible liabilities, as well as negative publicity. Widespread negative publicity may also result from real, threatened, or perceived security compromises (or lack of adequate security measures) of our industry, competitors, Hosts, and Guests. Concerns regarding privacy and data security could cause some Hosts and Guests to stop using our services, and for employees to be less satisfied with their employment with us and potentially leave the Company or institute claims against us. This discontinuance in use and the potential failure to acquire new Hosts and Guests, and similar personnel issues, could substantially harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.

Our information technology systems, internal computer systems, cloud-based computing services, and those of our current and any future third-party service providers are vulnerable to interruption and intrusion. Cyberattacks and other malicious internet-based activity, such as insider threats, computer malware, hacking, and phishing attempts continue to increase. Any cybersecurity incident or material disruption or slowdown of our systems could cause outages or delays in our services, which could harm our brand and adversely affect our operating results. Our failure to implement adequate cybersecurity protections could subject us to claims for any breach of security, particularly if it results in disclosure of information relating to our Hosts or Guests. If changes in technology cause our systems to become obsolete, or if our systems are inadequate to facilitate our growth, we could lose Hosts or Guests, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected. From time to time, and especially in 2018, we have experienced security incidents or attempted attacks, and in some instances, individuals have had their personal information compromised. We conduct investigations when we become aware of such incidents and/or attempted attacks (although our investigations may not be able to determine the method of attack) and may notify affected persons, as necessary. In addition to traditional computer “hackers” employing malicious code (such as viruses, worms, and ransomware) to breach our systems and platform, we are susceptible to and monitor for social engineering, cyber extortion, and personnel theft or misuse.

We may also be the subject of denial-of-service attacks, server malfunction, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other computer assets, adware, or other similar issues. Threat actors, nation states, and nation state-supported actors engage in cyberattacks, including for geopolitical reasons, continued opportunistic monetary reasons, and in connection with military conflicts and operations. During times of war and other major conflicts, we and our third-party service providers may be vulnerable to these attacks, including cyberattacks that could materially disrupt our systems, platform, and operations. While we have security measures in place to protect customer information and prevent data loss, service interruption, and other security breaches, we cannot guarantee that our security measures or our third-party service providers’ security measures will be sufficient to protect against unauthorized access to, or other compromise of, personal information, confidential information, or proprietary information or of disruptions or damage to our systems. The techniques used to sabotage or to obtain unauthorized access to our platform, systems, networks, and/or physical facilities in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently, and we may be unable to anticipate such techniques or implement adequate preventative measures or stop security breaches that may arise from such techniques. As a result, our safeguards and preventive measures may not be adequate to prevent current or future cyberattacks and security incidents, including security breaches that may remain undetected for extended periods of time, which can substantially increase the potential for a material and adverse impact resulting from the breach.

We are required to comply with laws, rules, industry standards, and regulations that require us to maintain the security of personal information in India. We may also have contractual and other legal obligations to notify relevant stakeholders of security breaches. Failure to prevent or mitigate cyberattacks could result and has in the past resulted in unauthorized access to such data, including personal information. India has enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities, and others of security breaches involving certain types of data. In addition, our agreements with certain partners may require us to notify them in the event of a security breach. Such disclosures are and could be costly, could lead to negative publicity, may cause Hosts and Guests to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures and to not use our services, and may require us to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to and/or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security breach. In addition, the costs to respond to a cybersecurity event or to mitigate any identified security vulnerabilities could be significant, including costs for remediating the effects of such an event, paying a ransom, restoring data from backups, and conducting data analysis to determine what data may have been affected by the breach. In addition, our efforts to contain or remediate a security breach or any system vulnerability may be unsuccessful, and our efforts and any related failures to contain or remediate any breach or vulnerabilities could result in interruptions, delays, loss in customer trust, harm to our reputation, and increases in our insurance premiums.

We do not currently have insurance coverage for security incidents or breaches, including fines, judgments, settlements, penalties, costs, attorney fees, and other impacts that arise out of incidents or breaches. While we may obtain cyber liability insurance in the future, we cannot assure you that such insurance coverage will adequately cover liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all. The successful assertion against us of one or more large claims that exceeds available insurance coverage, or that results in changes to insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements), could have an adverse effect on our business. Our risks are likely to increase as we continue to expand, grow our Host and Guest base, and process, store, and transmit increasingly substantial amounts of confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data.

We face competition and could lose market share to competitors, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We face and expect to continue to face competition from ride sharing companies, car rental and taxi companies. The car sharing market in particular is intensely competitive and is characterized by rapid changes in technology, shifting guest needs and preferences, and frequent introductions of new services and offerings. We expect competition to increase, both from existing competitors and new entrants in the markets in which we operate or plan to operate, and such competitors may be well-established and enjoy greater resources or other strategic advantages. If Zoomcar is unable to anticipate or successfully react to these competitive challenges in a timely manner, Zoomcar’s competitive position could weaken, or fail to improve, and Zoomcar could experience a decline in revenue or growth stagnation that could adversely affect Zoomcar’s business, financial condition, and operating results.

Certain of our current and potential competitors may have greater financial, technical, marketing, research and development skills and other resources, greater name recognition, longer operating histories, or a larger global user base than we do. Such competitors may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of offerings, and they may be able to offer lower prices in certain markets than we do, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results. These and other factors may allow our competitors to derive greater revenue and profits from their existing user bases, attract and retain Hosts and Guests at lower costs or respond more quickly to new and emerging technologies and trends. Current and potential competitors may also establish cooperative or strategic relationships, or consolidate, amongst themselves or with third parties, which may further enhance their resources and offerings relative to ours.

We believe that our ability to compete effectively depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including but not limited to:

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acceptance of car-sharing and the use of our platform to solve transportation needs in the emerging markets in which we operate;

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our ability to attract and retain Guests and Hosts to use our platform;

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the popularity and perceived utility, ease of use, performance, and reliability of our platform;

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our brand strength and recognition;

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our pricing models and the prices of our offerings;

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our ability to manage our business and operations during a pandemic and related travel restrictions if and when imposed upon outbreak of a pandemic;

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our ability to continue developing platform features which appeal to changing customer preferences;

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our ability to continue leveraging and enhancing our data collection and analytics capabilities;

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our ability to establish and maintain relationships with strategic partners and third-party suppliers or providers;

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changes mandated by legislation, regulatory authorities, or litigation, including settlements, judgments, injunctions, and consent decrees, as well as changes that we may elect to make ourselves in the face of potential litigation, legislation, or regulatory scrutiny;

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our ability to attract, retain and motivate talented employees; and

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our ability to raise additional capital.

If we are unable to compete successfully, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

We rely on mobile operating systems and application marketplaces to make its platform available to Hosts and Guests, and failure to effectively operate with or receive favorable placements within such application marketplaces could adversely affect Zoomcar’s business, financial condition, and operating results.

We depend in part on mobile operating systems, such as Android and iOS, and their respective app marketplaces, to make our app available to Hosts and Guests. Any changes in such systems and app marketplaces that degrade the functionality or popularity of our app could adversely affect our platform’s usage on mobile devices and may adversely affect our user ratings and reviews in app marketplaces. If such mobile operating systems or app marketplaces limit or prohibit us from making our app available to Hosts and Guests, or if such systems or marketplaces make changes that degrade the functionality of our app, slow the rollout of our app on other app marketplaces, increase the cost of using our app, impose terms of use that are unsatisfactory to us, require users to opt in to enable marketing or advertising features, or modify their search or ratings algorithms in ways that are detrimental to us, our Guest growth may be negatively affected. Any of the foregoing risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business depends on attracting and retaining capable management, technology development and operating personnel.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to attract and retain high-quality management, technology development and operating personnel. Competition for qualified employees is intense in our industry. There can be no assurance that members of our management team will continue to work for Zoomcar, or that we will be able to continue to attract or retain employees focused on technology development or other important aspects of our business and operations. Our employees, including members of our management team, could leave our Company with little or no prior notice and would be free to work for a competitor. The loss of even a few qualified employees, or an inability to attract, retain, and motivate additional highly skilled employees required to carry out our business plans, could harm our operating results and impair our ability to grow. If we were to lose key members of our management or technology teams, we would need to replace them with qualified individuals in a timely manner or else our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted. Additionally, certain of our executive officers and directors may allocate their time to other businesses, thereby causing potential conflicts of interests which could have a negative impact on our business operations.

