UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

OR

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025

OR

OR

Date of event requiring this shell company report ___________________

For the transition period from ______________ to ______________

Commission file number: 001-42132

NOVA MINERALS LIMITED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Australia C3

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Suite 5, 242 Hawthorn Road,

Caulfield, Victoria 3161

Australia
+61 3 9537 1238

(Address of principal executive offices)

Christopher Gerteisen

Chief Executive Officer

Suite 5, 242 Hawthorn Road,

Caulfield, Victoria 3161

Australia

+61 3 9537 1238

chris@novaminerals.com.au

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Copies to:

Jeffrey J. Fessler, Esq.

Greg Carney, Esq.

Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP

30 Rockefeller Plaza

New York, NY 10112

Telephone: (212) 653-8700

Facsimile: (212) 653-8701

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

The number of outstanding shares as of September 19, 2025 was 401,501,417 ordinary shares.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report: ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

All references to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars,” “$,” “USD” or “US$” are to the U.S. dollar. All references to “Australian dollars,” “AUD” or “A$” are to the Australian dollar, the official currency of Australia. All references to “IFRS” are to International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or the IASB.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this annual report to the terms “Nova,” “the Company,” “our,” “us,” and “we” refer to Nova Minerals Limited and its subsidiaries. All references to “shares” or “ordinary shares” refer to our ordinary shares. All references to “ADSs” refers to American Depositary Shares, each of which represents 60 ordinary shares; and “ADRs” refers to American Depositary Receipts, which evidence ADSs. All references to “ASX” refers to the Australian Stock Exchange and all references to “Nasdaq” refer to the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements cover Nova Minerals Limited and the entities it controlled at the end of, or during, the year ended June 30, 2025. The consolidated financial statements are presented in Australian dollars, which is Nova Mineral Limited’s presentation and functional currency. We prepared our annual consolidated financial statements for fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. Unless otherwise noted, our financial information presented herein for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 is stated in Australian dollars, our presentation currency. Solely for the convenience of the reader, this annual report on Form 20-F contains translations of some Australian dollar amounts into U.S. dollars at specified rates on the date indicated. No representation is made that the Australian dollar amounts referred to in this Annual Report on Form 20-F could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars at such rate. All references herein to “our financial statements,” “our audited consolidated financial information,” and/or “our audited consolidated financial statements” are to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. All references in the annual report to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars,” “US$” and “$” are to the legal currency of the United States and all references to “A$” are to the legal currency of Australia. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Australian dollars into U.S. dollars in this annual report were made at a rate of A$1.00 per US$0.6636 which was the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on September 12, 2025.

Nova Minerals Limited is incorporated and domiciled in Australia. The Company’s ordinary shares are listed on the Australian Stock Exchange under the trading ticker “NVA.” The Company’s ADSs are listed on Nasdaq under the trading ticker “NVA,” and the Company’s warrants to purchase ADSs are listed on Nasdaq under the trading ticker “NVAWW.” The Company’s registered office and principal place of business are:

Our fiscal year ends on June 30. References in this annual report to a fiscal year, such as “fiscal year 2025,” “fiscal year 2024” and “fiscal year 2023,” relate to our fiscal year ended on June 30 of that calendar year.

Corporate Events

On July 16, 2025, we consummated an underwritten public offering of 1,200,000 ADSs, with an ADS-to-ordinary-share ratio of 1 to 60 representing 72,000,000 ordinary shares, at a price to the public of US$9.25 per ADS resulting in gross proceeds of US$11,100,000 before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. On July 17, 2025, the Representative partially exercised its over-allotment option to purchase an additional 108,400 ADSs representing 6,504,000 ordinary shares at the public offering price of US$9.25 per ADS for gross proceeds of US$1,002,700 before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses and the closing for the sale of the partial exercise of the over-allotment option took place on July 18, 2025. As a result, the gross proceeds of the Company’s public offering, including the proceeds from the partial exercise of the over-allotment option, totaled US$12,102,700 before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses.

As of September 19, 2025, we had a total of 401,501,417 ordinary shares issued and outstanding.

Market Share and Other Information

This annual report includes market, economic and industry data as well as certain statistics and information relating to our business, markets, and other industry data, which we obtained or extrapolated from various third-party industry and research sources, as well as assumptions that we have made that are based on those data and other similar sources. Industry publications and other third-party surveys and forecasts generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. While we believe that such data is reliable, we have not independently verified such data and cannot guarantee the accuracy or completeness thereof. Additionally, we cannot assure you that any of the assumptions underlying these statements are accurate or correctly reflect our position in the industry, and not all of our internal estimates have been verified by any independent sources. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that a third-party using different methods to assemble, analyze, or compute market data would obtain the same results. We do not intend, and do not assume any obligations, to update industry or market data set forth in this annual report. Finally, behavior, preferences, and trends in the marketplace tend to change. As a result, investors and prospective investors should be aware that data in this annual report and estimates based on such data may not be reliable indicators of future results.

References to “market share” and “market leader” are based on global revenues in the referenced market, and, unless otherwise specified herein, are based on certain of the materials referenced above.

Rounding

Amounts in this report have been rounded off to the nearest thousand dollars, or in certain cases, the nearest dollar.

TECHNICAL MINING INFORMATION AND TERMS

Cautionary Note Regarding Presentation of Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource Estimates

The Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) adopted new mineral property disclosure requirements in subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (the “S-K 1300”) effective January 2021 that are applicable to all mining companies filing registration statements with the SEC. These rules better align disclosure with international regulatory practices, including the Joint Ore Reserves Committee of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Minerals Council of Australia (“JORC”). However, while the definitions in S-K 1300 are more similar to those in JORC compared to the previous SEC disclosure rules, there are differences in the definitions and standards under S-K 1300 and JORC. Investors are therefore cautioned that public disclosure by us of mineral resources in Australia in accordance with JORC (as required by ASX Listing Rules) does not form a part of this annual report.

We have inferred, indicated, and measured mineral resources but not mineral reserves. Investors should understand that “inferred mineral resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. An inferred mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than that applying to an indicated or measured mineral resource and may not be converted to a mineral reserve.

We are still in the exploration stage and our planned commercial operations have not yet commenced. There is currently no commercial production at the Estelle Project site. We have completed a technical report summary in compliance with S-K 1300 on the Estelle Project. While we have commenced the requisite studies necessary to prepare and complete a formal Feasibility Study (FS) on the aforementioned project, such formal Feasibility Study has not yet been started and is not expected to be completed until 2026. As such, our estimated proven or probable mineral reserves, expected mine life and gold pricing, as the case may be, cannot be determined at this time as the initial requisite studies, additional drilling, and pit design optimizations have not yet been completed.

You are cautioned that, except for that portion of mineral resources classified as mineral reserves, mineral resources do not have demonstrated economic value. Inferred mineral resources have a high degree of uncertainty as to their existence and as to whether they can be economically or legally mined. Under S-K 1300, estimates of inferred mineral resources may not form the basis of an economic analysis. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category. A significant amount of exploration must be completed in order to determine whether an inferred mineral resource may be upgraded to a higher category. Therefore, you are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource can be economically or legally mined, or that it will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Likewise, you are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of measured or indicated mineral resources will ever be upgraded to mineral reserves.

Qualified Persons Statement

Some technical mining information contained herein with respect to the Estelle Project is derived from the report titled “Initial Assessment Technical Report Summary Estelle Gold Project Alaska, USA” prepared for us with an effective date of January 31, 2024. We refer to this report herein as our S-K 1300 Report. Each of Roughstock Mining Services, LLC, Hans Hoffman, Head of Exploration of Nova Minerals Ltd., Yukuskokon Professional Services, Vannu Khounphakdee, P.Geo of Nova Minerals Ltd., METS Engineering, Matrix Resource Consultants Pty Ltd., Christopher Gerteisen, P.Geo, Chief Executive Officer of Nova Minerals Ltd., and Jade North, LLC have approved and verified the technical mining information related to the Estelle Project contained in the S-K 1300 Report and reproduced in this annual report.

Glossary of Mining Terms

The following is a glossary of certain mining terms that may be used in this annual report.

Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include information concerning possible or assumed future results of operations, including descriptions of our business plan and strategies and trends we expect to affect our business. These statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “expect,” “suggests,” “plan,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimates,” “targets,” “projects,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “may,” “will,” “forecast,” and other similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are contained throughout this annual report, including matters discussed under “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and in other sections of this annual report. We base these forward-looking statements or projections on our current expectations, plans and assumptions that we have made in light of our experience in the industry, as well as our perceptions of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate under the circumstances and at such time. As you read and consider this annual report, you should understand that these statements are not guarantees of future performance or results. The forward-looking statements and projections are subject to and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements or projections. Although we believe that these forward-looking statements and projections are based on reasonable assumptions at the time they are made, you should be aware that many factors could affect our actual financial results or results of operations, and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements and projections. Factors that may materially affect such forward-looking statements and projections include, but are not limited to:

PART I

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

An investment in our Ordinary shares is subject to a number of risks. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, which should be read in conjunction with all the other information presented in this annual report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we do not know about or currently think are immaterial may also impair our business operations. Any of the following risks, if they occur, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Summary of Key Risks

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, discussed in more detail below. These risks include, among others, the following key risks:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks and uncertainties related to our business include, but are not limited to, the following:

Risks Related to Ownership of the ADSs and the Warrants

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our mineral reserves may be significantly lower than expected.

We are in the exploration stage and our planned principal operations have not commenced. There is currently no commercial production at our Estelle Project. However, we expect to complete our first gold pour in 2027, although there is no assurance that we will meet that timeframe and consummation of any such commercial production is subject to the risks described in this section. We have completed a technical report summary for our gold mineral resource in compliance with the SEC’s S-K 1300 disclosure rules. We have produced an Initial Assessment on a very small area which includes the 4 current gold resource deposits on the Estelle Project to both JORC and S-K 1300 standards. Although we have commenced the requisite studies necessary to prepare and complete a Feasibility Study (FS) for our gold assets on the Project, such formal Feasibility Study has not yet been started and is not expected to be completed until 2026. As such, our estimated proven or probable gold mineral reserves, expected mine life and project economics cannot be determined as the exploration programs, additional drilling, economic assessments and requisite initial studies and pit (or mine) design optimizations have not yet been completed, and the actual mineral reserves may be significantly lower than expected. In addition, we have not yet commenced the requisite drilling to establish a MRE for antimony or other critical minerals at Estelle. You should not rely on the technical reports, preliminary economic assessments or feasibility studies, if and when completed and published, as indications that we will have successful commercial operations in the future. Even if we prove reserves on our property, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to develop and market them, or that such production will be profitable.

The estimation of mineral reserves is not an exact science and depends upon a number of subjective factors. Any measured, indicated and inferred resource figures presented in this annual report are estimates from the written reports of technical personnel and mining consultants who were contracted to assess the mining prospects. Resource estimates are a function of geological and engineering analyses that require us to forecast production costs, recoveries, and metals prices. The accuracy of such estimates depends on the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation, judgment, and experience. Estimated inferred mineral resources may not be upgraded to indicated or measured or to probable or proved reserves, and any reserves may not be realized in actual production and our operating results may be negatively affected by inaccurate estimates.

Our Estelle Project only has estimated measured, indicated and inferred resources identified for gold, there are no known reserves on our property. In addition, we have not completed the requisite drilling to establish a MRE for antimony and other critical minerals at Estelle. There is no assurance that we can establish the existence of any mineral reserve on our property in commercially exploitable quantities. Until we can do so, we cannot earn any revenues from this property and if we do not do so we will lose all of the funds that we expend on exploration. If we do not discover any mineral reserve in a commercially exploitable quantity, the exploration component of our business could fail.

We have not established that our mineral property contains any mineral reserve according to recognized reserve guidelines, nor can there be any assurance that we will be able to do so. A mineral reserve is defined by the SEC in S-K 1300 as that part of a mineral deposit, which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination. In addition, we have not yet commenced the requisite drilling to establish a MRE for antimony or other critical minerals at Estelle. There is a probability that our mineral property does not contain any “reserves” and any funds that we spend on exploration could be lost. Even if we do eventually discover mineral reserves on our property, there can be no assurance that it can be developed into producing mines to extract those minerals. Both mineral exploration and development involve a high degree of risk and few mineral properties which are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines.

The commercial viability of an established mineral deposit will depend on a number of factors including, by way of example, the size, grade and other attributes of the mineral deposit, the proximity of the mineral deposit to infrastructure such as a smelter, roads and a point for shipping, government regulation and market prices. Most of these factors will be beyond our control, and any of them could increase costs and make extraction of any identified mineral deposit unprofitable.

We have no history of producing metals from our current mineral property and there can be no assurance that we will successfully establish mining operations or profitably produce precious metals.

We have no history of producing metals from our current mineral property. At present we do not produce gold, antimony or other critical minerals and do not currently generate operating earnings. While we seek to move our projects into production, such efforts will be subject to all of the risks associated with establishing new mining operations and business enterprises, including:

The costs, timing and complexities of mine construction and development may be increased by the remote location of our property. It is common in new mining operations to experience unexpected problems and delays during construction, development and mine start-up. In addition, our management will need to be expanded. This could result in delays in the commencement of mineral production and increased costs of production. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that our activities will result in profitable mining operations or that we will successfully establish mining operations.

Any material changes in mineral resource/reserve estimates and grades of mineralization will affect the economic viability of placing a property into production and a property’s return on capital.

As we have not completed feasibility studies on any of our properties and have not commenced actual production, mineralization resource estimates may require adjustments or downward revisions. In addition, the grade of ore ultimately mined, if any, may differ from that indicated by our feasibility studies and drill results. Minerals recovered in small scale tests may not be duplicated in large scale tests under on-site conditions or in production scale.

The resource estimates that are contained in this annual report or that we may calculate in the future will have been determined based on assumed future prices, cut-off grades and operating costs that may prove to be inaccurate. Any material reductions in estimates of mineralization, or of our ability to extract this mineralization, could have a material adverse effect on our share price and the value of our property.

The profitability of our operations, and the cash flows generated by our operations, are affected by changes in the market price for gold and antimony, both of which in the past have fluctuated widely.

Substantially most of our revenues and cash flows will come from the sale of gold and potentially antimony if we enter into the production stage. Historically, the market prices for both gold and antimony have fluctuated widely and have been affected by numerous factors over which we have no control, including:

In addition, the current demand for, and supply of, gold affects the price of gold, but not necessarily in the same manner as current demand and supply affect the prices of other commodities. Historically, gold has tended to retain its value in relative terms against basic goods in times of inflation and monetary crisis. As a result, central banks, financial institutions, and individuals hold large amounts of gold as a store of value, and production in any given year constitutes a very small portion of the total potential supply of gold. Since the potential supply of gold is largely relative to mine production in any given year, normal variations in current production will not necessarily have a significant effect on the supply of gold or its price.

If gold and/or antimony prices should fall below and remain below our cost of production for any sustained period, we may experience losses and may be forced to curtail or suspend some or all of our mining operations. In addition, we would also have to assess the economic impact of low prices on our ability to recover any losses we may incur during that period and on our ability to maintain adequate reserves.

Our success depends on the exploration development and operation of the Estelle Project, an exploration stage project.

At present, our only mineral property is the interest that we hold in the Estelle Project, which is in the exploration stage. Unless we acquire or develop additional mineral properties, we will be solely dependent upon this property and our future success will be largely driven by our ability to explore and develop the Estelle Project successfully, including the results of such exploration and development efforts. If no additional mineral properties are acquired by us, any adverse development affecting our operations and further exploration or development of the Estelle Project may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We do not operate any mines and the development of our mineral project into a mine is highly speculative in nature, may be unsuccessful and may never result in the development of an operating mine.

The Estelle Project is at the exploration stage and is without identified mineral reserves. We do not have any interest in any mining operations or mines in development.

Mineral exploration and mine development are highly speculative in nature, involve many uncertainties and risks and are frequently unsuccessful. Mineral exploration is performed to demonstrate the dimensions, position and mineral characteristics of mineral deposits, estimate mineral resources, assess amenability of the deposit to mining and processing scenarios and estimate potential deposit size. Once mineralization is discovered, it may take a number of years from the initial exploration phases before mineral development and production is possible, during which time the potential feasibility of the project may change adversely.

Mineralization may not be economic to mine. A significant number of years, several studies, and substantial expenditures are typically required to establish economic mineralization in the form of proven mineral reserves and Probable Mineral Reserves, to determine processes to extract the metals and, if required, to construct mining, processing, and tailing facilities and obtain the rights to the land and the resources (including capital) required to develop the mining operation.

In addition, if we discover mineralization that becomes a mineral reserve, it will take several years to a decade or more from the initial phases of exploration until production is possible. During this time, the economic feasibility of production may change. As a result of these uncertainties, we may not be able to successfully develop a commercially viable producing mine.

In addition, whether developing a producing mine is economically feasible will depend upon numerous additional factors, most of which are beyond our control, including the availability and cost of required development capital and labor, movement in the price of commodities, securing and maintaining title to mineral and other property rights as well as obtaining all necessary consents, permits and approvals for the development of the mine. The economic feasibility of development projects is based upon many factors, including the accuracy of mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates; metallurgical recoveries; capital and operating costs; government regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, land use, importing and exporting and environmental protection; and metal prices, which are highly volatile. Development projects are also subject to the successful completion of feasibility studies, issuance of necessary governmental permits and availability of adequate financing. Any of these factors may result in us being unable to successfully develop a commercially viable operating mine.

Resource exploration and development is a high risk, speculative business.

While the discovery of an ore body may result in substantial rewards, few mineral properties which are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Most exploration projects do not result in the discovery of commercially mineable deposits. Resource exploration and development is a speculative business, characterized by a number of significant risks including, among other things, unprofitable efforts resulting not only from the failure to discover mineral deposits but also from finding mineral deposits that, though present, are insufficient in quantity or quality to return a profit from production. The marketability of minerals acquired or discovered by us may be affected by numerous factors which are beyond our control and which cannot be accurately predicted, such as market fluctuations, the proximity and capacity of milling facilities, mineral markets and processing equipment, and such other factors as government regulations, including regulations relating to allowable production, importing and exporting of minerals, and environmental protection, the combination of which factors may result in our not receiving an adequate return of investment capital.

There is no assurance that our mineral exploration and development activities will result in any discoveries of commercial bodies of ore. The long-term profitability of our operations will in part be directly related to the costs and success of our exploration programs, which may be affected by a number of factors. Substantial expenditures are required to establish reserves through drilling and to develop the mining and processing facilities and infrastructure at any site chosen for mining. Although substantial benefits may be derived from the discovery of a major mineralized deposit, no assurance can be given that minerals will be discovered in sufficient quantities to justify commercial operations or that funds required for development can be obtained on a timely basis.

Additionally, significant capital investment is required to discover commercial ore and to commercialize production from successful exploration effort and maintain mineral concessions and other rights through payment of applicable taxes, advance royalties and other fees. The commercial viability of a mineral deposit is dependent on a number of factors, including, among others: (i) deposit attributes such as size, grade and proximity to infrastructure; (ii) current and future metal prices; and (iii) governmental regulations, including those relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, land use, importing and exporting of minerals and necessary supplies and environmental protection. The complete impact of these factors, either alone or in combination, cannot be entirely predicted and their impact may result in our not achieving an adequate return on invested capital.

There is no certainty that the expenditures made by us towards the search for and evaluation of mineral deposits will result in discoveries of commercial quantities of ore.

Mineral resource estimates are based on interpretation and assumptions and could be inaccurate or yield less mineral production under actual conditions than is currently estimated. Any material changes in these estimates could affect the economic viability of the Estelle Project, our financial condition and ability to be profitable.

The estimates for mineral resources contained herein are estimates only and no assurance can be given that the anticipated tonnages and grades will be achieved. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating mineral resources, including many factors beyond our control. Such estimation is a subjective process, and the accuracy of any mineral resource estimate is a function of the quantity and quality of available data and of the assumptions made and judgments used in engineering and geological interpretation. In addition, there can be no assurance that gold recoveries in small scale laboratory tests will be duplicated in larger scale tests under on-site conditions or during production, if any. If our actual mineral resources are less than current estimates or if we fail to develop our mineral resource base through the realization of identified mineralized potential, our results of operations or financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. Evaluation of mineral resources occurs from time to time, and they may change depending on further geological interpretation, drilling results and metal prices. The category of inferred mineral resource is often the least reliable mineral resource category and is subject to the most variability. We regularly evaluate our mineral resources and consider the merits of increasing the reliability of its overall mineral resources.

We may not be able to obtain all required permits and licenses to place any of our properties into future production.

We may not be able to obtain all required permits and licenses to place any of our properties into production. Our future operations may require permits from various governmental authorities and will be governed by laws and regulations governing prospecting, development, mining, production, export, taxes, labor standards, occupational health, waste disposal, land use, environmental protections, mine safety and other matters. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to obtain all necessary licenses, permits and approvals that may be required to undertake exploration activity or commence construction or operation of mine facilities at the Estelle Project. Additionally, there can be no assurance that all permits and licenses we may require for future exploration or possible future development will be obtainable at all or on reasonable terms.

Mining and exploration activities are also subject to various laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. Although we believe that our exploration activities are currently carried out in accordance with all of the applicable rules and regulations, no assurance can be given that new rules and regulations will not be enacted or that existing rules and regulations will not be applied in a manner that could limit or curtail the production or development of the Estelle Project. Amendments to current laws and regulations governing our operations and activities or a more stringent implementation thereof could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions thereunder, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, the installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions. Parties engaged in mining operations may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage by reason of mining activities and may be subject to civil or criminal fines or penalties for violations of applicable laws or regulations.

Amendments to current laws, regulations and permits governing operations and activities of mining companies, or a more stringent implementation thereof, could have a material adverse impact on us and cause increases in exploration expenses, capital expenditures or production costs, reduction in the levels of production at producing properties, or abandonment or delays in development of new mining properties.