We also do not maintain “key person” life insurance on any of our employees. The departure of one or more of our senior management team members or other key employees could be disruptive to our business until we are able to hire qualified successors.

To attract and retain key personnel, we use various measures, including an equity incentive program for key executive officers and other employees. These measures may not be enough to attract and retain the personnel we require to operate and grow our business effectively. If we fail to identify, hire, train, and retain qualified management or technology personnel in the future, it may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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We are subject to payment-related risks.

We accept payments using a variety of methods, including credit or debit cards, or digital payment alternatives like UPI or other specific digital wallet platforms. As our payment policies are subject to change from time to time in accordance with evolving legal requirements and market availability of mobile and other payment systems in different jurisdictions where we operate, we offer new payment options to Hosts and Guests from time to time, subject to additional regulations, compliance requirements, and fraud risks. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees that may increase over time and may increase our operating costs and lower profitability.

We rely on third-party payment processors to process payments, refunds, and reimbursements. Under our commercial agreements with these third parties, they may terminate the relationships with us at any time in their sole discretions. If one of these third parties terminates its relationship with us or refuses to renew its agreement with us on commercially reasonable terms, we could incur substantial delays and expenses in locating and integrating an alternative payment service provider to process payments from Hosts and Guests, and the quality and reliability of any such alternative payment service provider may not be comparable. Further, the software and services provided by these third parties may not meet our expectations, may contain errors or vulnerabilities, and could be compromised or experience outages. Additionally, payment processing software is complex and involves automated processes implemented by us and the third parties that we engage. Therefore, the payment processing software can be misinterpreted and may be susceptible to errors. These risks could cause us, to lose our ability to accept and account for online payment or other payment transactions, make timely payments to Hosts, or result in over- or underpayments to Hosts, any of which could disrupt our business for an extended period of time, make our platform less convenient and attractive to users, expose user information to unauthorized disclosures and abuse, and adversely affect our ability to attract and retain Hosts and Guests, or materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, ability to forecast accurately, and results of operations.

If we are unable to maintain our chargeback or refund rates at levels that credit or debit card issuers, or payment processors deem acceptable, these entities may increase fees for chargeback transactions or for many or all categories of transactions; they may also increase the rates of declining transactions or terminate their relationships with us. Any increases in fees could adversely affect our operating results, particularly if we elect not to raise the prices for transactions on our platform to offset the increase. The termination of our ability to process payments on any major credit or debit cards or through certain online payment service providers or payment processors could significantly impair our ability to operate our business.

We may also be subject to, or may voluntarily comply with, a number of other laws and regulations relating to money laundering, money transmission, international money transfers, privacy and information security, and electronic fund transfers. If we are found to be in violation of such applicable laws or regulations, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties or forced to cease our payments processing services or otherwise make changes to our business practices.

Any major disruption or failure of our information technology systems, or our failure to successfully implement new technology effectively, could adversely affect our business and results of operations or the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting.

We rely on various information technology systems, owned by us and third parties, to manage our operations. Over the last several years, we have been and continue to implement modifications and upgrades to our systems, including making changes to legacy systems, replacing legacy systems with successor systems with new functionality, and acquiring new systems with new functionality. These activities subject us to inherent costs and risks associated with replacing and upgrading these systems, including impairment of our ability to fulfil trip bookings, maintain books and records, potential disruption of our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, retention of sufficiently skilled personnel to implement and operate the new systems, demands on management time, and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to new or upgraded systems or of integrating new or upgraded systems into our current systems. Our system implementations may not result in productivity improvements at a level that outweighs the costs of implementation, or at all. In addition, the difficulties with implementing new or upgraded technology systems may cause disruptions in our business operations and may have an adverse effect on our business and operations if not anticipated and appropriately mitigated.

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The successful operation of our business depends upon the performance and reliability of internet, mobile, and other infrastructures that are not under our control.

Our business depends on the efficient, uninterrupted, and reliable operations of internet, mobile, and other infrastructures that are not under our control. We may operate in certain geographic areas with limited internet connectivity. Internet access and access to a mobile device are frequently provided by companies with significant market power, which could result in corporate action that degrades, disrupts, or increases the cost of users’ ability to access our platform. Failure to effectively upgrade our technology or internet infrastructure to support the expected increased utilization of our platform by larger numbers of Hosts and Guests could result in unanticipated system disruptions, slow response times, or poor experiences for Hosts and Guests. In addition, the internet infrastructure that we and users of our platform rely on in any particular geographic area may be unable to support the demands placed upon it. Any such failure in internet or mobile device or computer accessibility, even for a brief period of time, could interfere with the speed and availability of our platform. In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by national telecommunications operators. If mobile internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, consumer traffic may decrease, which in turn may cause our revenue to significantly decrease. If our platform is unavailable when users attempt to access it, or if our platform does not load as quickly as users expect, Hosts and Guests may not return to our platform as often in the future, or at all, and may use our competitors’ products, services, or offerings more often. Although we have attempted to prepare for contingencies through redundancy measures and disaster recovery plans, such preparation may not be sufficient, and we do not carry business interruption insurance. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster, such as an earthquake, flood or fire, or other unanticipated problems in the jurisdictions where we operate, including power outages, telecommunications delays or failures, break-ins to our systems or computer viruses, could result in delays or interruptions to our platform, our app and website, and loss of data and business interruption for us and our Hosts and Guests. Any of these events could damage our reputation, significantly disrupt our operations, and subject us to liability, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business operations may result in losses for which we are not insured.

Our current business model consists of a peer-to-peer car-sharing platform which facilitates sharing of vehicles between Hosts and Guests. In this context, we are a facilitator of vehicle bookings but disclaim legal responsibility for cars owned by Hosts and for actions by Hosts and Guests on our platform and during bookings. Our platform terms and conditions, inform the Hosts and Guests that booking, sharing, and using cars through the platform is undertaken at their own risk; the lease agreement entered into between Hosts and Guests prior to each booking that occurs in India also disclaims our responsibility for Host and Guest property and for other damages incurred in relation to bookings. We also include in our platform terms and conditions a limit on our overall liability equal to the greater of the booking value of each trip and $120. However, we cannot be certain of the extent to which such disclaimers and limitations would be upheld as legally enforceable in every jurisdiction or circumstance. We regularly receive communication from Hosts (and from time to time, Guests) asserting that we are responsible, and requesting reimbursement for damages to vehicles, lost property and other losses. All of our Guests pay a “value added” trip protection fee as part of a booking, however, the amount available to us from Guest trip protection fees is not sufficient to offset the amounts requested to cover the cost of all damages claims, nor do we attempt to offset all such requests to cover vehicle damage. As a result, we often remain at risk of residual claims that we may have to absorb in the absence of third-party insurance.

Further, we currently do not carry any insurance to protect against third-party damage claims tied to death, personal injury, Host vehicle damages, or Guest or Host theft or other losses, or third-party property damage. Although Hosts may insure their own vehicles to varying extents and are required to do so by law or opt for trip insurance covers offered by our insurance partner in certain selective locations to, we do not carry out independent verification of Host insurance coverage, nor does Host vehicle insurance coverage, to the extent it exists, insulate us, in full or in part, from all types of damages claims or claims for third-party indemnification associated with damages. We may therefore be subject to claims of significant liability based on any of the foregoing or based on other events or circumstances which occur during a booking or relate in some other manner to our platform or our business. We do not maintain balance sheet reserves to cover costs of defending, disputing, adjudicating, satisfying, or settling any such claims if they are asserted against us and we may not be able to succeed in any such actions, should they materialize and be determined to result in liability to us. While we are currently in the process of identifying adequate and feasible insurance coverage for our business , there can be no guarantee that we will be able to obtain or expand the insurance coverage in the future, and even if we are able to obtain additional coverage, we may not carry sufficient insurance coverage to satisfy potential claims. As our business continues to grow, incidences of such claims may also increase and, unless we obtain insurance coverage for such matters, we may choose or be required to absorb larger parts of such uninsured claims to avoid becoming subject to legal proceedings that could be resolved against us, which could lead to business losses and adversely affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Should uninsured losses occur, they could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, our being subject to claims of liability, we may be subject to negative publicity and incur additional expenses, which could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

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We are in the process of remediating identified material weaknesses in our internal controls and if we fail to remediate these weaknesses, or if we experience additional material weaknesses in the future, or otherwise fail to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, or comply with the accounting and reporting requirements applicable to public companies, which may adversely affect investor confidence in the Company and the market price of our stock.

Zoomcar has identified certain material weaknesses in Zoomcar’s internal controls over financial reporting more described under Item 4 above. These material weaknesses primarily relate to the following matters that are relevant to the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

The Management is working on hiring, training, and retention of inhouse resources with requisite US GAAP knowledge. The management has also engaged external accounting professionals and developing process for sufficient managements reviews.

(v)

The Management is currently working on developing accounting manuals, policies, and standard operating procedures in consultation with external consultants.

(vi)

In light of the aforementioned material weaknesses, our management has performed additional analyses, reconciliations, and other post-closing procedures and has concluded that, notwithstanding the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods covered by and included in this Report fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cashflows for the periods presented in conformity with GAAP.

We are required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of controls over financial reporting. Although we are required to disclose changes made in its internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis, we will not be required to make our first annual assessment of its internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until the year following our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC.

To comply with the requirements of being a public company, we have undertaken various actions, and will need to take additional actions, such as implementing numerous internal controls and procedures and hiring additional accounting or internal audit staff or consultants. Testing and maintaining internal control can divert Zoomcar’s management’s attention from other matters that are important to the operation of Zoomcar’s business. Additionally, when evaluating Zoomcar’s internal control over financial reporting, we may identify material weaknesses that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the applicable deadline imposed upon us for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. Investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our Common Stock could be negatively affected if any of the following occurs: (i) we identify any material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting; (ii) we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner; (iii) we assert that our internal control over financial reporting is ineffective; or (iv) our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting once we are no longer an emerging growth company. We could also become subject to investigations by the SEC, the stock exchange on which its securities are listed, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources. In addition, if we fail to remedy any material weakness, our financial statements could be inaccurate, and we could face restricted access to capital markets.

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If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and our data, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, domain names, trade names and trade secret laws, international treaties, our terms of service, other contractual provisions, user policies, restrictions on disclosures, and confidentiality agreements with our employees and consultants to protect our intellectual property rights from infringement and misappropriation. We currently have 21 registered trademarks along with three trademarks at variance - refused, abandoned, and opposed; 4 patent applications with abandonment process underway and 1 patent application withdrawn in India and 7 domain names.

There is no assurance that our pending or future trademark, patent, and copyright applications will be approved. Furthermore, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which we intend to operate our business and some of the platform features and other customization of software that is important to our operations is not protected by registered intellectual property rights. There can be no assurance that others will not offer technologies, functions, features, or concepts that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business, or copy or otherwise obtain, disclose and/or use our brand, platform features, design elements, our search-and-ranking algorithms and machine-learning and artificial intelligence-enhanced tools and capabilities or other information that we consider proprietary without authorization. We may be unable to prevent third parties from seeking to register, acquire, or otherwise obtain trademarks, copyrights or domain names that are similar to, infringe upon or diminish the value of our trademarks, copyrights, and our other proprietary rights. Third parties may obtain or misappropriate certain of our data through website scraping, robots, or other means to launch copycat sites, aggregate our data for their internal use, or to feature or provide our data through their respective websites, and/or launch businesses monetizing this data. While we routinely employ technological and legal measures in an attempt to divert, halt, or mitigate such operations, we may not always be able to detect or halt the underlying activities as technologies used to accomplish these operations continue to rapidly evolve.

If the protection of our proprietary rights and data is inadequate to prevent unauthorized use or misappropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and our competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our technologies, offerings, or features or methods of operations. Even if we do detect violations or misappropriations and decide to enforce our rights, litigation that may be necessary to enforce our rights may not be pursued by us, as it may be time-consuming and expensive, and divert our management’s attention. Additionally, a court of a competent jurisdiction may determine that certain of our intellectual property rights are unenforceable. If we fail to protect our intellectual property and data in a cost-effective and meaningful manner, our competitive standing could be harmed; our Hosts, Guests, other consumers, and corporate and community partners could devalue the content of our platform; and our brand, reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We have been, and may in the future be, subject to claims that we or others violated certain third-party intellectual property rights, which, even where meritless, can be costly to defend and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The internet and technology industries are characterized by significant creation and protection of intellectual property rights and by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation, or other violations of such intellectual property rights. There may be intellectual property rights, including registered or pending patents, trademarks, and copyrights, and applications of the foregoing, held by others that they allege cover significant aspects of our platform, technologies, content, branding, or business methods. Moreover, companies in the Internet and technology industries are frequent targets of practicing and non-practicing entities seeking to profit from royalties in connection with grants of licenses.

We have received communications alleging unauthorized use of third-party trademarks in the past, and may receive in the future, communications from third parties, including practicing and non-practicing entities, claiming that we have infringed, misused, or otherwise misappropriated their intellectual property rights. Additionally, we have been, and may in the future be, involved in claims, suits, regulatory proceedings, and other proceedings involving alleged infringement, misuse, or misappropriation of third-party intellectual property rights, or relating to our intellectual property holdings and rights. Intellectual property claims against us, regardless of merit, could be time consuming and expensive to litigate or settle and could divert our management’s attention and other resources.

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Claims involving intellectual property could subject us to significant liability for damages and could result in our having to stop using certain technologies, content, branding, or business methods found to be in violation of another party’s rights. We might be required or may opt to seek a license for rights to intellectual property held by others, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if a license is available, we could be required to pay significant royalties, which would increase our operating expenses. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, content, branding, or business methods, which could require significant efforts and expenses and make us less competitive. Any of these results could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We may introduce new platform offerings or changes to existing platform offerings or make other business changes, including in areas where we currently do not compete, which could increase our exposure to patent, copyright, trademark, and other intellectual property rights claims from competitors, other practicing entities, and non-practicing entities. Any failure in maintaining, protecting, or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks related to International, Regulatory and Legal Matters

Our business is subject to certain laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which it operates, many of which are currently evolving, and the risk of unfavorable interpretations or failure to comply with such laws and regulations could harm Zoomcar’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our platform currently operates across 99 cities in India. We are subject to differing, and sometimes conflicting, laws and regulations in the various states in which we operate our business, which are evolving and may change from time to time, which may give rise to inconsistent or ambiguous interpretations among local, regional, or national laws or regulations applicable to our business. Compliance with laws and regulations of different states imposing varying standards and requirements is burdensome for businesses like ours, imposes added cost, increases potential liability to our business, and makes it difficult to realize business efficiencies and economies of scale.

Relative to India, which is the location of our headquarters, we operate as an asset-light peer-to-peer carsharing business based on an interpretation of current legal and regulatory requirements. The operation of our business is informed by a regulatory framework which includes but is not limited to, the India Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 (“MVA”), which informs how we operate and the ways in which we promote our business. However, there can be no assurance that our interpretation of relevant Indian laws and regulations, including the MVA, is complete or correct, or that transportation authorities in India will interpret the MVA or other applicable regulations the same way that we do. In the event that the MVA or other applicable laws and regulations are interpreted in a manner unfavorable to us, we could become the subject of investigations and could potentially face fines, duties, judgments or other negative consequences, which could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, as our business continues to grow and evolve, laws and regulations will be amended to address the evolution of our business, resulting in new and unpredictable legal and regulatory obligations in emerging markets. It may be difficult for us to comply with the new laws and regulations that will be developed to address changes in our industry and business, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to comply with such new laws and regulations. If our current or future business models are determined to be noncompliant with the national, regional, and local laws and regulations, we may be required to make costly adjustments to our business model, which could result in negative consequences, many of which may be outside of our control and impossible to predict.

In addition to laws and regulations directly applicable to the peer-to-peer car sharing businesses, we are subject to laws and regulations governing other aspects of our business practices, including laws and regulations relating to use of the Internet, e-commerce, and electronic devices, as well as those relating to taxation, online payments, automobile-related liability, payments, consumer privacy and data protection, pricing, content, advertising, discrimination, consumer protection, protection of intellectual property rights, distribution, messaging, mobile communications, environmental matters, labour and employment matters, claims management, electronic contracts, communications, Internet access, securities and public disclosure, corruption and anti-bribery, and unfair commercial practices. In addition, climate change and greater emphasis on sustainability could lead to regulatory efforts to address the carbon impact of transportation and mobility, which could have a negative impact on our business.