We may to fail to adhere to annual claims renewal and rents submissions

We need to adhere to annual claims renewal and rents as per AS 27.10.160. Affidavit of Labor or Improvements. Within 90 days after September 1 of each year the owner of a mining claim, or some other person having knowledge of the facts, shall make and record with the recorder for the district in which the claim is located an affidavit showing the performance of labor or the making of improvements.

We have negative cash flows from operating activities.

We had negative cash flow from operating activities in the period from our incorporation until the date of this annual report. We have used a portion of the proceeds of our public offerings to fund anticipated negative cash flow from operating activities in future periods. Given that we have no operating revenues, and do not anticipate generating operating revenues for the foreseeable future, we expect that expenditures to fund operating activities will be provided by financings. There is no assurance that future financings can be completed on acceptable terms or at all, and our failure to raise capital when needed could limit our ability to continue our operations in the future.

We have no history of earnings or mineral production, and there are currently no known commercial quantities of mineral reserves on the Estelle Project.

We have no history of earnings or mineral production and may never engage in mineral production. There are currently no known commercial quantities of mineral reserves on the Estelle Project. Development of the Estelle Project and any other projects we may acquire in the future will only follow upon obtaining satisfactory results of further exploration work and geological and other studies. Exploration and the development of natural resources involve a high degree of risk and few properties which are explored are ultimately developed into producing properties. There is no assurance that our exploration and development activities will result in any discoveries of commercial bodies of ore. The long-term profitability of our operations will be in part directly related to the cost and success of our exploration programs, which may be affected by a number of factors. Even if commercial quantities of minerals are discovered, the Estelle Project may not be brought into a state of commercial production. The commercial viability of a mineral deposit once discovered is also dependent on various factors, including particulars of the deposit itself, proximity to infrastructure, metal prices, and availability of power and water to permit development.

Further, we are subject to many risks common to mineral exploration companies, including under-capitalization, cash shortages, limitations with respect to personnel, financial and other resources and the lack of revenues. There is no assurance we will be successful in achieving a return on stockholder’s investment and the likelihood of success must be considered in light of its early-stage operations.

We will require additional financing to fund exploration and, if warranted, development and production. Failure to obtain additional financing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and could cast uncertainty on our ability to continue our operations in the future.

We have no history of earnings, and, due to the nature of our business, there can be no assurance that we will be profitable. We have paid no dividends on our ordinary shares, ADSs or any of our other securities since incorporation and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future.

Even if the results of exploration are encouraging, we may not have sufficient funds to conduct the further exploration that may be necessary to determine whether or not a commercially minable deposit exists on any portion of the Estelle Project. While we may generate additional working capital through further equity offerings, there is no assurance that any such funds will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If available, future equity financing may result in substantial dilution to stockholders. At present it is impossible to determine what amounts of additional funds, if any, may be required.

We will require grants from the U.S. Department of Defense to fast-track our strategy to develop a stand-alone antimony- gold starter mine. Failure to obtain such grants could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

One of our potential growth strategies is the development of a stand-alone antimony-gold starter mine. We believe that with China announcing export restrictions on antimony, and the desire for the U.S. to establish a domestic supply chain for the critical mineral, there is an opportunity to receive support from the U.S. Department of Defense to fast track the Stibium gold-antimony prospect. Development of this project could provide a pathway for early cashflow which could provide necessary funding for our “Expanded Project” growth strategy. However, currently we do not have a defined mineral resource for antimony on our project and this strategy will be dependent upon our receipt of grants from the U.S. Department of Defense. Failure to define an antimony resource and/or to obtain such grants will require us to forego this growth strategy which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The development of the Estelle Project or any other projects we may acquire in the future into an operating mine will be subject to all of the risks associated with establishing and operating new mining operations.

If the development of the Estelle Project or any other projects we may acquire in the future is found to be economically feasible and we seek to develop an operating mine, the development of such a mine will require obtaining permits and financing the construction and operation of the mine itself, processing plants and related infrastructure. As a result, we will be subject to certain risks associated with establishing new mining operations, including:

In addition, we may find that the costs, timing and complexities of developing the Estelle Project or any other future projects to be greater than we anticipated. Cost estimates may increase significantly as more detailed engineering work is completed on a project. It is common in mining operations to experience unexpected costs, problems and delays during construction, development and mine start-up. Accordingly, our activities may not result in profitable mining operations at our mineral properties.

Our growth strategy and future exploration and development efforts may be unsuccessful.

In order to grow our business and pursue our long-term growth strategy, we may seek to acquire additional mineral interests or merge with or invest in new companies or opportunities. A failure to make acquisitions or investments may limit our growth. In pursuing acquisition and investment opportunities, we face competition from other companies having similar growth and investment strategies, many of which may have substantially greater resources than us. Competition for these acquisitions or investment targets could result in increased acquisition or investment prices, higher risks and a diminished pool of businesses, services or products available for acquisition or investment. Additionally, if we lose or abandon our interest in any of our mineral projects, there is no assurance that we will be able to acquire another mineral property of merit or that such an acquisition would be approved by applicable regulators.

We may issue additional ADSs representing ordinary shares or ordinary shares, from time to time for various reasons, resulting in the potential for significant dilution to existing stockholders.

Additional ADSs representing ordinary shares or ordinary shares may be issued, from time to time, for various reasons, including, but not limited to, for the purposes of raising capital (including to fund exploration and development work) or acquiring additional interests. Additional ADSs or ordinary shares may be issued pursuant to equity incentive plans from time to time. These further issuances of the ADSs or ordinary shares may have a depressive effect on the price of the ADSs and ordinary shares and will dilute the voting power of our existing stockholders and the potential value of each ADS or ordinary share.

We may face pressure to demonstrate that, in addition to seeking to generate returns for our shareholders, other stakeholders benefit from our activities.

Natural resources companies face increasing public scrutiny of their activities. We may face pressure to demonstrate that, in addition to seeking to generate returns for our shareholders, other stakeholders benefit from our activities, including local governments and the communities surrounding or nearby its properties. The potential consequences of these pressures include reputational damages, lawsuits, increasing social investment obligations and pressure to increase taxes, future royalties or other contributions to local governments and surrounding communities. These pressures may also impair our ability to successfully obtain permits and approvals required for our operations.

Our mineral exploration activities are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing prospecting, exploration, development, production, taxes, labor standards and occupational health, mine safety, toxic substances, land use, waste disposal, water use, land claims of local people, protection of historic and archaeological sites, mine development, protection of endangered and protected species and other matters.

Government and community/stakeholder approvals may be required in connection with our operations. To the extent such approvals are required and not obtained, we may be curtailed or prohibited from continuing our exploration or mining operations or from proceeding with planned exploration or development of mineral properties.

Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions thereunder, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions. Parties engaged in mining operations or in the exploration or development of mineral properties may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage by reason of the mining activities and may have civil or criminal fines or penalties imposed for violations of applicable laws or regulations.

Our mineral exploration activities may be adversely affected in varying degrees by changing government regulations relating to the mining industry or shifts in political conditions that increase royalties payable or the costs related to our activities or maintaining the Estelle Project. Operations may also be affected in varying degrees by government regulations with respect to restrictions on production, price controls, government-imposed royalties, claim fees, export controls, income taxes, and expropriation of property, environmental legislation, and mine safety. The effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted.

Legislation has been proposed that would significantly affect the mining industry and our business.

In recent years, members of the United States Congress have repeatedly introduced bills which would supplant or alter the provisions of the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (the “U.S. General Mining Law”). If adopted, such legislation, among other things, could eliminate or greatly limit the right to a mineral patent, impose federal royalties on mineral production from unpatented mining claims located on U.S. federal lands, result in the denial of permits to mine after the expenditure of significant funds for exploration and development, reduce estimates of mineral reserves and reduce the amount of future exploration and development activity on U.S. federal lands, all of which could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to operate and its cash flow, results of operations and financial condition.

Our activities are subject to environmental laws and regulations that may increase our costs of doing business and restrict our operations.

Our activities are subject to environmental regulations in the jurisdiction in which we operate. Environmental legislation generally provides for restrictions and prohibitions on spills, releases or emissions into the air, discharges into water, management of waste, management of hazardous substances, protection of natural resources, antiquities and endangered species and reclamation of lands disturbed by mining operations. Certain types of operations require the submission and approval of environmental impact assessments. Environmental legislation is evolving in a manner involving stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations and future changes in these laws and regulations may require significant capital outlays, cause material changes or delays in our current and planned operations and future activities and reduce the profitability of operations. It is possible that future changes in these laws or regulations could have a significant adverse impact on the Estelle Project or some portion of our business, causing us to re-evaluate those activities at that time.

Examples of current U.S. federal laws which may affect our current operations and may impact future business and operations include, but are not limited to, the following:

The Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), and comparable state statutes, impose strict, joint and several liability on current and former owners and operators of sites and on persons who disposed of or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances found at such sites. It is not uncommon for the government to file claims requiring cleanup actions, demands for reimbursement for government-incurred cleanup costs, or natural resource damages, or for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by hazardous substances released into the environment. The U.S. General Mining Law, and comparable state statutes, govern the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste and authorize the imposition of substantial fines and penalties for noncompliance, as well as requirements for corrective actions. CERCLA, RCRA and comparable state statutes can impose liability for clean-up of sites and disposal of substances found on exploration, mining and processing sites long after activities on such sites have been completed.

The Clean Air Act (“CAA”) restricts the emission of air pollutants from many sources, including mining and processing activities. Our mining operations may produce air emissions, including fugitive dust and other air pollutants from stationary equipment, storage facilities and the use of mobile sources such as trucks and heavy construction equipment, which are subject to review, monitoring or control requirements under the CAA and state air quality laws. New facilities may be required to obtain permits before work can begin, and existing facilities may be required to incur capital costs in order to remain in compliance. In addition, permitting rules may impose limitations on our production levels or result in additional capital expenditures in order to comply with the regulations. 

The National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) requires federal agencies to integrate environmental considerations into their decision-making processes by evaluating the environmental impacts of their proposed actions, including issuance of permits to mining facilities, and assessing alternatives to those actions. If a proposed action could significantly affect the environment, the agency must prepare a detailed statement known as an Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), other federal agencies, and any interested third parties will review and comment on the scoping of the EIS and the adequacy of and findings set forth in the draft and final EIS. We are required to undertake the NEPA process for the Estelle Project permitting. The NEPA process can cause delays in issuance of required permits or result in changes to a project to mitigate its potential environmental impacts, which can in turn impact the economic feasibility of a proposed project or the ability to construct or operate the Estelle Project or other properties and may make them entirely uneconomic.

The Clean Water Act (“CWA”), and comparable state statutes, impose restrictions and controls on the discharge of pollutants into waters of the United States. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or an analogous state agency. The CWA regulates storm water mining facilities and requires a storm water discharge permit for certain activities. Such a permit requires the regulated facility to monitor and sample storm water run-off from its operations. The CWA and regulations implemented thereunder also prohibit discharges of dredged and fill material in wetlands and other waters of the United States unless authorized by an appropriately issued permit. The CWA and comparable state statutes provide for civil, criminal and administrative penalties for unauthorized discharges of pollutants and impose liability on parties responsible for those discharges for the costs of cleaning up any environmental damage caused by the release and for natural resource damages resulting from the release.

The Safe Drinking Water Act (“SDWA”) and the Underground Injection Control (“UIC”) program promulgated thereunder, regulate the drilling and operation of subsurface injection wells. The EPA directly administers the UIC program in some states and in others the responsibility for the program has been delegated to the state. The program requires that a permit be obtained before drilling a disposal or injection well. Violation of these regulations or contamination of groundwater by mining related activities may result in fines, penalties, and remediation costs, among other sanctions and liabilities under the SDWA and state laws. In addition, third party claims may be filed by landowners and other parties claiming damages for alternative water supplies, property damages, and bodily injury.

We may be unsuccessful in obtaining necessary permits to explore, develop or mine the Estelle Project in a timely manner or at all.

The State of Alaska requires that an Application for Permit to Mine in Alaska (“APMA”) be submitted to obtain permits for all exploration, mining, or transportation of equipment and maintaining a camp. These permits are reviewed by related state and federal agencies that can comment on and require specific changes to proposed work plans to minimize impacts on the environment. The project currently holds the following authorizations and permits under the Alaska Permit for Mining Activities (APMA) system which are valid through 2027, except as set forth below:

Any failure to obtain permits and other governmental approvals could delay or prevent us from completing contemplated activities as planned which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Mining and project development is inherently risky and subject to conditions or events some of which are beyond our control, and which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our activities related to the exploration and development of the Estelle Project and any other projects we may acquire in the future are subject to hazards and risks inherent in the mining industry. These risks include, but are not limited to, rock falls, rock bursts, collapses, seismic activity, flooding, environmental pollution, mechanical equipment failure, facility performance issues, and periodic disruption due to inclement or hazardous weather conditions. Such risks could result in personal injury or fatality, damage to equipment or infrastructure, environmental damage, delays, suspensions or permanent cessation of activities, monetary losses and possible legal liability.

Our mining, processing, development and exploration activities depend on adequate infrastructure. Mining, processing, development and exploration activities depend, to one degree or another, on adequate infrastructure. Reliable roads, bridges, power sources and water supply are important determinants that affect capital and operating costs. Unusual or infrequent weather phenomena, sabotage and government or other interference in the maintenance or provision of such infrastructure could adversely affect our operations, financial condition and results of operations.

The validity of our title to the Estelle Project and future mineral properties may be disputed by others claiming title to all or part of such properties.

The acquisition of title to mineral properties is a very detailed and time-consuming process. Title to, and the area of mineral concessions may be disputed. Although we believe we have taken reasonable measures to ensure proper title to our interests in our properties, there is no guarantee that title to any such properties will not be challenged or impaired. Third parties may have valid claims underlying portions of our interests, including prior unregistered liens, agreements, transfers or claims and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. In addition, we may be unable to operate on such properties as permitted or to enforce its rights with respect to such properties.

We may in the future enter into transactions with related parties and such transactions present possible conflicts of interest.

We may in the future enter into transactions with related parties and such transactions present possible conflicts of interest. Related parties may have interests in such transactions that do not align with the interests of our security holders. There can be no assurance that we may have been able to achieve more favorable terms, including as to value and other key terms, if such transaction had not been with a related party.

We may in the future enter into transactions with entities in which our board of directors and other related parties hold ownership interests. Material transactions with related parties, if any, will be reviewed and approved by our audit committee, which is comprised solely of independent directors. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that any such transactions will result in terms that are more favorable to us than if such transactions are not entered into with related parties. Furthermore, we may achieve more favorable terms if such transactions had not been entered into with related parties and, in such case, these transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

We face various risks related to health epidemics, pandemics or other health crises, which may have material adverse effects on our business, financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows.

An outbreak of epidemics, pandemics or other health crises, such as COVID-19 and the subsequent response by government and private actors to such health crises could result in a materially adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition. As at the date of the date hereof, the COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to control its spread is no longer a global threat. Emergency measures imposed by governments on businesses and individuals, including quarantines, travel restrictions, social-distancing, closures of non-essential businesses and shelter-in-place orders, among other measures, have impacted and may further impact our workforce and operations.

The health epidemics such as the recently passed COVID-19 pandemic may lead to risks to employee health and safety and may result in a slowdown or temporary suspension of any exploration activities at the Estelle Project. Our conduct of exploration and development programs may be impacted or delayed due to limitation on employee mobility, travel restrictions and shelter-in-place orders, which may restrict or prevent our ability to access its mineral properties. Any such limitations, restrictions and orders may have a material adverse effect upon ongoing exploration programs at our mineral properties and, ultimately, on our business and financial condition.

While these effects are expected to be temporary, the duration of the disruptions to business internationally and the related financial impact cannot be estimated with any degree of certainty at this time. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to rapidly evolve and the extent to which it may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our plans relating to exploration expenditures and other discretionary items, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused, and may cause further, disruptions to our business and operational plans. Such disruptions may result from: (i) restrictions that governments and communities impose to address the COVID-19 outbreak; (ii) restrictions that we and our contractors and subcontractors impose to ensure the safety of employees and others; (iii) shortages of employees and/or unavailability of contractors and subcontractors; and/or (iv) interruption of supplies from third parties upon which the Company relies. Further, it is presently not possible to predict the extent or durations of these disruptions. These disruptions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, which could be rapid and unexpected.

Increasing attention to ESG matters and conservation measures may adversely impact our business.

Increasing attention to, and societal expectations on companies to address, climate change and other environmental and social impacts and investor and societal expectations regarding voluntary ESG disclosures may result in increased costs and reduced access to capital. While we may announce various voluntary ESG targets in the future, such targets are aspirational. Also, we may not be able to meet such targets in the manner or on such a timeline as initially contemplated, including, but not limited to, as a result of unforeseen costs or technical difficulties associated with achieving such results.

In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Unfavorable ESG ratings could lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward us and could impact our access to and costs of capital. Additionally, to the extent ESG matters negatively impact our reputation, we may not be able to compete as effectively to recruit or retain employees, which may adversely impact our business. Increased focus by stakeholders, regulators and others on ESG related matters may result in increased permitting requirements and delays in the future. Additionally, we may become subject to misinformation campaigns related to ESG and other matters which may require substantial management time and expense to address and could negatively impact community sentiment regarding the applicable project or delay expected development timelines.

We rely on third-party contractors.

As we continue with the exploration and advancement of the Estelle Project and any other projects we may acquire in the future, timely and cost-effective completion of work will depend largely on the performance of our contractors. If any of these contractors or consultants do not perform to accepted or expected standards, we may be required to hire different contractors to complete tasks, which may impact schedules and add costs to the Estelle Project and any other projects we may acquire in the future, and in some cases, lead to significant risks and losses. A major contractor default or the failure to properly manage contractor performance could have an adverse effect on our results. 

We rely on information technology systems and any inadequacy, failure, interruption or security breaches of those systems may harm our reputation and ability to effectively operate our business.

Our operations depend on information technology (“IT”) systems. These IT systems could be subject to network disruptions caused by a variety of sources, including computer viruses, security breaches and cyber-attacks, as well as disruptions resulting from incidents such as cable cuts, damage to physical plants, natural disasters, terrorism, fire, power loss, vandalism and theft. Our operations also depend on the timely maintenance, upgrade and replacement of networks, equipment, IT systems and software, as well as pre-emptive expenses to mitigate the risks of failures. Any of these and other events could result in IT system failures, delays and/or increase in capital expenses. The failure of IT systems or a component of information systems could, depending on the nature of any such failure, adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.

Although to date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that we will not incur such losses in the future. Our risk and exposure to these matters cannot be fully mitigated because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats. As a result, cyber security and the continued development and enhancement of controls, processes and practices designed to protect systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a priority. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance protective measures or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities.

Global financial markets can have a profound impact on the global economy in general and on the mining industry in particular.

Many industries, including the precious metals mining industry, are impacted by volatile market conditions. Global financial conditions remain subject to sudden and rapid destabilization in response to economic shocks. A slowdown in the financial markets or other economic conditions, including but not limited to consumer spending, employment rates, business conditions, inflation, fluctuations in fuel and energy costs, consumer debt levels, lack of available credit, the state of financial markets, interest rates and tax rates may adversely affect our growth and financial condition. Any sudden or rapid destabilization of global economic conditions could impact our ability to obtain equity or debt financing in the future on favorable terms or at all. In such an event, our operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The volatility in gold and other commodity prices may adversely affect any future operations and, if warranted, our ability to develop our properties.

We are exposed to commodity price risk. The price of gold or other commodities fluctuates widely and may be affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including, but not limited to, the sale or purchase of commodities by various central banks and financial institutions, interest rates, exchange rates, inflation or deflation, global and regional supply and demand, and political and economic climates and conditions of major mineral-producing countries around the world.

Declines in the market price of gold, base metals and other minerals may adversely affect our ability to raise capital or attract joint venture partners in order to fund our ongoing operations and meet obligations under option and other agreements underlying our mineral interests. Commodity price declines could also reduce the amount we would receive on the disposition of the Estelle Project to a third party. In addition, the decision to put a mine into production and to commit the funds necessary for that purpose must be made long before the first revenue from production would be received. A decrease in the price of gold may prevent a property from being economically mined or result in the write-off of assets whose value is impaired as a result of lower gold prices.

The mining industry is intensely competitive in all of its phases, and we compete with many companies possessing greater financial and technical resources.

The mining industry is intensely competitive in all of its phases, and we compete with many companies possessing greater financial and technical resources. Competition in the precious metals mining industry is primarily for: (i) mineral rich properties that can be developed and produced economically; (ii) technical expertise to find, develop, and operate such properties; (iii) labor to operate the properties; and capital for the purpose of funding such properties. Many competitors not only explore for and mine precious metals but conduct refining and marketing operations on a global basis. Such competition may result in being unable to acquire desired properties, to recruit or retain qualified employees or to acquire the capital necessary to fund its operations and develop mining properties. Existing or future competition in the mining industry could materially adversely affect our prospects for mineral exploration and success in the future.

We may be adversely affected by the effects of inflation.