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In addition, the cities /states in which we have business operations may in the future enact new laws and regulations relating to emissions and other environmental matters associated with peer-to-peer car sharing operations, the peer-to-peer car sharing industry generally, and the operation of our business. The interpretation and enforcement of such laws may involve significant uncertainties. New laws and regulations that affect our existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively in ways that we cannot predict with certainty.

We cannot predict the effect that the interpretation of existing or new laws or regulations may have on our business. Any of the foregoing or similar occurrences or developments could significantly disrupt our business operations and restrict us from conducting a substantial portion of our business operations in these jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operating results.

Any failure or perceived failure to comply with existing or new laws and regulations, including the ones described in these risk factors, or with orders of any governmental authority, including changes to or expansion of their interpretations, may subject us to significant fines, penalties, criminal and civil lawsuits, forfeiture of significant assets or enforcement actions in one or more jurisdictions. This failure or perceived failure could also result in the imposition of additional compliance and licensure requirements on us, as well as increased regulatory scrutiny of our business. In addition, we may be forced to restrict or change our operations or business practices, make updates or upgrades of our platform, or delay planned launches or improvements of new features, functions, and technologies. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Geographic areas in which Zoomcar operates and plans to operate in the future have been and may continue to be subject to political and economic instability.

We currently conduct all of our business operations in India. Our growth strategy is premised on the rapid expansion of our platform into emerging markets. Several of the countries in which we plan to operate our business in the future may be, subject to instances of political instability, civil unrest, hostilities, terrorist activities and economic volatility. Any such events may lead to, among other things, declines in Host and Guest demand for our platform, whether arising from safety concerns, a drop in consumer confidence, a general deterioration of economic conditions, currency volatility, adverse changes to the political and regulatory environment, or otherwise. Any such developments and any other forms of political or economic instability in our markets may harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We are subject to risks associated with operating in rapidly evolving emerging markets.

To continue growing our business, we plan, in the future, to strengthen our operations and presence in India and to expand into other emerging markets, which may include, without limitation, markets in Southeast Asia, Middle East/North Africa, and Latin America. We have limited experience operating in jurisdictions outside India and plan to continue our efforts to expand into other jurisdictions. Business operations in multiple jurisdictions and markets is difficult, time consuming and expensive, and any international expansion efforts that we may undertake may not be successful. In addition, conducting international operations subjects us to risks associated with operating in emerging markets, including but not limited to the following:

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operational and compliance challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences, including but not limited to the additional cost and resources required to localize our services, the translation of our mobile app, website and platform into foreign languages, and the adaptation of our operations to local cultures and practices, and any changes in such cultures and practices;

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unexpected and more restrictive laws and regulations, as amended from time to time, including those laws and regulations governing internet activities, peer-to-peer car sharing platforms, leasing or renting cars, insurance requirements, licensing and usage of vehicles, employment, tax, licensing and permitting, identify verification and screening, email and text messaging, collection and use of personal information, privacy and data protection, payment processing, currency regulation, auto insurance scores, or other third-party data sources for trust and safety screening purposes, and other activities important to our online business practices;

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differing levels of technological compatibility with our platform and social acceptance of our brand and platform, and competition with companies that understand the local market better than we do or that have preexisting relationships with potential Hosts and Guests in those markets;

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legal uncertainty regarding our liability for the actions of Hosts and Guests, including uncertainty resulting from unique local laws or a lack of clear precedent of applicable law;

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dependency on third-party suppliers for the provision of essential business products/services including but not limited to IoT devices and software integrations in different jurisdictions.

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fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

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higher levels of credit risk and payment fraud;

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potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign value added tax systems and restrictions on the repatriation of earnings;

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increased financial accounting and reporting burdens, in addition to complexities and difficulties relating to the implementation and maintenance of adequate internal controls;

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difficulties in implementing and maintaining the financial systems and processes needed to enable compliance across multiple offerings and jurisdictions;

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public health concerns or emergencies, such as pandemic and other highly communicable diseases or viruses, outbreaks of which have from time to time occurred in various parts of the world in which we operate;

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managing operations in markets in which cash transactions are favored over credit or debit cards;

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political, social, and economic instability abroad;

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terrorist attacks, including data breaches and security concerns;

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breakdowns in infrastructure, utilities, and other services;

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exposure to a business culture in which improper business practices may be prevalent;

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compliance with various anti-bribery laws; and

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reduced or varied protection of intellectual property rights in some countries.

While we believe that the present regulatory environment in our target markets is generally favorable, this could and may change over time. If the regulatory environment in our target markets becomes more unfavorable for car sharing businesses, this could have a negative impact on our operations in these markets and could adversely impact our ability to achieve sustainable profitability in these markets.

Political changes in the Government of India could delay or affect the further liberalization of the Indian economy and materially and adversely affect economic conditions in India, generally, and our business, in particular.

Our business could be significantly influenced by economic policies adopted by the government of India. Since 1991, successive governments have pursued policies of economic liberalization and financial sector reforms. The government has at various times announced its general intention to continue India’s current economic and financial liberalization and deregulation policies. However, protests against such policies, which have occurred in the past, could slow the pace of liberalization and deregulation. The rate of economic liberalization could change, and specific laws and policies affecting foreign investment, currency exchange rates and other matters affecting investment in India could change as well. While we expect any new government to continue the liberalization of India’s economic and financial sectors and deregulation policies, there can be no assurance that such policies will be continued.

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The government of India has traditionally exercised and continues to exercise influence over many aspects of the economy. Our business may be affected by interest rates, changes in policy, taxation, social and civil unrest and other political, economic, or other developments in or affecting India.

A change in the government’s economic liberalization and deregulation policies could disrupt business and economic conditions in India generally, and specifically our business and operations, as substantially all of our business and operations are located in India. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may incur liability for the activities of Hosts or Guests, which could harm our reputation, increase our operating costs, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We may be found to be subject to liability for the activities of Hosts and Guests on our platform. For example, we have in the past received, and expect to continue to receive, complaints from Hosts regarding damage to, or loss, theft, or impounding of, their vehicles and requests for damage reimbursement, and from Guests regarding quality or serviceability of the vehicles, other safety and security issues, and actual or perceived discrimination in connection with Hosts declining trips and requests for reimbursement of their trip fees, as well as actual or threatened legal action against us if no reimbursement or perceived incomplete reimbursement is made. In addition, some of our Hosts may list or have listed vehicles on our platform in violation of their lease or financing agreements or personal automobile insurance policies, or in violation of applicable legal restrictions on subleasing. Except for the examination of vehicle registration certificates at the time of the Host onboarding and listing process, we do not screen vehicles for compliance with safety standards or make efforts to determine whether they are legally registered to be driven on public roads, and it is possible that some vehicle registration certificates may be forged, or some of our Hosts may list or have listed vehicles on our platform that fail to meet basic safety or legal requirements for a vehicle. Our trust and safety checks and qualification procedures may not be capable of identifying all quality and safety issues, including safety recalls, and our systems are not designed to identify legal, quality, and safety issues that may occur after initial sign-up. Consequently, we could be and have been subject to liabilities incurred from local or state regulators and courts regarding the activities of Hosts and Guests on our platform or related legal, safety, and security issues.