Although inflation in the United States has been relatively low in recent years, it rose significantly beginning in the second half of 2021. This is primarily believed to be the result of the economic impact from global armed conflict and the COVID-19 pandemic, including the effects of global supply chain disruptions, strong economic recovery and associated widespread demands for goods and government stimulus packages, among other factors. The existence of inflation in the economy has resulted in, and may continue to result in, higher interest rates and capital costs, shipping costs, supply shortages, increased costs of labor, weakening exchange rates, and other similar effects. Our ability to conduct exploration of the Estelle Project is dependent on the acquisition of goods and services at a reasonable cost, such as drilling equipment and skilled labor, assay laboratory testing in a timeframe that allows us to execute on follow-up exploration phases expeditiously, and aircraft (fixed wing and helicopter) charter service availability to mobilize labor, position equipment and supply exploration campaigns. If we are unable to take effective measures in a timely manner to mitigate the impact of the inflation, the scope of our exploration of the Estelle Project may decrease and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Changes to United States tariff and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The United States has recently enacted and proposed to enact significant new tariffs. Additionally, President Trump has directed various federal agencies to further evaluate key aspects of U.S. trade policy and there has been ongoing discussion and commentary regarding potential significant changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties and tariffs. There continues to exist significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.S. and other countries with respect to such trade policies, treaties and tariffs. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the U.S. Any of these factors could depress economic activity and restrict our access to suppliers or customers and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations,

We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruptions, which have been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability due to the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

United States and other global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the start of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. On February 24, 2022, a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops was reported. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflict is highly unpredictable, the conflict in Ukraine could lead to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. In addition, Russian military actions and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially making it more difficult for us to obtain additional funds.

Any of the above-mentioned factors could affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this annual report. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, the price of securities may be adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, the price of securities may be adversely affected.

We may fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls over financial reporting as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, and we cannot ensure that we will conclude on an ongoing basis that it has effective internal controls over financial reporting. Our failure to satisfy the requirements of applicable legislation on an ongoing, timely basis could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of its financial statements, which in turn could harm our business and negatively impact the trading price and market value of its shares or other securities. In addition, any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our operating results or cause it to fail to meet its reporting obligations.

We may fail to maintain the adequacy of its disclosure controls. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed with securities regulatory agencies is recorded, processed, summarized and reported on a timely basis and is accumulated and communicated to our management, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

No evaluation can provide complete assurance that our financial and disclosure controls will detect or uncover all failures of persons within the company to disclose material information otherwise required to be reported. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance with respect to the reliability of financial reporting and financial statement preparation. The effectiveness of our controls and procedures could also be limited by simple errors or faulty judgements.

Our results of operations could be affected by currency fluctuations.

We maintain accounts in currencies including the United States dollars and Australian dollars. We conduct our business using both the aforementioned currencies depending on the location of the operations in question and the payment obligations involved. Accordingly, the results of our operations are subject to currency exchange risks. To date, we have not engaged in any formal hedging program to mitigate these risks. The fluctuations in currency exchange rates may significantly impact our financial position and results of operations in the future.

We are dependent on key personnel and the absence of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business. We may experience difficulty attracting and retaining qualified personnel.

Our success is or will be dependent on a relatively small number of key management personnel, employees and consultants. Such skills and knowledge include the areas of permitting, geology, drilling, metallurgy, logistical planning, engineering and implementation of exploration programs, as well as finance and accounting. The loss of the services of one or more of such key management personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our ability to manage our exploration and future development activities, and hence our success, will depend in large part on the efforts of these individuals. We face intense competition for qualified personnel, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to attract and retain such personnel.

Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities and have a negative impact on our reputation or business.

From time to time, we may be party to various claims and litigation proceedings. All industries, including the mining industry, are subject to legal claims, with and without merit. Defense and settlement costs of legal claims can be substantial, even with respect to claims that have no merit. Due to the inherent uncertainty of the litigation process, the resolution of any particular legal proceeding to which we may become subject could have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or our mining, project development operations and may divert our management’s attention.

Certain of our directors and officers also serve as directors and officers of other companies involved in natural resource exploration and development, which may cause them to have conflicts of interest.

Certain of our directors and officers also serve as directors and/or officers of other companies involved in natural resource exploration and development and, consequently, there exists the possibility for such directors and officers to be in a position of conflict.

We expect that any decision made by any of such directors and officers involving our business will be made in accordance with their duties and obligations to deal fairly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the company and our stockholders, but there can be no assurance in this regard.

There will be significant hazards associated with our mining activities, some of which may not be fully covered by insurance. To the extent we must pay the costs associated with such risks, our business may be negatively affected.

In the course of exploration, development and production of mineral properties, certain risks, and in particular, unexpected or unusual geological operating conditions including rock bursts, cave-ins, fires, flooding and earthquakes may occur. Such occurrences could result in damage to mineral properties or facilities thereon, personal injury or death, environmental damage to our properties or the properties of others, delays in mining, monetary losses and possible legal liability.

Although we maintain insurance to protect against certain risks in such amounts as we consider being reasonable, our insurance will not cover all of the potential risks associated with our operations. We may also be unable to maintain insurance to cover certain risks at economically feasible premiums. In addition, insurance coverage may not continue to be available or may not be adequate to cover any resulting liability. Should such liabilities arise, they could reduce or eliminate any future profitability and result in increasing costs and a decline in the value of our securities.

Moreover, insurance against risks such as environmental pollution or other hazards as a result of exploration and production is not generally available to companies in the mining industry on acceptable terms. As a result, we may become subject to liability for pollution or other hazards that may not be insured against. Losses from these events may cause us to incur significant costs that could have a material adverse effect upon our financial performance and results of operations.

Capital and operating cost estimates made in respect of our current and future development projects and mines may not prove to be accurate.

Capital and operating cost estimates made in respect of our current and future development projects and mines may not prove to be accurate. Capital and operating costs are estimated based on the interpretation of geological data, feasibility studies, anticipated climatic conditions and other factors. Any of the following events, among the other events and uncertainties described herein, could affect the ultimate accuracy of such estimates: (i) unanticipated changes in grade and tonnage of ore to be mined and processed; (ii) incorrect data on which engineering assumptions are made; (iii) delay in construction schedules and unanticipated transportation costs; (iv) the accuracy of major equipment and construction cost estimates; (v) labor negotiations; (vi) changes in government regulation (including regulations regarding prices, cost of consumables, royalties, duties, taxes, permitting and restrictions on production quotas on exportation of minerals); and (vii) title claims.

Joint ventures and other partnerships may expose us to risks.

We may enter into joint ventures or partnership arrangements with other parties in relation to the exploration, development and production of the property in which we have an interest. Joint ventures can often require unanimous approval of the parties to the joint venture or their representatives for certain fundamental decisions such as an increase or reduction of registered capital, merger, division, dissolution, amendments of constating documents, and the pledge of joint venture assets, which means that each joint venture party may have a veto right with respect to such decisions which could lead to a deadlock in the operations of the joint venture. Further, we may be unable to exert control over strategic decisions made in respect of such properties. Any failure of such other companies to meet their obligations to us or to third parties, or any disputes with respect to the parties’ respective rights and obligations, could have a material adverse effect on the joint ventures or the property and therefore could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial performance, cash flows and the price of the ADSs.

Failure to comply with federal, state and/or local laws and regulations could adversely affect our business.

Our mining operations are subject to various laws and regulations governing exploration, development, production, taxes, labor standards and occupational health, mine safety, protection of endangered and protected species, toxic substances and explosives use, reclamation, exports, price controls, waste disposal and use, water use, forestry, land claims of local people, and other matters. This includes periodic review and inspection of our property that may be conducted by applicable regulatory authorities.

Although the exploration activities on our property have been and, we expect, will continue to be carried out in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations, there is no guarantee that new laws and regulations will not be enacted or that existing laws and regulations will not be applied in a way which could limit or curtail exploration or in the future, production. New laws and regulations or amendments to current laws and regulations governing the operations and activities of mining or more stringent implementation of existing laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on us and cause increases in capital expenditures costs, or reduction in levels of exploration, development and/or production.

Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, even if inadvertent, may result in enforcement actions thereunder, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment or remedial actions. We may also be required to reimburse any parties affected by loss or damage caused by our mining activities and may have civil or criminal fines and/or penalties imposed against us for infringement of applicable laws or regulations.

We may pursue opportunities to acquire complementary businesses, which could dilute our shareholders’ ownership interests, incur expenditure and have uncertain returns.

We may seek to expand through future acquisitions of either companies or properties, however, there can be no assurance that we will locate attractive acquisition candidates, or that we will be able to acquire such candidates on economically acceptable terms, if at all, or that we will not be restricted from completing acquisitions pursuant to contractual arrangements. Future acquisitions may require us to expend significant amounts of cash, resulting in our inability to use these funds for other business or may involve significant issuances of equity. Future acquisitions may also require substantial management time commitments, and the negotiation of potential acquisitions and the integration of acquired operations could disrupt our business by diverting management and employees’ attention away from day-to-day operations. The difficulties of integration may be increased by the necessity of coordinating geographically diverse organizations, integrating personnel with disparate backgrounds and combining different corporate cultures.

Any future acquisition involves potential risks, including, among other things: (i) mistaken assumptions and incorrect expectations about mineral properties, mineral resources and costs; (ii) an inability to successfully integrate any operation our company acquires; (iii) an inability to recruit, hire, train or retain qualified personnel to manage and operate the operations acquired; (iv) the assumption of unknown liabilities; (v) limitations on rights to indemnity from the seller; (vi) mistaken assumptions about the overall cost of equity or debt; (vii) unforeseen difficulties operating acquired projects, which may be in geographic areas new to us; and (viii) the loss of key employees and/or key relationships at the acquired project.

At times, future acquisition candidates may have liabilities or adverse operating issues that we may fail to discover through due diligence prior to the acquisition. If we consummate any future acquisitions with unanticipated liabilities or that fails to meet expectations, our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition may be materially adversely affected. The potential impairment or complete write-off of goodwill and other intangible assets related to any such acquisition may reduce our overall earnings and could negatively affect our balance sheet.

We currently report our financial results under IFRS, which differs in certain significant respect from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We report our financial statements under IFRS. There have been and there may in the future be certain significant differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP, including differences related to revenue recognition, intangible assets, share-based compensation expense, income tax and earnings per share. As a result, our financial information and reported earnings for historical or future periods could be significantly different if they were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, we do not intend to provide a reconciliation between IFRS and U.S. GAAP unless it is required under applicable law. As a result, you may not be able to meaningfully compare our financial statements under IFRS with those companies that prepare financial statements under U.S. GAAP.

The obligations associated with being a U.S. public company require significant resources and management attention, and we will incur increased costs as a result of becoming a U.S. public company.

As a public company in both Australia and the U.S., we face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses that we have not incurred previously, and we will incur additional costs related to operating as a U.S. public company. As a U.S. public company, we are required to, among other things:

We have also had increased costs in procurring director and officer liability insurance since listing in the U.S.,

There can be no guarantee that our interests in our property are free from any title defects.

We have taken all reasonable steps to ensure that we have proper title to our property. However, there can be no guarantee that our interests in our property are free from any title defects, as title to mineral rights involves certain intrinsic risks due to the potential problems arising from the unclear conveyance history characteristic of many mining projects. There is also the risk that material contracts between us and relevant government authorities will be substantially modified to the detriment of us or be revoked. There can be no assurance that our rights and title interests will not be challenged or impugned by third parties.

Our mining operations are dependent on the adequate and timely supply of water, electricity or other power supply, chemicals and other critical supplies.