If we are found to be subject to liability or claims of liability relating to the acts of Hosts or Guests, or for failure to pay fees, fines, or taxes owed by them, we may be subject to negative publicity or other reputational harm, even if we are not found to be subject to such liability, and this may cause us to incur additional expenses, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Host, Guest, or third-party actions that are criminal, violent, inappropriate, dangerous, or fraudulent may undermine the trust and safety or perception of trust and safety of our marketplace and our ability to attract and retain Hosts and Guests, which could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We have no control over or ability to predict the actions of our Hosts, Guests, and other third parties, such as additional passengers in, or drivers of, vehicles booked on our platform, and we cannot guarantee the safety of our Hosts, Guests, and such third parties. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings, including personal injury suits, claims, arbitrations, administrative proceedings, and government investigations or enforcement actions in the ordinary course of business. The actions of Hosts, Guests, and other third parties may result in fatalities, injuries, other bodily harm, assault, fraud, invasion of privacy, property damage, trespass, theft, including cases in which we are unable to recover the vehicle, discrimination, harassment, and libel, among other negative impacts, which could create potential legal or other substantial liabilities for us, Hosts, or Guests. For example, Hosts may incur and have incurred liability due to the unlawful actions of their Guests or other third parties Guests allow in the vehicle, such as traffic violations or other legal violations, and Guests may incur and have incurred liability due to the unlawful actions of their Hosts, such as vehicle or registration violations. In addition, there have been rare instances where Guests were pulled over or detained by police because the vehicles, they were driving had been reported as stolen by the vehicle owner. Depending on the circumstances, Hosts or Guests may also attempt to assert liability on the part of Zoomcar for unlawful actions stemming from the use of vehicles available on our platform. Such liabilities could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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In addition, we do not, and may not in the future, undertake to independently verify the safety, suitability, quality, and compliance with our policies or standards of our Hosts’ vehicles. We have created policies and standards to respond to certain issues reported with listings, but certain bookings may pose heightened safety risks to individual users because the underlying issues had never been reported to us. We rely, at least in part, on Hosts and Guests to investigate and enforce many of our policies and standards and report any issues with listings to us, and we cannot guarantee that they will do this promptly or accurately.

Moreover, we cannot conclusively verify the identity of all Guests, nor do we verify or screen third parties who may be present during a trip using a vehicle booked through our platform. While we do some limited screening of Hosts, our trust and safety processes focus primarily on Guests to reduce the risk of vehicle theft and motor vehicle accidents. Our identity verification processes rely on, among other things, information provided by users at onboarding and booking, and our ability to validate that information and we do not require users to re-verify their identity following their successful completion of the initial verification process or require Guests to provide documentation or notification of any updates regarding their driving record or license status. We may not identify instances of identity fraud where a Guest books a vehicle under another person’s identity for criminal or other unlawful purposes. Furthermore, we do not conduct criminal background checks or any other screening processes on Guests and their invitees in a vehicle booked through our platform. Given this ambiguity or potential change, it is possible that we are not now, or may not be in the future, compliant with those laws. Further, the use of criminal background checks or credit checks in our marketplace may open us up to allegations of discrimination. Therefore, we may be subject to negative publicity and incur additional expenses, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations and the translation of local currency results into U.S. dollars could negatively impact our results of operations.

All of our business is transacted and/or denominated in foreign currencies, and fluctuations in currency exchange rates could have a significant impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. Increased currency volatility, particularly in the Indian Rupee, could also positively or negatively impact our foreign-currency-denominated costs, assets, and liabilities. In addition, any devaluation of the Rupee relative to other foreign currencies could increase our operating expenses, adversely affecting the results of our operations. Any of these factors could adversely affect our financial condition and the results of our operations in the future.

The effective tax rates governing car rental and car subscription in India could change.

The tax environment continues to evolve in India on a routine basis and remains relatively fluid compared to other more mature markets. The indirect tax rates associated with the Goods and Services Tax (GST) have changed on multiple occasions since the GST’s introduction in 2017. Any further increase in these indirect tax rates could result in a reduction in the Company’s operating cash flow, which could impair our future profitability.

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The Indian government could reduce highway infrastructure investments, thereby making car travel significantly less appealing.

The Indian government is currently investing significantly in expanding the country’s underdeveloped network of interstate highways and expressways. Compared to more mature markets, the Indian civil infrastructure is under-invested across its 28 states and 8 Union territories. The development of new highways and expressways makes personal car transportation considerably more desirable, as new highway infrastructure could potentially reduce travel time and overall traffic congestion. These new highways and expressways also have the potential to mitigate low-speed vehicle intrusions on highways, which could potentially improve overall road safety. In the event that the Indian government slows down this investment due to macroeconomic considerations, our business could observe a negative impact on overall customer demand, which could reduce our future profitability.

We may have exposure to materially greater than anticipated tax liabilities.

The tax laws applicable to our business activities are subject to uncertainty and can be varied in the relevant jurisdictions. Like many other multinational companies, we are subject to tax in diverse jurisdictions and have structured our business to reduce our effective tax rate. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate have in the past, and may in the future, examine or challenge our methodologies for valuing developed technology, which could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our financial position and operating results. Furthermore, our future income taxes could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions that have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions that have higher statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws, regulations, or accounting principles. We are subject to regular review and audit by the tax authorities in the jurisdictions where we operate and currently face numerous income and other tax claims pending appeals before higher authorities in India. Any adverse outcome of such appeals or an adverse interpretation from the tax authorities on the tax compliances and tax rates applicable to our car sharing business could have an adverse effect on our financial position and operating results. In addition, the determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment by our management, and we have engaged in many transactions for which the ultimate tax determination remains uncertain. The ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made. Our tax positions or tax returns are subject to change, and therefore we cannot accurately predict whether we may incur material additional tax liabilities in the future, which could impact our financial position.

Our business is subject to extensive government regulation and oversight relating to the provision of payment and financial services.

The jurisdictions in which we operate and jurisdictions we may enter may have laws that govern payment and financial services activities. These laws govern, among other things, money transmission, prepaid access instruments, electronic funds transfers, anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist financing, banking, systemic integrity risk assessments, and cyber-security of payment processes. Our business operations, including our payments to Hosts and Guests, may not always comply with these financial laws and regulations. Regulators may determine that certain aspects of our business are subject to these laws and could require us to obtain licenses to continue to operate in India. We have evaluated and will continue to critically evaluate our options for seeking applicable licenses and approvals in the jurisdictions where we operate to optimize our payment solutions and support the future growth of our business. Laws related to money transmission and online payments are evolving, and changes in such laws could affect our ability to provide payment processing on our platform in the same form and on the same terms as we have historically, or at all.

Historical or future non-compliance with these laws or regulations could result in significant criminal and civil lawsuits, penalties, forfeiture of significant assets, or other enforcement actions. Costs associated with fines and enforcement actions, as well as reputational harm, changes in compliance requirements, or limits on our ability to expand our product offerings, could harm our business.

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Further, our payment system may be susceptible to illegal and improper uses, including money laundering, terrorist financing, fraudulent transactions, and payments to sanctioned parties. We have invested and will continue to invest substantial resources to comply with applicable anti-money laundering and sanctions laws and conduct appropriate risk assessments and implement appropriate controls. Government authorities may seek to bring legal action against us if our payment system is used for improper or illegal purposes or if our enterprise risk management or controls are not adequately assessed, updated, or implemented appropriately, and any such action could result in financial or reputational harm to our business.

Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles.

The accounting for our business is complicated, particularly in the area of revenue recognition, and is subject to change based on the evolution of our business model, interpretations of relevant accounting principles, enforcement of existing or new regulations, and changes in SEC or other agency policies, rules, regulations, and interpretations, of accounting regulations. Changes to our business model and accounting methods could result in changes to our financial statements, including changes in revenue and expenses in any period, or in certain categories of revenue and expenses moving to different periods, may result in materially different financial results, and may require that we change how we process, analyze, and report financial information and our financial reporting controls.

We are subject to privacy laws and regulations, and compliance with these laws and regulations could impose significant compliance burdens.

The regulatory framework for privacy issues worldwide is currently in flux and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission, and security of personal information by companies operating over the internet have recently come under increased public scrutiny. The European Union’s privacy and data security regulation, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), that went into effect in May 2018, requires companies to implement and remain compliant with regulations regarding the handling of personal data, including its use, protection, and the ability of persons whose data is stored to correct or delete such data about themselves. Other countries in Asia, Europe and Latin America have passed or are considering similar privacy regulations, resulting in additional compliance burdens and uncertainty as to how some of these laws will be interpreted.

We receive, collect, and store a large volume of personally identifiable data by processing car sharing transactions on our platform. This data is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous jurisdictions around the world.

For example, the Indian Information Technology Act, 2000, as amended, would subject us to civil liability to compensate for wrongful loss or gain arising from any negligence by us in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices and procedures with respect to sensitive personal data or information that we possess in our computer systems, networks, databases, and software. India has also implemented privacy laws, including the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011, which impose limitations and restrictions on the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 has been introduced in August of 2023 which has significant impact on the current regulatory environment with respect to the lawful use of digital personal data, cross border data transfers and additional compliances that may be invoked for organizations collecting and/or processing personal data.

Further, in India, the draft of Digital Personal Data Protection Rules which aims to operationalize the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act), in line with India’s commitment to create a robust framework for protecting digital personal data, has been published in January 2025 for public comments. While the rules are yet to be finalized and formally adopted, the entire framework for data protection legislation is fairly new in India and going through the phases of implementation right now. However, it may affect us in ways that we are currently unable to predict.

Any liability we may incur for violation of such laws and regulations and related costs of compliance and other burdens may adversely affect our business and profitability. We could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations are expanded to require changes in our business practices or if governing jurisdictions interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

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Failure to comply with labour laws and regulations may cause us to incur additional costs, which may affect our business, financial conditions, and results of operations.

Our business operations are governed by various labour laws, regulations, and government policies in multiple jurisdictions. The requirements for labour law compliance may change from time to time in each jurisdiction. We may be unable to comply with all these requirements in time, or at all, or we may need to incur substantial costs to be compliant, which may adversely affect our business operations and financial condition.

For example, in Egypt, an employer is required to deduct the relevant taxes from the salary of its employees and remit the same to the tax authorities. Our Egypt subsidiary is currently in the process of remitting these taxes as deducted to the local tax authorities. Any delay of remittance may make us susceptible to penalty, notice and administrative action from tax authorities. Our Egypt subsidiary is also required to make social insurance registration with the local authorities and is currently in the process of registration. Any delay or failure to register may subject us to penalties, notice and administrative action from relevant local authorities.

In India, provisions were released between 2019 and 2021 relating to the contribution of provident fund, employee state insurance, and professional taxes by employers for the certain employees. Any delay or failure to make such contribution may result in penalties, interests, notices, or other administrative actions by the relevant local authorities in India. As of December 31, 2024, Zoomcar India has incurred a penalty of less than $ 35,177/- (based on the foreign exchange rates as of March 31, 2024) for failure to make timely contribution, which Zoomcar India plans to remit, with associated interest due, as instructed by the relevant local authority. This outstanding penalty and interest will continue to accrue unless paid in full, which could adversely affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

Uncertain global macro-economic and political conditions could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our results of operations could be materially affected by economic and political conditions in the United States and internationally, including inflation, deflation, interest rates, availability of capital, war, terrorism, aging infrastructure, pandemics, energy and commodity prices, trade laws, election cycles and the effects of governmental initiatives to manage economic conditions. Current or potential business and consumer members may delay or decrease spending on our products and services sold through our platform as their business and/or budgets are impacted by economic conditions. The inability of current and potential business and consumer members to pay us for products and services sold through our platform may adversely affect our earnings and cash flow.

Natural disasters, including and not limited to unusual weather conditions, epidemic outbreaks, terrorist acts and political events could disrupt our business schedule.

The occurrence of one or more natural disasters, including and not limited to tornadoes, hurricanes, fires, floods and earthquakes, unusual weather conditions, pandemics and endemic outbreaks, terrorist attacks or disruptive political events in certain regions where our facilities are located, or where our third-party contractors’ and suppliers’ facilities are located, could adversely affect our business. Natural disasters including tornados, hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes may damage our facilities or those of our suppliers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Terrorist attacks, actual or threatened acts of war or the escalation of current hostilities, or any other military or trade disruptions impacting our domestic or foreign suppliers of components of our products, may impact our operations by, among other things, causing supply chain disruptions and increases in commodity prices, which could adversely affect our raw materials or transportation costs. These events also could cause or act to prolong an economic recession in the United States or abroad. In addition, the disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and are unlikely to prove adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans and, more generally, any of these events could cause consumer/ member confidence and spending to decrease, which could adversely impact our operations.

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We may be unable to successfully grow our business if we fail to compete effectively with others to attract and retain our executive officers and other key management and technical personnel.

We believe our future success depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly competent personnel. Our employees are at-will and not subject to employment contracts. We could potentially lose the services of any of our senior management personnel at any time due to a variety of factors that could include, without limitation, death, incapacity, , personal issues, retirement, resignation or competing employers. Our ability to execute current plans could be adversely affected by such a loss. We may fail to attract and retain qualified technical, sales, marketing and managerial personnel required to continue to operate our business successfully. Personnel with the expertise necessary for our business are scarce and competition for personnel with proper skills is intense.

In addition, new hires frequently require extensive training before they achieve desired levels of productivity. Additionally, attrition in personnel can result from, among other things, changes related to acquisitions, retirement, and disability. We may not be able to retain existing key technical, sales, marketing and managerial employees or be successful in attracting, developing, or retaining other highly qualified technical, sales, marketing, and managerial personnel, particularly at such times in the future as we may need to fill a key position. If we are unable to continue to develop and retain existing executive officers or other key employees or are unsuccessful in attracting new highly qualified employees, our financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Operations as a New Public Company

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert our management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified independent board members.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting and corporate governance requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”). Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. Among other things, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. As a result, the management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Although we have already hired additional personnel to help comply with these requirements, we may need to further expand our legal and finance departments in the future, which will increase our costs and expenses.

In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expense and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business and prospects may be harmed. As a result of disclosure of information in the filings required of a public company and in this quarterly report, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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We may have increasing difficulty attracting and retaining qualified outside independent board members.

The directors and management of publicly traded corporations are increasingly concerned with the extent of their personal exposure to lawsuits and shareholder claims, as well as governmental and creditor claims that may be made against them in connection with their positions with publicly held companies. Outside directors are becoming increasingly concerned with the availability of directors’ and officers’ liability insurance to pay on a timely basis the costs incurred in defending shareholder claims. Directors’ and officers’ liability insurance is expensive and difficult to obtain. Accordingly, it may become increasingly difficult to attract and retain qualified outside directors to serve on our Board.

Stock trading volatility could impact our ability to recruit and retain employees.

Volatility or lack of appreciation in our stock price may also affect our ability to attract and retain our key employees. Employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their vested equity have not significantly appreciated in value relative to the original purchase price of the shares or the exercise price of the options, or conversely, if the exercise price of the options that they hold are significantly above the market price of our Common Stock. If we are unable to retain our employees, or if we need to increase our compensation expenses to retain our employees, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Members of our management team have limited or no prior experience managing a public company.

Except a few, most of the members of our senior management team have no experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public company, which will subject us to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts, investors, and regulators. These new obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We are an Emerging Growth Company, making comparisons to non-Emerging Growth companies difficult or impossible.

We are an Emerging Growth Company (“EGC”) as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and we have taken and expect to continue to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not EGCs including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, registrations statements and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts EGCs from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. This exemption may make comparison of our financial statements with other public companies that are neither EGCs nor EGCs that have opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We may be exposed to risk if we cannot enhance, maintain, and adhere to our internal controls and procedures.

As a public company trading on Nasdaq, we have significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that will require us to anticipate and react to changes in our business accounting, auditing and regulatory requirements and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company, and we are still early in the process of generating a mature system of internal controls and integration across business systems. If we are unable to establish or maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our financial statements, and harm our operating results.

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Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial information in an accurate manner or on a timely basis and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of Nasdaq rules. There also could be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. Confidence in the reliability of our financial statements could also suffer if we or our independent registered public accounting firm continue to report a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting. This could materially adversely affect us and lead to a decline in the market price of our Common Stock.

As a public company, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur increased expenses associated with the costs of being a public company.

We have and expect to continue to face a significant increase in insurance, legal, auditing, accounting, administrative and other costs, and expenses as a public company that we did not currently incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including the requirements of Section 404 of that Act, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Act and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), the SEC and Nasdaq, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Compliance with public company requirements has and will continue to increase our costs and make certain activities more time-consuming. A number of those requirements require us to carry out activities that we have not done previously. For example, we recently created new board committees and adopted new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, additional expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements have and will continue to be incurred. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if our independent registered accounting firm identifies a material weakness or significant deficiency in the internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs to remediate those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of it. Being a public company has and may in the future make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance. We may ultimately be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage with increased self-retention risk or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage in the future. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our Common Stock, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by various rules and regulations applicable to public companies has and is expected to continue to increase legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of related legal, auditing, accounting, and administrative activities. These increased costs will require us to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand the business and achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by shareholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

Our current indebtedness, and to the extent we incur indebtedness in the future, our future indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, our ability to operate our business, our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry and our ability to pay our debts and could divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments.