Our exploration programs are dependent on the adequate and timely supply of water, electricity or other power supply, chemicals and other critical supplies. If we are unable to obtain the requisite critical supplies in time and at commercially acceptable prices or if there are significant disruptions in the supply of electricity, water or other inputs to our mining sites, our business performance and results of operations may experience material adverse effects.

Land reclamation requirements may be burdensome.

Land reclamation requirements are generally imposed on companies with mining operations or mineral exploration companies in order to minimize long term effects of land disturbance. Reclamation may include requirements to control dispersion of potentially deleterious effluents or reasonably re-establish pre-disturbance landforms and vegetation. In order to carry out reclamation obligations imposed on us in connection with exploration, potential development and production activities, we must allocate financial resources that might otherwise be spent on exploration and development programs. If we are required to carry out unanticipated reclamation work, our financial position could be adversely affected.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and any decision on our part to comply with certain reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make the ADSs and/or warrants less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”), and, for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, not being required to comply with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer, not being required to comply with any new audit rules adopted by the PCAOB after April 5, 2012 unless the SEC determines otherwise, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of US$1.235 billion or more; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than US$1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer. We cannot predict if investors will find the ADSs less attractive if we choose to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find the ADSs less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for the ADSs and our share price may be more volatile. Further, as a result of these scaled regulatory requirements, our disclosure may be more limited than that of other public companies and you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of such companies.

Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We have opted for taking advantage of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act.

Foreign private issuers are also exempt from certain more stringent executive compensation disclosure rules. Thus, even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company but remain a foreign private issuer, we will continue to be exempt from the more stringent compensation disclosures required of companies that are not emerging growth companies and will continue to be permitted to follow our home country practice on such matters.

Risks Related to Ownership of the ADSs and the Warrants

The market price of the ADSs and the warrants may fluctuate, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price for the ADSs is likely to be volatile, in part because our securities have only been traded on a U.S. national securities exchange for a short period of time. In addition, the market price of the ADSs may fluctuate significantly in response to several factors, most of which we cannot control, including:

Volatility in the market price of the ADSs may prevent investors from being able to sell their ADSs at or above the price at which they originally purchased them. As a result, ADS holder may suffer a loss on their investment.

We may not be able to maintain a listing of the ADSs on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

The ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and we must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain such listing. If we violate Nasdaq Capital Market listing requirements, the ADSs may be delisted. If we fail to meet any of Nasdaq Capital Market’s listing standards, the ADSs may be delisted. In addition, our board of directors may determine that the cost of maintaining our listing on a U.S. national securities exchange outweighs the benefits of such listing. A delisting of the ADSs may materially impair our shareholders’ ability to buy and sell the ADSs and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, the ADSs. The delisting of the ADSs could significantly impair our ability to raise capital and the value of your investment.

Purchasers of ADSs will not directly hold our ordinary shares.

A holder of ADSs will not be treated as one of our shareholders and will not have direct shareholder rights. Our constitution and Australian law govern our shareholder rights. The depositary, through the custodian or the custodian’s nominee, will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying ADSs held by purchasers and/or holders of ADSs. Purchasers and/or holders of ADSs will have ADS holder rights. The deposit agreement among us, the depositary and purchasers and/or holders of ADSs, as an ADS holder, and all other persons directly and indirectly holding ADSs, sets out ADS holder rights, as well as the rights and obligations of us and the depositary.

Your right as a holder of ADSs to participate in any future preferential subscription rights offering or to elect to receive dividends in ordinary shares may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

The deposit agreement provides that the depositary will not make rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. If we offer holders of our ordinary shares the option to receive dividends in either cash or shares, under the deposit agreement the depositary may require satisfactory assurances from us that extending the offer to holders of ADSs does not require registration of any securities under the Securities Act before making the option available to holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, ADS holders may be unable to participate in our rights offerings or to elect to receive dividends in shares and may experience dilution in their holdings. In addition, if the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or reasonably practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case you will receive no value for these rights.

You may not be able to exercise your right to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs.

Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs only in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. The deposit agreement provides that, upon receipt of notice of any meeting of holders of our ordinary shares, the depositary will fix a record date for the determination of ADS holders who shall be entitled to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights. Upon timely receipt of notice from us, if we so request, the depositary shall distribute to the holders as of the record date (i) the notice of the meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy sent by us and (ii) a statement as to the manner in which instructions may be given by the holders.

You may instruct the depositary to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Otherwise, you will not be able to exercise your right to vote, unless you withdraw the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs you hold. However, you may not know about the meeting far enough in advance to withdraw those ordinary shares. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary, upon timely notice from us, will notify you of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you and will try to vote ordinary shares as you instruct. We cannot guarantee that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your ordinary shares or to withdraw your ordinary shares so that you can vote them yourself. If we do not ask for your instructions, you can still send voting instructions to the depository and the depository may try to carry out those instructions, but it is not required to do so.

You may be subject to limitations on the transfer of your ADSs and the withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of your ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary think it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law, government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason subject to your right to surrender your ADSs and receive the underlying ordinary shares. Temporary delays in the surrendering of your ADSs and receipt of the underlying ordinary shares may arise because the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books, the transfer of ordinary shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting or we are paying a dividend on our ordinary shares. In addition, you may not be able to surrender your ADSs and receive the underlying ordinary shares when you owe money for fees, taxes and similar charges and when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of ordinary shares or other deposited securities. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information.

Holders of ADSs are not treated as holders of our ordinary shares.

Holders of ADSs are not treated as holders of our ordinary shares, unless they surrender the ADSs to receive the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs in accordance with the deposit agreement and applicable laws and regulations. The depositary is the holder of the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs. Holders of ADSs therefore do not have any rights as holders of our ordinary shares, other than the rights that they have pursuant to the deposit agreement. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. We are also required to furnish on a Form 6-K, our interim balance sheet and income statement as of the end of our second fiscal quarter not later than six months following the end of our second fiscal quarter. In addition, we intend to publish our quarterly activities and cash flow report as posted on the ASX as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Capital Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq Capital Market corporate governance standards applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of the ADSs.

We are exempted from certain corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market by virtue of being a foreign private issuer. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow the governance practices of our home country in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. As a result, the standards applicable to us are considerably different than the standards applied to domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we are not required to:

As a result, our ADS holders may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. For example, a board with a majority of independent directors is generally better suited to provide oversight for a company’s chief executive officer than a board of non-independent directors. In addition, having more independent directors can result in enhanced third-party advice or expertise due to executives coming from different backgrounds and such directors are not expected to be subject to undue influence from the management team due to their lack of material relationships. Similar logic holds true for independent committees. Further, the reduced public reporting requirements may result in there being less publicly available information on us. As a result, some investors may find the ADSs less attractive and thus there may be a less active trading market for the ADSs.

Future issuances of the ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our ordinary shares, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new ADSs or ordinary shares or the trading of outstanding ADSs or ordinary shares, could cause the market price of the ADS to decline and would result in the dilution of your holdings.

Future issuances of the ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our ordinary shares, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new ADSs or ordinary shares or the trading of outstanding ADS or ordinary shares, could cause the market price of the ADSs to decline. We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future issuances of our securities, or the future expirations of lock-up agreements, on the price of the ADSs. In all events, future issuances of the ADSs or ordinary shares would result in the dilution of your holdings. In addition, the perception that new issuances of our securities could occur, or the perception that locked-up parties will sell their securities when the lock-ups expire, could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs. In connection with our July 2025 public offering, we have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of the ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our ordinary shares for a period of 12 months from the closing of such offering (or until July 16, 2026) in the United States, in any “at-the-market,” continuous equity or variable rate transaction. If the restrictions under the lock-up agreements are waived, our ordinary shares may become available for resale, subject to applicable law, including without notice, which could reduce the market price for the ADSs.

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, holders and beneficial owners of ADSs irrevocably waive the right to a jury trial of any claim that they may have against us or the depositary arising from or relating to our ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws. The waiver continues to apply to claims that arise during the period when a holder holds the ADSs, whether the ADS holder purchased the ADSs in any of our public offerings or secondary transactions even if the ADS holder subsequently withdraws the underlying ordinary shares. However, you will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In fact, you cannot waive our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

If we or the depositary opposed a demand for jury trial relying on the above-mentioned jury trial waiver, it is up to the court to determine whether such waiver is enforceable considering the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. As such, any attempt to circumvent enforcement of a jury trial waiver provision could result in increased costs to bring a claim. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement.

If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a jury trial waiver under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by a federal court or by the United States Supreme Court. Nonetheless, we believe that a jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury.

We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim sounding in fraud or one which is based upon a creditor’s negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor’s demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim, none of which we believe are applicable in the case of the deposit agreement or the ADSs. If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary relating to the matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not have the right to a jury trial regarding such claims, which may limit and discourage lawsuits against us or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us or the depositary according to the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may have different outcomes compared to that of a jury trial, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

Moreover, as the jury trial waiver relates to claims arising out of or relating to the ADSs or the deposit agreement, we believe that, as a matter of construction of the clause, the waiver would likely continue to apply to ADS holders who purchased the ADSs in a secondary transaction or to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to claims arising before the cancelation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares, and the waiver would most likely not apply to ADS holders who subsequently withdraw the ordinary shares represented by ADSs from the ADS facility with respect to claims arising after the withdrawal. However, to our knowledge, there has been no case law on the applicability of the jury trial waiver to ADS holders who withdraw the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs from the ADS facility.

We are subject to risks associated with currency fluctuations, and changes in foreign currency exchange rates could impact our results of operations.

Our ordinary shares are quoted in Australian dollars on the ASX and the ADSs are quoted in U.S. dollars. In the past year, the Australian dollar has generally weakened against the U.S. dollar; however, this trend may not continue and may be reversed. As such, any significant change in the value of the Australian dollar may have a negative effect on the value of the ADSs in U.S. dollars. In addition, the foreign exchange gains or losses recorded in our statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income are principally due to the revaluation of intercompany loans and financial liabilities to the current applicable foreign exchange rate at the end of each reporting period, which amounts could be impacted by any significant change in the value of the Australian dollar. Further, if the Australian dollar weakens against the U.S. dollar, then, if we decide to convert our Australian dollars into U.S. dollars for any business purpose, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Australian dollar would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. While we attempt to mitigate this risk by making payment for transactions in the native currency in which the transaction occurred where possible, these activities may not be effective in limiting or eliminating foreign exchange losses. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our public offerings into Australian dollars for our operations, appreciation of the Australian dollar against the U.S. dollar would have a negative effect on the Australian dollar amount we would receive from the conversion. As a result of such foreign currency fluctuations, it could be more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of operations.

U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against our company, our directors or members of senior management or executive officers and the experts named in this annual report.