We are in default of a majority of our indebtedness of $ 33.55 million as of December 31, 2024 as more fully described under the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited), which has had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our financial condition, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and our ability to operate our business. Further, in the future, we may continue to incur a material amount of indebtedness. Our level of indebtedness increases the possibility that we may be unable to generate cash sufficient to pay the principal of, interest on, or other amounts due with respect to our indebtedness. Our leverage and debt service obligations could adversely impact our business, including by:

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impairing our ability to generate cash sufficient to pay interest or principal, including periodic principal payments;

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increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

The Company may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management’s attention.

Following the Business Combination, the per share price of the Common Stock has been and may continue to be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities litigation, including class action litigation. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject the Company to significant liabilities.

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Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Future sales of our Common Stock could cause the market price for our Common Stock to decline.

We cannot predict the effect, if any, that market sales of shares of our Common Stock or the availability of shares of our Common Stock, including upon exercise or conversion of any of our outstanding securities, for sale will have on the market price of our Common Stock prevailing from time to time. Sales of substantial amount of shares of our Common Stock on the public market, or the perception that those sales will occur, including sales pursuant to this quarterly report, could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline or be depressed.

As described elsewhere herein, we expect to issue additional securities imminently to raise capital to continue our operations. Additionally, we may issue our securities if we need to raise capital in connection with capital expenditure, working capital requirement or acquisition. The number of shares of our Common Stock issued in connection with a capital expenditure, working capital requirement or acquisition could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of Common Stock. Any perceived excess in the supply of our shares in the market could negatively impact our share price and any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to you.

The market price and trading volume of our Common Stock may continue to be highly volatile, which could lead to a loss of all or part of a stockholder’s investment.

The market price of our Common Stock has fluctuated widely since the closing of our Business Combination. During the period from January 1, 2024, to January 22, 2024, the trading price of our Common Stock has fluctuated from an intra-day high of $761.00 on January 12, 2024, to an intra-day low of $1.25 on December 18, 2024.

The market price of our Common Stock is affected by a variety of factors, including but not limited to:

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our ability to execute our anticipated business plans and strategy;

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;

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our ability to obtain additional capital which will be necessary to continue our business and operations;

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changes in financial or operational estimates or projections;

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changes in the economic performance or market valuations of companies similar to ours;

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the impact of pandemics, inflation, war, other hostilities, and other disruptive events on our business or that of our customers, partners, and supply chain or on the global economy; and

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our ability to comply with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq and maintain our listing on Nasdaq.

In addition, the trading price and trading volume of our Common Stock has very recently and at certain other times in the past exhibited, and may continue to exhibit, extreme volatility, including within a single trading day. Such volatility could cause purchasers of our Common Stock to incur substantial losses. For example, on November 5, 2024, the trading price of our Common Stock ranged from an intra-day high of $16.04 to an intra-day low of $4.24, on trading volume of approximately 33.42 million shares, and on December 19, 2024, the trading price of our Common Stock ranged from an intra-day high of $6.20 to an intra-day low of $1.28, on trading volume of approximately 290 thousand shares. With respect to certain such instances of trading volatility, we are not aware of any material changes in our financial condition or results of operations that would explain such price volatility or trading volume, which we believe reflect market and trading dynamics unrelated to our operating business or prospects and outside of our control. We are thus unable to predict when such instances of trading volatility will occur or how long such dynamics may last. Under these circumstances, we would caution you against investing in our Common Stock unless you are prepared to incur the risk of incurring substantial losses.

A proportion of our Common Stock may be traded by short sellers, which may put pressure on the supply and demand for our Common Stock, creating further price volatility. In particular, a possible “short squeeze” due to a sudden increase in demand of our Common Stock that largely exceeds supply may lead to sudden extreme price volatility in our Common Stock. Investors may purchase our Common Stock to hedge existing exposure in our Common Stock or to speculate on the price of our Common Stock. Speculation on the price of our Common Stock may involve long and short exposures. To the extent aggregate short exposure exceeds the number of shares of Common Stock available for purchase in the open market, investors with short exposure may have to pay a premium to repurchase our Common Stock for delivery to lenders of our Common Stock. Those repurchases may in turn dramatically increase the price of our Common Stock until investors with short exposure are able to purchase additional Common Stock to cover their short position. This is often referred to as a “short squeeze.” Following such a short squeeze, once investors purchase the shares necessary to cover their short position, the price of our Common Stock may rapidly decline. A short squeeze could lead to volatile price movements in our shares that are not directly correlated to the performance or prospects of our company and could cause purchasers of our common shares to incur substantial losses.

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Further, shareholders may institute securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our resources, and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.

Our issuance of additional capital stock in connection with financing, acquisitions, investments, the Incentive Plan or otherwise will dilute all other stockholders.

We expect to issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other stockholders. We expect to grant equity awards to employees, directors and consultants under the Incentive Plan. We may also raise capital through equity financing in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, products or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of additional capital stock may cause stockholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our Common Stock to decline.

There can be no assurance that we will continue to be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq.

Our continued eligibility to maintain the listing of our Common Stock and Public Warrants on Nasdaq depends on a number of factors, including the price of our Common Stock and Public Warrants and the number of persons that hold our Common Stock and Public Warrants. On May 6, 2024, the Company received two letters from the Nasdaq staff indicating that the Company no longer complies with (i) Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(A) as it relates to the requirement to maintain a minimum market value of listed securities of $50,000,000 and (ii) Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) as it relates to the requirement to maintain minimum bid price of $1 per share. Further to this, on November 8, 2024, the Company received a notice from NASDAQ stating that, since the closing bid price over the 12 consecutive days between October 22, 2024, and November 6, 2024, has been $1.00 per share or greater, the Company is now in compliance with Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) and, hence, has resolved this matter.

However, the market value of listed securities of the Company did not close at $50,000,000 or more for ten consecutive business days prior to November 4, 2024. The Company failed to regain the compliance with the minimum market value requirement within the stipulated timeframe and thus, it received a staff delist determination letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department on November 6, 2024, for its failure under the MVLS standard. The Company submitted a request for a hearing on November 13, 2024. This hearing request has automatically stayed Nasdaq’s delisting of the Company’s Common Stock and Public Warrants pending the Panel’s decision and any extension provided by the Panel. The Company presented its plan of compliance to the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) on January 9, 2025, which included a transfer to The Nasdaq Capital Market listing tier, pursuant to a Panel exception. The Company retained Donohoe Advisory Associates LLC to assist the Company in its preparation for the hearing and developing its compliance plan.

Further, on July 22, 2024, the Company received another notice from the Nasdaq staff notifying the Company that, based on the market value of publicly held shares for the previous 30 consecutive business days, the listing of the Company’s listed securities was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(C) (the “MVPHS Rule”) to maintain a minimum market value of publicly held shares of $15,000,000. To regain compliance, the minimum market value of publicly held shares must close at $15,000,000 or more for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days during this 180-day compliance period. The Company failed to regain compliance with the MVPHS Rule within the compliance period and on January 23, 2025, the Company received an additional delist notice for non-compliance with the MVPHS Rule.

On October 29, 2024, the Company received a deficiency notice from the Nasdaq Staff indicating that the Company’s publicly held shares are below the 1,100,000 shares minimum requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(B) (the “MPLS Requirement”) but on January 3, 2025 the Company received a notice from the Panel that the Company had regained compliance with the MPLS Requirement.

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On February 10, 2025, the Company received a letter from the Panel (the “Panel Decision Letter”) stating that, based on the information presented, the Panel has determined to grant the Company’s request for continued listing on Nasdaq, subject to the Company satisfying certain conditions, including transferring its listing to The Nasdaq Capital Market and demonstrating compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1), which requires a stockholders' equity of at least $2.5 million for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market (the “Equity Rule”), on or before March 31, 2025.

The Company is diligently working to satisfy the conditions set forth in the Panel Decision Letter, including applying to transfer the listing of its securities to The Nasdaq Capital Market on or before February 19, 205. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in meeting such conditions or that the Company will be able to maintain its listing on Nasdaq.

If we fail to comply with the above condition and if Nasdaq thereafter delists our securities from trading on its exchange for failure to meet its listing standards, and we are not able to list such securities on another national securities exchange, then our Common Stock could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

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a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

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reduced liquidity for our securities;

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a determination that the Common Stock is a “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading the Common Stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for shares of Common Stock;

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a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

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a decreased ability for us to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our securities adversely, the price and trading volume of our securities could decline.

The trading market for our securities will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, markets, revenue streams, and competitors. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, our share price and trading volume would likely be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding our shares of Common Stock or provide relatively more favorable recommendations with respect to competitors, the price of our shares of Common Stock would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, and future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board deems relevant.

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Because there are no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Common Stock for the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on your investment unless you sell your Common Stock at a price greater than what you paid for it.

We intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and there are no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. The declaration, amount, and payment of any future dividends on shares of our Common Stock will be at the sole discretion of the Board. The Board may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and results of operations, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, implications of the payment of dividends by us to our stockholders or by our subsidiaries to us and such other factors as the Board may deem relevant. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in the Common Stock unless you sell your Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

Our warrants may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock.

In connection with the Business Combination, we assumed from IOAC 11,500,000 Public Warrants to purchase 115,000 shares of our Common Stock, each Public Warrant exercisable into one hundredth of one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $571.00 per full share. In addition, as a result of the Business Combination we issued warrants to the Legacy Zoomcar warrant holders. As of the date hereof, there are 380,011 of such warrants outstanding, each exercisable to purchase one share of Common Stock at $300 per share. Further, in June 2024, we issued warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock which such warrants became exercisable beginning on December 20, 2024. As of the date hereof, such warrants are currently exercisable into 1,394,062 shares of Common Stock at a current exercise price of $2.832 per share, subject to an alternative cashless exercise and other adjustments and resets as described therein. We also issued the Placement Agent warrants now exercisable for 105,932 shares of Common Stock at a current exercise price of $2.832 per share, subject to an alternative cashless exercise and other adjustments and resets as described therein.

Additionally, in the November 7 Placement, we issued November Series A Warrants which when they become exercisable, upon obtaining stockholder approval for such exercise, will become exercisable into 21,378,500 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.806 per share and November Series B Warrants to purchase up to maximum of 9,214,513 shares at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share which assumes the maximum reset to the Floor Price of $0.806 on the November Reset Date (as defined herein). We also issued the Placement Agent warrants which will be exercisable on the applicable resale registration statement set forth in such Placement Agent warrant to purchase 1,068,925 shares at an exercise price of $0.806 per share, Placement Agent November Series A Warrants, which when they become exercisable, upon obtaining stockholder approval for such exercise, will become exercisable into 2,138,750 shares at an exercise price of $0.806 per share and Placement Agent November Series B Warrants to purchase up to maximum of 921,451 shares at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share assuming the maximum reset to the Floor Price of $0.806 on the November Reset Date.

Further in the closings of the private placement in December and February (the “Reg D Private Placement”), we issued Reg D Series A Warrants which when they become exercisable, upon obtaining stockholder approval for such exercise, will become exercisable into 30,882,904 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.806 per share and November Series B Warrants to purchase up to maximum of 7,687,184 shares at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share which assumes the maximum reset to the Floor Price of $0.312 on the applicable Reset Date. We also issued the Placement Agent warrants which will be exercisable on the applicable resale registration statement set forth in such Placement Agent warrant to purchase 371,960 shares at an exercise price of $0.806 per share, Placement Agent Series A Warrants, which when they become exercisable, upon obtaining stockholder approval for such exercise, will become exercisable into 3,262,4878 shares at an exercise price of $0.806 per share and Placement Agent November Series B Warrants to purchase up to maximum of 2,175,089 shares at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share assuming the maximum reset to the Floor Price of $0.312 on the applicable Reset Date.

Among the adjustments and resets included in the warrants issued in June to the investors and Placement Agent and the warrants issued in the November 7 Placement and the Reg D Private Placement to the investors and Placement Agent are price based anti-dilution protection and adjustments following a Share Combination Event, in each case based, in part, on the lowest volume weighted average price during the five trading days after such event. All such warrants, other than potentially the June Warrants, November Series A Warrants and the placement agent warrants issued in both offerings, are out of the money as of the date hereof , but such warrants, when and if exercised, will increase the number of issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock and may reduce the value of the Common Stock.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for the Common Stock to decline.

The sale of shares of our Common Stock on the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of Common Stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that it deems appropriate.

As on February 10, 2025 we have a total of 7,846,450 shares of Common Stock outstanding (i) without giving effect to any awards that may be issued under the Incentive Plan and (iii) assuming no exercise of the outstanding options or warrants. All shares currently held by public stockholders and all of the shares issued in the Business Combination to former Zoomcar Stockholders are freely tradable without registration under the Securities Act, and without restriction by persons other than our “affiliates” (as defined under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, (“Rule 144”)), including our directors, executive officers, and other affiliates.

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In addition, the shares of Common Stock reserved for future issuance under the Incentive Plan will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to any applicable vesting requirements, lock-up agreements and other restrictions imposed by law. As of January 31, 2025, a total of 392,188 shares of Common Stock have been reserved for future issuance under the Incentive Plan.

On February 11, 2025, the Company has filed Form S-8 Registration Statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), to register an aggregate of 392,189 shares of Common Stock, which are reserved for issuance under Zoomcar Holdings, Inc. 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. This Registration Statement is being filed in order to register the Registrant’s Common Stock that may be offered or sold to participants under the Plan, either directly or upon exercise of options or other share-based awards granted under the Plan.

Accordingly, shares registered under such a registration statement will be available for sale in the open market upon the effectiveness of the registration statement.

In the future, we may also issue our securities to raise capital or in connection with investments or acquisitions. We may also issue additional securities upon adjustments included in our existing securities. For example, on June 18, 2024, we closed a private placement transaction of notes and warrants for $3 million of gross proceeds, on November 7, 2024, we closed a private placement transaction of shares and warrants for $9.15 million of gross proceeds, on December 24, 2024, we consummated the First Closing of that December 2024 offering in which we issued shares and warrants for $5,484,843 of gross proceeds, and on and January 31, 2025, we consummated the Second Closing of the December 2024 Offering in which we issued shares and warrants for $1.44 million.

The amount of shares of Common Stock issued or issuable upon exercise or conversion of securities issued in connection with a capital raise or an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of the then-outstanding shares of the Common Stock. Any issuance of additional securities in connection with capital raising activities, investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

Our entering into settlements with ACM could result in a breach of standstill provisions in agreements we entered into in connection with the November 7 Placement.

We are currently in the process of negotiating settlements of claims against us by ACM, the terms of which could breach certain restrictive covenants in the Securities Purchase Agreements we entered into with investors, and the Placement Agent Agreement we entered into with the Placement Agent, each in connection with the November 7 Private Placement. These restrictive covenants prohibit us, subject to certain exceptions, from issuing additional shares of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of Common Stock (“Common Stock Equivalents”), and from filing any registration statements to register for resale any of such securities, without the consent of the investors, who were issued 50.1% of the securities issued in the November 7 Private Placement, and the Placement Agent. Since we expect to issue shares of Common Stock and Common Stock Equivalents to ACM, in connection with a settlement to be entered into with ACM, and to register such shares of Common Stock and shares of Common Stock underlying Common Stock Equivalents for resale in one or more registration statements, such actions could result in a breach of these restrictive covenants and we could be liable for damages to the investors in the November 7^th Placement, and the Placement Agent, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial situation and operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

There were no sales of equity securities during the period covered by this Report that were not registered under the Securities Act and were not previously reported in a Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

There were no defaults upon senior securities during the period covered by this Report.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

As of the end of the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024, none of the Company’s officers or directors are parties to any 10b5-1 Plan.

Item 6. Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

No.		Description of Exhibit
31.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1**		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2**		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

*	Filed herewith.

**	Furnished.

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SIGNATURES

In accordance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	ZOOMCAR HOLDINGS, INC.

Date: February 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Hiroshi Nishijima
	Name:	Hiroshi Nishijima
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: February 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Sachin Gupta
	Name:	Sachin Gupta
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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