Certain members of our senior management, executive officers, and board of directors named in this annual report are non-residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be impracticable to serve process on such persons in the United States or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them based on civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing such an action, there is doubt as to whether Australian courts would enforce certain civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws in original actions or judgments of U.S. courts based upon these civil liability provisions. In addition, awards of punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere may be unenforceable in Australia or elsewhere outside the United States. An award for monetary damages under U.S. securities laws would be considered punitive if it does not seek to compensate the claimant for loss or damage suffered and is intended to punish the defendant. The enforceability of any judgment in Australia will depend on the particular facts of the case as well as the laws and treaties in effect at the time. The United States and Australia do not currently have a treaty or statute providing for recognition and enforcement of the judgments of the other country (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters.

As a result, our U.S. public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management or our directors than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States. In addition, as a company incorporated in Australia, under the provisions of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), or the Corporations Act, regulate the circumstances in which shareholder derivative actions may be commenced which may be different, and in many ways less permissive, than for companies incorporated in the United States. For more information regarding the relevant laws of Australia, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

There is a risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our securities.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes.

Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, which is based on the offering price of the ADSs in our July 2025 public offering, we do not believe we are a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the PFIC classification is factual in nature, and generally cannot be determined until the close of the tax year in question. Additionally, the analysis depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. Consequently, there can be no assurances regarding our PFIC status for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds ADSs, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. See “Material United States Income Tax and Australian Income Tax Considerations—U.S. Federal Income Taxation Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences” for additional information.

A. History and Development of the Company

Our History

We were incorporated in Australia in January 1987. We were formerly known as Quantum Resources Limited and changed our name to Nova Minerals Limited in December 2017. Our ordinary shares have been listed on the ASX since 1987 and are currently listed under the symbol “NVA”. Our ordinary shares are also quoted on the OTC Pink market under the symbol “NVAAF” and Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the symbol “QM3”. In addition, our ADSs and public warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “NVA” and “NVAFF,” respectively.

In 2017, we entered into a joint venture with AK Minerals Pty Ltd, or AK Minerals, for the Estelle Project in Alaska. The Estelle Project is encompassed by 803 Alaska State mining claims. All claims were acquired by our joint venture Partner by staking in Alaska with the Division of Mining, Land and Water, and the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. The mining claims are wholly owned by AKCM (AUST) Pty Ltd (an incorporated joint venture company between Nova Minerals Ltd and AK Minerals Pty Ltd) via 100% ownership of Alaskan incorporate company AK Custom Mining LLC. AKCM (AUST) Pty Ltd is owned 85% by Nova Minerals Ltd and 15% by AK Minerals Pty Ltd. Nova owns 85% of the property through the joint venture agreement and AK Minerals Pty Ltd owns the remaining 15% along with a 2% net smelter royalty payable over the property pursuant to a minerals royalty agreement described below under “Material Contracts”.

Our Initial Public Offering

On July 23, 2024, the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No 333-278695) relating to our initial public offering (“IPO”) of our ADS and Warrants to purchase ADSs was declared effective by the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”). On July 25, 2024, we closed our IPO, pursuant to which we issued and sold 475,000 units each unit consisting of one ADS (or 475,000 ADSs representing 28,500,000 ordinary shares in the aggregate) and one warrant to purchase one ADS (or 475,000 warrants to purchase 475,000 ADSs representing 28,500,000 ordinary shares in the aggregate). In connection the IPO, the underwriters partially exercised their over-allotment option and purchased an additional 47,500 warrants to purchase 47,500 ADSs representing 2,850,000 ordinary shares in the aggregate. The price to the public for the IPO was US$6.92 per unit, for which we received gross proceeds of approximately US$3.3 million and net proceeds of approximately US$2.03 million Our ADSs and Warrants began trading on Nasdaq on July 24, 2024 under the symbols “NVA,” and “NVAWW,” respectively.

Recent Developments

July 2025 Public Offering

On July 16, 2025, we consummated an underwritten public offering of 1,200,000 ADSs, with an ADS-to-ordinary-share ratio of 1 to 60 representing 72,000,000 ordinary share, at a price to the public of US$9.25 per ADS resulting in gross proceeds of $11,100,000 before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. On July 17, 2025, the Representative partially exercised its over-allotment option to purchase an additional 108,400 ADSs representing 6,504,000 ordinary shares, at the public offering price of $9.25 per ADS for gross proceeds of $1,002,700 before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses and the closing for the sale of the partial exercise of the over-allotment option took place on July 18, 2025. As a result, the gross proceeds of the Company’s public offering, including the proceeds from the partial exercise of the over-allotment option, totaled $12,102,700 before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses.

Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures for the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 amounted to A$7,090,323, A$11,150,476, and A$22,440,925 respectively. These capital expenditures primarily consisted of exploration expenses on the Estelle Project, and fixed assets.

Corporate Information

We are a foreign private issuer as defined by the rules under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us from compliance with certain laws and regulations of the SEC and certain regulations of Nasdaq, including the proxy rules, the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we will not be required to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies registered under the Exchange Act.

Our principal executive offices are located at Suite 5, 242 Hawthorn Road, Caulfield, Victoria 3161, Australia, and our telephone number is +61 3 9537 1238. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Alaska Range Resources, LLC, 1150 S Colony Way, Suite 3, Palmer, AK 99645. We maintain a website at https://novaminerals.com.au. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into or otherwise part of this annual report. Our annual reports on Form 20-F, current reports on Form 6-K, amendments to these reports, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, can be accessed, free of charge, on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

B. Business Overview

The information regarding the Estelle Project contained herein is derived from the S-K 1300 Report. As used herein, references to the “S-K 1300 Report” are to the technical report summary titled “Initial Assessment Technical Report Summary Estelle Gold Project, Alaska, USA” prepared by Roughstock Mining Services, LLC Nova Minerals Limited, Matrix Resource Consultants Pty Ltd., METS Engineering, Yukuskokon Professional Services and Jade North, LLC with an effective date of January 31, 2024, which was prepared in accordance with S-K 1300. The S-K 1300 Report is filed as Exhibit 96.1 to annual report. Subsequent to the S-K 1300 report being issued the Company has conducted further field exploration work and drilling and the results released publicly from that exploration program are included in the following information as well.

Our Company

We are a dual ASX and Nasdaq-listed mining exploration stage company moving towards development with a gold, antimony and critical minerals project in Alaska. Our flagship project is the 85% owned Estelle Gold and Critical Minerals Project (“Estelle Project”), which comprises of 803 State of Alaska mining claims covering in aggregate of 127,102 acres (514km2) and is subject to a 2% net smelter royalty payable to AK Minerals.

The project is situated approximately 150km northwest of Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city, on the Estelle Gold Trend in Alaska’s prolific Tintina Gold Belt, a province which hosts a 220 million ounce (Moz) documented gold endowment and some of the world’s largest gold mines and discoveries including Nova Gold and Paulson Advisors Donlin Creek Gold Project and Kinross Gold Corporation’s Fort Knox Gold Mine. The belt also hosts significant antimony deposits and was a historical North American antimony producer.

Our vision is to concurrently develop the Estelle Project to become a world class, tier-one, global gold producer, and to secure a U.S. domestic supply chain for the strategic mineral antimony, from mining to a refined product.

The project contains multiple mining complexes across a 35km long mineralized corridor of over 20 identified advanced gold prospects, including two already defined multi-million ounce gold resources across four deposits containing a combined S-K 1300 compliant 5.17 Moz Au (0.18 Moz Au Measured, 2.54 Moz Au Indicated, and 2.45 Moz Inferred) of which Nova’s 85% attributable interest is 4.41 Moz Au (0.16 Moz Au Measured, 2.22 Moz Au Indicated, and. 2.03 Moz Inferred).

Recently the Company has also discovered antimony and other critical minerals coincident with the gold in surface sampling on numerous prospects across the project, with several of these prospects currently drill ready. Starting with the Stibium prospect, where drilling commenced in June 2025, it is our intention to drill some of these gold-antimony rich prospects this year to potentially establish a maiden mineral resource estimate for antimony as well. The Company is also actively seeking grants through its wholly owned U.S. subsidiary Alaska Range Resources LLC from the U.S. Department of Defense to potentially fast track the establishment of a mineral resource estimate, processing, refining, and ultimately antimony production at Estelle with a goal of helping to secure the U.S. supply chains of these vital minerals.

Figure 1. Our flagship Estelle Project is located in Alaska, a State with a long history of mining.

The Estelle Gold and Critical Minerals Project

Project Description, Location and Access

The Estelle Gold Project properties lie approximately 150km northwest of Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city, with approximate UTM coordinates of 505,000 N and 6,860,000 W, UTM = NAD83 Zone 5, lying within National Topographic System (NTS) Map Sheet 63JSE13. The project property area comprises of 803 State of Alaska mining claims covering in aggregate of 127,102 acres (514km²)

The city of Anchorage has a major population, which provides essential services and a large labor force for the interior parts of Alaska. The Project is a year-round operation, with all essential services including a base site which hosts a fully winterized 80-person camp with all the required facilities, which are powered by diesel generators, an on-site sample processing facility, helipad for 2 helicopters, and the 4,000-foot Whiskey Bravo airstrip, which can facilitate large capacity DC3 type aircraft. The project region is found among the Alaska Mountain Ranges with elevations ranging from 705m to 2,085m above sea level. The Alaska Range is a continuation of the Pacific Coast Mountains extending in an arc across the Northern Pacific. The nature of the terrain allows for accessible drilling all year round.

Easy access is currently available to the project via a winter road and by air. We anticipate access to be improved further by the proposed West Susitna Access Road, which would be an all-weather road situated on State land within the Matanuska-Susitna Borough and link the Project to port, rail and road infrastructure. The West Susitna Access Road has considerable support from both the community and the State government, and has progressed to the permitting stage, with construction proposed to start in 2025. 

Figure 2. Property location map and infrastructure solutions for the Estelle Project

Mining Claims

The Estelle Project is encompassed by 803 Alaska State mining claims. All claims were acquired by our Joint Venture Partner (JVP) by staking in Alaska with the Division of Mining, Land and Water, and the Alaska Department of Natural Resources (DNR). The mining claims are wholly owned by AKCM (AUST) Pty Ltd (an incorporated joint venture company between Nova Minerals Ltd and AK Minerals Pty Ltd) via 100% ownership of Alaskan incorporate company AK Custom Mining LLC. AKCM (AUST) Pty Ltd is owned 85% by Nova Minerals Ltd and 15% by AK Minerals Pty Ltd. Nova owns 85% of the property through the joint venture agreement and AK Minerals Pty Ltd owns the remaining 15% along with a 2% net smelter royalty (NSR) over the property.

Under Alaska mining law AK Custom Mining LLC owns the rights to all locatable minerals discovered on and within the allocated claims. Mining claims may be located by what is known as aliquot part legal description, which is meridian, township, range, section, quarter section, and if applicable quarter-quarter section. These claims are known as MTRSC locations, and they are generally located using GPS latitude and longitude coordinates. A quarter section location is typically about 160 acres in size, and a quarter-quarter section location is typically 40 acres in size. Rent for the larger size is always four times greater.

All the mining claims are in good standing and to retain title to the property AK Custom Mining LLC must submit an affidavit of annual expenditure to the 1^st of September each year and pay the annual rents as calculated by the DNR by November 30 each year. The rental fees for the period September 1, 2024, to September 1, 2025, of US$184,898 have been paid, and the claims have been renewed accordingly to September 1, 2025. The Company intends to renew all claims for the year to September 1, 2026, and will submit the affidavit of annual expenditure for the year to September 1, 2025, and pay the annual rents as calculated by the DNR for the new year by November 30, 2025.

No other rights are held by any other company on the property and the claims are held to perpetuity as long as annual minimum expenditure requirements are met and the rents are paid on time each year. Reclamation must be completed annually and a reclamation report is submitted to the DNR.

As at June 30, 2025, the Company has total capitalized exploration and evaluation expenditure on the property of A$100,135,725 and the associated plant and equipment has a net value of A$2,244,700.

Figure 3. Claims tenement map of the Estelle Project – Map Coordinate System: UTM = NAD83 zone 5

For more details of the Estelle Project mining claims schedule, please see Appendix 1 of the S-K 1300 Report filed as Exhibit 96.1 to this report.

The project area is district in scale and already hosts 4 large IRGS deposits at Korbel Main, RPM North, RPM South and Cathedral, as well as over 20 identified gold prospects at varying stages of exploration, with 6 identified with co-incident antimony from surface sample results, including, Blocks C & D, Isabella, Sweet Jenny, You Beauty, Shoeshine, Shadow, Train, Trumpet, Discovery, Muddy Creek, Stoney, T5, Tomahawk, Trundle, Rainy Day, West Wing, Revelation, Portage Pass, NK, Stibium, Styx and Wombat. 

Figure 4. The Estelle Project – District scale with over 20 identified advanced gold prospects, including 6 identified with co-incident antimony from surface sample results – Map Coordinate System: UTM = NAD83 zone 5

Project History

Historical regional mapping of the southern Alaska Range was conducted by the United States Geological Survey (“USGS”) in the early 1900’s. Minor placer gold was noted, and the presence of granitic intrusive rocks were mapped in the vicinity of what is now known as the Estelle Pluton. The USGS revisited the area periodically from the 1969 through 2013 conducting stream sediment, pan-concentrate, and rock chip sampling.

Prospecting in the Mount Estelle area has been conducted by several private companies starting in the 1980’s. From 1980 to 1985, many of the claims were held for their placer potential, and in 1982 AMAX staked at least four claims over the Lower Discovery showing at Mount Estelle. However, placer mining was hampered by the prevalence of large glacial boulders in the stream gravels.

Cominco explored the region in the late-1980’s, and conducted surficial mapping and sampling as well as diamond-core drilling in the vicinity of the Train, Shoeshine, Shadow and Discovery Creek prospects. Hidefield Gold Plc. (Hidefield) and International Tower Hill Mines, Ltd. (ITH) explored the property in the early 2000’s, and most recently Millrock Resources Inc. (Millrock) was active from 2008 to 2013. Cominco, ITH, and Hidefield primarily focused around the Shoeshine area mineral occurrences, whereas Millrock conducted a surface geochemical survey from the northern portion of the current claim block north of Portage Creek to the southern portion south of Emerald Creek. Numerous occurrences were identified, and gold in soil anomalies occur throughout the entire claim block. Alaska Resource Data Files (ARDF) exist throughout the property as a result of this previous work.

Korbel

Mineralization in the vicinity of Korbel was first discovered at Oxide Ridge; now referred to by Nova as Cathedral. Chip sampling of oxidized granitic intrusive rocks hosting sheeted quartz veins and blebby arsenopyrite yielded anomalous gold values, which lead to broad reconnaissance in the Korbel valley. Similar mineralization was identified in outcrops across the valley to the north, which lead field crews to conduct conventional soil sampling across the valley below. Korbel valley is one of the few places on the Estelle property where conventional soil sampling, as opposed to talus fines sampling, can be conducted. The results from these soil samples lead to the first IP survey conducted on the property in the fall of 2010. A chargeability anomaly located in the valley was the target of the first drill hole at Korbel in 2011 (SE11—001).

Drilling in 2012 intersected multiple mineralized zones. In three of the holes (SE12-002, 003, 004) the zones appear to occur along a rough northwest trend with veins exhibiting steep, near-vertical dips. Mineralized zones up to 100 meters wide were encountered along this trend which then had a drilled strike length of 740 meters. These holes were designed to follow up the Oxide (Korbel) discovery hole drilled in 2011. Anomalous gold mineralization was intersected over wide zones in all holes drilled. The grade of mineralization, however, appears to increase to the southeast. Hole SE12-004, the southeastern-most hole drilled, intersected gold mineralization throughout the majority of the hole with a highlight intercept of 41.45 meters grading 1.14 grams gold per ton.

RPM

RPM was discovered in 2010 when the results from a 3.5km long soil survey returned anomalous gold values. Follow-up mapping and sampling in 2011 extended and refined this anomalous zone as well as defined a highly anomalous granitic intrusion with stockwork arsenopyrite bearing quartz veins near the contact with the Kahiltna hornfelsed sediments.

The single 2012 drill hole at RPM targeted this intrusive and undercut sheeted quartz veins and stockworks exposed at surface. The hole encountered significant gold mineralization with an intercept of 2.07 g/t Au over 21.94 meters within a 102.11-meter interval averaging 1.04 grams per ton gold from 26.52 to 128.63 meters with mineralization remaining open in all directions

In 2017 Nova recognized the significance of the Estelle property and acquired the mineral rights to it.

Exploration

2018 Exploration

Surface Exploration

Nova acquired 173 claims at the Estelle project in 2017, and added 4 additional claims in 2018. Nova compiled and reviewed historical data including reports, public announcements, ARDF files, and drill logs prior to conducting their initial field reconnaissance of the project.

Mapping was conducted by Pacific Rim Geological Consulting of Fairbanks Alaska which showed that there were higher gold values that were associated with bismuth telluride and arsenopyrite mineral phases and that this mineralogy is hosted by sheeted quartz veins containing narrow alteration assemblages (Figure 10). These findings show a correlation that this deposit fits the intrusion-related gold system deposit model. Upon completion of a first pass of geological mapping, Tom Bundtzen of Pacific Rim identified two high-quality targets which were named Oxide North and South (now called Korbel Main). These targets showed envelopes of hydrothermal alteration.

Chip samples were taken by Mr. Bundtzen and returned moderate grades of 1.04 g/t with mineralization consisting of arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite.

A comparison of sheet quartz veins found at the Estelle Gold Project (Figure 10) to Dublin Gulch, Yukon and Fort Knox, Alaska (Figure 11) that share similar geologic depositional environments.

Figure 5. Estelle Gold property quartz veins

Figure 6. Dublin Gulch, Yukon and Fort Knox, Alaska quartz veins Goldfarb et. al., 2007

Drilling

The 2018 field season was primarily focused on surface reconnaissance, but Nova did mobilize a reverse-circulation (RC) rig to site and drilled 126 meters of to test along strike north and south of the discovery hole SE11-001 (387m at 0.40 g/t Au). Overburden conditions and late season weather prohibited further work this season.

2019 Exploration

Surface Exploration

A limited surface sampling program was conducted in 2019 to evaluate the RPM and Shoeshine prospects. 160 claims were acquired widening the central trend from Korbel to Muddy Creek.

Geophysics

Approximately 8km of induced-polarization (IP) surveys were conducted over Korbel in 2019. These results identified two mineralized trends referred to as Resource Block A and Resource Block B.

Drilling

A total of 32 holes and 2,105 meters of drilling was completed at Korbel in 2019. These holes were completed with an RC rig using NQ drill rods. Highlights include:

2020 Exploration

Surface Exploration

A total of 48 rock samples were collected focusing on mineralization identified at Cathedral and RPM with a few samples collected at Train. Highlights from rock samples collected at the Cathedral target returned gold grades of 114.0 g/t, 98.3 g/t, 37.1 g/t, 24.5 g/t, 19.6 g/t and 11.05 g/t. Highlights from rock samples collected at RPM included gold grades of 291.0 g/t, 103.0 g/t, 9.3 g/t, 8.9 g/t, 8.8 g/t, and 5.0 g/t. The 291 g/t sample was collected at the location of RPM North. Multi-gram values were also returned from Train rock samples. 161 additional adjacent claims were acquired.

Drilling

Drilling at Korbel was the primary focus of the 2020 field season. 64 holes and 27,004 meters were drilled with diamond-core LF70 drilling rigs operated by Ruen Drilling. Highlights include:

2021 Exploration

Surface Exploration

A total of 54 rock samples were collected, including representative chip samples, representative outcrop samples, high grade outcrop samples, and occasional talus samples. A total of 81 talus fines samples were also collected in the vicinity of various prospects. Notable high grade mineralization was sampled throughout the property from Korbel to RPM. Gold highlights from rock samples include 48.4 g/t Au near Stoney, 30.4 g/t near Train, 26.9 g/t near Korbel, 25.2 g/t at Train, 21.6 g/t at Train, and 12.5 g/t between Korbel and Portage Pass. The polymetallic system at Stoney was visited and sample returned anomalous silver and copper in addition to gold. Impressive gold in soil anomalies were discovered over a 1km traverse at Shoeshine. Relatively anomalous talus fines gold values were also returned from the northern cirques at Korbel. 196 additional claims were acquired along the western margin of the existing claim block.

Drilling

Nova focused the majority of their field season on Korbel, drilling 81 holes and 29,074 meters.

Korbel highlights include:

Nova also drilled the first six holes at RPM totaling 2,567 meters.

RPM highlights include:

2022 Exploration

Surface Exploration

163 rock samples and 184 soil samples were collected across the claim block in 2022. Samples were collected at several prospects including Discovery, Muddy Creek, Mount Estelle, Train, Trumpet, RPM, and Revelation. High-grade gold values were encountered at Discovery and Muddy Creek with gold values including 43.6 g/t, 15.9 g/t, and 5.8 g/t in rock samples. Numerous multi-gram gold in soils were returned over 1km in strike length at Muddy Creek, revealing one of the more impressive soil anomalies on the claim block. Rock samples around Mount Estelle returned gold values of 38.2 g/t, 25.9 g/t, and 7.0 g/t in addition to numerous ~1 g/t samples. The initial discovery at Trumpet was made just north of Train with rock samples returning gold values of 32.8 g/t, 16.6 g/t, 16.0 g/t, 13.6 g/t, and 12.7 g/t. Train was sampled in more detail with rock samples returning values of 80.2 g/t, 17.9 g/t, 17.7 g/t, 16.6 g/t, and 10.4 g/t in addition to numerous multi-gram samples. Follow-up sampling at Revelation revealed a continuous gold in soil anomaly over 300 meters. Recommendations were made to advance reconnaissance scale mapping and sampling at Stoney, and to develop the initial drilling campaign at Train and Trumpet.

Drilling

RPM was the primary focus of the 2022 drilling campaign. 31 holes and 10,719 meters were drilled. Drilling occurred at RPM North, RPM South, and in the valley below RPM. Drilling highlights at RPM North from 2022 included: