Filed Pursuant to Rule 497
File No. 333-199777
PROSPECTUS
Maximum Offering of 92,200,000 Common Shares
We are a specialty finance company that invests primarily in income-oriented securities of private energy-related companies. Our investment objectives are to generate current income and long-term capital appreciation.
We are an externally managed, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that has elected to be regulated as a business development company, or BDC, under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act. We have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a regulated investment company, or RIC, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. Our investments and activities are managed by FS Investment Advisor, LLC, or FS Advisor, a private investment firm that is registered as an investment adviser with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and is an affiliate of ours. FS Advisor has engaged GSO Capital Partners LP, or GSO, to act as our investment sub-adviser.
Through our affiliate, FS2 Capital Partners, LLC, or the dealer manager, we are offering on a continuous basis up to 92,200,000 of our common shares of beneficial interest, or common shares, in this offering at a current offering price of $7.30 per share; however, to the extent that our net asset value increases, we will sell at a price necessary to ensure that common shares are not sold at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share. In the event of a material decline in our net asset value per share, which we consider to be a 2.5% decrease below our then current net offering price, we will reduce our offering price in order to establish a new net offering price that is not more than 2.5% above our net asset value per share. Therefore, persons who tender subscriptions for our common shares in this continuous public offering must submit subscriptions for a certain dollar amount, rather than a number of common shares and, as a result, may receive fractional common shares. The minimum permitted initial purchase is $5,000 of our common shares. Since commencing our continuous public offering and through April 26, 2016, we have sold 401,344,745 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for gross proceeds of approximately $4.00 billion, including common shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan. As of April 26, 2016, we had raised total gross proceeds of approximately $4.02 billion, including $200,000 of seed capital contributed by the principals of FS Advisor in December 2010 and approximately $20.0 million from common shares sold pursuant to a private placement to certain members of our board of trustees and other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor and GSO.
We invest in securities that are rated below investment grade by rating agencies or that would be rated below investment grade if they were rated. Below investment grade securities, which are often referred to as "junk," have predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer's capacity to pay interest and repay principal. They may also be difficult to value and illiquid.
Investing in our common shares may be considered speculative and involves a high degree of risk, including the risk of a substantial loss of investment. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page 43 to read about the risks you should consider before buying our common shares, including the risk of leverage.
|
Per Share | Total Maximum | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Price to Public(1) |
$ | 7.30 | $ | 673,060,000 | |||
Sales Load(2) |
$ | 0.73 | $ | 67,306,000 | |||
Net Proceeds (Before Expenses)(3) |
$ | 6.57 | $ | 605,754,000 |
(Continued on following page)
The date of this prospectus is April 29, 2016.
FS2 Capital Partners, LLC
(Continued from cover page)
Because you will pay a sales load of up to 10% and offering expenses of up to 1.5%, if you invest $100 in our common shares and pay the full sales load, at least $88.50 but less than $90.00 of your investment will actually be used by us for investments. As a result, based on the current public offering price of $7.30, you would have to experience a total return on your investment of between 11.1% and 13.0% in order to recover these expenses. See "Estimated Use of Proceeds" on page 82.
This prospectus contains important information about us that a prospective investor should know before investing in our common shares. Please read this prospectus before investing and keep it for future reference. We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information about us with the SEC. This information is available free of charge by contacting us at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112, by calling us collect at (215) 495-1150 or by visiting our website at www.franklinsquare.com. In addition, the contact information provided above may be used by you to make shareholder inquiries. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains such information.
Neither the SEC, the Attorney General of the State of New York nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. Except as specifically required by the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, the use of forecasts is prohibited and any representation to the contrary and any predictions, written or oral, as to the amount or certainty of any present or future cash benefit or tax consequence which may flow from an investment in our common shares is not permitted.
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PAGE | |
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS |
i | |
SUITABILITY STANDARDS |
i | |
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY |
1 | |
FEES AND EXPENSES |
27 | |
COMPENSATION OF THE DEALER MANAGER AND THE INVESTMENT ADVISER |
31 | |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THIS OFFERING |
36 | |
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA |
41 | |
RISK FACTORS |
43 | |
RISKS RELATED TO AN INVESTMENT IN OUR COMMON SHARES |
43 | |
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND STRUCTURE |
47 | |
RISKS RELATED TO FS ADVISOR, GSO AND THEIR RESPECTIVE AFFILIATES |
53 | |
RISKS RELATED TO BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES |
57 | |
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INVESTMENTS |
59 | |
ENERGY COMPANY RISKS |
66 | |
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INVESTMENTS IN MLPS |
69 | |
RISKS RELATED TO DEBT FINANCING |
71 | |
RISKS RELATED TO U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX |
77 | |
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS |
80 | |
ESTIMATED USE OF PROCEEDS |
82 | |
DISTRIBUTIONS |
84 | |
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS |
89 | |
SENIOR SECURITIES |
135 | |
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY |
136 | |
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE |
161 | |
MANAGEMENT |
165 | |
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT |
176 | |
PORTFOLIO COMPANIES |
187 | |
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES AGREEMENT |
200 | |
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES |
209 | |
THE DELAWARE TRUSTEE |
210 | |
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS |
211 | |
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS |
215 | |
DISTRIBUTION REINVESTMENT PLAN |
217 | |
DESCRIPTION OF OUR SECURITIES |
219 | |
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS |
227 | |
REGULATION |
236 | |
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION |
241 | |
SUITABILITY STANDARDS |
248 | |
LIQUIDITY STRATEGY |
251 | |
SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAM |
252 | |
CUSTODIAN, TRANSFER AND DISTRIBUTION PAYING AGENT AND REGISTRAR |
255 | |
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES |
255 | |
LEGAL MATTERS |
255 | |
EXPERTS |
255 | |
AVAILABLE INFORMATION |
255 | |
PRIVACY NOTICE |
256 | |
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
F-1 | |
APPENDIX A: FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT |
A-1 |
This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we have filed with the SEC using a continuous offering process. We commenced our continuous public offering of our common shares through our initial registration statement (File No. 333-169679) that was declared effective by the SEC on May 12, 2011 and sold additional common shares in our continuous public offering through our registration statement (File No. 333-184407) that was declared effective by the SEC on May 13, 2013. The registration statement (File No. 333-199777) of which this prospectus is a part was declared effective by the SEC on December 23, 2014, and permits us to continue our continuous public offering of our common shares for an additional two years or until all of our common shares registered thereunder are sold.
Periodically, as we have material developments in our business, we will provide a prospectus supplement or file an amendment to the registration statement to the extent required by applicable law that may add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. We will endeavor to avoid interruptions in the continuous offering of our common shares, including, to the extent permitted under the rules and regulations of the SEC, by filing a supplement to this prospectus with the SEC if our net asset value declines more than ten percent from our net asset value as of the effective date of the registration statement. There can be no assurance, however, that our continuous offering will not be suspended while the SEC reviews any amendment to our registration statement, until the registration statement, as amended, is declared effective.
Any statement that we make in this prospectus will be modified or superseded by any inconsistent statement made by us in a subsequent prospectus supplement. The registration statement we filed with the SEC includes exhibits that provide more detailed descriptions of the matters discussed in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and the related exhibits filed with the SEC and any prospectus supplement, together with additional information described below under "Available Information." In this prospectus, we use the term "day" to refer to a calendar day, and we use the term "business day" to refer to any day other than Saturday, Sunday, a legal holiday, a day on which banks in New York City are authorized or required to close or any day that the New York Stock Exchange LLC, or the NYSE, is closed for trading.
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. Neither we nor the dealer manager has authorized any other person to provide you with different information from that contained in this prospectus. The information contained in this prospectus is complete and accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or sale of our common shares. If there is a material change in our affairs, we will amend or supplement this prospectus only as required by law.
Pursuant to applicable state securities laws, our common shares offered through this prospectus are suitable only as a long-term investment for persons of adequate financial means who have no need for liquidity in this investment. For the foreseeable future, there is not expected to be any public market for our common shares, which means that it may be difficult for shareholders to sell common shares. As a result, we have established suitability standards which require investors to have either (i) a net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $70,000 and an annual gross income of at least $70,000, or (ii) a net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $250,000. Our suitability standards also require that a potential investor (1) can reasonably benefit from an investment in us based on such investor's overall investment objectives and portfolio structuring; (2) is able to bear the economic risk of the investment based on the prospective shareholder's overall financial situation; and (3) has apparent understanding of (a) the fundamental risks of the investment, (b) the risk that such investor may lose his or her entire investment, (c) the
i
lack of liquidity of the common shares, (d) the background and qualifications of FS Advisor and GSO and (e) the tax consequences of the investment. We rely on the representations and other information provided by potential investors in the subscription agreement completed and signed by each such investor, as well as information provided by investors to the selected broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries through which we distribute our common shares, in determining whether such potential investors meet our suitability standards.
In addition, we will not sell shares to investors in the states named below unless they meet special suitability standards.
AlabamaIn addition to the suitability standards above, an investment in FS Energy and Power Fund will only be sold to Alabama residents that represent they have a liquid net worth of at least 10 times their investment in FS Energy and Power Fund and its affiliates. For these purposes, liquid net worth shall be defined as that portion of total net worth (total assets minus liabilities) that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
IdahoIn addition to the suitability standards above, an Idaho investor's investment in our common shares may not exceed 10% of his or her liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is defined as that portion of an investor's net worth consisting of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
IowaIn addition to the suitability standards above, an Iowa investor's total investment in us shall not exceed 10% of his or her liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is defined as that portion of an investor's net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
KansasIn addition to the suitability standards above, it is recommended by the Office of the Securities Commissioner of Kansas that Kansas investors not invest, in the aggregate, more than 10% of their liquid net worth in us and other non-traded business development companies. Liquid net worth is that portion of an investor's net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
KentuckyInvestors who reside in the state of Kentucky must have either (1) a liquid net worth of $85,000 and annual gross income of $85,000 or (2) a liquid net worth of $300,000. Additionally, a Kentucky investor's total investment in us shall not exceed 10% of his or her liquid net worth.
MaineIn addition to the suitability standards above, the Maine Office of Securities recommends that a Maine investor's aggregate investment in this offering and similar direct participation investments not exceed 10% of the investor's liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is that portion of an investor's net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
MassachusettsIn addition to the suitability standards above, Massachusetts investors should not invest, in the aggregate, more than 10% of their liquid net worth in FS Energy and Power Fund's shares and in other non-traded direct participation programs. Liquid net worth shall be defined as that portion of an investor's net worth (total assets minus liabilities) that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
NebraskaIn addition to the suitability standards above, the state of Nebraska requires that each Nebraska investor limit his or her investment in FS Energy and Power Fund and in the securities of other non-traded direct-participation programs to 10% of such investor's net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles). An investment in FS Energy and Power Fund by a Nebraska investor who is an accredited investor as defined in 17 CFR 230.501 is not subject to the foregoing limitations.
New JerseyA New Jersey investor must have either (a) a minimum liquid net worth of $100,000 and an annual income of $85,000 or (b) a minimum liquid net worth of $350,000. For these purposes, "liquid net worth" is defined as that portion of net worth (total assets exclusive of home,
ii
home furnishings and automobiles, minus total liabilities) that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. In addition, a New Jersey investor's total investment in this offering of FS Energy and Power Fund, and in other related offerings of FS Energy and Power Fund's affiliates, may not exceed ten percent (10%) of his or her liquid net worth.
New MexicoIn addition to the suitability standards above, the State of New Mexico requires that each New Mexico investor will limit his or her investment in non-traded business development companies, including his or her investment in our common shares and in our affiliates, to a maximum of 10% of his or her liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is that portion of an investor's net worth that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
North DakotaIn addition to the suitability standards above, common shares will only be sold to residents of North Dakota representing that they have a net worth of at least ten times their investment in us.
OhioIn addition to the suitability standards above, the state of Ohio requires that each Ohio investor will limit his or her investment in non-traded business development companies, including his or her investment in our common shares and in our affiliates, to a maximum of 10% of his or her liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is that portion of an investor's net worth that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
OklahomaIn addition to the suitability standards above, the state of Oklahoma requires that each Oklahoma investor will limit his or her investment in our common shares to a maximum of 10% of his or her net worth.
OregonIn addition to the suitability standards above, the state of Oregon requires that each Oregon investor will limit his or her investment in our common shares to a maximum of 10% of his or her net worth.
TennesseeInvestors who reside in the state of Tennessee must have either (1) a liquid net worth of $85,000 and minimum annual gross income of $85,000, or (2) a minimum liquid net worth of $300,000.
For additional information on the suitability standards that investors must meet in order to purchase our common shares in this offering, see "Suitability Standards."
iii
This summary highlights some of the information in this prospectus. It is not complete and may not contain all of the information that you may want to consider. To understand this offering fully, you should read the entire prospectus carefully, including the section entitled "Risk Factors," before making a decision to invest in our common shares.
Unless otherwise noted, the terms "we," "us," "our," and the "Company" refer to FS Energy and Power Fund. In addition, the term "FS Advisor" refers to FS Investment Advisor, LLC, the term "GSO" refers to GSO Capital Partners LP, the term "Blackstone" refers to The Blackstone Group L.P., and the terms "FS2" and the "dealer manager" refer to FS2 Capital Partners, LLC.
FS Energy and Power Fund
We are an externally managed, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that has elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act. As such, we are required to comply with certain regulatory requirements. See "Regulation." In addition, we have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. We formally commenced investment operations on July 18, 2011, upon raising gross proceeds in excess of $2.5 million, or the minimum offering requirement, from the sale of our common shares to individuals and entities who were not affiliated with us or FS Advisor.
We are managed by FS Advisor, a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, or the Advisers Act, which oversees the management of our operations and is responsible for making investment decisions with respect to our portfolio. FS Advisor has engaged GSO to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO assists FS Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and makes investment recommendations for approval by FS Advisor, according to guidelines set by FS Advisor. GSO, a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act, oversaw approximately $79.1 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2015. GSO is the credit platform of Blackstone, a leading global alternative asset manager and provider of financial advisory services.
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of energy and power, or Energy, companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change. We consider Energy companies to be those companies that engage in the exploration, development, production, gathering, transportation, processing, storage, refining, distribution, mining, generation or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined products, coal or power, including those companies that provide equipment or services to companies engaged in any of the foregoing. We concentrate our investments on debt securities in Energy companies that we believe have, or are connected to, a strong infrastructure and/or underlying asset base so as to enhance collateral coverage and downside protection for our investments. We may also make select equity investments in certain Energy companies meeting our investment objectives of current income generation and long-term capital appreciation. Our primary areas of focus will be the upstream, midstream, power and service and equipment sub-sectors of the Energy industry; however, we broadly define our "Energy Investment Universe" as follows:
1
Our investment objectives are to generate current income and long-term capital appreciation. We seek to meet our investment objectives by:
Our portfolio is comprised primarily of income-oriented securities, which refers to debt securities and income-oriented preferred and common equity interests, of privately-held Energy companies within the United States. We intend to weight our portfolio towards senior and subordinated debt. In addition to investments purchased from dealers or other investors in the secondary market, we expect to invest in primary market transactions and directly originated investments as this will provide us with the ability to tailor investments to best match a project's or company's needs with our investment objectives. Our portfolio may also be comprised of select income-oriented preferred or common equity interests, which refers to equity interests that pay consistent, high-yielding dividends, that we believe will produce both current income and long-term capital appreciation. These income-oriented preferred or common equity interests may include interests in master limited partnerships, or MLPs. MLPs are entities that (i) are structured as limited partnerships or limited liability companies, (ii) are publicly traded, (iii) satisfy certain requirements to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and (iv) primarily own and operate midstream and upstream Energy companies. In connection with certain of our debt investments, we may on occasion receive equity interests such as warrants or options as additional consideration. In addition, a portion of our portfolio may be comprised of minority interests in the form of common or preferred equity or other equity-related securities, such as rights and warrants that may be converted into or exchanged for common stock or other equity or the cash value of common stock or other equity, in our target companies, as well as derivatives, including total return swaps and credit default swaps. We expect that the size of our individual investments will generally range between $5 million and $75 million each, although investments may vary proportionately as the size of our capital base changes and will ultimately be at the discretion of FS Advisor, subject to oversight by our board of trustees.
To seek to enhance our returns, we intend to employ leverage as market conditions permit and at the discretion of FS Advisor, but in no event will leverage employed exceed 50% of the value of our assets, as required by the 1940 Act. See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to Debt Financing" for a discussion of the risks inherent in employing leverage.
2
As a BDC, we are subject to certain regulatory restrictions in making our investments. For example, BDCs generally are not permitted to co-invest with certain affiliated entities in transactions originated by the BDC or its affiliates in the absence of an exemptive order from the SEC. However, BDCs are permitted to, and may, simultaneously co-invest in transactions where price is the only negotiated term. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief permitting us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with certain affiliates of FS Advisor, including FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and any future BDCs that are advised by FS Advisor or its affiliated investment advisers, or collectively, our co-investment affiliates. We believe this relief has and may continue to enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategy. We believe this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for us, in part, by allowing us to participate in larger investments, together with our co-investment affiliates, than would be available to us if such relief had not been obtained. Because we did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will continue to be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance (e.g., where price is the only negotiated term).
While a BDC may list its shares for trading in the public markets, we have currently elected not to do so. We believe that a non-traded structure is more appropriate during our offering stage due to the long-term nature of the assets in which we invest. This structure allows us to operate with a long-term view, similar to that of other types of private investment funds, instead of managing to quarterly market expectations. While our offering price, which exceeds our net asset value per share, is subject to adjustment in accordance with the 1940 Act and our share pricing policy, because our common shares will not be listed on a national securities exchange, our shareholders will not be subject to the daily share price volatility associated with the public markets. However, the net asset value of our common shares may be volatile.
To provide our shareholders with limited liquidity, we intend to conduct quarterly tender offers pursuant to our share repurchase program. We are not obligated to repurchase common shares and, if we do so, common shares will be repurchased at a discount of 10% from the offering price in effect at the time of repurchase. The first such tender offer commenced in August 2012. This will be the only method by which our shareholders may obtain liquidity prior to a liquidity event. See "Share Repurchase Program." Therefore, shareholders may not be able to sell their common shares promptly or at a desired price. If shareholders are able to sell their common shares, it is likely they will have to sell them at a significant discount to their purchase price.
We do not currently intend to list our common shares on an exchange and do not expect a public market to develop for them in the foreseeable future. We intend to seek to complete a liquidity event within five years following the completion of our offering stage; however, the offering period may extend for an indefinite period. Accordingly, shareholders should consider that they may not have access to the money they invest for an indefinite period of time until we complete a liquidity event. We will view our offering stage as complete as of the termination date of our most recent public equity offering if we have not conducted a public equity offering in any continuous two year period. In addition, shares of BDCs listed on a national securities exchange frequently trade at a discount to net asset value. If we determine to pursue a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange, shareholders, including those who purchase shares at the offering price, may experience a loss on their investment if they sell their shares at a time when our common shares are trading at a discount to net asset value. This risk is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value will decrease. See "Liquidity Strategy" for a discussion of what constitutes a liquidity event. There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete a liquidity event.
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Status of Our Continuous Public Offering
Since commencing our continuous public offering and through April 26, 2016, we have sold 401,344,745 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for gross proceeds of approximately $4.00 billion, including common shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan. As of April 26, 2016, we have raised total gross proceeds of approximately $4.02 billion, including $200,000 of seed capital contributed by Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the principals of FS Advisor, in December 2010 and approximately $20.0 million from common shares sold pursuant to a private placement to certain members of our board of trustees and other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor and GSO.
The following table summarizes the sales of our common shares in our continuous public offering on a quarterly basis during 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 (through April 26, 2016). Dollar amounts are presented in thousands, except share and per share data:
|
Common Shares Sold(1)(2) |
Average Price per Share(2) |
Gross Proceeds |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiscal 2011 |
||||||||||
September 30 |
1,510,578 | $ | 9.63 | $ | 14,546 | |||||
December 31 |
3,968,746 | 9.78 | 38,826 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
5,479,324 | 9.74 | 53,372 | |||||||
Fiscal 2012 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
7,013,305 | 9.82 | 68,894 | |||||||
June 30 |
13,322,112 | 9.92 | 132,125 | |||||||
September 30 |
16,718,150 | 9.98 | 166,926 | |||||||
December 31 |
19,769,038 | 10.15 | 200,730 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
56,822,605 | 10.01 | 568,675 | |||||||
Fiscal 2013 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
22,943,873 | 10.33 | 236,934 | |||||||
June 30 |
25,261,745 | 10.55 | 266,422 | |||||||
September 30 |
30,627,141 | 10.55 | 323,162 | |||||||
December 31 |
30,514,687 | 10.60 | 323,475 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
109,347,446 | 10.52 | 1,149,993 | |||||||
Fiscal 2014 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
29,226,079 | 10.64 | 310,834 | |||||||
June 30 |
31,374,701 | 10.75 | 337,279 | |||||||
September 30 |
34,429,642 | 10.85 | 373,560 | |||||||
December 31 |
31,872,868 | 10.45 | 333,023 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
126,903,290 | 10.68 | 1,354,696 | |||||||
Fiscal 2015 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
21,680,966 | 9.48 | 205,597 | |||||||
June 30 |
17,366,625 | 9.41 | 163,442 | |||||||
September 30 |
21,262,540 | 9.09 | 193,314 | |||||||
December 31 |
17,339,664 | 7.91 | 137,229 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
77,649,795 | 9.01 | 699,582 | |||||||
Fiscal 2016 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
19,976,920 | 6.75 | 134,851 | |||||||
June 30 (through April 26, 2016) |
5,165,365 | 7.00 | 36,148 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
25,142,285 | 6.80 | 170,999 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
401,344,745 | $ | 9.96 | $ | 3,997,317 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
4
Capital Contributions by FS Advisor and GSO
In December 2010, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the principals of FS Advisor, contributed an aggregate of $200,000 to purchase 22,444 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share, which represents the initial public offering price (as adjusted for share distributions), net of selling commissions and dealer manager fees. Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains our investment adviser.
In April 2011, pursuant to a private placement, Messrs. Forman and Adelman purchased, through affiliated entities controlled by each of them, 224,444 additional common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains our investment adviser. In connection with the same private placement, certain members of our board of trustees and other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor agreed to purchase 1,459,320 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), and certain individuals and entities affiliated with GSO agreed to purchase 561,111 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), in each case at a price of $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). In connection with the private placement, we sold an aggregate of 2,244,875 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate proceeds of approximately $20.0 million, upon satisfying the minimum offering requirement on July 18, 2011. As of April 26, 2016, we have issued an aggregate of 5,417,794 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $45.9 million to members of our board of trustees and individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor and GSO, including common shares sold in the private placement conducted in April 2011.
Portfolio Update
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we made investments in portfolio companies totaling approximately $1.20 billion. During the same period, we sold investments for proceeds of approximately $590.7 million and received principal repayments of approximately $209.8 million. As of December 31, 2015, our investment portfolio, with a total fair value of approximately $3.1 billion (30% in first lien senior secured loans, 30% in second lien senior secured loans, 11% in senior secured bonds, 19% in subordinated debt and 10% in equity/other), consisted of interests in 90 portfolio companies. The portfolio companies that comprised our portfolio as of such date had an average annual earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, of approximately $244.8 million. As of December 31, 2015, the investments in our portfolio were purchased at a weighted average price of 98.4% of par value and our estimated gross annual portfolio yield, prior to leverage (which represents the expected yield to be generated by us on our investment portfolio based on the composition of our portfolio as of such date), was 9.3% based upon the amortized cost of our investments. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our total return was (15.87)%.
Based on our regular weekly cash distribution rate of $0.013625 per share as of December 31, 2015 and our public offering price of $7.50 per share as of such date, the annualized distribution rate to shareholders as of December 31, 2015 was 9.45%. The distribution rate to shareholders may include income, realized capital gains and a return of investors' capital.
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Our estimated gross annual portfolio yield may be higher than a shareholder's yield on an investment in our common shares. Our estimated gross annual portfolio yield does not reflect operating expenses that may be incurred by us. In addition, our estimated gross annual portfolio yield and total return figures disclosed above do not consider the effect of any sales commissions or charges that may be incurred in connection with the sale of our common shares. Our total return, estimated gross annual portfolio yield and annualized distribution rate to shareholders do not represent actual investment returns to shareholders, are subject to change and, in the future, may be greater or less than the rates set forth above. See the section entitled "Risk Factors" for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. See footnote 5 to the table included in "Selected Financial Data" for information regarding the calculation of our total return.
About FS Advisor
FS Advisor is a subsidiary of our affiliate, Franklin Square Holdings, a national sponsor of alternative investment funds designed for the individual investor. FS Advisor is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC under the Advisers Act and is led by substantially the same personnel that form the investment and operations team of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC. FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC are registered investment advisers that manage Franklin Square Holdings' four other affiliated BDCs, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV, respectively. FS Global Advisor, LLC is a registered investment adviser that manages Franklin Square Holdings' affiliated closed-end management investment company, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to FS Advisor, GSO and Their Respective Affiliates" and "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions."
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In addition to managing our investments, the managers, officers and other personnel of FS Advisor also currently manage the following entities through affiliated investment advisers:
Name | Entity | Investment Focus | Gross Assets(1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FS Investment Corporation |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 4,149,663 | ||||
FS Investment Corporation II |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 4,809,872 | ||||
FS Investment Corporation III |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 3,058,486 | ||||
FS Investment Corporation IV(2) |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 200 | ||||
FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund(3) |
Closed-end management investment company | Primarily invests in secured and unsecured floating and fixed rate loans, bonds and other types of credit instruments. | $ | 1,303,793 |
Our chairman, president and chief executive officer, Michael C. Forman, has led FS Advisor since its inception. In 2007, he co-founded Franklin Square Holdings with the goal of delivering alternative investment solutions, advised by what Franklin Square Holdings believes to be best-in-class institutional asset managers, to individual investors nationwide. In addition to leading FS Advisor, Mr. Forman currently serves as chairman, president and chief executive officer of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund and the FSGCOF Offered Funds. Mr. Forman also currently serves as chairman and chief executive officer of FS Investment Corporation.
FS Advisor's senior management team has significant experience in private lending and private equity investing, and has developed an expertise in using all levels of a firm's capital structure to produce income-generating investments, while focusing on risk management. The team also has
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extensive knowledge of the managerial, operational and regulatory requirements of publicly registered alternative asset entities, such as BDCs. See "Investment Objectives and StrategyAbout FS Advisor." We believe that the active and ongoing participation by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates in the credit markets, and the depth of experience and disciplined investment approach of FS Advisor's management team, will allow FS Advisor to successfully execute our investment strategy. See "Management" for biographical information regarding FS Advisor's senior management team.
All investment decisions require the unanimous approval of FS Advisor's investment committee, which is currently comprised of Mr. Forman, Gerald F. Stahlecker, Zachary Klehr and Sean Coleman. Our board of trustees, including a majority of independent trustees, oversees and monitors our investment performance and annually reviews the investment advisory and administrative services agreement and the investment sub-advisory agreement to determine, among other things, whether the fees payable under such agreements are reasonable in light of the services provided. See "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement" for more information, including information regarding the termination provisions of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement.
About GSO
From time to time, FS Advisor may enter into sub-advisory relationships with registered investment advisers that possess skills or attributes that FS Advisor believes will aid it in achieving our investment objectives. FS Advisor has engaged GSO to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO assists FS Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and makes investment recommendations for consideration and approval by FS Advisor, according to guidelines set by FS Advisor. GSO also serves as the investment sub-adviser to FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. In addition, GSO's wholly-owned subsidiary, GSO / Blackstone Debt Funds Management LLC, or GDFM, serves as the investment sub-adviser to FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV. GSO is a Delaware limited partnership with principal offices located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10154.
GSO is the credit platform of Blackstone, a leading global alternative asset manager. The credit platform is one of Blackstone's four business segments. As of December 31, 2015, GSO and its affiliates, excluding Blackstone, managed approximately $79.1 billion of assets across multiple strategies and investment types within the leveraged finance marketplace, including leveraged loans, high-yield bonds, distressed, mezzanine and private equity. GSO has extensive experience investing in Energy companies. From 2005 through 2015, funds managed by GSO have invested over $16 billion in Energy companies. As investment sub-adviser, GSO utilizes its experience in Energy investing and makes recommendations to FS Advisor in a manner that is consistent with its existing investment and monitoring processes. See "Investment Objectives and StrategyAbout GSO."
Blackstone is a leading global alternative asset manager and provider of financial advisory services. It is one of the largest independent managers of private capital in the world, with assets under management of approximately $336.4 billion as of December 31, 2015. Blackstone's alternative asset management businesses include the management of private equity funds, real estate funds, funds of hedge funds, credit-oriented funds, collateralized loan obligation vehicles, separately managed accounts and publicly traded closed-end mutual funds. Blackstone is a publicly-traded limited partnership that has common units which trade on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "BX." Information about Blackstone and its various affiliates, including certain ownership, governance and financial information, is disclosed in Blackstone's periodic filings with the SEC, which can be obtained from Blackstone's website at http://ir.blackstone.com or the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Information contained on Blackstone's website and in Blackstone's filings with the SEC is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus and you should not consider that information to be part of this prospectus.
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Risk Factors
An investment in our common shares involves a high degree of risk and may be considered speculative. You should carefully consider the information found in "Risk Factors" before deciding to invest in our common shares. The following are some of the risks an investment in us involves:
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borrowings. If our affiliates do not agree to reimburse certain of our expenses in the future, including through the waiver of advisory fees, significant portions of these distributions may come from offering proceeds or borrowings. The repayment of any amounts owed to Franklin Square Holdings will reduce the future distributions to which you would otherwise be entitled.
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See "Risk Factors" beginning on page 43 and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our common shares.
Market Opportunity
We expect that there are and will continue to be significant investment opportunities in income-oriented securities of privately-held Energy companies within the United States that will provide attractive risk-adjusted returns compared to other types of investments.
Recent volatility in the price of oil combined with reduced secondary market liquidity has resulted in lower prices and higher yields for broadly syndicated energy debt investments. From August 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015, the average yield to a 3-year maturity of broadly syndicated energy loans increased from 6.08% to 21.0%, the highest since 2009, as measured by the energy component of the Credit Suisse Leveraged Loan Index, and the average yield-to-worst of high yield energy bonds increased from 5.6% to 16.0%, the highest since 2008, as measured by the energy component of the Credit Suisse High Yield Index. We believe that the debt securities of many of these energy companies are undervalued relative to our fundamental analysis and that the broad decline in energy credit prices has not taken into account company-by-company differences in hedging programs, cost structures and liquidity profiles. In addition, certain companies have the ability to reduce costs through technological advances and many have options available to them to enhance liquidity in the event commodity prices remain depressed for a prolonged period of time. It is our view that by focusing our investments in the senior secured debt of companies with positive free cash flows, low cost structures, strong balance sheets and high-quality reserves we can generate attractive risk-adjusted returns over the long-term, while protecting our downside in most commodity price environments. Senior secured debt investments in upstream energy companies can provide downside protection through their hard assets (e.g., natural resources), which generally serve as collateral that may be recovered or leveraged by secured creditors. These investments can be secured by the issuer's assets (e.g., reserves) which comprise the majority of enterprise value in upstream companies, and may be seized by senior secured creditors in the event of a default, if necessary.
We also believe that the recent commodity price volatility has and should continue to disrupt the flow of credit from banks and the capital markets to energy companies and that this disruption will create opportunities for us to increase our directly originated deal flow. In particular, we expect that private energy companies, which represent approximately 98% of all U.S. energy companies, will experience the most significant reduction in credit availability from traditional sources. At the same time, we see multiple factors which will necessitate additional and continued capital infusion for energy companies across all sub-sectors. Upstream companies face anticipated production declines of previously discovered oil and natural gas reserves, which we believe will require large annual capital inflows to locate and develop new reserves to replace lost production. Midstream assets throughout the United States are aging and are not ideally located to new areas of development, requiring that additional infrastructure be built to ensure this new supply reaches market. Further, we believe these investment opportunities could increase due to potential environmental regulations that are expected to impact fossil-fuel power generation, particularly coal generation, which itself comprises more than a third of the current U.S. power market. We expect such market dynamics across these sub-sectors will present a growing investment opportunity for us over the long-term. Additionally, we believe that regulatory factors may further diminish the role of traditional financial institutions in providing financing to energy companies.
We believe that this large and varied asset class maintains attractive and distinct investment characteristics, including established hard asset values, high barriers to entry and attractive long-term growth profiles, which will allow us to provide superior risk-adjusted returns compared to other types of investments.
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Characteristics of and Risks Related to Investments in Private Companies
We invest primarily in income-oriented securities of privately-held Energy companies within the United States. Investments in private companies pose significantly greater risks than investments in public companies. First, private companies have reduced access to the capital markets, resulting in diminished capital resources and ability to withstand financial distress. As a result, these companies, which may present greater credit risk than public companies, may be unable to meet the obligations under their debt and equity securities that we hold. Second, the investments themselves may often be illiquid. The securities of many of the companies in which we invest are not publicly traded or actively traded on the secondary market and are, instead, traded on a privately negotiated over-the-counter secondary market for institutional investors. In addition, our directly originated investments generally will not be traded on any secondary market, and a trading market for such investments may not develop. These securities may also be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale. As such, we may have difficulty exiting an investment promptly or at a desired price prior to maturity or outside of a normal amortization schedule. These investments may also be difficult to value because little public information generally exists about private companies, requiring an experienced due diligence team to analyze and value the potential portfolio company. Finally, these companies may not have third-party debt ratings or audited financial statements. We must therefore rely on the ability of FS Advisor and/or GSO to obtain adequate information through their due diligence efforts to evaluate the creditworthiness of, and risks involved in investing in, these companies, and to determine the optimal time to exit an investment. These companies and their financial information will also generally not be subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and other rules and regulations that govern public companies that are designed to protect investors. See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our InvestmentsAn investment strategy focused primarily on privately-held companies present certain challenges, including the lack of available information about these companies."
Investment Strategy
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change. In accordance with the best interests of our shareholders, FS Advisor monitors our targeted investment mix as economic conditions evolve.
When identifying prospective portfolio companies, we focus primarily on the attributes set forth below, which we believe help us generate higher total returns with an acceptable level of risk. While these criteria provide general guidelines for our investment decisions, we caution investors that, if we believe the benefits of investing are sufficiently strong, not all of these criteria necessarily will be met by each prospective portfolio company in which we choose to invest. These attributes are:
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See "Investment Objectives and Strategy" for additional information regarding our investment strategy.
In addition, in an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief that, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, expanded our ability to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates, which we believe has and may continue to enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategy.
Potential Competitive Strengths
We believe that we offer investors the following potential competitive strengths:
Global Platform with Seasoned Investment Professionals.
We believe that the breadth and depth of the experience of FS Advisor's senior management team, together with the wider resources of GSO's investment team, which is dedicated to sourcing, structuring, executing, monitoring and harvesting a broad range of private investments, provides us with a significant competitive advantage in sourcing and analyzing what we believe to be attractive investment opportunities worldwide.
Long-Term Investment Horizon.
Our long-term investment horizon gives us great flexibility, which we believe allows us to maximize returns on our investments. We invest using a long term focus, which we believe provides us with the opportunity to increase total returns on invested capital, compared to other private company investment vehicles.
GSO Transaction Sourcing Capability.
FS Advisor seeks to leverage GSO's significant access to transaction flow. GSO seeks to generate investment opportunities through syndicate and club deals (generally, investments made by a small group of investment firms), through its trading platform, relationships with investment banks, which
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may be exclusive to GSO, and, subject to regulatory constraints as discussed under "Regulation" and the allocation policies of GSO and its affiliates, as applicable, also through GSO's direct origination channels. GSO also has a significant trading platform, which, we believe, allows us access to the secondary market for investment opportunities.
Disciplined, Income-Oriented Investment Philosophy.
FS Advisor and GSO employ a conservative investment approach focused on current income and long-term investment performance. This strategy is designed to maximize current income and minimize the risk of capital loss while maintaining the potential for long-term capital appreciation.
Investment Expertise Across All Levels of the Corporate Capital Structure.
FS Advisor and GSO believe that their broad expertise and experience investing at all levels of a company's capital structure enable us to manage risk while affording us the opportunity for significant returns on our investments. We attempt to capitalize on this expertise in an effort to produce and maintain an investment portfolio that will perform in a broad range of economic conditions. In addition, we seek to leverage this broad-ranging capability to enable us to provide Energy companies with financing that most closely aligns with their particular capital needs. We believe that such flexibility is valuable to Energy companies and provides us with a competitive advantage over other capital providers that are more limited in the securities in which they invest.
See "Investment Objectives and StrategyPotential Competitive Strengths" for a more detailed description of the competitive strengths we believe we offer our investors.
Plan of Distribution
This is a continuous public offering of our common shares as permitted by the federal securities laws. This offering must be registered in every jurisdiction in which we offer or sell common shares. Generally, such registrations are for a period of one year. Thus, we may have to stop selling common shares in any jurisdiction in which our registration is not annually renewed or otherwise extended. The dealer manager is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of common shares but intends to use its best efforts to sell the common shares offered. The minimum permitted initial purchase is $5,000. We anticipate that we will close our public offering to new investors near the end of the second quarter or the beginning of the third quarter of 2016, subject to market conditions and the pace of capital raising.
We are offering our common shares on a continuous basis at a current offering price of $7.30 per share; however, to the extent that our net asset value per share increases, we will sell at a price necessary to ensure that common shares are not sold at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share. In the event of a material decline in our net asset value per share, which we consider to be a 2.5% decrease below our then current net offering price, we will reduce our offering price in order to establish a new net offering price that is not more than 2.5% above our net asset value per share. Promptly following any such adjustment to the offering price per share, we will file a prospectus supplement with the SEC disclosing the adjusted offering price, and we will also post the updated information on our website at www.franklinsquare.com. Prior to October 3, 2011, we sold common shares at an offering price of $10.00 per share. The following table summarizes adjustments we have made to our per share public offering price and the closing date on which such adjustments were first effective:
Adjusted Per Share Public Offering Price |
First Effective Closing Date |
|
---|---|---|
$ 9.90 | October 3, 2011 | |
$ 9.95 | November 1, 2011 |
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Adjusted Per Share Public Offering Price |
First Effective Closing Date |
|
---|---|---|
$10.00 | January 17, 2012 | |
$10.05 | March 1, 2012 | |
$10.10 | August 1, 2012 | |
$10.20 | September 17, 2012 | |
$10.25 | October 1, 2012 | |
$10.30 | October 16, 2012 | |
$10.40 | December 17, 2012 | |
$10.45 | January 2, 2013 | |
$10.50 | February 1, 2013 | |
$10.60 | March 18, 2013 | |
$10.70 | April 16, 2013 | |
$10.75 | May 16, 2013 | |
$10.80 | December 26, 2013 | |
$10.85 | February 19, 2014 | |
$10.90 | March 26, 2014 | |
$10.95 | June 25, 2014 | |
$11.00 | July 2, 2014 | |
$10.95 | November 5, 2014 | |
$10.85 | November 19, 2014 | |
$10.80 | November 26, 2014 | |
$10.50 | December 3, 2014 | |
$10.30 | December 10, 2014 | |
$9.75 | December 17, 2014 | |
$9.80 | December 24, 2014 | |
$9.65 | January 21, 2015 | |
$9.60 | January 28, 2015 | |
$9.65 | February 18, 2015 | |
$9.70 | February 25, 2015 | |
$9.75 | May 6, 2015 | |
$9.80 | May 13, 2015 | |
$9.65 | July 29, 2015 | |
$9.55 | August 12, 2015 | |
$9.45 | August 19, 2015 | |
$9.25 | August 26, 2015 | |
$9.00 | September 23, 2015 | |
$8.75 | September 30, 2015 | |
$8.70 | October 28, 2015 | |
$8.65 | November 4, 2015 | |
$8.55 | November 11, 2015 | |
$8.45 | November 18, 2015 | |
$8.30 | November 25, 2015 | |
$8.10 | December 9, 2015 | |
$8.00 | December 16, 2015 | |
$7.85 | December 23, 2015 | |
$7.50 | December 30, 2015 | |
$7.25 | January 20, 2016 | |
$7.20 | January 27, 2016 | |
$7.00 | February 10, 2016 | |
$6.95 | February 17, 2016 | |
$7.00 | March 23, 2016 | |
$7.05 | March 30, 2016 | |
$7.15 | April 20, 2016 | |
$7.30 | April 27, 2016 |
FS2 acts as the dealer manager in connection with the sale of common shares registered in this offering. The dealer manager was formed in 2007 and is an affiliate of FS Advisor. FS2 also serves as the dealer manager in connection with the continuous public offerings of shares by FS Investment
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Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and the FSGCOF Offered Funds, and served as the dealer manager in connection with the continuous public offerings of shares by FS Investment Corporation and FS Investment Corporation II, which closed to new investors in May 2012 and March 2014, respectively. See "Plan of DistributionCompensation of the Dealer Manager and Selected Broker-Dealers" for information regarding the fees payable to the dealer manager in this offering.
To purchase common shares in this offering, you must complete and sign a subscription agreement (in the form attached to this prospectus as Appendix A) for a specific dollar amount equal to or greater than $5,000 and pay such amount at the time of subscription. You should make your check payable to "FS Energy and Power Fund." Subscriptions will be effective only upon our acceptance and we reserve the right to reject any subscription in whole or in part. Pending acceptance of your subscription, proceeds will be deposited into an account for your benefit. See "How to Subscribe."
Suitability Standards
Pursuant to applicable state securities laws, our common shares offered through this prospectus are suitable only as a long-term investment for persons of adequate financial means who have no need for liquidity in this investment. For the foreseeable future, there is not expected to be any public market for our common shares, which means that it may be difficult for shareholders to sell common shares. As a result, we have established suitability standards which require investors to have either (i) a net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $70,000 and an annual gross income of at least $70,000, or (ii) a net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $250,000. Our suitability standards also require that a potential investor: (1) can reasonably benefit from an investment in us based on such investor's overall investment objectives and portfolio structuring; (2) is able to bear the economic risk of the investment based on the prospective shareholder's overall financial situation; and (3) has apparent understanding of (a) the fundamental risks of the investment, (b) the risk that such investor may lose his or her entire investment, (c) the lack of liquidity of the common shares, (d) the background and qualifications of FS Advisor and GSO and (e) the tax consequences of the investment. We rely on the representations and other information provided by potential investors in the subscription agreement completed and signed by each such investor, as well as information provided by investors to the selected broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries through which we distribute our common shares, in determining whether such potential investors meet our suitability standards. For additional information, including special suitability standards for residents of certain jurisdictions, see "Suitability Standards."
How to Subscribe
Investors who meet the suitability standards described herein may purchase our common shares. Investors seeking to purchase our common shares should proceed as follows:
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Subscriptions will be effective only upon our acceptance and we reserve the right to reject any subscription in whole or in part. Subscriptions generally will be accepted or rejected within 15 days of receipt by us, and each investor will be admitted not later than the last day of the calendar month following the date the investor's subscription was accepted by us. If rejected, all funds (without interest) will be returned to subscribers without deduction for any expenses within ten business days from the date the subscription is rejected. We are not permitted to accept a subscription for common shares until at least five business days after the date you receive a final prospectus.
An approved trustee must process and forward to us subscriptions made through IRAs, Keogh plans and 401(k) plans. In the case of investments through IRAs, Keogh plans and 401(k) plans, we will send the confirmation and notice of our acceptance to the trustee.
Estimated Use of Proceeds
We intend to use substantially all of the proceeds from this offering, net of expenses, to make investments primarily in private U.S. Energy companies in accordance with our investment objectives and using the strategy described in this prospectus. We anticipate that the remainder will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including the payment of operating expenses. However, we have not established limits on the use of proceeds from this offering or the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions to our shareholders. We will seek to invest the net proceeds received in this offering as promptly as practicable after receipt thereof. However, depending on market conditions and other factors, including the availability of investments that meet our investment objectives, we may be unable to invest such proceeds within the time period we anticipate. There can be no assurance we will be able to sell all of the common shares we are registering. If we sell only a portion of the common shares we are registering, we may be unable to achieve our investment objectives or allocate our portfolio among various issuers and sub-sectors. Pending investment of the proceeds raised in this offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds primarily in cash, cash equivalents or short-term securities consistent with our BDC election and our election to be taxed as a RIC. See "Estimated Use of Proceeds."
Share Repurchase Program
We do not currently intend to list our common shares on any securities exchange and do not expect a public market for them to develop in the foreseeable future. Therefore, shareholders should not expect to be able to sell their common shares promptly or at a desired price. See "Share Repurchase Program."
To provide our shareholders with limited liquidity, we intend to conduct quarterly tender offers pursuant to our share repurchase program. We are not obligated to repurchase common shares and, if we do so, common shares will be repurchased at a discount of 10% from the offering price in effect at the time of repurchase. The first such tender offer commenced in August 2012 and the repurchase
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occurred in connection with our October 1, 2012 semi-monthly closing. The following table reflects certain information regarding the tender offers we have conducted to date:
For the Three Months Ended
|
Repurchase Date | Shares Repurchased |
Percentage of Shares Tendered That Were Repurchased |
Repurchase Price Per Share |
Aggregate Consideration for Repurchased Shares (In Thousands) |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiscal 2012 |
|||||||||||||||
September 30, 2012 |
October 1, 2012 | 44,339 | 100% | $ | 9.225 | $ | 409 | ||||||||
Fiscal 2013 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2012 |
January 2, 2013 | 24,249 | 100% | $ | 9.405 | $ | 228 | ||||||||
March 31, 2013 |
April 1, 2013 | 82,689 | 100% | $ | 9.540 | $ | 789 | ||||||||
June 30, 2013 |
July 1, 2013 | 76,858 | 100% | $ | 9.675 | $ | 744 | ||||||||
September 30, 2013 |
October 2, 2013 | 156,300 | 100% | $ | 9.675 | $ | 1,512 | ||||||||
Fiscal 2014 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2013 |
January 2, 2014 | 174,181 | 100% | $ | 9.720 | $ | 1,693 | ||||||||
March 31, 2014 |
April 2, 2014 | 158,723 | 100% | $ | 9.810 | $ | 1,557 | ||||||||
June 30, 2014 |
July 2, 2014 | 401,302 | 100% | $ | 9.900 | $ | 3,973 | ||||||||
September 30, 2014 |
October 1, 2014 | 306,972 | 100% | $ | 9.900 | $ | 3,039 | ||||||||
Fiscal 2015 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 |
January 7, 2015 | 450,293 | 100% | $ | 8.820 | $ | 3,972 | ||||||||
March 31, 2015 |
April 1, 2015 | 716,857 | 100% | $ | 8.730 | $ | 6,258 | ||||||||
June 30, 2015 |
July 1, 2015 | 955,664 | 100% | $ | 8.820 | $ | 8,429 | ||||||||
September 30, 2015 |
October 7, 2015 | 2,711,088 | 100% | $ | 7.875 | $ | 21,350 | ||||||||
Fiscal 2016 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2015 |
January 6, 2016 | 2,716,924 | 100% | $ | 6.750 | $ | 18,339 | ||||||||
March 31, 2016 |
April 6, 2016 | 2,196,742 | 100% | $ | 6.345 | $ | 13,938 |
Our quarterly repurchases will be conducted on such terms as may be determined by our board of trustees in its complete and absolute discretion unless, in the judgment of the independent trustees of our board of trustees, such repurchases would not be in the best interests of our shareholders or would violate applicable law. We intend to conduct such repurchase offers in accordance with the requirements of Rule 13e-4 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and the 1940 Act. In months in which we repurchase common shares pursuant to our share repurchase program, we generally will conduct repurchases on the same date that we hold our first weekly closing for the sale of common shares in this continuous public offering. Any offer to repurchase common shares will be conducted solely through tender offer materials mailed to each shareholder and is not being made through this prospectus.
We currently intend to limit the number of common shares to be repurchased during any calendar year to the number of common shares we can repurchase with the proceeds we receive from the issuance of our common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan. Because our distribution reinvestment plan is structured as an "opt in" program that requires shareholders to affirmatively elect to have their cash distributions reinvested in additional common shares, such requirement may contribute to the illiquidity of our common shares. At the discretion of our board of trustees, we may also use cash on hand, cash available from borrowings and cash from the liquidation of securities investments as of the end of the applicable period to repurchase common shares. In addition, we will limit the number of common shares to be repurchased in any calendar year to 10.0% of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding in the prior calendar year, or 2.5% in each quarter, though the actual number of common shares that we offer to repurchase may be less in light of the limitations noted above. We will offer to repurchase common shares on each date of repurchase at a
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price equal to 90% of the offering price in effect on the date of repurchase. FS Advisor will not receive any separate fees in connection with the repurchase of common shares under our share repurchase program. Our board of trustees may amend, suspend, or terminate the share repurchase program at any time, upon 30 days' notice.
If you wish to tender your common shares to be repurchased, you must either tender at least 25% of the common shares you have purchased or all of the common shares that you own. If you choose to tender only a portion of your common shares, you must maintain a minimum balance of $5,000 worth of common shares following a tender of common shares for repurchase. If the amount of repurchase requests exceeds the number of common shares we seek to repurchase, we will repurchase common shares on a pro-rata basis. As a result, we may repurchase less than the full amount of common shares that you request to have repurchased. To the extent you seek to tender all of the common shares that you own and we repurchase less than the full amount of common shares that you request to have repurchased, you may maintain a balance of common shares of less than $5,000 following such share repurchase. If we do not repurchase the full amount of your common shares that you have requested to be repurchased, or we determine not to make repurchases of our common shares, you may not be able to dispose of your common shares. Any periodic repurchase offers will be subject in part to our available cash and compliance with the RIC qualification and diversification rules promulgated under the Code.
While we intend to conduct quarterly tender offers as described above, we are not required to do so and may amend, suspend or terminate the share repurchase program at any time. We have received exemptive relief from Regulation M under the Exchange Act from the Division of Trading and Markets of the SEC in connection with our share repurchase program. See "Share Repurchase Program."
Liquidity Strategy
We intend to seek to complete a liquidity event for our shareholders within five years following the completion of our offering stage; however, the offering period may extend for an indefinite period. Accordingly, you should consider that you may not have access to the money you invest for an indefinite period of time until we complete a liquidity event. We will view our offering stage as complete as of the termination date of our most recent public equity offering if we have not conducted a public equity offering in any continuous two year period. We may determine not to pursue a liquidity event if we believe that then current market conditions are not favorable for a liquidity event, and that such conditions will improve in the future. A liquidity event could include (1) a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange, (2) the sale of all or substantially all of our assets either on a complete portfolio basis or individually followed by a liquidation, or (3) a merger or another transaction approved by our board of trustees in which our shareholders likely will receive cash or shares of a publicly traded company, including potentially a company that is an affiliate of us. We refer to these scenarios as "liquidity events." While our intention is to seek to complete a liquidity event within five years following the completion of our offering stage, there can be no assurance that a suitable transaction will be available or that market conditions for a liquidity event will be favorable during that timeframe. In making a determination of what type of liquidity event is in the best interest of our shareholders, our board of trustees, including our independent trustees, may consider a variety of criteria, including, but not limited to, the allocation of our portfolio among various issuers and sub-sectors, portfolio performance, our financial condition, potential access to capital as a listed company, market conditions for the sale of our assets or listing of our common shares, internal management considerations and the potential for shareholder liquidity. If we determine to pursue a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange in the future, at that time we may consider either an internal or an external management structure. As such, there can be no assurance that we will complete a liquidity event at all. In addition, shares of BDCs listed on a national securities exchange frequently trade at a discount to net asset value. If we determine to pursue a listing of our
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common shares on a national securities exchange, shareholders, including those who purchase common shares at the offering price, may experience a loss on their investment if they sell their shares at a time when our common shares are trading at a discount to net asset value. This risk is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value will decrease.
Prior to the completion of a liquidity event, our share repurchase program may provide a limited opportunity for you to have your common shares repurchased, subject to certain restrictions and limitations, at a price which may reflect a discount from the purchase price you paid for the common shares being repurchased. See "Share Repurchase Program" for a detailed description of our share repurchase program.
Advisory Fees
FS Advisor and GSO are compensated for their services. Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FS Advisor is entitled to a fee consisting of two componentsa base management fee and an incentive fee based on our performance. The base management fee is payable quarterly in arrears and is calculated at an annual rate of 2.0% of the average value of our gross assets during such period.
The incentive fee consists of two parts. The first part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the subordinated incentive fee on income, is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, equals 20.0% of our "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and is subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital, equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. As a result, FS Advisor does not earn this incentive fee for any quarter until our pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter exceeds the hurdle rate of 1.625%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of our common shares (including proceeds from our distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for distributions from non-liquidating dispositions of our investments paid to shareholders and amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program. Once our pre-incentive fee net investment income in any quarter exceeds the hurdle rate, FS Advisor will be entitled to a "catch-up" fee equal to the amount of the pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate, until our pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter equals 2.031%, or 8.125% annually, of adjusted capital. This "catch-up" feature allows FS Advisor to recoup the fees foregone as a result of the existence of the hurdle rate. Thereafter, FS Advisor is entitled to receive 20.0% of pre-incentive fee net investment income.
The second part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the incentive fee on capital gains, is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement). This fee equals 20.0% of our incentive fee capital gains, which equal our realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis, less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gains incentive fees. We accrue for the capital gains incentive fee, which, if earned, is paid annually. We accrue the capital gains incentive fee based on net realized and unrealized gains; however, under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the fee payable to FS Advisor is based on realized gains and no such fee is payable with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized.
Our board of trustees, including a majority of independent trustees, oversees and monitors our investment performance and annually reviews the investment advisory and administrative services agreement and the investment sub-advisory agreement, to determine, among other things, whether the fees payable under such agreements are reasonable in light of the services provided.
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See "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services AgreementOverview of GSO" for a description of the investment sub-advisory agreement and the fees payable to GSO by FS Advisor pursuant to such agreement.
Administration
FS Advisor is reimbursed for administrative expenses it incurs on our behalf. See "Administrative Services."
Conflicts of Interest
FS Advisor, GSO and certain of their affiliates may experience conflicts of interest in connection with the management of our business affairs, including, but not limited to, the following:
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of interest between or among the various classes of securities that may be held by us and such other clients;
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Reports to Shareholders
Within 60 days after the end of each fiscal quarter, we will distribute our quarterly report on Form 10-Q to all shareholders of record and to the securities administrator in each jurisdiction in which we offer or sell securities. In addition, we will distribute our annual report on Form 10-K to all shareholders of record and to the securities administrator in each jurisdiction in which we offer or sell securities within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year. These reports will also be available on our website at www.franklinsquare.com and on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. These reports should not be considered a part of or as incorporated by reference in this prospectus, or the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, unless the prospectus or the registration statement is specifically amended or supplemented to include such reports. On a quarterly basis, we will send information to all shareholders of record regarding the sources of distributions paid to our shareholders in such quarter.
Distributions
We declared our first distribution on July 21, 2011. Subject to our board of trustees' discretion and applicable legal restrictions, we intend to authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on a weekly basis and pay such distributions on a monthly basis. We will calculate each shareholder's specific distribution amount for the period using record and declaration dates and each shareholder's distributions will begin to accrue on the date we accept such shareholder's subscription for our common shares. From time to time, we may also pay special interim distributions in the form of cash or common shares at the discretion of our board of trustees. For example, our board of trustees may periodically declare share distributions in order to reduce our net asset value per share if necessary to ensure that we do not sell common shares at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share.
We may fund our cash distributions to shareholders from any sources of funds legally available to us, including offering proceeds, borrowings, net investment income from operations, capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, non-capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, dividends or other distributions paid to us on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies and expense reimbursements from Franklin Square Holdings. We have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions.
For a period of time following commencement of our continuous public offering, substantial portions of our distributions were funded through the reimbursement of certain expenses by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates, including through the waiver of certain investment advisory fees by FS Advisor, that were subject to repayment by us within three years. The purpose of this arrangement was to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders was paid from offering proceeds or borrowings. Any such distributions funded through expense reimbursements or waivers of advisory fees were not based on our investment performance.
No portion of the distributions paid during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was funded through the reimbursement of operating expenses by Franklin Square Holdings. However, our repayment of amounts previously reimbursed or waived by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates reduced the distributions that shareholders may otherwise have received during the year ended December 31, 2013. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we did not repay any amounts to Franklin Square Holdings for expenses previously reimbursed or waived. There can be no assurance that we will continue to achieve the performance necessary to sustain our distributions or that we will be able to pay distributions at a specific rate or at all. Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates have no obligation to waive advisory fees or otherwise reimburse expenses in future periods.
During certain periods, our distributions may exceed our earnings, especially during the period before we have substantially invested the proceeds from our continuous public offering of common shares. As a result, it is possible that a portion of the distributions we make will represent a return of
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capital. A return of capital generally is a return of your investment rather than a return of earnings or gains derived from our investment activities and will be made after deducting the fees and expenses payable in connection with our continuous public offering, including any fees payable to FS Advisor. Moreover, a return of capital will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder's cost basis in our common shares, and will result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when the common shares on which such return of capital was received are sold. Each year a statement on Form 1099-DIV identifying the sources of our distributions (i.e., paid from ordinary income, paid from net capital gains on the sale of securities, and/or a return of capital) will be mailed to our shareholders. No portion of the distributions paid during the year ended December 31, 2015 represented a return of capital. See "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations."
We intend to make our ordinary distributions in the form of cash, out of assets legally available for distribution, unless shareholders elect to receive distributions in additional common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan. Market conditions have recently improved and oil prices have rebounded off of recent lows. With the improving market conditions, we have seen some positive developments in the portfolio and an increase in our net asset value. However, we anticipate that certain investments in the portfolio may need to be restructured and/or may experience defaults. These restructurings and defaults may have an impact on the level of income received by us. As a result, we are evaluating the current distribution rate payable on our common shares and there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain the distribution at the current level. FS Advisor has agreed to waive its incentive fee and may waive a portion of its management fee through the second quarter of 2016 to ensure no portion of the distribution is paid from offering proceeds or borrowings. For additional information regarding our distributions, see "Distributions."
Distribution Reinvestment Plan
We have adopted an "opt in" distribution reinvestment plan pursuant to which you may elect to have the full amount of your cash distributions reinvested in additional common shares. Participants in our distribution reinvestment plan are free to elect to participate or terminate participation in the plan within a reasonable time as specified in the plan. If you do not elect to participate in the plan, you will automatically receive any distributions we declare in cash. For example, if our board of trustees authorizes, and we declare, a cash distribution, and if you have "opted in" to our distribution reinvestment plan you will have your cash distribution reinvested in additional common shares, rather than receiving the cash distribution. However, certain state authorities or regulators may impose restrictions from time to time that may prevent or limit a shareholder's ability to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan. You should contact your broker or financial intermediary regarding any such restrictions that may be applicable to your investment in common shares.
We expect to coordinate distribution payment dates so that the same price that is used for the weekly closing date on or immediately following such distribution payment date will be used to calculate the price at which common shares are issued under our distribution reinvestment plan. In such case, your reinvested distributions will purchase common shares at a price equal to 90% of the price that common shares are sold in our offering at the weekly closing conducted on the day of or immediately following the distribution payment date, and such price may represent a premium to our net asset value per share. No commissions or dealer manager fees will be assessed on purchases pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. See "Distribution Reinvestment Plan."
Although distributions paid in the form of additional common shares will generally be subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes in the same manner as cash distributions, shareholders who elect to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan will not receive any corresponding cash distributions with which to pay any such applicable taxes. Shareholders receiving distributions in the form of additional common shares will generally be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of the fair market value of our common shares. If shareholders hold common shares in the name of a broker or
25
financial intermediary, they should contact such broker or financial intermediary regarding their option to elect to receive distributions in additional common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan in lieu of cash.
For additional information regarding our distribution reinvestment plan, see "Distribution Reinvestment Plan."
Taxation
We have elected, effective as of the date of our formation, to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that we timely distribute each tax year as dividends to our shareholders. To maintain our qualification as a RIC and maintain RIC tax treatment, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements, as well as distribute to our shareholders, each tax year, dividends generally of an amount at least equal to 90% of our "investment company taxable income," which is generally the sum of our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses, determined without regard to any deduction for distributions paid, or the Annual Distribution Requirement. See "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations."
Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112. We maintain a website at www.franklinsquare.com. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider that information to be part of this prospectus.
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The following table is intended to assist you in understanding the costs and expenses that a shareholder in this offering will bear directly or indirectly. We caution you that some of the percentages indicated in the table below are estimates and may vary. Except where the context suggests otherwise, whenever this prospectus contains a reference to fees or expenses paid by "you," "us" or "FS Energy and Power Fund," or that "we" will pay fees or expenses, shareholders will indirectly bear such fees or expenses as investors in us.
Shareholder Transaction Expenses (as a percentage of offering price) | |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sales load(1) |
10.0 | % | ||
Offering expenses(2) |
1.5 | % | ||
| | | | |
Total shareholder transaction expenses |
11.5 | % |
Annual expenses (as a percentage of average net assets attributable to common shares)(3) | |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Base management fee(4) |
3.03 | % | ||
Incentive fees payable under our investment advisory and administrative services agreement(5) |
1.20 | % | ||
Interest payments on borrowed funds(6) |
1.66 | % | ||
Other expenses(7) |
0.52 | % | ||
| | | | |
Total annual expenses |
6.41 | % |
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aggregate
amount up to $300.0 million with interest at a rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 1.10% per annum.
Example
The following example demonstrates the projected dollar amount of total cumulative expenses that would be incurred over various periods with respect to a hypothetical investment in our common shares. In calculating the following expense amounts, we have assumed that our annual operating
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expenses would remain at the percentage levels set forth in the table above and that shareholders would pay a sales load of 10.0% with respect to common shares sold by us in this offering.
|
1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
You would pay the following expenses on a $1,000 investment, assuming a 5.0% annual return (none of which is subject to our incentive fee on capital gains):(1) |
$ | 161 | $ | 253 | $ | 344 | $ | 571 | |||||
You would pay the following expenses on a $1,000 investment, assuming a 5.0% annual return resulting entirely from net realized capital gains (all of which is subject to our incentive fee on capital gains):(2) |
$ | 170 | $ | 277 | $ | 382 | $ | 632 |
The example and the expenses in the tables above should not be considered a representation of our future expenses, and actual expenses may be greater or less than those shown. Because the example assumes, as required by the SEC, a 5.0% annual return, no subordinated incentive fee on income would be accrued and payable in any of the indicated time periods. Our performance will vary and may result in a return greater or less than 5.0%. If we achieve sufficient returns on our investments, including through the realization of capital gains, to trigger an incentive fee of a material amount, our expenses, and returns to our shareholders, would be higher. In addition, while the example assumes reinvestment of all distributions at net asset value, participants in our distribution reinvestment plan will receive a number of our common shares determined by dividing the total dollar amount of the distribution payable to a participant by the greater of 90% of the most recent offering price or at such price necessary to ensure that common shares are not sold at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share. See "Distribution Reinvestment Plan" for additional information regarding our distribution reinvestment plan. See "Plan of Distribution" for additional information regarding shareholder transaction expenses.
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COMPENSATION OF THE DEALER MANAGER AND THE INVESTMENT ADVISER
The dealer manager receives compensation and reimbursement for services relating to this offering, and we compensate FS Advisor for the investment and management of our assets. The most significant items of compensation, fees, expense reimbursements and other payments that we expect to pay to these entities and their affiliates are included in the table below. The selling commissions and dealer manager fee may vary for different categories of purchasers. See "Plan of Distribution." This table assumes our common shares are sold through distribution channels associated with the highest possible selling commissions and dealer manager fees. For illustrations of how the base management fee, the subordinated incentive fee on income and the incentive fee on capital gains are calculated, see "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services AgreementOverview of FS AdvisorAdvisory Fees."
Type of Compensation | Determination of Amount | Estimated Amount for Maximum Offering (92,200,000 Common Shares)(1) |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
FEES TO THE DEALER MANAGER |
||||
Sales Load |
|
|
||
Selling commissions(2) |
Up to 7.0% of gross offering proceeds from this offering; all selling commissions are expected to be re-allowed to selected broker-dealers. |
$47,114,200 |
||
Dealer manager fee(2) |
Up to 3.0% of gross proceeds from this offering, all or a portion of which may be re-allowed to selected broker-dealers. The maximum aggregate amount of the reallowances of the 3.0% dealer manager fee will be 1.5% of the gross proceeds from common shares sold in this offering. |
$20,191,800 |
||
REIMBURSEMENT TO OUR INVESTMENT ADVISER |
||||
Other offering and organization expenses(3) |
We have reimbursed FS Advisor for the organization and offering costs it has incurred on our behalf and will, in the future, reimburse offering costs only to the extent that the reimbursement would not cause the selling commissions, dealer manager fee, accountable due diligence expenses and the other offering and organization expenses borne by us to exceed 15.0% of the gross offering proceeds as the amount of proceeds increases. Based on our current estimate, we estimate that these expenses would be approximately $10.1 million, or 1.5% of the gross offering proceeds, if we use the maximum amount offered. |
$10,095,900 |
||
|
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Type of Compensation | Determination of Amount | Estimated Amount for Maximum Offering (92,200,000 Common Shares)(1) |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||
Base management fee |
The base management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 2.0% of our average gross assets and payable quarterly in arrears. The base management fee may or may not be taken in whole or in part at the discretion of FS Advisor. All or any part of the base management fee not taken as to any quarter will be deferred without interest and may be taken in any such other quarter prior to the occurrence of a liquidity event as FS Advisor may determine. |
$11,913,162 |
||
Subordinated incentive fee on income |
The subordinated incentive fee on income is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, and equals 20% of our "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter, and is subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital, equal to 1.625% per quarter (an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%).(4) No subordinated incentive fee on income is payable in any calendar quarter in which pre-incentive fee net investment income does not exceed the hurdle rate of 1.625%, or the quarterly hurdle rate, on adjusted capital. For any calendar quarter in which pre-incentive fee net investment income is greater than the quarterly hurdle rate, but less than 2.031%, the subordinated incentive fee on income will equal the amount of pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the quarterly hurdle rate. This fee is referred to as the catch-up(5) and provides an increasing fee, but is in no event greater than the 20.0% of pre-incentive fee |
These amounts cannot be estimated because they are based upon the performance of the assets we hold. The amount of any subordinated incentive fee on income will be reported by us in our quarterly and annual financial statements filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act. |
||
|
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Type of Compensation | Determination of Amount | Estimated Amount for Maximum Offering (92,200,000 Common Shares)(1) |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
net investment income, as the pre-incentive fee net investment income increases from a 1.625% to a 2.031% quarterly return on adjusted capital. For any calendar quarter in which the pre-incentive fee net investment income exceeds 2.031% of adjusted capital, the subordinated incentive fee on income will equal 20.0% of pre-incentive fee net investment income. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of our common shares (including proceeds from our distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for distributions to investors of proceeds from non-liquidating dispositions of our investments and amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program. | |||
Incentive fee on capital gains |
An incentive fee on capital gains is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement) and equals 20.0% of our incentive fee capital gains, which equal our realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis, less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gains incentive fees. |
These amounts cannot be estimated because they are based upon the performance of the assets we hold. The amount of any incentive fee on capital gains will be reported by us in our quarterly and annual financial statements filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act. |
||
|
||||
Other operating expenses(6) |
We reimburse the expenses incurred by FS Advisor in connection with its provision of administrative services provided to us, including the compensation payable by FS |
We have estimated these annual expenses to be approximately $2.4 million. Actual amounts may be lower or higher than this. |
||
|
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Type of Compensation | Determination of Amount | Estimated Amount for Maximum Offering (92,200,000 Common Shares)(1) |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Advisor to administrative personnel of FS Advisor. We do not reimburse FS Advisor for personnel costs in connection with services for which FS Advisor receives a separate fee. In addition, we do not reimburse FS Advisor for (i) rent or depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other costs of its own administrative items, or (ii) salaries, fringe benefits, travel expenses and other administrative items incurred or allocated to any controlling person of FS Advisor. |
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Fiscal Year Ended December 31, | FS Investment Corporation |
FS Investment Corporation II |
FS Investment Corporation III |
FS Investment Corporation IV |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 |
$710,000 | | | | |||||
2011 |
$2,781,000 | | | | |||||
2012 |
$4,504,000 | $215,000 | | | |||||
2013 |
$4,959,000 | $2,342,000 | | | |||||
2014 |
$4,537,000 | $3,333,000 | $232,000 | | |||||
2015 |
$4,646,000 | $4,370,000 | $1,493,000 | |
Neither we nor FS Advisor is responsible or obligated, whether directly or indirectly, for any reimbursements from FS Investment Corporation to FB Income Advisor, LLC, from FS Investment Corporation II to FSIC II Advisor, LLC, from FS Investment Corporation III to FSIC III Advisor, LLC or from FS Investment Corporation IV to FSIC IV Advisor, LLC.
Certain of the advisory fees payable to FS Advisor are not based on the performance of our investments. See "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement" and "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" for a more detailed description of the fees and expenses payable to FS Advisor, the dealer manager and their affiliates and the potential conflicts of interest related to these arrangements.
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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THIS OFFERING
Set forth below are some of the more frequently asked questions and answers relating to our structure, our management, our business and an offering of this type. See "Prospectus Summary" and the remainder of this prospectus for more detailed information about our structure, our business and this offering.
From 2005 through 2015, funds managed by GSO have invested over $16 billion in Energy companies. As investment sub-adviser, GSO utilizes its experience in Energy investing and makes recommendations to FS Advisor in a manner that is consistent with its existing investment and monitoring processes. See "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services AgreementOverview of GSO" for more information on GSO.
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Generally, you must purchase at least $5,000 of our common shares. Certain volume discounts may be available for large purchases. See "Plan of Distribution." After you have satisfied the applicable minimum purchase requirement, additional purchases must be in increments of at least $500, except for purchases made pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. These minimum net worth and investment levels may be higher in certain jurisdictions, so you should carefully read the more detailed description under "Suitability Standards."
Our affiliates may also purchase our common shares. The selling commission and the dealer manager fee that are payable by other investors in this offering will be reduced or waived for certain purchasers, including our affiliates.
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reserve the right to reject any subscription in whole or in part. Subscriptions generally will be accepted or rejected by us within 15 days of receipt by us and, if rejected, all funds (without interest) will be returned to subscribers without deduction for any expenses within ten business days from the date the subscription is rejected.
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tax basis in such shareholder's common shares and, after the adjusted basis is reduced to zero, will constitute capital gains to such U.S. shareholder.
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substantially all of our assets either on a complete portfolio basis or individually followed by a liquidation or (3) a merger or another transaction approved by our board of trustees in which our shareholders likely will receive cash or shares of a publicly traded company, including potentially a company that is an affiliate of us. While our intention is to seek to complete a liquidity event within five years following the completion of our offering stage, there can be no assurance that a suitable transaction will be available or that market conditions for a liquidity event will be favorable during that timeframe. As such, there can be no assurance that we will complete a liquidity event at all.
FS2
Capital Partners, LLC
201 Rouse Boulevard
Philadelphia, PA 19112
(877) 372-9880
Attention: Investor Services
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You should read this selected consolidated financial data in conjunction with our "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011 has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements.
Dollar amounts are presented in thousands, except for per share data.
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011(1) | |||||||||||
Statements of operations data: |
||||||||||||||||
Investment income |
$ | 379,653 | $ | 289,970 | $ | 132,002 | $ | 29,965 | $ | 1,394 | ||||||
Operating expenses |
||||||||||||||||
Total expenses |
152,058 | 115,081 | 65,198 | 19,803 | 1,466 | |||||||||||
Less: Expense reimbursement from sponsor |
| | | (1,432 | ) | (725 | ) | |||||||||
Add: Expense recoupment to sponsor |
| | | 1,432 | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net expenses |
152,058 | 115,081 | 65,198 | 19,803 | 741 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income (loss) |
227,595 | 174,889 | 66,804 | 10,162 | 653 | |||||||||||
Total net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments |
(738,894 | ) | (344,398 | ) | 41,566 | 32,101 | 314 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
(511,299 | ) | (169,509 | ) | $ | 108,370 | $ | 42,263 | $ | 967 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Per share data:(2) |
||||||||||||||||
Net investment income (loss)basic and diluted(3) |
$ | 0.67 | $ | 0.74 | $ | 0.58 | $ | 0.33 | $ | 0.16 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operationsbasic and diluted(3) |
$ | (1.51 | ) | $ | (0.72 | ) | $ | 0.94 | $ | 1.38 | $ | 0.23 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Distributions declared(4) |
$ | 0.71 | $ | 0.69 | $ | 0.66 | $ | 0.63 | $ | 0.28 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance sheet data: |
||||||||||||||||
Total assets |
$ | 3,499,419 | $ | 3,714,351 | $ | 2,428,659 | $ | 829,494 | $ | 112,732 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Credit facilities and repurchase agreement payable |
$ | 1,040,494 | $ | 1,090,413 | $ | 624,174 | $ | 185,232 | $ | 20,518 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net assets |
$ | 2,417,861 | $ | 2,565,721 | $ | 1,676,237 | $ | 602,889 | $ | 67,685 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other data: |
||||||||||||||||
Total return(5) |
(15.87 | )% | (4.14 | )% | 10.49 | % | 14.07 | % | 1.23 | % | ||||||
Number of portfolio company investments at period end |
90 | 125 | 104 | 64 | 21 | |||||||||||
Total portfolio investments for the period |
$ | 1,195,947 | $ | 2,437,689 | $ | 2,295,602 | $ | 826,011 | $ | 95,199 | ||||||
Proceeds from sales and repayments of investments |
$ | 800,534 | $ | 1,044,311 | $ | 735,673 | $ | 244,192 | $ | 3,564 |
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Investing in our common shares involves a number of significant risks. In addition to the other information contained in this prospectus, investors should consider carefully the following information before making an investment in our common shares. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the net asset value of our common shares could decline or the value of our debt or equity investments may decline, and investors may lose all or part of their investment.
Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Shares
Investors will not know the purchase price per share at the time they submit their subscription agreements and could receive fewer common shares than anticipated if our board of trustees determines to increase the offering price to comply with the requirement that we avoid selling common shares at a net offering price below our net asset value per share.
The purchase price at which shareholders purchase common shares will be determined at each weekly closing date to ensure that the sales price, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, is equal to or greater than the net asset value of our common shares. As a result, in the event of an increase in our net asset value per share, a shareholder's purchase price may be higher than the prior weekly closing price per share, and therefore shareholders may receive a smaller number of common shares than if the investor had subscribed at the prior weekly closing price. See "Determination of Net Asset Value."
An investor may not have the opportunity to evaluate historical data or assess our future investments prior to purchasing our common shares.
Other than those investments reflected in our portfolio at the time an investor subscribes for our common shares, investors will not be able to evaluate the economic merits, transaction terms or other financial or operational data concerning the investments we make using the proceeds from our continuous public offering prior to making a decision to purchase our common shares. An investor must rely on FS Advisor and GSO to implement our investment policies, to evaluate all of our investment opportunities and to structure the terms of our investments rather than evaluating our future investments in advance of purchasing our common shares. Because investors are not able to evaluate all of our investments in advance of purchasing our common shares, our continuous public offering may entail more risk than other types of offerings. This additional risk may hinder an investor's ability to achieve their own personal investment objectives related to portfolio diversification, risk-adjusted investment returns and other objectives.
Our common shares are not listed on an exchange or quoted through a quotation system, and will not be for the foreseeable future, if ever. Therefore, shareholders will have limited liquidity and may not receive a full return of invested capital upon selling common shares.
Our common shares are illiquid assets for which there is not a secondary market and it is not expected that any will develop in the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will complete a liquidity event. A liquidity event could include (1) a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange, (2) the sale of all or substantially all of our assets either on a complete portfolio basis or individually followed by a liquidation or (3) a merger or another transaction approved by our board of trustees in which our shareholders likely will receive cash or shares of a publicly-traded company, including potentially a company that is an affiliate of us.
In addition, any shares repurchased pursuant to our share repurchase program may be purchased at a price which may reflect a discount from the purchase price a shareholder paid for the common
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shares being repurchased. See "Share Repurchase Program" for a detailed description of our share repurchase program.
If our common shares are listed, we cannot assure shareholders that a public trading market will develop. In addition, a liquidity event involving a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange may include certain restrictions on the ability of shareholders to sell their common shares. Further, even if we do complete a liquidity event, shareholders may not receive a return of all of their invested capital.
We are not obligated to complete a liquidity event by a specified date; therefore, it will be difficult for an investor to sell his or her common shares.
A liquidity event could include (1) a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange, (2) the sale of all or substantially all of our assets either on a complete portfolio basis or individually followed by a liquidation, or (3) a merger or another transaction approved by our board of trustees in which our shareholders likely will receive cash or shares of a publicly-traded company, including potentially a company that is an affiliate of us. However, there can be no assurance that we will complete a liquidity event by a specified date or at all. If we do not successfully complete a liquidity event, liquidity for an investor's common shares will be limited to our share repurchase program, which we have no obligation to maintain.
Because the dealer manager for our continuous public offering is one of our affiliates, shareholders will not have the benefit of an independent due diligence review of us by our affiliated dealer manager, which is customarily performed in firm commitment underwritten offerings; the absence of an independent due diligence review by our affiliated dealer manager, increases the risks and uncertainty faced as a shareholder.
The dealer manager for our continuous public offering, FS2 Capital Partners, LLC, or FS2, is one of our affiliates. As a result, its due diligence review and investigation of us and this prospectus cannot be considered to be an independent review. Therefore, shareholders do not have the benefit of an independent review and investigation of our offering of the type normally performed by an unaffiliated, independent underwriter in a firm commitment underwritten public securities offering.
Our ability to successfully conduct our continuous public offering depends, in part, on the ability of the dealer manager to establish, operate and maintain a network of broker-dealers.
The success of our continuous public offering, and correspondingly our ability to implement our business strategy, depends upon the ability of the dealer manager to establish, operate and maintain a network of licensed securities broker-dealers and other agents to sell our common shares. If the dealer manager fails to perform, we may not be able to raise adequate proceeds through our continuous public offering to implement our investment strategy. If we are unsuccessful in implementing our investment strategy, shareholders could lose all or a part of their investment.
Only a limited number of common shares may be repurchased pursuant to our share repurchase program and, to the extent shareholders are able to sell their common shares under our share repurchase program, shareholders may not be able to recover the amount of their investment in those shares.
Our share repurchase program includes numerous restrictions that limit shareholders' ability to sell their common shares. We intend to limit the number of common shares repurchased pursuant to our share repurchase program as follows: (1) we currently intend to limit the number of common shares to be repurchased during any calendar year to the number of common shares we can repurchase with the proceeds we receive from the issuance of our common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan, although at the discretion of our board of trustees, we may also use cash on hand, cash available from borrowings and cash from the liquidation of securities investments as of the end of the applicable
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period to repurchase common shares; (2) we intend to limit the number of common shares to be repurchased in any calendar year to 10% of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding in the prior calendar year, or 2.5% in each calendar quarter (though the actual number of common shares that we offer to repurchase may be less in light of the limitations noted above); (3) unless shareholders tender all of their common shares, shareholders must tender at least 25% of the number of common shares they have purchased and generally must maintain a minimum balance of $5,000 subsequent to submitting a portion of their common shares for repurchase by us; and (4) to the extent that the number of common shares tendered for repurchase exceeds the number of common shares that we are able to repurchase, we will repurchase common shares on a pro rata basis, not on a first-come, first-served basis. Further, we will have no obligation to repurchase common shares if the repurchase would violate the restrictions on distributions under federal law or Delaware law, which prohibits distributions that would cause a trust to fail to meet statutory tests of solvency. Any of the foregoing limitations may prevent us from accommodating all repurchase requests made in any year.
In addition, our board of trustees may amend, suspend or terminate the share repurchase program upon 30 days' notice. We will notify shareholders of such developments (1) in our quarterly reports or (2) by means of a separate mailing to shareholders, accompanied by disclosure in a current or periodic report under the Exchange Act. In addition, although we have adopted a share repurchase program, we have discretion to not repurchase common shares, to suspend the share repurchase program and to cease repurchases. Further, the share repurchase program has many limitations and should not be relied upon as a method to sell common shares promptly or at a desired price.
The timing of our repurchase offers pursuant to our share repurchase program may be at a time that is disadvantageous to our shareholders.
When we make quarterly repurchase offers pursuant to our share repurchase program, we may offer to repurchase common shares at a price that is lower than the price that investors paid for common shares in our offering. As a result, to the extent investors have the ability to sell their common shares to us as part of our share repurchase program, the price at which an investor may sell common shares, which we expect will be 90% of the offering price in effect on the date of repurchase, may be lower than what an investor paid in connection with the purchase of common shares in our offering.
In addition, in the event an investor chooses to participate in our share repurchase program, the investor will be required to provide us with notice of intent to participate prior to knowing what the repurchase price will be on the repurchase date. Although an investor will have the ability to withdraw a repurchase request prior to the expiration date of such tender offer, to the extent an investor seeks to sell common shares to us as part of our share repurchase program, the investor will be required to do so without knowledge of what the repurchase price of our common shares will be on the repurchase date.
We may be unable to invest a significant portion of the net proceeds of our offering on acceptable terms in an acceptable timeframe.
Delays in investing the net proceeds of our offering may impair our performance. We cannot assure investors that we will be able to identify any investments that meet our investment objectives or that any investment that we make will produce a positive return. We may be unable to invest the net proceeds of our offering on acceptable terms within the time period that we anticipate or at all, which could harm our financial condition and operating results.
In addition, even if GSO identifies privately-negotiated investment opportunities that meet our investment objectives, because we did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will continue to be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates
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only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance (e.g., where price is the only negotiated term) and the allocation policies of FS Advisor, GSO and their respective affiliates.
Prior to investing in securities of portfolio companies, we will invest the net proceeds of our continuous public offering primarily in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities, repurchase agreements and high-quality debt instruments maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, which may produce returns that are significantly lower than the returns which we expect to achieve when our portfolio is fully invested in securities meeting our investment objectives. As a result, any distributions that we pay while our portfolio is not fully invested in securities meeting our investment objectives may be lower than the distributions that we may be able to pay when our portfolio is fully invested in securities meeting our investment objectives.
We may pay distributions from offering proceeds, borrowings or the sale of assets to the extent our cash flows from operations, net investment income or earnings are not sufficient to fund declared distributions.
We may fund distributions from the uninvested proceeds of our continuous public offering and borrowings, and we have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from net offering proceeds or borrowings to make any such distributions. We have paid and may continue to pay distributions from the sale of assets to the extent distributions exceed our earnings or cash flows from operations. Distributions from the proceeds of our continuous public offering or from borrowings could reduce the amount of capital we ultimately invest in our portfolio companies.
A shareholder's interest in us will be diluted if we issue additional common shares, which could reduce the overall value of an investment in us.
Our investors do not have preemptive rights to any common shares we issue in the future. Our declaration of trust authorizes us to issue 450,000,000 common shares. Pursuant to our declaration of trust, a majority of our entire board of trustees may amend our declaration of trust to increase the number of authorized common shares without shareholder approval. After an investor purchases common shares, our board of trustees may elect to sell additional common shares in the future, issue equity interests in private offerings or issue share-based awards to our independent trustees or employees of FS Advisor. To the extent we issue additional equity interests after an investor purchases our common shares, an investor's percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. In addition, depending upon the terms and pricing of any additional offerings and the value of our investments, an investor may also experience dilution in the book value and fair value of their common shares.
Certain provisions of our declaration of trust and bylaws could deter takeover attempts and have an adverse impact on the value of our common shares.
Our declaration of trust and bylaws, as well as certain statutory and regulatory requirements, contain certain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire us. Our board of trustees may, without shareholder action, authorize the issuance of shares in one or more classes or series, including preferred shares; and our board of trustees may, without shareholder action, amend our declaration of trust to increase the number of our common shares, of any class or series, that we have authority to issue. These anti-takeover provisions may inhibit a change of control in circumstances that could give the holders of our common shares the opportunity to realize a premium over the value of our common shares.
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Risks Related to Our Business and Structure
Our board of trustees may change our investment policy by providing our shareholders with 60 days' prior notice, or may modify or waive our current operating policies and strategy without prior notice or shareholder approval, the effects of which may be adverse.
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may be changed by our board of trustees if we provide our shareholders with at least 60 days' prior notice. In addition, our board of trustees has the authority to modify or waive our current operating policies, investment criteria and strategy without prior notice and without shareholder approval. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our investment policy, current operating policies, investment criteria and strategy would have on our business, net asset value, operating results and the value of our common shares. However, the effects might be adverse, which could negatively impact our ability to pay distributions to shareholders and cause shareholders to lose all or part of their investment. Moreover, we will have significant flexibility in investing the net proceeds of this offering and may use the net proceeds from this offering in ways with which investors may not agree or for purposes other than those contemplated in this or any other prospectus relating to our continuous public offering, including potential investments outside the scope of our current investment thesis. Finally, because our common shares are not expected to be listed on a national securities exchange for the foreseeable future, shareholders will be limited in their ability to sell their common shares in response to any changes in our investment policy, operating policies, investment criteria or strategy.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives depends on FS Advisor's and GSO's ability to manage and support our investment process. If either our agreement with FS Advisor or FS Advisor's agreement with GSO were to be terminated, or if either FS Advisor or GSO were to lose any members of their respective senior management teams, our ability to achieve our investment objectives could be significantly harmed.
Because we have no employees, we depend on the investment expertise, skill and network of business contacts of FS Advisor and GSO. FS Advisor, with the assistance of GSO, evaluates, negotiates, structures, executes, monitors and services our investments. Our future success depends to a significant extent on the continued service and coordination of FS Advisor and GSO, as well as their respective senior management teams. The departure of any members of FS Advisor's senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objectives. Likewise, the departure of any key employees of GSO or termination of key relationships may impact its ability to render services to us under the terms of its investment sub-advisory agreement with FS Advisor.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives depends on FS Advisor's ability, with the assistance of GSO, to identify, analyze, invest in, finance and monitor companies that meet our investment criteria. FS Advisor's capabilities in structuring the investment process, providing competent, attentive and efficient services to us, and facilitating access to financing on acceptable terms depend on the employment of investment professionals in an adequate number and of adequate sophistication to match the corresponding flow of transactions. To achieve our investment objectives, FS Advisor may need to hire, train, supervise and manage new investment professionals to participate in our investment selection and monitoring process. FS Advisor may not be able to find investment professionals in a timely manner or at all. Failure to support our investment process could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, the investment advisory and administrative services agreement that FS Advisor has entered into with us, as well as the investment sub-advisory agreement that FS Advisor has entered into with GSO, have termination provisions that allow the parties to terminate the agreements without penalty. The investment advisory and administrative services agreement may be terminated at any time,
47
without penalty, by FS Advisor, upon 120 days' notice to us. The investment sub-advisory agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, upon 60 days' written notice by GSO or, if our board of trustees or the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities determine that the investment sub-advisory agreement with GSO should be terminated, by FS Advisor. If either agreement is terminated, it may adversely affect the quality of our investment opportunities. In addition, in the event such agreements are terminated, it may be difficult for us to replace FS Advisor or for FS Advisor to replace GSO. Furthermore, the termination of either of these agreements may adversely impact the terms of any financing arrangement into which we may enter, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
Because our business model depends to a significant extent upon relationships with private equity sponsors, investment banks and commercial banks, the inability of FS Advisor and GSO to maintain or develop these relationships, or the failure of these relationships to generate investment opportunities, could adversely affect our business.
If FS Advisor or GSO fails to maintain its existing relationships with private equity sponsors, investment banks and commercial banks on which they rely to provide us with potential investment opportunities or develop new relationships with other sponsors or sources of investment opportunities, we may not be able to grow our investment portfolio. In addition, individuals with whom FS Advisor and GSO have relationships generally are not obligated to provide us with investment opportunities, and, therefore, there is no assurance that such relationships will generate investment opportunities for us. GSO may compensate certain brokers or other financial services firms out of GSO's own profits or revenues for services provided in connection with the identification of appropriate investment opportunities.
Our financial condition and results of operations depend on our ability to manage future growth effectively.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives depends on our ability to acquire suitable investments and monitor and administer those investments, which depends, in turn, on our investment adviser's ability to identify, invest in and monitor companies that meet our investment criteria.
Accomplishing this result on a cost-effective basis is largely a function of the structuring of our investment process and the ability of FS Advisor to provide competent, attentive and efficient services to us. Our executive officers and the members of FS Advisor's investment committee have substantial responsibilities in connection with their roles at Franklin Square Holdings and with the other entities affiliated with Franklin Square Holdings, as well as responsibilities under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement. They may also be called upon to provide significant managerial assistance to certain of our portfolio companies. These demands on their time, which will increase as the number of investments grow, may distract them or slow the rate of investment. In order to grow, FS Advisor will need to hire, train, supervise, manage and retain new employees. However, we cannot assure you that FS Advisor will be able to do so effectively. Any failure to manage our future growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business requires a substantial amount of capital to grow because we must distribute most of our income.
Our business requires a substantial amount of capital. We have issued equity securities and have borrowed from financial institutions. A reduction in the availability of new capital could limit our ability to grow. We must distribute dividends of an amount at least equal to 90% of our investment company taxable income each year to maintain our RIC status. As a result, any such cash earnings may not be available to fund investment originations. We expect to continue to borrow from financial institutions and issue additional debt and equity securities. If we fail to obtain funds from such sources or from other sources to fund our investments, it could limit our ability to grow, which may have an
48
adverse effect on the value of our securities. In addition, as a BDC, our ability to borrow or issue preferred stock may be restricted if our total assets are less than 200% of our total borrowings and preferred stock.
We may face increasing competition for investment opportunities, which could delay deployment of our capital, reduce returns and result in losses.
We compete for investments with other BDCs and investment funds (including private equity funds, mezzanine funds and collateralized loan obligation, or, CLO, funds), as well as traditional financial services companies such as commercial banks and other sources of funding. Moreover, alternative investment vehicles, such as hedge funds, have begun to invest in areas in which they have not traditionally invested, including making investments in middle market private U.S. companies, which we define as companies with annual revenue of $50 million to $2.5 billion at the time of investment. As a result of these new entrants, competition for investment opportunities in middle-market private U.S. companies may intensify. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. For example, some competitors may have a lower cost of capital and access to funding sources that are not available to us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments than we have. These characteristics could allow our competitors to consider a wider variety of investments, establish more relationships and offer better pricing and more flexible structuring than we are able to do. We may lose investment opportunities if we do not match our competitors' pricing, terms and structure. If we are forced to match our competitors' pricing, terms and structure, we may not be able to achieve acceptable returns on our investments or may bear substantial risk of capital loss. A significant part of our competitive advantage stems from the fact that the market for investments in middle market private U.S. companies is underserved by traditional commercial banks and other financial sources. A significant increase in the number and/or the size of our competitors in this target market could force us to accept less attractive investment terms. Furthermore, many of our competitors have greater experience operating under, or are not subject to, the regulatory restrictions that the 1940 Act imposes on us as a BDC.
A significant portion of our investment portfolio is and will be recorded at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of trustees and, as a result, there is and will be uncertainty as to the value of our portfolio investments.
Under the 1940 Act, we are required to carry our portfolio investments at market value or, if there is no readily available market value, at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of trustees. There is not a public market for the securities of the privately-held companies in which we invest. Many of our investments are not publicly-traded or actively-traded on a secondary market but are, instead, traded on a privately negotiated over-the-counter secondary market for institutional investors or are not traded at all. As a result, we value these securities quarterly at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of trustees.
Certain factors that may be considered in determining the fair value of our investments include dealer quotes for securities traded on the secondary market for institutional investors, the nature and realizable value of any collateral, the portfolio company's earnings and its ability to make payments on its indebtedness, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, comparison to comparable publicly-traded companies, discounted cash flows and other relevant factors. Because such valuations, and particularly valuations of private securities and private companies, are inherently uncertain, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on estimates, our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these non-traded securities existed. Due to this uncertainty, our fair value determinations may cause our net asset value
49
on a given date to materially understate or overstate the value that we may ultimately realize upon the sale of one or more of our investments.
There is a risk that investors in our common shares may not receive distributions or that our distributions may not grow over time.
We cannot assure shareholders that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions. All distributions will be paid at the discretion of our board of trustees and will depend on our earnings, our net investment income, our financial condition, maintenance of our RIC status, compliance with applicable BDC regulations and such other factors as our board of trustees may deem relevant from time to time. In addition, due to the asset coverage test applicable to us as a BDC, we may be limited in our ability to make distributions. See "RegulationSenior Securities."
Our distribution proceeds have exceeded and in the future may exceed our earnings, particularly during the period before we have substantially invested the net proceeds from our continuous public offering. Therefore, portions of the distributions that we make may represent a return of capital to shareholders, which will lower their tax basis in their common shares.
We may pay all or a substantial portion of our distributions from the proceeds of our continuous public offering or from borrowings in anticipation of future cash flow, which may constitute a return of shareholders' capital and will lower such shareholders' tax basis in their common shares. A return of capital generally is a return of a shareholder's investment rather than a return of earnings or gains derived from our investment activities and will be made after deducting the fees and expenses payable in connection with the offering, including any fees payable to FS Advisor. Moreover, a return of capital will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder's cost basis in our common shares, and will result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when the common shares on which such return of capital was received are sold.
Changes in laws or regulations governing our operations or the operations of our business partners may adversely affect our business or cause us to alter our business strategy.
We, our portfolio companies and our business partners are subject to regulation at the local, state and federal level. New legislation may be enacted or new interpretations, rulings or regulations could be adopted, including those governing the types of investments we are permitted to make, any of which could harm us and our shareholders, potentially with retroactive effect. Changes in laws or regulations governing the operations of those with whom we do business, including selected broker-dealers and other financial representatives selling our common shares, could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, over the last several years there has been an increase in regulatory attention to the extension of credit outside of the traditional banking sector, raising the possibility that some portion of the non-bank financial sector will be subject to new regulation. New legislation, interpretations, rulings or regulations could require changes to certain business practices of us or our portfolio companies, negatively impact the operations, cash flows or financial condition of us or our portfolio companies, impose additional costs on us or our portfolio companies or otherwise adversely affect our business or the business of our portfolio companies.
In addition, any changes to the laws and regulations governing our operations, including with respect to permitted investments, may cause us to alter our investment strategy to avail ourselves of new or different opportunities or make other changes to our business. Such changes could result in material differences to our strategy and plans as set forth in this prospectus and may result in our investment focus shifting from the areas of expertise of FS Advisor and GSO to other types of investments in which FS Advisor and GSO may have less expertise or little or no experience. Thus, any
50
such changes, if they occur, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of a shareholder's investment.
As a public company, we are subject to regulations not applicable to private companies, such as provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Efforts to comply with such regulations will involve significant expenditures, and non-compliance with such regulations may adversely affect us.
As a public company, we are subject to regulations not applicable to private companies, including provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC. Our management is required to report on our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder. We are required to review on an annual basis our internal control over financial reporting, and on a quarterly and annual basis, to evaluate and disclose changes in our internal control over financial reporting. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act also generally requires an attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
We incur significant expenses in connection with our compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other regulations applicable to public companies, which may negatively impact our financial performance and our ability to make distributions. Compliance with such regulations also requires a significant amount of our management's time and attention. For example, we cannot be certain as to the timing of the completion of our Sarbanes-Oxley mandated evaluations, testings and remediation actions, if any, or the impact of the same on our operations, and we may not be able to ensure that the process is effective or that our internal control over financial reporting are or will be deemed effective in the future. In the event that we are unable to maintain an effective system of internal control and maintain compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules, we may be adversely affected.
Economic activity in the United States was adversely impacted by the global financial crisis of 2008 and future recessions, downturns, disruptions or instability could have a materially adverse effect on our business.
From time to time, the global capital markets may experience periods of disruption and instability, which could cause disruptions in liquidity in the debt capital markets, significant write-offs in the financial services sector, the re-pricing of credit risk in the broadly syndicated credit market and the failure of major financial institutions. Despite actions of U.S. and foreign governments, these events could contribute to worsening general economic conditions that materially and adversely impact the broader financial and credit markets and reduce the availability of debt and equity capital for the market as a whole and financial services firms in particular.
Beginning in the third quarter of 2007, global credit and other financial markets suffered substantial stress, volatility, illiquidity and disruption. These forces reached extraordinary levels in late 2008, resulting in the bankruptcy of, the acquisition of, or government intervention in the affairs of several major domestic and international financial institutions. In particular, the financial services sector was negatively impacted by significant write-offs as the value of the assets held by financial firms declined, impairing their capital positions and abilities to lend and invest. We believe that such value declines were exacerbated by widespread forced liquidations as leveraged holders of financial assets, faced with declining prices, were compelled to sell to meet margin requirements and maintain compliance with applicable capital standards. Such forced liquidations also impaired or eliminated many investors and investment vehicles, leading to a decline in the supply of capital for investment and depressed pricing levels for many assets. These events significantly diminished overall confidence in the debt and equity markets, engendered unprecedented declines in the values of certain assets, and caused extreme economic uncertainty.
Deterioration of economic and market conditions in the future could negatively impact credit spreads as well as our ability to obtain financing, particularly from the debt markets.
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Future downgrades of the U.S. credit rating and global economic uncertainty could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In August 2011, Standard & Poor's Ratings Services, or S&P, lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating on the U.S. from "AAA" to "AA+," which was affirmed by S&P in June 2015. In January 2012, S&P lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating for France, Italy, Spain and six other European countries, which negatively impacted global markets and economic conditions. In addition, in April 2012, S&P further lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating for Spain. Recent U.S. budget deficit concerns, together with signs of deteriorating sovereign debt conditions in Europe, have increased the possibility of additional credit-rating downgrades and economic slowdowns. The impact of any further downgrade to the U.S. government's sovereign credit rating, or its perceived creditworthiness, and the impact of the current crisis in Europe with respect to the ability of certain European Union countries to continue to service their sovereign debt obligations are inherently unpredictable and could adversely affect the U.S. and global financial markets and economic conditions. In addition, the economic downturn and the significant government interventions into the financial markets and fiscal stimulus spending over the last several years have contributed to significantly increased U.S. budget deficits. There can be no assurance that future fiscal or monetary measures to aid economic recovery will be effective. These developments and reactions of the credit markets toward these developments could cause interest rates and borrowing costs to rise, which may negatively impact our ability to obtain debt financing on favorable terms. In addition, any adverse economic conditions resulting from any further downgrade of the U.S. government's sovereign credit rating or the economic crisis in Europe could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Declines in market values or fair market values of our investments could result in significant net unrealized depreciation of our portfolio, which, in turn, would reduce our net asset value.
Under the 1940 Act, we are required to carry our investments at market value or, if there is no readily available market value, at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of trustees. While most of our investments will not be publicly traded, applicable accounting standards require us to assume as part of our valuation process that our investments are sold in a principal market to market participants (even if we plan on holding an investment through its maturity) and impairments of the market values or fair market values of our investments, even if unrealized, must be reflected in our financial statements for the applicable period as unrealized depreciation, which could result in significant reductions to our net asset value for a given period.
The impact on us of recent financial reform legislation, including the Dodd-Frank Act, is uncertain.
In light of recent conditions in the U.S. and global financial markets and the U.S. and global economy, legislators, the presidential administration and regulators have increased their focus on the regulation of the financial services industry. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as amended, or the Dodd-Frank Act, institutes a wide range of reforms that will have an impact on all financial institutions. Many of the requirements called for in the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented over time, most of which will be subject to implementing regulations over the course of several years. Given the uncertainty associated with the manner in which the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented by the various regulatory agencies and through regulations, the full impact such requirements will have on our business, results of operations or financial condition is unclear. The changes resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act may require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make necessary changes in order to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements. Failure to comply with any such laws, regulations or principles, or changes thereto, may negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. While we cannot predict what effect any changes in the laws or regulations or their interpretations would have on us as a result of recent financial reform legislation, these changes could be materially adverse to us and our shareholders.
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Future legislation or rules could modify how we treat derivatives and other financial arrangements for purposes of our compliance with the leverage limitations of the 1940 Act.
Future legislation or rules may modify how we treat derivatives and other financial arrangements for purposes of our compliance with the leverage limitations of the 1940 Act. For example, the SEC proposed a new rule in December 2015 that is designed to enhance the regulation of the use of derivatives by registered investments companies and business development companies. The proposed rule, if adopted, or any future legislation or rules, may modify how leverage is calculated under the 1940 Act and, therefore, may increase or decrease the amount of leverage currently available to us under the 1940 Act, which may be materially adverse to us and our shareholders.
We may experience fluctuations in our quarterly results.
We could experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating results due to a number of factors, including our ability or inability to make investments in companies that meet our investment criteria, the interest rate payable on the debt securities we acquire, the level of our expenses, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these factors, results for any previous period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods.
If we, our affiliates and our and their respective third-party service providers are unable to maintain the availability of electronic data systems and safeguard the security of data, our ability to conduct business may be compromised, which could impair our liquidity, disrupt our business, damage our reputation or otherwise affect our business.
Cybersecurity refers to the combination of technologies, processes, and procedures established to protect information technology systems and data from unauthorized access, attack, or damage. We, our affiliates and our and their respective third-party service providers are subject to cybersecurity risks. Cybersecurity risks have significantly increased in recent years and, while we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches, we could suffer such losses in the future. Our, our affiliates and our and their respective third-party service providers' computer systems, software and networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses or other malicious code and other events that could have a security impact. If one or more of such events occur, this potentially could jeopardize confidential and other information, including nonpublic personal information and sensitive business data, processed and stored in, and transmitted through, computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or the operations of our affiliates and our and their respective third-party service providers. This could result in significant losses, reputational damage, litigation, regulatory fines or penalties, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Privacy and information security laws and regulation changes, and compliance with those changes, may result in cost increases due to system changes and the development of new administrative processes. In addition, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures and to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures arising from operational and security risks.
Risks Related to FS Advisor, GSO and Their Respective Affiliates
FS Advisor has limited prior experience managing a BDC or a RIC.
While FS Advisor's management team consists of substantially the same personnel that form the investment and operations team of the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' three other affiliated BDCs, FS Advisor has limited prior experience managing a BDC or a RIC and has limited experience investing in Energy companies. Therefore, FS Advisor may not be able to successfully
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operate our business or achieve our investment objectives. As a result, an investment in our common shares may entail more risk than the shares of a comparable company with a substantial operating history.
The 1940 Act and the Code impose numerous constraints on the operations of BDCs and RICs that do not apply to other types of investment vehicles. For example, under the 1940 Act, BDCs are required to invest at least 70% of their total assets primarily in securities of qualifying U.S. private or thinly-traded public companies. Moreover, qualification for RIC tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Code requires satisfaction of source-of-income, diversification and other requirements. The failure to comply with these provisions in a timely manner could prevent us from qualifying as a BDC or a RIC or could force us to pay unexpected taxes and penalties, which could be material. FS Advisor's limited experience in managing a portfolio of assets under such constraints may hinder its ability to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities and, as a result, achieve our investment objectives.
FS Advisor and its affiliates, including our officers and some of our trustees, face conflicts of interest caused by compensation arrangements with us and our affiliates, which could result in actions that are not in the best interests of our shareholders.
FS Advisor and its affiliates receive substantial fees from us in return for their services, and these fees could influence the advice provided to us. Among other matters, the compensation arrangements could affect their judgment with respect to public offerings of equity by us, which allow the dealer manager to earn additional dealer manager fees and FS Advisor to earn increased asset management fees. In addition, the decision to utilize leverage has increased our assets and, as a result, has increased the amount of base management fees payable to FS Advisor.
We may be obligated to pay FS Advisor incentive compensation even if we incur a net loss due to a decline in the value of our portfolio.
Our investment advisory and administrative services agreement entitles FS Advisor to receive incentive compensation on income regardless of any capital losses. In such case, we may be required to pay FS Advisor incentive compensation for a fiscal quarter even if there is a decline in the value of our portfolio or if we incur a net loss for that quarter.
Any incentive fee payable by us that relates to our net investment income may be computed and paid on income that may include interest that has been accrued but not yet received. If a portfolio company defaults on a loan that is structured to provide accrued interest, it is possible that accrued interest previously included in the calculation of the incentive fee will become uncollectible. FS Advisor is not under any obligation to reimburse us for any part of the incentive fee it received that was based on accrued income that we never received as a result of a default by an entity on the obligation that resulted in the accrual of such income, and such circumstances would result in our paying an incentive fee on income we never received.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be required to recognize taxable income (such as deferred interest that is accrued as original issue discount) in some circumstances in which we do not receive a corresponding payment in cash and to make distributions with respect to such income to maintain our status as a RIC. Under such circumstances, we may have difficulty meeting the Annual Distribution Requirement necessary to maintain RIC tax treatment under the Code. This difficulty in making the required distribution may be amplified to the extent that we are required to pay an incentive fee with respect to such accrued income. As a result, we may have to sell some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital, or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash
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from other sources, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax.
There may be conflicts of interest related to obligations FS Advisor's and GSO's senior management and investment teams have to our affiliates and to other clients.
The members of the senior management and investment teams of both FS Advisor and GSO serve or may serve as officers, directors or principals of entities that operate in the same or a related line of business as we do, or of investment vehicles managed by the same personnel. For example, the officers, managers and other personnel of FS Advisor also serve in similar capacities for the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' four other affiliated BDCs, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and Franklin Square Holdings' affiliated closed-end management investment company, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. In serving in these multiple and other capacities, they may have obligations to other clients or investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which may not be in our best interests or in the best interest of our shareholders. Our investment objectives may overlap with the investment objectives of such investment funds, accounts or other investment vehicles. For example, we rely on FS Advisor to manage our day-to-day activities and to implement our investment strategy. FS Advisor and certain of its affiliates are presently, and plan in the future to continue to be, involved with activities which are unrelated to us. As a result of these activities, FS Advisor, its employees and certain of its affiliates will have conflicts of interest in allocating their time between us and other activities in which they are or may become involved, including the management of other entities affiliated with Franklin Square Holdings. FS Advisor and its employees will devote only as much of its or their time to our business as FS Advisor and its employees, in their judgment, determine is reasonably required, which may be substantially less than their full time.
Furthermore, GSO, on which FS Advisor relies to assist it in identifying investment opportunities and making investment recommendations, has similar conflicts of interest. GSO or its subsidiary, GDFM, serves as investment sub-adviser to Franklin Square Holdings' four other affiliated BDCs and Franklin Square Holdings' affiliated closed-end management investment company. GSO, its affiliates and their respective members, partners, officers and employees will devote as much of their time to our activities as they deem necessary and appropriate. GSO and its affiliates are not restricted from forming additional investment vehicles, from entering into other investment advisory relationships or from engaging in other business activities, even though such activities may be in competition with us and/or may involve substantial time and resources of GSO. Also, in connection with such business activities, GSO and its affiliates may have existing business relationships or access to material, non-public information that may prevent it from recommending investment opportunities that would otherwise fit within our investment objectives. All of these factors could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time, effort and ability of the members of GSO, its affiliates and their officers and employees will not be devoted exclusively to our business but will be allocated between us and the management of the monies of other advisees of GSO and its affiliates. See "Prospectus SummaryConflicts of Interest," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of OperationsRelated Party TransactionsPotential Conflicts of Interest" and "Portfolio ManagementGSO Potential Conflicts of Interest" for a more detailed discussion of these potential conflicts of interest.
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The time and resources that individuals employed by FS Advisor and GSO devote to us may be diverted, and we may face additional competition due to the fact that individuals employed by FS Advisor and GSO are not prohibited from raising money for or managing another entity that makes the same types of investments that we target.
Neither FS Advisor nor GSO, or individuals employed by FS Advisor or GSO, are prohibited from raising money for and managing another investment entity that makes the same types of investments as those we target. As a result, the time and resources that these individuals may devote to us may be diverted. In addition, we may compete with any such investment entity for the same investors and investment opportunities. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief permitting us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. Because we did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will continue to be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance (e.g., where price is the only negotiated term). Affiliates of GSO, whose primary businesses include the origination of investments, engage in investment advisory business with accounts that compete with us. Affiliates of GSO have no obligation to make their originated investment opportunities available to GSO or to us.
Our incentive fee may induce FS Advisor to make, and GSO to recommend, speculative investments.
The incentive fee payable by us to FS Advisor may create an incentive for it to enter into investments on our behalf that are risky or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such compensation arrangement. The way in which the incentive fee payable to FS Advisor is determined may encourage it to use leverage to increase the return on our investments. In addition, the fact that our base management fee is payable based upon our gross assets, which would include any borrowings for investment purposes, may encourage FS Advisor to use leverage to make additional investments. Under certain circumstances, the use of leverage may increase the likelihood of default, which would disfavor holders of our common shares. Such a practice could result in our investing in more speculative securities than would otherwise be in our best interests, which could result in higher investment losses, particularly during cyclical economic downturns. In addition, since GSO will receive a portion of the advisory fees paid to FS Advisor, GSO may have an incentive to recommend investments that are riskier or more speculative.
FS Advisor's liability is limited under our investment advisory and administrative services agreement, and we are required to indemnify it against certain liabilities, which may lead it to act in a riskier manner on our behalf than it would when acting for its own account.
Pursuant to our investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FS Advisor and its officers, managers, partners, members (and their members, including the owners of their members), agents, employees, controlling persons and any other person or entity affiliated with FS Advisor will not be liable to us for their acts under our investment advisory and administrative services agreement, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of their duties. We have agreed to indemnify, defend and protect FS Advisor and its officers, managers, partners, members (and their members, including the owners of their members), agents, employees, controlling persons and any other person or entity affiliated with FS Advisor with respect to all damages, liabilities, costs and expenses resulting from acts of FS Advisor not arising out of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of their duties under our investment advisory and administrative services agreement. These protections may lead FS Advisor to act in a riskier manner when acting on our behalf than it would when acting for its own account.
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Risks Related to Business Development Companies
The requirement that we invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets could preclude us from investing in accordance with our current business strategy; conversely, the failure to invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets could result in our failure to maintain our status as a BDC.
As a BDC, we may not acquire any assets other than "qualifying assets" unless, at the time of such acquisition, at least 70% of our total assets are qualifying assets. See "Regulation." Therefore, we may be precluded from investing in what we believe are attractive investments if such investments are not qualifying assets. Conversely, if we fail to invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets, we could lose our status as a BDC, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Similarly, these rules could prevent us from making additional investments in existing portfolio companies, which could result in the dilution of our position, or could require us to dispose of investments at an inopportune time to comply with the 1940 Act. If we were forced to sell non-qualifying investments in the portfolio for compliance purposes, the proceeds from such sale could be significantly less than the current value of such investments.
Failure to maintain our status as a BDC would reduce our operating flexibility.
If we do not remain a BDC, we might be regulated as a closed-end investment company under the 1940 Act, which would subject us to substantially more regulatory restrictions under the 1940 Act and correspondingly decrease our operating flexibility.
Regulations governing our operation as a BDC and a RIC will affect our ability to raise, and the way in which we raise, additional capital or borrow for investment purposes, which may have a negative effect on our growth.
As a result of our need to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement necessary to maintain RIC tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Code, we may need to periodically access the capital markets to raise cash to fund new investments. We may issue "senior securities," as defined in the 1940 Act, including issuing preferred shares, borrowing money from banks or other financial institutions or issuing debt securities only in amounts such that our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% after such incurrence or issuance. Our ability to issue certain other types of securities is also limited. Compliance with these limitations on our ability to raise capital may unfavorably limit our investment opportunities and may reduce our ability in comparison to other companies to profit from favorable spreads between the rates at which we can borrow and the rates at which we can lend. As a BDC, therefore, we intend to issue equity continuously at a rate more frequent than our privately owned competitors, which may lead to greater shareholder dilution.
We expect to continue to borrow for investment purposes. If the value of our assets declines, we may be unable to satisfy the asset coverage test, which would prohibit us from paying distributions and as a result could cause us to be subject to U.S federal corporate income or excise taxation, regardless of the amount of distributions paid. If we cannot satisfy the asset coverage test, we may be required to sell a portion of our investments and, depending on the nature of our debt financing, repay a portion of our indebtedness at a time when such sales may be disadvantageous.
Under the 1940 Act, we generally are prohibited from issuing or selling our common shares at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share, which may be a disadvantage as compared with other public companies. We may, however, sell our common shares, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common shares, at a price below the current net asset value of the common shares if our board of trustees and independent trustees determine that such sale is in our best interests and the best interests of our shareholders, and our shareholders as well as those shareholders that are not affiliated with us approve such sale.
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Future legislation may allow us to incur additional leverage.
As a BDC, we are generally not permitted to incur indebtedness unless immediately after such borrowing we have an asset coverage for total borrowings of at least 200% (i.e., the amount of debt may not exceed 50% of the value of our assets). Recent legislation introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, if passed, would modify this section of the 1940 Act to permit an increase in the amount of debt that BDCs could incur by modifying the percentage from 200% to 150%. Even if this legislation does not pass, similar legislation may pass that permits us to incur additional leverage under the 1940 Act. As a result, we may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future, and, therefore, the risk of an investment in us may increase.
Our ability to enter into transactions with our affiliates is restricted.
We are prohibited under the 1940 Act from participating in certain transactions with certain of our affiliates without the prior approval of a majority of the independent members of our board of trustees and, in some cases, the SEC. Any person that owns, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of our outstanding voting securities will be our affiliate for purposes of the 1940 Act and we will generally be prohibited from buying or selling any securities from or to such affiliate, absent the prior approval of our board of trustees. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain "joint" transactions with certain of our affiliates, which could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times), without prior approval of our board of trustees and, in some cases, the SEC. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief permitting us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. If a person acquires more than 25% of our voting securities, we will be prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to such person or certain of that person's affiliates, or entering into prohibited joint transactions with such persons to the extent not covered by our exemptive relief, absent the prior approval of the SEC. Similar restrictions limit our ability to transact business with our officers or trustees or their affiliates. As a result of these restrictions, we may be prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to any portfolio company of a private equity fund managed by FS Advisor without the prior approval of the SEC, which may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us.
We are uncertain of our sources for funding our future capital needs; if we cannot obtain debt or equity financing on acceptable terms, our ability to acquire investments and to expand our operations will be adversely affected.
The net proceeds from the sale of common shares will be used for our investment opportunities, operating expenses and for payment of various fees and expenses such as base management fees, incentive fees and other fees. We may also need to access the capital markets to refinance existing debt obligations to the extent maturing obligations are not repaid with cash flows from operations. In order to maintain RIC tax treatment, we must make distributions to our shareholders each tax year on a timely basis generally of an amount at least equal to 90% of our investment company taxable income, determined without regard to any deduction for distributions paid, and the amounts of such distributions will therefore not be available to fund investment originations or to repay maturing debt. In addition, with certain limited exceptions, we are only allowed to borrow amounts or issue debt securities or preferred shares, which we refer to collectively as "senior securities," such that our asset coverage, as calculated pursuant to the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% immediately after such borrowing, which, in certain circumstances, may restrict our ability to borrow or issue debt securities or preferred shares. In the event that we develop a need for additional capital in the future for investments or for any other reason, and we cannot obtain debt or equity financing on acceptable terms, or at all, our ability to acquire investments and to expand our operations will be adversely affected. As a result, we would be less able to allocate our portfolio among various issuers and
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sub-sectors and achieve our investment objectives, which may negatively impact our results of operations and reduce our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
Risks Related to Our Investments
Our investments in prospective portfolio companies may be risky, and we could lose all or part of our investment.
Our investments in senior and subordinated debt, select equity investments and other investments issued by private Energy companies may be risky.
Senior Debt. There is a risk that any collateral pledged by portfolio companies in which we have taken a security interest may decrease in value over time or lose its entire value, may be difficult to sell in a timely manner, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value based upon the success of the business and market conditions, including as a result of the inability of the portfolio company to raise additional capital. To the extent our debt investment is collateralized by the securities of a portfolio company's subsidiaries, such securities may lose some or all of their value in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the portfolio company. Also, in some circumstances, our security interest may be contractually or structurally subordinated to claims of other creditors. In addition, deterioration in a portfolio company's financial condition and prospects, including its inability to raise additional capital, may be accompanied by deterioration in the value of the collateral for the loan. Loans that are under-collateralized involve a greater risk of loss. In addition, second lien secured loans are granted a second priority security interest in collateral, which means that any realization of collateral will generally be applied to pay first lien secured loans in full before second lien secured loans are paid. Consequently, the fact that a loan is secured does not guarantee that we will receive principal and interest payments according to the senior debt's terms, or at all, or that we will be able to collect on the loan should we be forced to enforce our remedies.
Subordinated Debt. Our subordinated debt investments will generally rank junior in priority of payment to senior debt and will generally be unsecured. This may result in a heightened level of risk and volatility or a loss of principal, which could lead to the loss of the entire investment. These investments may involve additional risks that could adversely affect our investment returns. To the extent interest payments associated with such debt are deferred, such debt may be subject to greater fluctuations in valuations, and such debt could subject us and our shareholders to non-cash income. Because we will not receive any principal repayments prior to the maturity of some of our subordinated debt investments, such investments will be of greater risk than amortizing loans.
Equity Investments. We expect to make select equity investments in income-oriented preferred or common equity interests, which may include interests in MLPs. In addition, when we invest in senior secured loans and notes or subordinated debt, we may acquire warrants to purchase equity securities. The equity interests we receive may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience.
Net Profits Interests, Royalty Interests, or Volumetric Production Payments, or VPPs. We may invest in energy-specific non-operating investments including net profits interests, royalty interests or VPPs. Net profits interests and royalty interests are contractual agreements whereby the holders of such interests are entitled to a portion of the mineral production, or proceeds therefrom. A VPP is a type of structured investment whereby the owner sells a specific volume of production in a field or property to an investor and the investor receives a specific quota of production on a monthly basis in either raw output or proceeds therefrom. We will not have any operational control over these investments and our
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receipt of payments is contingent on the producer's ability to meet its supply obligations, which can make these types of investments highly speculative.
Non-U.S. Securities. We may invest in non-U.S. securities, which may include securities denominated in U.S. dollars or in non-U.S. currencies, to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act. Because evidences of ownership of such securities usually are held outside the United States, we would be subject to additional risks if we invested in non-U.S. securities, which include possible adverse political and economic developments, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits and adoption of governmental restrictions which might adversely affect or restrict the payment of principal and interest on the non-U.S. securities to investors located outside the country of the issuer, whether from currency blockage or otherwise. Because non-U.S. securities may be purchased with and payable in foreign currencies, the value of these assets as measured in U.S. dollars may be affected unfavorably by changes in currency rates and exchange control regulations.
In addition, we invest in securities that are rated below investment grade by rating agencies or that would be rated below investment grade if they were rated. Below investment grade securities, which are often referred to as "junk," have predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer's capacity to pay interest and repay principal. They may also be difficult to value and illiquid.
Our portfolio companies may incur debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, our investments in such companies.
Our portfolio companies may have, or may be permitted to incur, other debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, the debt in which we invest. By their terms, such debt instruments may entitle the holders to receive payment of interest or principal on or before the dates on which we are entitled to receive payments with respect to the debt instruments in which we invest. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a portfolio company, holders of debt instruments ranking senior to our investment in that portfolio company would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before we receive any proceeds. After repaying such senior creditors, such portfolio company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying its obligation to us. In the case of debt ranking equally with debt instruments in which we invest, we would have to share on an equal basis any distributions with other creditors holding such debt in the event of an insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of the relevant portfolio company.
There may be circumstances where our debt investments could be subordinated to claims of other creditors or we could be subject to lender liability claims.
If one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the extent to which we actually provided managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might recharacterize our debt investment and subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. In situations where a bankruptcy carries a high degree of political significance, our legal rights may be subordinated to other creditors. We may also be subject to lender liability claims for actions taken by us with respect to a borrower's business or in instances where we exercise control over the borrower or render significant managerial assistance.
We generally will not control our portfolio companies.
We do not expect to control most of our portfolio companies, even though we may have board representation or board observation rights, and our debt agreements with such portfolio companies may contain certain restrictive covenants. As a result, we are subject to the risk that a portfolio company in which we invest may make business decisions with which we disagree and the management of such company, as representatives of the holders of their common equity, may take risks or otherwise act in ways that do not serve our interests as debt investors. Due to the lack of liquidity for our investments
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in non-traded companies, we may not be able to dispose of our interests in our portfolio companies as readily as we would like or at an appropriate valuation. As a result, a portfolio company may make decisions that could decrease the value of our portfolio holdings.
We are exposed to risks associated with changes in interest rates.
We are subject to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates. General interest rate fluctuations may have a substantial negative impact on our investments and investment opportunities and, accordingly have a material adverse effect on our investment objectives and our rate of return on invested capital. In addition, an increase in interest rates would make it more expensive to use debt for our financing needs, if any.
Interest rates have recently been at or near historic lows. In the event of a rising interest rate environment, payments under floating rate debt instruments generally would rise and there may be a significant number of issuers of such floating rate debt instruments that would be unable or unwilling to pay such increased interest costs and may otherwise be unable to repay their loans. Investments in floating rate debt instruments may also decline in value in response to rising interest rates if the interest rates of such investments do not rise as much, or as quickly, as market interest rates in general. Similarly, during periods of rising interest rates, fixed rate debt instruments may decline in value because the fixed rates of interest paid thereunder may be below market interest rates.
Second priority liens on collateral securing debt investments that we make to our portfolio companies may be subject to control by senior creditors with first priority liens. If there is a default, the value of the collateral may not be sufficient to repay in full both the first priority creditors and us.
Certain debt investments that we make to portfolio companies may be secured on a second priority basis by the same collateral securing first priority debt of such companies. The first priority liens on the collateral will secure the portfolio company's obligations under any outstanding senior debt and may secure certain other future debt that may be permitted to be incurred by such company under the agreements governing the loans. The holders of obligations secured by the first priority liens on the collateral will generally control the liquidation of and be entitled to receive proceeds from any realization of the collateral to repay the obligations in full before us. In addition, the value of the collateral in the event of liquidation will depend on market and economic conditions, the availability of buyers and other factors. There can be no assurance that the proceeds, if any, from the sale or sales of all of the collateral would be sufficient to satisfy the debt obligations secured by the second priority liens after payment in full of all obligations secured by the first priority liens on the collateral. If such proceeds are not sufficient to repay amounts outstanding under the debt obligations secured by the second priority liens, then we, to the extent not repaid from the proceeds of the sale of the collateral, will only have an unsecured claim against such company's remaining assets, if any.
The rights we may have with respect to the collateral securing the debt investments we make in our portfolio companies with senior debt outstanding may also be limited pursuant to the terms of one or more intercreditor agreements that we enter into with the holders of senior debt. Under such an intercreditor agreement, at any time that obligations that have the benefit of the first priority liens are outstanding, any of the following actions that may be taken in respect of the collateral will be at the direction of the holders of the obligations secured by the first priority liens: the ability to cause the commencement of enforcement proceedings against the collateral; the ability to control the conduct of such proceedings; the approval of amendments to collateral documents; releases of liens on the collateral; and waivers of past defaults under collateral documents. We may not have the ability to control or direct such actions, even if our rights are adversely affected.
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Economic recessions or downturns could impair our portfolio companies and harm our operating results.
Many of our portfolio companies may be susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions and may be unable to repay our debt investments during these periods. Therefore, our non-performing assets are likely to increase, and the value of our portfolio is likely to decrease, during these periods. Adverse economic conditions may also decrease the value of any collateral securing our first lien or second lien secured loans. A prolonged recession may further decrease the value of such collateral and result in losses of value in our portfolio and a decrease in our revenues, net income and net asset value. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us on terms we deem acceptable. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and harm our operating results. Economic downturns or recessions may also result in a portfolio company's failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders, which could lead to defaults and, potentially, acceleration of the time when the loans are due and foreclosure on its assets representing collateral for its obligations, which could trigger cross defaults under other agreements and jeopardize our portfolio company's ability to meet its obligations under the debt that we hold and the value of any equity securities we own. We may incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms with a defaulting portfolio company.
A covenant breach by our portfolio companies may harm our operating results.
A portfolio company's failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, termination of its loans and foreclosure on its secured assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize a portfolio company's ability to meet its obligations under the debt or equity securities that we hold. We may incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms, which may include the waiver of certain financial covenants, with a defaulting portfolio company.
Our portfolio companies may be highly leveraged.
Some of our portfolio companies may be highly leveraged, which may have adverse consequences to these companies and to us as an investor. These companies may be subject to restrictive financial and operating covenants and the leverage may impair these companies' ability to finance their future operations and capital needs. As a result, these companies' flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions and to take advantage of business opportunities may be limited. Further, a leveraged company's income and net assets will tend to increase or decrease at a greater rate than if borrowed money were not used.
Investing in middle-market companies involves a number of significant risks, any one of which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
Investments in middle-market companies involve some of the same risks that apply generally to investments in larger, more established companies. However, such investments have more pronounced risks in that they:
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We may not realize gains from our equity investments.
Certain investments that we may make may include warrants or other equity securities. In addition, we may make direct equity investments in portfolio companies. The equity interests we receive may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience. We may also be unable to realize any value if a portfolio company does not have a liquidity event, such as a sale of the business, recapitalization or public offering, which would allow us to sell the underlying equity interests. We may be unable to exercise any put rights we acquire which grant us the right to sell our equity securities back to the portfolio company for the consideration provided in our investment documents if the issuer is in financial distress.
An investment strategy focused primarily on privately-held companies presents certain challenges, including the lack of available information about these companies.
Our investments are primarily in privately-held companies. Investments in private companies pose significantly greater risks than investments in public companies. First, private companies have reduced access to the capital markets, resulting in diminished capital resources and the ability to withstand financial distress. As a result, these companies, which may present greater credit risk than public companies, may be unable to meet the obligations under their debt and equity securities that we hold. Second, the investments themselves often may be illiquid. The securities of many of the companies in which we invest are not publicly-traded or actively-traded on the secondary market and are, instead, traded on a privately negotiated over-the-counter secondary market for institutional investors. In addition, such securities may be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale. As such, we may have difficulty exiting an investment promptly or at a desired price prior to maturity or outside of a normal amortization schedule. These investments may also be difficult to value because little public information generally exists about private companies, requiring an experienced due diligence team to analyze and value the potential portfolio company. Finally, these companies often may not have third-party debt ratings or audited financial statements. We must therefore rely on the ability of FS Advisor and/or GSO to obtain adequate information through due diligence to evaluate the creditworthiness and potential returns from investing in these companies. These companies and their financial information will generally not be subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other rules and regulations that govern public companies. If we are unable to uncover all material information about these companies, we may not make a fully informed investment decision, and we may lose money on our investments.
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A lack of liquidity in certain of our investments may adversely affect our business.
We invest in certain companies whose securities are not publicly-traded or actively-traded on the secondary market and are, instead, traded on a privately-negotiated over-the-counter secondary market for institutional investors, and whose securities are subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or are otherwise less liquid than publicly-traded securities. The illiquidity of certain of our investments may make it difficult for us to sell these investments when desired. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we had previously recorded these investments. The reduced liquidity of our investments may make it difficult for us to dispose of them at a favorable price, and, as a result, we may suffer losses.
We may not have the funds or ability to make additional investments in our portfolio companies.
We may not have the funds or ability to make additional investments in our portfolio companies. After our initial investment in a portfolio company, we may be called upon from time to time to provide additional funds to such company or have the opportunity to increase our investment through the exercise of a warrant to purchase common stock. There is no assurance that we will make, or will have sufficient funds to make, follow-on investments. Any decisions not to make a follow-on investment or any inability on our part to make such an investment may have a negative impact on a portfolio company in need of such an investment, may result in a missed opportunity for us to increase our participation in a successful operation or may reduce the expected return on the investment.
Our investments may include original issue discount instruments.
To the extent that we invest in original issue discount instruments and the accretion of original issue discount constitutes a portion of our income, we will be exposed to risks associated with the requirement to include such non-cash income in taxable and accounting income prior to receipt of cash, including the following:
We may from time to time enter into total return swaps, credit default swaps or other derivative transactions which expose us to certain risks, including credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and other risks similar to those associated with the use of leverage.
We may from time to time enter into total return swaps, credit default swaps or other derivative transactions that seek to modify or replace the investment performance of a particular reference security or other asset. These transactions are typically individually negotiated, non-standardized agreements between two parties to exchange payments, with payments generally calculated by reference to a notional amount or quantity. Swap contracts and similar derivative contracts are not traded on exchanges; rather, banks and dealers act as principals in these markets. These investments may present risks in excess of those resulting from the referenced security or other asset. Because these transactions
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are not an acquisition of the referenced security or other asset itself, the investor has no right directly to enforce compliance with the terms of the referenced security or other asset and has no voting or other consensual rights of ownership with respect to the referenced security or other asset. In the event of insolvency of a counterparty, we will be treated as a general creditor of the counterparty and will have no claim of title with respect to the referenced security or other asset.
A total return swap is a contract in which one party agrees to make periodic payments to another party based on the change in the market value of the referenced security or other assets underlying the total return swap during a specified period, in return for periodic payments based on a fixed or variable interest rate.
A total return swap is subject to market risk, liquidity risk and risk of imperfect correlation between the value of the total return swap and the debt obligations underlying the total return swap. In addition, we may incur certain costs in connection with a total return swap that could in the aggregate be significant.
A credit default swap is a contract in which one party buys or sells protection against a credit event with respect to an issuer, such as an issuer's failure to make timely payments of interest or principal on its debt obligations, bankruptcy or restructuring during a specified period. Generally, if we sell credit protection using a credit default swap, we will receive fixed payments from the swap counterparty and if a credit event occurs with respect to the applicable issuer, we will pay the swap counterparty par for the issuer's defaulted debt securities and the swap counterparty will deliver the defaulted debt securities to us. Generally, if we buy credit protection using a credit default swap, we will make fixed payments to the counterparty and if a credit event occurs with respect to the applicable issuer, we will deliver the issuer's defaulted securities underlying the swap to the swap counterparty and the counterparty will pay us par for the defaulted securities. Alternatively, a credit default swap may be cash settled and the buyer of protection would receive the difference between the par value and the market value of the issuer's defaulted debt securities from the seller of protection.
Credit default swaps are subject to the credit risk of the underlying issuer. If we are selling credit protection, there is a risk that we will not properly assess the risk of the underlying issuer, a credit event will occur and we will have to pay the counterparty. If we are buying credit protection, there is a risk that we will not properly assess the risk of the underlying issuer, no credit event will occur and we will receive no benefit for the premium paid.
A derivative transaction is also subject to the risk that a counterparty will default on its payment obligations thereunder or that we will not be able to meet our obligations to the counterparty. In some cases, we may post collateral to secure our obligations to the counterparty, and we may be required to post additional collateral upon the occurrence of certain events such as a decrease in the value of the reference security or other asset. In some cases, the counterparty may not collateralize any of its obligations to us.
Derivative investments effectively add leverage to a portfolio by providing investment exposure to a security or market without owning or taking physical custody of such security or investing directly in such market. In addition to the risks described above, such arrangements are subject to risks similar to those associated with the use of leverage. See "Risks Related to Debt Financing."
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Prepayments of our debt investments by our portfolio companies could adversely impact our results of operations and reduce our return on equity.
We are subject to the risk that the investments we make in our portfolio companies may be repaid prior to maturity. When this occurs, we will generally reinvest these proceeds in temporary investments, pending their future investment in new portfolio companies. These temporary investments will typically have substantially lower yields than the debt being prepaid and we could experience significant delays in reinvesting these amounts. Any future investment in a new portfolio company may also be at lower yields than the debt that was repaid. As a result, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected if one or more of our portfolio companies elect to prepay amounts owed to us. Additionally, prepayments, net of prepayment fees, could negatively impact our return on equity.
Energy Company Risks
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change. The revenues, income (or losses) and valuations of Energy companies can fluctuate suddenly and dramatically due to a number of factors.
Because our investment policy is to invest at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies, our portfolio will not be well allocated among various industries.
As there can be a correlation in the valuation of the securities in our portfolio, a decline in value of the securities of one company may be accompanied by a decline in the valuations of the securities of other companies within the Energy industry that we may hold in our portfolio. A decline in value of the securities of such issuers or a downturn in the Energy sector might have a more severe impact on us than on an entity that is more broadly allocated among various industries.
An increase or decrease in commodity supply or demand may adversely affect our business.
A decrease in the production of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, coal or other energy commodities, a decrease in the volume of such commodities available for transportation, mining, processing, storage or distribution, or a sustained decline in demand for such commodities may adversely impact the financial performance or prospects of Energy companies in which we may invest. Energy companies are subject to supply and demand fluctuations in the markets they serve which will be impacted by a wide range of factors, including fluctuating commodity prices, weather, increased conservation or use of alternative fuel sources, increased governmental or environmental regulation, depletion of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil or coal production, rising interest rates, declines in domestic or foreign production of natural gas, natural gas liquids and crude oil, accidents or catastrophic events and economic conditions, among others.
An increase or decrease in commodity pricing may adversely affect our business.
The return on our prospective investments in Energy companies will be dependent on the margins received by those companies for the exploration, development, production, gathering, transportation, processing, storing, refining, distribution, mining, generation or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined products, coal or power. These margins may fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors including global and domestic economic conditions, weather conditions, natural disasters, the supply and price of imported energy commodities, the production and storage levels of energy commodities in certain regions or in the world, political instability, terrorist activities, transportation facilities, energy conservation, domestic and foreign governmental regulation and taxation and the availability of local, intrastate and interstate transportation systems. Volatility of
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commodity prices may also make it more difficult for Energy companies in which we may invest to raise capital to the extent the market perceives that their performance may be directly or indirectly tied to commodity prices.
Cyclicality within the Energy sector may adversely affect our business.
Industries within the Energy sector are cyclical with fluctuations in commodity prices and demand for commodities driven by a variety of factors. The highly cyclical nature of the industries within the Energy sector may lead to volatile changes in commodity prices, which may adversely affect the earnings of Energy companies in which we may invest.
A prolonged continuation of depressed oil and natural gas prices could have a material adverse effect on us.
A prolonged continuation of depressed oil and natural gas prices would adversely affect the credit quality and performance of certain of our debt and equity investments in Energy companies. A decrease in credit quality and performance would, in turn, negatively affect the fair value of these investments, which would consequently negatively affect our net asset value. Should a prolonged period of depressed oil and natural gas prices occur, it is likely that our portfolio companies' abilities to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders will be adversely affected, thereby negatively impacting their financial condition and their ability to satisfy their debt service and other obligations to us. Likewise, should a prolonged period of depressed oil and natural gas prices occur, it is likely that our portfolio companies' cash flow and profit generating capacities would also be adversely affected thereby negatively impacting their ability to pay us dividends or distributions on certain of our investments.
Changes in international, foreign, federal, state or local government regulation may adversely affect our business.
Energy companies are subject to significant international, foreign, federal, state and local government regulation, including how facilities are constructed, maintained and operated, environmental and safety controls, and the prices they may charge for the products and services they provide. Various governmental authorities have the power to enforce compliance with these regulations and the permits issued under them, and violators are subject to administrative, civil and criminal penalties, including civil fines, injunctions or both. For example, many state and federal environmental laws provide for civil penalties as well as regulatory remediation, thus adding to the potential liability an Energy company may face. More extensive laws, regulations or enforcement policies could be enacted in the future which would likely increase compliance costs and may adversely affect the financial performance of Energy companies in which we may invest.
In particular, changes to laws and increased regulations or enforcement policies as a result of oil spills may adversely affect the financial performance of Energy companies. Additionally, changes to laws and increased regulation or restrictions on the use of hydraulic fracturing may adversely impact the ability of Energy companies to economically develop oil and natural gas resources and, in turn, reduce production for such commodities. Any such changes or increased regulations or policies may adversely affect the performance of Energy companies in which we may invest.
Energy companies are subject to various operational risks.
Energy companies are subject to various operational risks, such as disruption of operations, mining, drilling or installation accidents, inability to timely and effectively integrate newly acquired assets, unanticipated operation and maintenance expenses, lack of proper asset integrity, underestimated cost projections, inability to renew or increased costs of rights of way, failure to obtain the necessary permits to operate and failure of third-party contractors to perform their contractual obligations. Thus,
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some Energy companies may be subject to construction risk, acquisition risk or other risks arising from their specific business strategies.
Energy companies that focus on exploration and production are subject to numerous reserve and production related risks.
Exploration and production businesses are subject to overstatement of the quantities of their reserves based upon any reserve estimates that prove to be inaccurate, the possibility that no commercially productive oil, natural gas or other energy reservoirs will be discovered as a result of drilling or other exploration activities, the curtailment, delay or cancellation of exploration activities as a result of unexpected conditions or miscalculations, title problems, pressure or irregularities in formations, equipment failures or accidents, adverse weather conditions, compliance with environmental and other governmental requirements and cost of, or shortages or delays in the availability of, drilling rigs and other exploration equipment, and operational risks and hazards associated with the development of the underlying properties, including natural disasters, blowouts, explosions, fires, leakage of crude oil, natural gas or other resources, mechanical failures, cratering and pollution.
Competition between Energy companies may adversely affect our business.
The Energy companies in which we may invest face substantial competition in acquiring assets, expanding or constructing assets and facilities, obtaining and retaining customers and contracts, securing trained personnel and operating their assets. Many of their competitors may have superior financial and other resources.
Inability by companies in which we may invest to make accretive acquisitions may adversely affect our business.
The ability of Energy companies in which we may invest to grow and, where applicable, to increase dividends or distributions to their equity holders can be highly dependent on their ability to make acquisitions of infrastructure assets that result in an increase in free cash flow. In the event that such companies are unable to make such accretive acquisitions because they are unable to identify attractive acquisition candidates or negotiate acceptable purchase contracts, because they are unable to raise financing for such acquisitions on economically acceptable terms, or because they are outbid by competitors, their future growth and ability to make or raise dividends or distributions will be limited and their ability to repay their debt and make payments to preferred equity holders may be weakened. Furthermore, even if these companies do consummate acquisitions that they believe will be accretive, the acquisitions may instead result in a decrease in free cash flow.
A significant accident or event that is not fully insured could adversely affect the operations and financial condition of Energy companies in which we may invest.
The operations of Energy companies in which we may invest are subject to many hazards inherent in the transporting, processing, storing, distributing, mining, generating or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, coal, refined products, power or other commodities, or in the exploring, managing or producing of such commodities, including: damage to pipelines, storage tanks, vessels or related equipment and surrounding properties caused by hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, fires and other natural disasters or by acts of terrorism; inadvertent damage from construction or other equipment; leaks of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined products or other commodities; and fires and explosions. Further, since the September 11th terrorist attacks, the U.S. government has issued warnings that energy assets and facilities, specifically U.S. pipeline infrastructure, may be targeted in future terrorist attacks. These risks could result in substantial losses due to personal injury or loss of life, severe damage to and destruction of property and equipment and pollution or other environmental damage and may result in the curtailment or suspension of their related operations. Not all Energy
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companies are fully insured against all risks inherent to their businesses. If a significant accident or event occurs that is not fully insured, it could adversely affect the Energy company's operations and financial condition. In addition, any increased governmental regulation to mitigate such risks (including regulations related to recent oil spills or hydraulic fracturing), could increase insurance premiums and other operating costs for Energy companies in which we may invest.
Energy reserves naturally deplete as they are produced over time and this may adversely affect our business.
Energy reserves naturally deplete as they are produced over time. Many Energy companies are either engaged in the production of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil or coal, or are engaged in transporting, storing, distributing and processing these items or their derivatives on behalf of shippers. To maintain or grow their revenues, these companies or their customers need to maintain or expand their reserves through exploration of new sources of supply, through the development of existing sources or through acquisitions. The financial performance of Energy companies in which we may invest may be adversely affected if they, or the companies to whom they provide services, are unable to cost-effectively acquire additional reserves sufficient to replace the depleted reserves. If an Energy company fails to add reserves by acquiring or developing them, its reserves and production will decline over time as the reserves are produced. If an Energy company is not able to raise capital on favorable terms, it may not be able to add to or maintain its reserves.
Infrastructure assets may be the future target of terrorist organizations.
The terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, had a disruptive effect on the economy and the securities markets. United States military and related action in the Middle East and elsewhere could have significant adverse effects on the U.S. economy and the stock market. Uncertainty surrounding military strikes or actions or a sustained military campaign may affect an Energy company's operations in unpredictable ways, including disruptions of fuel supplies and markets, and infrastructure assets could be direct targets, or indirect casualties, of an act of terror. The U.S. government has issued warnings that infrastructure assets, specifically the United States' pipeline infrastructure, may be the future target of terrorist organizations. In addition, changes in the insurance markets have made certain types of insurance more difficult, if not impossible, to obtain and have generally resulted in increased premium costs.
Certain Energy companies are dependent on their parents or sponsors for a majority of their revenues and may be subject to affiliate party risk.
Certain Energy companies in which we may invest are dependent on their parents or sponsors for a majority of their revenues. Any failure by an Energy company's parent or sponsor to satisfy its payments or obligations would impact the Energy company's revenues and cash flows and ability to make distributions.
Changing economic, regulatory and political conditions in some countries, including political and military conflicts, may adversely affect the businesses in which we invest.
Changing economic, regulatory and political conditions in some countries, including political and military conflicts, have from time to time resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways, piracy, terrorism, labor strikes, boycotts and government inspections or requisitioning of vessels. These types of events could impact the delivery of commodities or impact pricing of commodities.
Risks Related to Our Investments in MLPs
An investment in MLP units involves certain risks which differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have limited control and voting rights on matters
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affecting the partnership. In addition, there are certain tax risks associated with an investment in MLP units. See "Risks Related to U.S. Federal Income Tax."
An MLP's cash flow, and consequently its distributions, are subject to operational and general energy industry risks, which may result in disparate quarterly distributions.
A portion of the cash flow received by us may be derived from investments in the equity securities of MLPs. The amount of cash that an MLP has available for distributions and the tax character of such distributions depend upon the amount of cash generated by the MLP's operations. Cash available for distribution will vary from quarter to quarter and is largely dependent on factors affecting the MLP's operations and factors affecting the Energy industry in general. In addition to the risk factors described above, other factors which may reduce the amount of cash an MLP has available for distribution in a given quarter include increased operating costs, maintenance capital expenditures, acquisition costs, expansion, construction or exploration costs and borrowing costs.
Investments in MLPs may have limited liquidity.
Although common units of some MLPs may trade on public exchanges, certain of these securities may trade less frequently, particularly those with smaller capitalizations. Securities with limited trading volumes may display volatile or erratic price movements. As a result, these securities may be difficult to dispose of at a fair price at the times when we believe it is desirable to do so. These securities are also more difficult to value, and our judgment as to value will often be given greater weight than market quotations, if any exist. Investment of our capital in securities that are less actively-traded, or over time experience decreased trading volume, may restrict our ability to take advantage of other market opportunities. In addition, many MLP units are privately held.
Investments in MLPs are susceptible to interest rate fluctuation risks.
Interest rate risk is the risk that securities will decline in value because of changes in market interest rates. The yields of equity and debt securities of MLPs are susceptible in the short-term to fluctuations in interest rates and, like treasury bonds, the prices of these securities typically decline when interest rates rise. Accordingly, our net asset value may be impacted by an increase in interest rates. Further, rising interest rates could adversely impact the financial performance of MLPs in which we invest by increasing their costs of capital. This may reduce their ability to execute acquisitions or expansion projects in a cost-effective manner.
Investments in MLPs are subject to certain tax risks.
MLPs are not subject to tax at the partnership level. Rather, each partner is allocated a share of the MLP's income, gains, losses, deductions, and expenses. A change in current tax law, or a change in the underlying business of a given MLP could result in the MLP being treated as a corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes, which would result in such MLP being required to pay U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income. Such treatment also would have the effect of reducing the amount of cash available for distribution by the affected MLP.
Our investments in MLPs may be subject to additional fees and expenses, including management and incentive fees, and, as a result, our investments in MLPs may achieve a lower rate of return than our other investments.
MLPs are subject to additional fees, some of which are paid regardless of the performance of its assets. We will pay certain management fees to the adviser entity of any MLP in which we invest. FS Advisor will also earn its base management fee from us based on our gross assets, including our investment in any such MLP; therefore, we will be paying both FS Advisor's base management fee and
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any management fees charged by an MLP. As a result, our investment returns attributable to MLPs in which we invest may be lower than other investments we select. In addition, because the fees received by an MLP adviser are typically based on the managed assets of the MLP, including the proceeds of any leverage it may incur, the MLP adviser has a financial incentive to utilize leverage, which may create a conflict of interest between the MLP adviser and us as a shareholder in the MLP.
Risks Related to Debt Financing
We currently use borrowed funds to make investments and are exposed to the typical risks associated with leverage.
Borrowings and other types of financing, also known as leverage, magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and, therefore, increase the risks associated with investing in our securities. Our and our special-purpose financing subsidiaries' lenders and debt holders have fixed dollar claims on our and their assets that are superior to the claims of our shareholders. If the value of our assets increases, then leverage would cause the net asset value to increase more sharply than it would have had we not leveraged. Conversely, if the value of our assets decreases, leverage would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any increase in our income in excess of consolidated interest payable on the borrowed funds would cause our net investment income to increase more than it would without the leverage, while any decrease in our income would cause net investment income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline could negatively affect our ability to make distributions to shareholders. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique.
The agreements governing our financing arrangements contain various covenants which, if not complied with, could accelerate repayment under the applicable arrangement, thereby materially and adversely affecting our liquidity, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders.
Our wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiaries, Berwyn Funding LLC, or Berwyn Funding, FSEP Term Funding LLC, or FSEP Funding, Energy Funding LLC, or Energy Funding, Foxfields Funding LLC, or Foxfields Funding, Wayne Funding LLC, or Wayne Funding, Gladwyne Funding LLC, or Gladwyne Funding, and Strafford Funding LLC, or Strafford Funding, have entered into financing arrangements with BNP, Deutsche Bank, Natixis, Fortress, Wells Fargo and Goldman, respectively. The agreements governing these financing arrangements contain various default provisions and operational covenants which, if triggered, could result in the termination of the respective financing arrangements and the acceleration of any amounts outstanding thereunder, which could require us or our subsidiaries to liquidate positions at a time and/or at a price which is disadvantageous to us. This could result in losses and impact our ability to meet our investment objectives and pay distributions to shareholders.
Our or our subsidiaries' failure to comply with the covenants set forth in the financing arrangements could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders. We cannot assure shareholders that we or our subsidiaries will be able to borrow funds under any such financing arrangements at any particular time or at all. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsFinancial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources" for a more detailed discussion of the terms of our financing arrangements.
We are subject to risks associated with our debt securitization facility.
Through our two wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiaries, Gladwyne Funding and Strafford Funding, we entered into a debt financing arrangement with Goldman pursuant to which up to $325.0 million will be made available to us to fund investments and for other general corporate
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purposes. The financing transaction with Goldman is structured as a debt securitization. We use the term "debt securitization" to describe a form of secured borrowing under which an operating company, sometimes referred to as an originator, acquires or originates loans or other assets that earn income, whether on a one-time or recurring basis, or collectively referred to herein as income producing assets, and borrows money on a non-recourse basis against a legally separate pool of income producing assets. In a typical debt securitization, the originator transfers the income producing assets to a special-purpose, bankruptcy-remote subsidiary, also referred to as a "special purpose entity", which is established solely for the purpose of holding income producing assets and issuing debt secured by these income producing assets. The special purpose entity completes the borrowing through the issuance of notes secured by the income producing assets.
Pursuant to the financing arrangement, assets in our portfolio may be sold and/or contributed by us from time to time to Gladwyne Funding. The assets held by Gladwyne Funding will secure the obligations of Gladwyne Funding under the floating rate notes, or Notes, to be issued from time to time by Gladwyne Funding to Strafford Funding pursuant to an indenture, dated as of September 11, 2014, as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 15, 2014, or together, the Indenture. Pursuant to the Indenture, the aggregate principal amount of Notes that may be issued by Gladwyne Funding from time to time is $577.75 million.
Strafford Funding, in turn, has entered into a repurchase transaction with Goldman pursuant to the terms of a master repurchase agreement and the related annex and master confirmation thereto, each dated as of September 11, 2014 and an amended and restated master confirmation dated as of December 15, 2014, or collectively, the Goldman facility. Pursuant to the Goldman facility, on one or more occasions beginning December 15, 2014 Goldman began purchasing Notes held by Strafford Funding for an aggregate purchase price equal to approximately 56.25% of the principal amount of Notes purchased. Subject to certain conditions, the maximum principal amount of Notes that may be purchased under the Goldman facility is $577.75 million. Accordingly, the aggregate maximum amount payable to Strafford Funding under the Goldman facility will not exceed $325.0 million, plus applicable financing fees. As of December 31, 2015, Strafford Funding has purchased $577.75 million of Notes, the maximum principal amount of Notes that may be purchased under the Goldman facility. The maximum repurchase amount payable by Strafford Funding to Goldman under the Goldman facility in respect of the Notes is $325.0 million, plus applicable financing fees.
See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsFinancial Condition, Liquidity and Capital ResourcesGoldman Financing" for a more detailed discussion of the terms of this debt securitization facility.
As a result of this debt securitization facility, we are subject to certain risks, including, but not limited to, those set forth below.
Our equity investment in Gladwyne Funding is subordinated to the debt obligations of Gladwyne Funding.
Any dividends or other payments in respect of our equity interest in Gladwyne Funding are subordinated in priority of payment to the Notes. In addition, Gladwyne Funding is subject to certain payment restrictions set forth in the Indenture in respect of our equity interest.
We will receive cash distributions based on our investment in Gladwyne Funding only if Gladwyne Funding has made all required cash interest payments on the Notes. We cannot assure you that distributions on the assets held by Gladwyne Funding will be sufficient to make any distributions to us or that the yield on our investment in Gladwyne Funding will meet our expectations.
Our equity investment in Gladwyne Funding is unsecured and ranks behind all of the creditors, known or unknown, of Gladwyne Funding, including the holders of the Notes. Consequently, if the value of Gladwyne Funding's assets decreases as a result of conditions in the credit markets, defaulted
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loans, capital gains and losses on the underlying assets or prepayment or changes in interest rates generally, the value of our equity investment in Gladwyne Funding could be reduced. Accordingly, our investment in Gladwyne Funding may not produce a profit and may be subject to a loss in an amount up to the entire amount of such equity investment.
In addition, if the value of Gladwyne Funding's assets decreases and Gladwyne Funding is unable to make any required payments to Strafford Funding pursuant to the terms of the Notes, Strafford Funding may, in turn, be unable to make any required payments to Goldman pursuant to the terms of the Goldman facility. In such event, if the value of Strafford Funding's assets is not sufficient to meet Strafford Funding's payment obligations to Goldman, Strafford Funding may request that we loan to it pursuant to an uncommitted revolving credit agreement, dated as of September 11, 2014 and amended and restated on December 15, 2014, between Strafford Funding, as borrower, and us, as lender, or the Revolving Credit Agreement, or that we otherwise provide additional funds to it to cover its payment obligations to Goldman. Otherwise, we may be subject to a loss in an amount up to the entire amount of our equity investment in Strafford Funding.
Our equity investment in Strafford Funding is subordinated to the debt obligations of Strafford Funding.
Our equity investment in Strafford Funding is unsecured and ranks behind all of the creditors, known or unknown, of Strafford Funding, including Goldman. Consequently, if the value of Strafford Funding's assets decreases as a result of conditions in the credit markets, defaulted loans, capital gains and losses on the underlying assets or prepayment or changes in interest rates generally, the value of our equity investment in Strafford Funding could be reduced. Accordingly, our investment in Strafford Funding may not produce a profit and may be subject to a loss in an amount up to the entire amount of such equity investment.
In addition, if the value of Strafford Funding's assets decreases or Gladwyne Funding fails to make any required payments to Strafford Funding pursuant to the terms of the Notes, Strafford Funding may be unable to make any required payments to Goldman pursuant to the terms of the Goldman facility. In such event, if the value of Strafford Funding's assets is not sufficient to meet Strafford Funding's payment obligations to Goldman, Strafford Funding may request that we loan to it pursuant to the Revolving Credit Agreement or that we otherwise provide additional funds to it to cover its payment obligations to Goldman. Otherwise, we may be subject to a loss in an amount up to the entire amount of our equity investment in Strafford Funding.
Our equity investment in Gladwyne Funding has a high degree of leverage.
The maximum aggregate principal amount of Notes permitted to be issued by Gladwyne Funding under the Indenture is $577.75 million. The maximum repurchase amount payable by Strafford Funding to Goldman under the Goldman facility in respect of the Notes is $325.0 million, plus applicable financing fees. The market value of our equity investment in Gladwyne Funding may be significantly affected by a variety of factors, including changes in the market value of the assets held by Gladwyne Funding, changes in distributions on the assets held by Gladwyne Funding, defaults and recoveries on those assets, capital gains and losses on those assets, prepayments on those assets and other risks associated with those assets. Our investment in Gladwyne Funding may not produce a profit and may be subject to a loss in an amount up to the entire amount of such equity investment. The leveraged nature of our equity investment may magnify the adverse impact of any loss on our equity investment.
The interests of Goldman, as the holder of the Notes, may not be aligned with our interests, and we will not have control over remedies in respect of the Notes.
The Notes rank senior in right of payment to any equity securities issued by Gladwyne Funding. As a result, there are circumstances in which the interests of Goldman, as the holder of the Notes, may
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not be aligned with our interests. For example, under the terms of the Notes, Goldman has the right to receive payments of principal and interest prior to Gladwyne Funding making any distributions or dividends to holders of its equity securities.
For as long as the Notes remain outstanding, Goldman has the right to act in certain circumstances with respect to the portfolio of assets that secure the obligations of Gladwyne Funding under the Notes in ways that may benefit their interests but not ours, including by exercising remedies or directing the trustee under the Indenture to declare events of default under or accelerate the Notes in accordance with the terms of the Indenture. Goldman has no obligation to consider any possible adverse effect that actions taken may have on our equity interests. For example, upon the occurrence of an event of default (as defined in the Indenture) with respect to the Notes, the trustee, which is currently Citibank N.A., or Citibank, may declare the outstanding principal amount of all of the Notes, together with any accrued interest thereon, to be immediately due and payable. This would have the effect of accelerating the outstanding principal amount of the Notes and triggering a repayment obligation on the part of Gladwyne Funding. Gladwyne Funding may not have proceeds sufficient to make required payments on the Notes and make any distributions to us. Any failure of Gladwyne Funding to make distributions on the equity interests we hold could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and may result in our inability to make distributions to our shareholders in amounts sufficient to maintain our qualification as a RIC, or at all.
The market value of the Notes may decline causing Strafford Funding to borrow funds from us in order to meet certain margin posting, which would have an adverse effect on the timing of payments to us.
If at any time during the term of the Goldman facility the market value of the Notes (measured by reference to the market value of Gladwyne Funding's portfolio of assets) declines and is less than the required margin amount under the Goldman facility, or the Margin Threshold, Strafford Funding will be required to post cash collateral with Goldman in an amount at least equal to the amount by which the market value of the Notes at such time is less than the Margin Threshold. In such event, in order to satisfy this requirement, Strafford Funding intends to borrow funds from us pursuant to the Revolving Credit Agreement. We may, in our sole discretion, make such loans from time to time to Strafford Funding pursuant to the terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement may not exceed $325.0 million and will accrue interest at a rate equal to one-month LIBOR plus a spread of 0.75% per annum. To the extent we loan additional funds to Strafford Funding to satisfy the Margin Threshold, such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and may result in our inability to make distributions to our shareholders in amounts sufficient to maintain our qualification as a RIC, or at all. There is no assurance that loans made pursuant to the Revolving Credit Agreement will be repaid.
Restructurings of investments held by Gladwyne Funding, if any, may decrease their value and reduce the value of our equity interest in Gladwyne Funding.
As investment manager, we have broad authority to direct and supervise the investment and reinvestment of the assets held by Gladwyne Funding, which may require from time to time the execution of amendments, waivers, modifications and other changes to the investment documentation in accordance with the related investment management agreement we have entered into with Gladwyne Funding. During periods of economic uncertainty and recession, the necessity for amendments, waivers, modifications and restructurings of investments may increase. Such amendments, waivers, modifications and other restructurings may change the terms of the investments and, in some cases, may result in Gladwyne Funding holding assets that do not meet certain specified criteria for the investments made by it, and also could adversely impact the market value of such investments and thereby the market
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value of the Notes, which in turn could adversely impact the ability of Strafford Funding to meet the Margin Threshold. Any amendment, waiver, modification or other restructuring that affects the market value of the assets underlying the Notes and therefore reduces Strafford Funding's ability to meet the Margin Threshold, will make it more likely that Gladwyne Funding will need to retain assets, including cash, to increase the market value of the assets underlying the Notes and for Strafford Funding to post cash collateral with Goldman in an amount at least equal to the amount by which the market value of the Notes is less than the Margin Threshold. Any such use of cash by Gladwyne Funding would reduce distributions available to us or delay the timing of distributions to us.
We may not receive cash from Gladwyne Funding or Strafford Funding.
We will receive cash from Gladwyne Funding and Strafford Funding only to the extent that Gladwyne Funding or Strafford Funding, respectively, makes distributions to us. Gladwyne Funding may make distributions to us, in turn, only to the extent permitted by the Indenture. The Indenture generally provides that distributions by Gladwyne Funding may not be made unless all amounts then due and owing with respect to the Notes have been paid in full. If we do not receive cash from Gladwyne Funding or Strafford Funding, we may be unable to make distributions to our shareholders in amounts sufficient to maintain our qualification as a RIC, or at all. We also could be forced to sell investments in our portfolio at less than their fair value in order to continue making such distributions.
We are subject to the credit risk of Goldman.
If Goldman fails to sell the Notes back to Strafford Funding at the end of the applicable period, Strafford Funding's recourse will be limited to an unsecured claim against Goldman for the difference between the value of such Notes at such time and the amount that would be owing by Strafford Funding to Goldman had Goldman performed under the Goldman facility. The ability of Goldman to satisfy such a claim will be subject to Goldman's creditworthiness at that time.
If we borrow money, the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested in us will be magnified and may increase the risk of investing in us.
The use of borrowings, also known as leverage, increases the volatility of investments by magnifying the potential for gain or loss on invested equity capital. If we use leverage to partially finance our investments, through borrowing from banks and other lenders, shareholders will experience increased risks of investing in our common shares. If the value of our assets increases, leverage would cause the net asset value attributable to our common shares to increase more sharply than it would have had we not leveraged. Conversely, if the value of our assets decreases, leverage would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any increase in our income in excess of interest payable on the borrowed funds would cause our net income to increase more than it would without the leverage, while any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline could negatively affect our ability to make common share distribution payments. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique. In addition, the decision to utilize leverage will increase our assets and, as a result, will increase the amount of base management fees payable to FS Advisor.
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As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $371.7 million in borrowings available under our financing arrangements. Below is a summary of our outstanding financing arrangements as of December 31, 2015 (dollar amounts presented in thousands):
Facility | Type of Arrangement |
Rate | Amount Outstanding |
Amount Available |
Maturity Date | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BNP Facility |
Prime Brokerage | L+1.10% | $ | 113,737 | $ | 186,263 | September 26, 2016(1) | |||||
Deutsche Bank Credit Facility |
Revolving | L+1.80% | $ | 280,000 | $ | 60,000 | June 11, 2016 | |||||
Fortress Facility |
Term | L+5.00%(2) | $ | 89,600 | $ | 65,400 | November 6, 2020 | |||||
Goldman Facility |
Repurchase | L+2.75% | $ | 324,984 | $ | 16 | September 15, 2017 | |||||
Natixis Credit Facility |
Revolving | CP+2.25% | $ | 92,173 | | July 11, 2023 | ||||||
Wells Fargo Credit Facility |
Revolving | L+2.50% to 2.75% | $ | 140,000 | $ | 60,000 | September 9, 2019 |
Illustration. The following table illustrates the effect of leverage on returns from an investment in our common shares assuming various annual returns, net of expenses. The calculations in the table below are hypothetical and actual returns may be higher or lower than those appearing below. The calculation assumes (i) $3.9 billion in total average assets, (ii) a weighted average cost of funds of 3.21%, (iii) $1.3 billion in borrowings outstanding (i.e., assumes that the full $1.3 billion available to us as of December 31, 2015 under the financing arrangements with BNP, Deutsche Bank, Fortress, Goldman, Natixis and Wells Fargo is outstanding, as adjusted for the decrease of the Wells Fargo facility to $125.0 million in maximum borrowing capacity during February 2016) and (iv) $2.6 billion in average shareholders' equity. In order to compute the "Corresponding return to shareholders," the "Assumed Return on Our Portfolio (net of expenses)" is multiplied by the assumed total average assets to obtain an assumed return to us. From this amount, the interest expense is calculated by multiplying the assumed weighted average cost of funds times the assumed borrowings outstanding, and the product is subtracted from the assumed return to us in order to determine the return available to shareholders. The return available to shareholders is then divided by our shareholders' equity to determine the "Corresponding return to shareholders." Actual interest payments may be different.
Assumed Return on Our Portfolio (net of expenses)
|
10% | 5% | 0% | 5% | 10% | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corresponding return to shareholders |
-16.83 | % | -9.24 | % | -1.66 | % | 5.93 | % | 13.51 | % |
Similarly, assuming (i) approximately $3.9 billion in total average assets, (ii) a weighted average cost of funds of approximately 3.21% and (iii) $1.3 billion in borrowings outstanding (i.e., assumes that the full $1.3 billion available to us as of December 31, 2015 under the financing arrangements with BNP, Deutsche Bank, Fortress, Goldman, Natixis and Wells Fargo is outstanding (as adjusted for the decrease of the Wells Fargo facility to $125.0 million in maximum borrowing capacity during February 2016), our assets would need to yield an annual return (net of expenses) of approximately 1.09% in order to cover the annual interest payments on our outstanding borrowings.
Changes in interest rates may affect our cost of capital and net investment income.
Because we intend to use debt to finance investments, our net investment income will depend, in part, upon the difference between the rate at which we borrow funds and the rate at which we invest those funds. As a result, we can offer no assurance that a significant change in market interest rates will not have a material adverse effect on our net investment income. In periods of rising interest rates when we have debt outstanding, our cost of funds will increase, which could reduce our net investment
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income. We expect that our long-term fixed-rate investments will be financed primarily with equity and long-term debt. We may use interest rate risk management techniques in an effort to limit our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. These techniques may include various interest rate hedging activities to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act. These activities may limit our ability to participate in the benefits of lower interest rates with respect to the hedged portfolio. Adverse developments resulting from changes in interest rates or hedging transactions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, we have limited experience in entering into hedging transactions, and we will initially have to develop such expertise or arrange for such expertise to be provided.
A rise in the general level of interest rates can be expected to lead to higher interest rates applicable to our debt investments. Accordingly, an increase in interest rates would make it easier for us to meet or exceed the incentive fee hurdle rate and may result in a substantial increase of the amount of incentive fees payable to FS Advisor with respect to pre-incentive fee net investment income. See "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement."
Risks Related to U.S. Federal Income Tax
We will be subject to corporate-level income tax if we are unable to qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code or to satisfy RIC distribution requirements.
To qualify for and maintain RIC tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Code, we must meet the following annual distribution, income source and asset diversification requirements. See "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsTaxation as a RIC."
We must satisfy these tests on an ongoing basis in order to maintain RIC tax treatment, and may be required to make distributions to shareholders at times when it would be more advantageous to
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invest cash in our existing or other investments, or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Compliance with the RIC tax requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits and the value of our shareholders' investments. If we fail to qualify for or maintain RIC tax treatment for any reason and are subject to corporate income tax, the resulting corporate taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distribution and the amount of our distributions.
Some of our investments may be subject to corporate-level income tax.
We may invest in certain debt and equity investments through taxable subsidiaries and the taxable income of these taxable subsidiaries will be subject to federal and state corporate income taxes. We may invest in certain foreign debt and equity investments which could be subject to foreign taxes (such as income tax, withholding and value added taxes).
We may have difficulty paying our required distributions if we recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be required to recognize taxable income in circumstances in which we do not receive a corresponding payment in cash. For example, if we hold debt obligations that are treated under applicable tax rules as having original issue discount (such as debt instruments with PIK interest or, in certain cases, increasing interest rates or debt obligations that were issued with warrants), we must include in income each tax year a portion of the original issue discount that accrues over the life of the obligation, regardless of whether cash representing such income is received by us in the same tax year. We may also have to include in income other amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as deferred loan origination fees that are paid after origination of the loan or are paid in non-cash compensation such as warrants or stock. We anticipate that a portion of our income may constitute original issue discounts or other income required to be included in taxable income prior to receipt of cash. Further, we may elect to amortize market discounts and include such amounts in our taxable income in the current tax year, instead of upon disposition, as an election not to do so would limit our ability to deduct interest expenses for tax purposes.
Because any original issue discount or other amounts accrued will be included in our investment company taxable income for the tax year of the accrual, we may be required to make a distribution to our shareholders in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, even though we will not have received any corresponding cash amount. As a result, we may have difficulty meeting the Annual Distribution Requirement necessary to maintain RIC tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Code. We may have to sell some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for or maintain RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax. For additional discussion regarding the tax implications of a RIC, see "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsTaxation as a RIC."
We may be adversely affected if an MLP or other non-corporate business structure in which we invest is treated as a corporation, rather than a partnership, for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Our ability to meet our investment objectives will depend on the level of taxable income and distributions and dividends we receive from the MLPs and other Energy company securities in which we may invest, a factor over which we have no control. The benefit we derive from an investment in MLPs is largely dependent on the MLPs being treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, an MLP has no tax liability at the entity level. If, as a result of a change in current law or a change in an MLP's business, an MLP is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such MLP would be obligated to pay U.S. federal income tax on its income at the corporate tax rate. If an MLP were classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the
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amount of cash available for distribution would be reduced and distributions received by us would be taxed under U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to corporate distributions (as dividend income, return of capital or capital gain). Therefore, treatment of an MLP as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes would result in a reduction in the after-tax return to us, likely causing a reduction in the value of our common shares. In addition, if we receive a Schedule K-1 from an MLP after having mailed a Form 1099-DIV to our shareholders, and our estimates with respect to the applicable MLP are determined to have been materially incorrect, we may be required to mail an amended Form 1099-DIV to our shareholders.
We may be adversely affected if an MLP or other non-corporate business structure in which we invest is unable to take advantage of certain tax deductions for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our income from investments in MLPs may exceed the cash received from such investments.
As a limited partner in the MLPs in which we seek to invest, we will receive our share of income, gains, losses, deductions and credits from those MLPs. Historically, a significant portion of income from MLPs has been offset by tax deductions. As a result, this income has been significantly lower than cash distributions paid by MLPs. We will incur a current tax liability on our share of an MLP's income and gains that is not offset by tax deductions, losses, and credits, or our net operating loss carryforwards, if any. The percentage of an MLP's income and gains which is offset by tax deductions, losses, and credits will fluctuate over time for various reasons. A significant slowdown in acquisition activity or capital spending by MLPs held in our portfolio could result in a reduction of accelerated depreciation generated by new acquisitions, which may result in an increase in our net ordinary income that we are required to distribute to shareholders to maintain our status as a RIC and to eliminate our liability for U.S. federal income tax. If our income from our investments in MLPs exceeds the cash distributions received from such investments, we may need to obtain cash from other sources in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for or maintain RIC tax treatment and become subject to corporate-level federal income tax. We may also recognize gain in excess of cash proceeds upon the sale of an interest in an MLP. Any such gain may need to be distributed or deemed distributed in order to avoid liability for corporate-level federal income taxes on such gain. See "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations."
Our portfolio investments may present special tax issues.
Investments in below-investment grade debt instruments and certain equity securities may present special tax issues for us. U.S. federal income tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as when we may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless debt in equity securities, how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and interest income, as well as whether exchanges of debt instruments in a bankruptcy or workout context are taxable. Such matters could cause us to recognize taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, even in the absence of cash or economic gain, and require us to make taxable distributions to our shareholders to maintain our RIC status or preclude the imposition of either U.S. federal corporate income or excise taxation. Additionally, because such taxable income may not be matched by corresponding cash received by us, we may be required to borrow money or dispose of other investments to be able to make distributions to our shareholders. These and other issues will be considered by us, to the extent determined necessary, in order that we minimize the level of any U.S. federal income or excise tax that we would otherwise incur. See "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsTaxation as a RIC."
Legislative or regulatory tax changes could adversely affect investors.
At any time, the federal income tax laws governing RICs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. Any of those new laws, regulations or interpretations may take effect retroactively and could adversely affect the taxation of us or our shareholders. Therefore, changes in tax laws, regulations or administrative interpretations or any amendments thereto could diminish the value of an investment in our shares or the value or the resale potential of our investments.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Some of the statements in this prospectus constitute forward-looking statements because they relate to future events or our future performance or financial condition. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus may include statements as to:
In addition, words such as "anticipate," "believe," "expect" and "intend" indicate a forward-looking statement, although not all forward-looking statements include these words. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those implied or expressed in the forward-looking statements for any reason, including the factors set forth in "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this prospectus. Other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include:
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We have based the forward-looking statements included in this prospectus on information available to us on the date of this prospectus. Except as required by the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Shareholders are advised to consult any additional disclosures that we may make directly to shareholders or through reports that we may file in the future with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K. The forward-looking statements and projections contained in this prospectus or in periodic reports we file under the Exchange Act are excluded from the safe harbor protection provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act.
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The following table sets forth our estimates of how we intend to use the gross proceeds from this offering. Information is provided assuming that we sell the maximum number of common shares registered in this offering, 92,200,000 common shares. The amount of net proceeds may be more or less than the amount depicted in the table below depending on the public offering price of the common shares and the actual number of common shares we sell in the offering. The table below assumes that common shares are sold at the current offering price of $7.30 per share. Such amount is subject to increase or decrease based upon, among other things, our net asset value per share.
We intend to use substantially all of the proceeds from this offering, net of expenses, to make investments primarily in private U.S. Energy companies in accordance with our investment objectives and using the strategy described in this prospectus. We anticipate that the remainder will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including the payment of operating expenses. However, we have not established limits on the use of proceeds from this offering. We will seek to invest the net proceeds received in this offering as promptly as practicable after receipt thereof. However, depending on market conditions and other factors, including the availability of investments that meet our investment objectives, we may be unable to invest such proceeds within the time period we anticipate. Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. There can be no assurance we will be able to sell all of the common shares we are registering. If we sell only a portion of the common shares we are registering, we may be unable to achieve our investment objectives or allocate our portfolio among various issuers and sub-sectors.
Pursuant to an expense support and conditional reimbursement agreement, amended and restated as of May 16, 2013, or the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse us for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders will be paid from offering proceeds or borrowings. However, Franklin Square Holdings may terminate the expense reimbursement agreement at any time. In the event that the expense reimbursement agreement is terminated, we may pay distributions from offering proceeds or borrowings. In addition, we have not established limits on the use of proceeds from this offering or the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions to shareholders.
Pending investment of the proceeds raised in this offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds primarily in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities, repurchase agreements and high-quality debt instruments maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, consistent with our BDC election and our election to be taxed as a RIC.
The amounts in this table assume that the full fees and commissions are paid on all of our common shares offered to the public on a best efforts basis. All or a portion of the selling commission and dealer manager fee may be reduced or eliminated in connection with certain categories of sales, such as sales for which a volume discount applies, sales through investment advisers or banks acting as trustees or fiduciaries and sales to our affiliates. See "Plan of Distribution." Any reduction in these fees will be accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the per share purchase price but will not affect
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the amounts available to us for investments. Because amounts in the following table are estimates, they may not accurately reflect the actual receipt or use of the offering proceeds.
|
Maximum Offering | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Amount | % | |||||
Gross Proceeds |
$ | 673,060,000 | 100.0 | % | |||
Less: |
|||||||
Selling Commission |
47,114,200 | 7.0 | % | ||||
Dealer Manager Fee |
20,191,800 | 3.0 | % | ||||
Offering Expenses |
10,095,900 | 1.5 | % | ||||
| | | | | | | |
Net Proceeds/Amount Available for Investments |
$ | 595,658,100 | 88.5 | % | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
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Subject to our board of trustees' discretion and applicable legal restrictions, we intend to authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on a weekly basis and pay such distributions on a monthly basis. We will calculate each shareholder's specific distribution amount for the period using record and declaration dates and each shareholder's distributions will begin to accrue on the date we accept such shareholder's subscription for our common shares. From time to time, we may also pay special interim distributions in the form of cash or common shares at the discretion of our board of trustees. For example, our board of trustees may periodically declare share distributions in order to reduce our net asset value per share if necessary to ensure that we do not sell common shares at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share.
We may fund our cash distributions to shareholders from any sources of funds legally available to us, including offering proceeds, borrowings, net investment income from operations, capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, non capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, dividends or other distributions paid to us on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies and expense reimbursements from Franklin Square Holdings. We have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions.
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse us for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders will be paid from our offering proceeds or borrowings. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsOverviewExpense Reimbursement" for a detailed discussion of the expense reimbursement agreement, including amounts reimbursed to us by Franklin Square Holdings thereunder and the repayment of such amounts to Franklin Square Holdings.
On a quarterly basis, we will send information to all shareholders of record regarding the sources of distributions paid to our shareholders in such quarter. During certain periods, our distributions may exceed our earnings, especially during the period before we have substantially invested the proceeds from our continuous public offering of common shares. As a result, it is possible that a portion of the distributions we make will represent a return of capital. A return of capital generally is a return of an investor's investment rather than a return of earnings or gains derived from our investment activities and will be made after deducting the fees and expenses payable in connection with our continuous public offering, including any fees payable to FS Advisor. Moreover, a return of capital will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder's cost basis in our common shares, and will result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when the common shares on which such return of capital was received are sold. Each year a statement on Form 1099-DIV identifying the sources of our distributions (i.e., paid from ordinary income, paid from net capital gains on the sale of securities, and/or a return of capital) will be mailed to our shareholders. No portion of the distributions paid during the year ended December 31, 2015 represented a return of capital. See "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations."
From time to time and not less than on a quarterly basis, FS Advisor must review our accounts to determine whether cash distributions are appropriate. We intend to distribute pro rata to our shareholders' funds received by us which FS Advisor deems unnecessary for us to retain.
We intend to make our ordinary distributions in the form of cash, out of assets legally available for distribution, unless shareholders elect to receive distributions in additional common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan. Although distributions paid in the form of additional common shares will generally be subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes in the same manner as cash distributions, shareholders who elect to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan will not receive any corresponding cash distributions with which to pay any such applicable taxes. Shareholders receiving
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distributions in the form of additional common shares will generally be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of the fair market value of our common shares. If shareholders hold common shares in the name of a broker or financial intermediary, they should contact such broker or financial intermediary regarding their option to elect to receive distributions in additional common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan in lieu of cash.
In addition, in order to maintain RIC tax treatment, we must distribute to our shareholders, for each tax year, dividends generally of an amount at least equal to 90% of our "investment company taxable income," which is generally the sum of our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short term capital gains over realized net long term capital losses, determined without regard to any deduction for distributions paid. In addition, we may, in certain cases, satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement by distributing dividends relating to a tax year after the close of such tax year under the "spillover dividend" provisions of Subchapter M of the Code. If we distribute a spillover dividend, such dividend will be included in a shareholder's gross income for the tax year in which the spillover distribution is paid. We intend to make sufficient distributions to our shareholders to maintain our RIC tax treatment each tax year. We will also be subject to nondeductible U.S. federal excise taxes on certain undistributed income unless we distribute in a timely manner to our shareholders of an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our net ordinary taxable income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of our capital gain net income, which is the excess of capital gains over capital losses (adjusted for certain ordinary losses), for the one year period ending October 31 of that calendar year and (3) any ordinary income and capital gain net income for the preceding years that were not distributed during such years and on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax. Any distribution declared by us during October, November or December of any calendar year, payable to our shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and actually paid during January of the following calendar year, will be treated as if it had been paid by us, as well as received by our U.S. shareholders, on December 31 of the calendar year in which the distribution was declared. We generally will endeavor in each tax year to avoid any material U.S. federal excise tax on our earnings.We can offer no assurance that we will achieve results that will permit us to pay any cash distributions. If we issue senior securities, we will be prohibited from making distributions if doing so causes us to fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios stipulated by the 1940 Act or if distributions are limited by the terms of any of our borrowings. See "Regulation" and "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations."
We declared our first distribution on July 21, 2011. The following table reflects the cash distributions per share that we have declared and paid on our common shares during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Dollar amounts in the table below are presented in thousands, except per share data:
|
Distribution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
For the Year Ended December 31, | Per Share | Amount | |||||
2013 |
$ | 0.6616 | $ | 77,815 | |||
2014 |
$ | 0.6882 | $ | 163,043 | |||
2015 |
$ | 0.7085 | $ | 238,833 |
On November 11, 2015 and March 9, 2016, our board of trustees declared regular weekly cash distributions for January 2016 through March 2016 and April 2016 through June 2016, respectively. These distributions have been or will be paid monthly to shareholders of record as of weekly record dates previously determined by our board of trustees in the amount of $0.013625 per share. The timing and amount of any future distributions to shareholders are subject to applicable legal restrictions and the sole discretion of our board of trustees.
Market conditions have recently improved and oil prices have rebounded off of recent lows. With the improving market conditions, we have seen some positive developments in the portfolio and an
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increase in our net asset value. However, we anticipate that certain investments in the portfolio may need to be restructured and/or may experience defaults. These restructurings and defaults may have an impact on the level of income received by us. As a result, we are evaluating the current distribution rate payable on our common shares and there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain the distribution at the current level. FS Advisor has agreed to waive its incentive fee and may waive a portion of its management fee through the second quarter of 2016 to ensure no portion of the distribution is paid from offering proceeds or borrowings.
We have adopted an "opt in" distribution reinvestment plan for our shareholders. As a result, if we make a cash distribution, our shareholders will receive the distribution in cash unless they specifically "opt in" to our distribution reinvestment plan so as to have their cash distribution reinvested in additional common shares. However, certain state authorities or regulators may impose restrictions from time to time that may prevent or limit a shareholder's ability to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan. See "Distribution Reinvestment Plan."
The following table reflects the sources of the cash distributions on a tax basis that we have paid on our common shares during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Dollar amounts in the table below and the paragraph that follows such table are presented in thousands:
|
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||
Source of Distribution
|
Distribution Amount |
Percentage | Distribution Amount |
Percentage | Distribution Amount |
Percentage | |||||||||||||
Offering proceeds |
$ | | | $ | | | $ | | | ||||||||||
Borrowings |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
Net investment income (prior to expense reimbursement)(1) |
224,586 | 94 | % | 145,745 | 89 | % | 76,383 | 98 | % | ||||||||||
Short-term capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets |
| | 10,509 | 7 | % | 1,432 | 2 | % | |||||||||||
Long-term capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets |
14,247 | 6 | % | 6,789 | 4 | % | | | |||||||||||
Non-capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
Distributions on account of limited partnership interest |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
Expense reimbursement from sponsor |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 238,833 | 100 | % | $ | 163,043 | 100 | % | $ | 77,815 | 100 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Our net investment income on a tax basis for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $234,163, $145,745 and $76,383, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had $9,578 of undistributed ordinary income on a tax basis. As of December 31, 2014, we had $14,247 of undistributed net realized gains on a tax basis.
For the year ended December 31, 2015 the difference between our U.S generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, basis net investment income and our tax-basis net investment income was primarily due to the amount by which tax-basis income on a limited partnership interest differs from our GAAP-basis income, the reclassification of unamortized original issue discount and prepayment fees recognized upon prepayment of loans from income for GAAP purposes to realized
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gains for tax purposes, the impact of certain subsidiaries that were consolidated for purposes of computing GAAP-basis net investment income but were not consolidated for purposes of computing tax-basis net investment income, income recognized for tax purposes not recorded for GAAP, and, with respect to the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the reversal of the required accrual for GAAP purposes of incentive fees on unrealized gains even though no such incentive fees on unrealized gains were payable by us and the reversal of non-deductible excise taxes. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the inclusion of a portion of the periodic net settlement payments due on our total return swap in tax-basis net investment income was also a factor that resulted in the difference between our GAAP-basis net investment income and our tax-basis net investment income.
The following table sets forth a reconciliation between GAAP-basis net investment income and tax-basis net investment income during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Dollar amounts in the table below and the paragraph that follows such table are presented in thousands:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
GAAP-basis net investment income |
$ | 227,595 | $ | 174,889 | $ | 66,804 | ||||
Income on limited partnership interest |
(82 | ) | (1,271 | ) | (802 | ) | ||||
Reversal of incentive fee accrual on unrealized gains |
| (10,993 | ) | 5,464 | ||||||
Excise taxes |
| 560 | 300 | |||||||
Reclassification of unamortized original issue discount and prepayment fees |
(10,185 | ) | (19,579 | ) | (1,166 | ) | ||||
GAAP vs. tax-basis consolidation of subsidiaries |
9,252 | 2,798 | (733 | ) | ||||||
Income recognized for tax purposes not recorded for GAAP purposes |
9,396 | | | |||||||
Tax-basis net investment income portion of total return swap payments |
| | 6,602 | |||||||
Other miscellaneous differences |
(1,813 | ) | (659 | ) | (86 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Tax-basis net investment income |
$ | 234,163 | $ | 145,745 | $ | 76,383 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
We may make certain adjustments to the classification of shareholders' equity as a result of permanent book-to-tax differences. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we increased accumulated undistributed net investment income and accumulated undistributed net realized gains (losses) on investments and gain/loss on foreign currency by $6,674 and $8,299, respectively, and reduced capital in excess of par value by $14,973. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we increased accumulated undistributed net realized gains (losses) on investments and gain/loss on foreign currency by $20,215, and reduced capital in excess of par value and accumulated undistributed net investment income by $3,358 and $16,857, respectively.
The determination of the tax attributes of our distributions is made annually as of the end of our fiscal year based upon our taxable income for the full year and distributions paid for the full year. The actual tax characteristics of distributions to shareholders are reported to shareholders annually on Form 1099-DIV.
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As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the components of accumulated earnings on a tax basis were as follows (dollar amounts in the table below, the related note and the paragraph that follows such note are presented in thousands):
|
December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Distributable ordinary income (income and short-term capital gains) |
$ | 9,578 | $ | | |||
Distributable capital gains (accumulated capital losses)(1) |
(200,191 | ) | 13,591 | ||||
Deferral of late year capital losses |
| (6,094 | ) | ||||
Distribution receivable on limited partnership interest |
301 | 57 | |||||
Unamortized organization costs |
(245 | ) | (268 | ) | |||
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments and unrealized gain/loss on foreign currency(2) |
(831,920 | ) | (283,310 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | (1,022,477 | ) | $ | (276,024 | ) | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The aggregate cost of our investments for U.S. federal income tax purposes totaled $3,895,733 and $3,658,498 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The aggregate net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on a tax basis was $(831,920) and $(283,310) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The information in this section contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see "Risk Factors" and "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Many of the amounts and percentages presented in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" have been rounded for convenience of presentation and all amounts are presented in thousands (unless otherwise indicated), except share and per share amounts.
Overview
We were formed as a Delaware statutory trust under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act on September 16, 2010 and formally commenced investment operations on July 18, 2011 upon raising gross proceeds in excess of $2,500 from sales of our common shares in our continuous public offering to persons who were not affiliated with us or FS Advisor. We are an externally managed, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that has elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act and has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intends to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. Prior to satisfying the minimum offering requirement, we had no operations except for matters relating to our organization.
Our investment activities are managed by FS Advisor and supervised by our board of trustees, a majority of whom are independent. Under our investment advisory and administrative services agreement, we have agreed to pay FS Advisor an annual base management fee based on our gross assets as well as incentive fees based on our performance. FS Advisor has engaged GSO to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO assists FS Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and makes investment recommendations for approval by FS Advisor according to guidelines set by FS Advisor.
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change.
Our investment objective is to generate current income and long-term capital appreciation. We have identified and intend to focus on the following investment categories, which we believe will allow us to generate an attractive total return with an acceptable level of risk.
Direct Originations: We intend to leverage our relationship with GSO and its global sourcing and origination platform including its industry relationships, to directly source investment opportunities. Such investments are originated or structured for us or made by us and are not generally available to the broader market. These investments may include both debt and equity components, although we do not expect to make equity investments (other than income-oriented equity investments) independent of having an existing credit relationship. We believe directly originated investments may offer higher returns and more favorable protections than broadly syndicated transactions.
Opportunistic: We seek to capitalize on market price inefficiencies by investing in loans, bonds and other securities where the market price of such investment reflects a lower value than deemed warranted by our fundamental analysis. We believe that market price inefficiencies may occur due to, among other things, general dislocations in the markets, a misunderstanding by the market of a particular company or an Energy industry sub-sector being out of favor with the broader investment community. We seek to allocate capital to these securities that have been misunderstood or mispriced by the market and where we believe there is an opportunity to earn an attractive return on our investment. Such opportunities may include both event driven investments and anchor orders.
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In the case of event driven investments, we intend to take advantage of dislocations that arise in the markets due to an impending event and where the market's apparent expectation of value differs substantially from our fundamental analysis. Such events may include a looming debt maturity or default, a merger, spin-off or other corporate reorganization, an adverse regulatory or legal ruling, or a material contract expiration, any of which may significantly improve or impair a company's financial position. Compared to other investment strategies, event driven investing depends more heavily on our ability to successfully predict the outcome of an individual event rather than on underlying macroeconomic fundamentals. As a result, successful event driven strategies may offer both substantial diversification benefits and the ability to generate performance in uncertain market environments.
We may also invest in certain opportunities that are originated and then syndicated by a commercial or investment bank but where we provide a capital commitment significantly above the average syndicate participant, i.e., an anchor order. In these types of investments, we may receive fees, preferential pricing or other benefits not available to other lenders in return for our significant capital commitment. Our decision to provide an anchor order to a syndicated transaction is predicated on a rigorous credit analysis, our familiarity with a particular company, Energy industry sub-sector or financial sponsor, and the broader investment experiences of FS Advisor and GSO.
Broadly Syndicated/Other: Although our primary focus is to invest in directly originated transactions and opportunistic investments, in certain circumstances we will also invest in the broadly syndicated loan and high yield markets. Broadly syndicated loans and bonds are generally more liquid than our directly originated investments and provide a complement to our less liquid strategies. In addition, and because we typically receive more attractive financing terms on these positions than we do on our less liquid assets, we are able to leverage the broadly syndicated portion of our portfolio in such a way that maximizes the levered return potential of our portfolio.
Our portfolio is comprised primarily of income-oriented securities, which refers to debt securities and income-oriented preferred and common equity interests, of privately-held Energy companies within the United States. We intend to weight our portfolio towards senior and subordinated debt. In addition to investments purchased from dealers or other investors in the secondary market, we expect to invest in primary market transactions and directly originated investments as this will provide us with the ability to tailor investments to best match a project's or company's needs with our investment objectives. Our portfolio may also be comprised of select income-oriented preferred or common equity interests, which refers to equity interests that pay consistent, high-yielding dividends, that we believe will produce both current income and long-term capital appreciation. These income-oriented preferred or common equity interests may include interests in MLPs. In connection with certain of our debt investments, we may on occasion receive equity interests such as warrants or options as additional consideration.
Revenues
The principal measure of our financial performance is net increase or decrease in net assets resulting from operations, which includes net investment income, net realized gain or loss on investments, net realized gain or loss on total return swap, net realized gain or loss on foreign currency, net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments; net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on total return swap and net change in unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency. Net investment income is the difference between our income from interest, dividends, fees and other investment income and our operating and other expenses. Net realized gain or loss on investments is the difference between the proceeds received from dispositions of portfolio investments and their amortized cost, including the respective realized gain or loss on foreign currency for those foreign denominated investment transactions. Net realized gain or loss on total return swap is the net monthly settlement payments received on our total return swap, or TRS. Net realized gain or loss on foreign currency is the portion of realized gain or loss attributable to foreign currency fluctuations. Net
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change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments is the net change in the fair value of our investment portfolio, including the respective unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency for those foreign denominated investments. Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on total return swap is the net change in the fair value of the TRS. Net change in unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency is the net change in the value of receivables or accruals due to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations. In future periods, we do not expect our revenues to include net realized gain or loss on total return swap or net unrealized appreciation or depreciation on total return swap as a result of the termination of our TRS on May 24, 2013. We may, however, elect to utilize a total return swap in the future.
We principally generate revenues in the form of interest income on the debt investments we hold. We also generate revenues in the form of dividends and other distributions on the equity or other securities we may hold. In addition, we may generate revenues in the form of non-recurring commitment, closing, origination, structuring or diligence fees, fees for providing managerial assistance, consulting fees, prepayment fees and performance-based fees. Any such fees generated in connection with our investments will be recognized as earned.
Expenses
Our primary operating expenses include the payment of advisory fees and other expenses under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, interest expense from financing arrangements and other expenses necessary for our operations. Our investment advisory fee compensates FS Advisor for its work in identifying, evaluating, negotiating, executing, monitoring and servicing our investments. FS Advisor is responsible for compensating our investment sub-adviser.
We reimburse FS Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to our administration and operations, including FS Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to us on behalf of FS Advisor. Such services include the provision of general ledger accounting, fund accounting, legal services, investor relations and other administrative services. FS Advisor also performs, or oversees the performance of, our corporate operations and required administrative services, which includes being responsible for the financial records that we are required to maintain and preparing reports for our shareholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, FS Advisor assists us in calculating our net asset value, overseeing the preparation and filing of tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others.
The amount of the reimbursement payable to FS Advisor is set at the lesser of (1) FS Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that we estimate we would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FS Advisor is required to allocate the cost of such services to us based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. Our board of trustees reviews the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to us and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among us and certain affiliates of FS Advisor. Our board of trustees then assesses the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to us based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to us of obtaining similar services from third-party service providers known to be available. In addition, our board of trustees considers whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, our board of trustees, among other things, compares the total amount paid to FS Advisor for such services as a percentage of our net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. We do not reimburse FS Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FS Advisor.
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We bear all other expenses of our operations and transactions, including (without limitation) fees and expenses relating to:
In addition, we have contracted with State Street to provide various accounting and administrative services, including, but not limited to, preparing preliminary financial information for review by FS Advisor, preparing and monitoring expense budgets, maintaining accounting and corporate books and
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records, processing trade information provided by us and performing testing with respect to RIC compliance.
Expense Reimbursement
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse us for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders will be paid from our offering proceeds or borrowings. However, because certain investments we may make, including preferred and common equity investments, may generate dividends and other distributions to us that are treated for tax purposes as a return of capital, a portion of our distributions to shareholders may also be deemed to constitute a return of capital for tax purposes to the extent that we may use such dividends or other distribution proceeds to fund our distributions to shareholders. Under those circumstances, Franklin Square Holdings will not reimburse us for the portion of such distributions to shareholders that represent a return of capital for tax purposes, as the purpose of the expense reimbursement arrangement is not to prevent tax-advantaged distributions to shareholders.
Under the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse us quarterly for expenses in an amount equal to the difference between our cumulative distributions paid to our shareholders in each quarter, less the sum of our net investment company taxable income, net capital gains and dividends and other distributions paid to us on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent such amounts are not included in net investment company taxable income or net capital gains) in each quarter.
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, we have a conditional obligation to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for any amounts funded by Franklin Square Holdings under such agreement if (and only to the extent that), during any fiscal quarter occurring within three years of the date on which Franklin Square Holdings funded such amount, the sum of our net investment company taxable income, net capital gains and the amount of any dividends and other distributions paid to us on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent not included in net investment company taxable income or net capital gains) exceeds the distributions paid by us to our shareholders; provided, however, that (i) we will only reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings with respect to any calendar quarter beginning on or after July 1, 2013 to the extent that the payment of such reimbursement (together with any other reimbursement paid during such fiscal year) does not cause "other operating expenses" (as defined below) (on an annualized basis and net of any expense support payments received by us during such fiscal year) to exceed the lesser of (A) 1.75% of our average net assets attributable to our common shares for the fiscal year-to-date period after taking such payments into account and (B) the percentage of our average net assets attributable to our common shares represented by "other operating expenses" during the fiscal year in which such expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings was made (provided, however, that this clause (B) shall not apply to any reimbursement payment which relates to an expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings made during the same fiscal year) and (ii) we will not reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings if the aggregate amount of distributions per share declared by us in such calendar quarter is less than the aggregate amount of distributions per share declared by us in the calendar quarter in which Franklin Square Holdings made the expense support payment to which such reimbursement relates. We are not obligated to pay interest on the payments we receive from Franklin Square Holdings. "Other operating expenses" means our total "operating expenses" (as defined below), excluding base management fees, incentive fees, organization and offering expenses, financing fees and costs, interest expense, brokerage commissions and extraordinary expenses. "Operating expenses" means all operating costs and expenses incurred, as determined in accordance with GAAP for investment companies.
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We or Franklin Square Holdings may terminate the expense reimbursement agreement at any time. The specific amount of expenses reimbursed by Franklin Square Holdings, if any, will be determined at the end of each quarter. Upon termination of the expense reimbursement agreement by Franklin Square Holdings, Franklin Square Holdings will be required to fund any amounts accrued thereunder as of the date of termination. Similarly, our conditional obligation to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings pursuant to the terms of the expense reimbursement agreement shall survive the termination of such agreement by either party.
Franklin Square Holdings is controlled by our chairman, president and chief executive officer, Michael C. Forman, and our vice-chairman, David J. Adelman. There can be no assurance that the expense reimbursement agreement will remain in effect or that Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse any portion of our expenses in future quarters.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had no reimbursements due from Franklin Square Holdings. Under the expense reimbursement agreement, amounts reimbursed to us by Franklin Square Holdings may become subject to repayment in the future. During the year ended December 31, 2013, $1,083 of expense recoupments was paid to Franklin Square Holdings. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, no further amounts remained subject to repayment by us to Franklin Square Holdings in the future.
Portfolio Investment Activity for the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we made investments in portfolio companies totaling $1,195,947. During the same period, we sold investments for proceeds of $590,726 and received principal repayments of $209,808. As of December 31, 2015, our investment portfolio, with a total fair value of $3,069,498 (30% in first lien senior secured loans, 30% in second lien senior secured loans, 11% in senior secured bonds, 19% in subordinated debt and 10% in equity/other), consisted of interests in 90 portfolio companies. The portfolio companies that comprised our portfolio as of such date had an average annual EBITDA, of approximately $244.8 million. As of December 31, 2015, the investments in our portfolio were purchased at a weighted average price of 98.4% of par value and our estimated gross annual portfolio yield (which represents the expected yield to be generated by us on our investment portfolio based on the composition of our portfolio as of such date), prior to leverage, was 9.3% based upon the amortized cost of our investments. The estimated gross annual portfolio yield does not represent an actual investment return to shareholders.
Based on our regular weekly cash distribution rate of $0.013625 per share as of December 31, 2015 and our public offering price of $7.50 per share as of such date, the annualized distribution rate to shareholders as of December 31, 2015 was 9.45%. The distribution rate to shareholders does not represent an actual investment return to shareholders and may include income, realized capital gains and a return of investors' capital. Our gross annual portfolio yield and distribution rate to shareholders are subject to change and in the future may be greater or less than the rates set forth above. See "Risk Factors" for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, we made investments in portfolio companies totaling $2,437,689. During the same period, we sold investments for proceeds of $462,170 and received principal repayments of $582,141. As of December 31, 2014, our investment portfolio, with a total fair value of $3,375,177 (25% in first lien senior secured loans, 29% in second lien senior secured loans, 9% in senior secured bonds, 28% in subordinated debt and 9% in equity/other), consisted of interests in 125 portfolio companies. The portfolio companies that comprised our portfolio as of such date had an average annual EBITDA of approximately $233.3 million. As of December 31, 2014, the investments in our portfolio were purchased at a weighted average price of 99.1% of par value and our estimated gross annual portfolio yield, prior to leverage, was 8.8% based upon the amortized cost of our investments. Our gross annual portfolio yield, prior to leverage, represents the expected yield to be
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generated by us on our investment portfolio based on the composition of our portfolio as of December 31, 2014. The estimated gross annual portfolio yield does not represent an actual investment return to shareholders.
Based on our regular weekly cash distribution rate of $0.013625 per share as of December 31, 2014 and our public offering price of $9.80 per share as of such date, the annualized distribution rate to shareholders as of December 31, 2014 was 7.23%. The distribution rate to shareholders does not represent an actual investment return to shareholders and may include income, realized capital gains and a return of investors' capital. Our gross annual portfolio yield and distribution rate to shareholders are subject to change and in the future may be greater or less than the rates set forth above. See "Risk Factors" for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements.
Total Portfolio Activity
The following tables present certain selected information regarding our portfolio investment activity for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:
|
For the Year Ended | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Net Investment Activity | December 31, 2015 |
December 31, 2014 |
|||||
Purchases |
$ | 1,195,947 | $ | 2,437,689 | |||
Sales and Redemptions |
(800,534 | ) | (1,044,311 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Net Portfolio Activity |
$ | 395,413 | $ | 1,393,378 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Investment Activity by Asset Class | Purchases | Percentage | Purchases | Percentage | |||||||||
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
$ | 439,617 | 37 | % | $ | 579,698 | 24 | % | |||||
Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien |
261,831 | 22 | % | 669,846 | 27 | % | |||||||
Senior Secured Bonds |
196,821 | 16 | % | 314,897 | 13 | % | |||||||
Subordinated Debt |
258,418 | 22 | % | 706,530 | 29 | % | |||||||
Equity/Other |
39,260 | 3 | % | 166,718 | 7 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 1,195,947 | 100 | % | $ | 2,437,689 | 100 | % | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The following table summarizes the composition of our investment portfolio at cost and fair value as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:
|
December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Amortized Cost(1) |
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
Amortized Cost(1) |
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
|||||||||||||
Senior Secured Loans |
$ | 1,055,070 | $ | 929,790 | 30 | % | $ | 881,945 | $ | 854,825 | 25 | % | |||||||
Senior Secured Loans |
1,213,716 | 923,402 | 30 | % | 1,059,981 | 989,972 | 29 | % | |||||||||||
Senior Secured Bonds |
445,475 | 323,948 | 11 | % | 324,963 | 285,485 | 9 | % | |||||||||||
Subordinated Debt |
860,872 | 579,740 | 19 | % | 1,124,512 | 940,313 | 28 | % | |||||||||||
Equity/Other |
319,274 | 312,618 | 10 | % | 271,649 | 304,582 | 9 | % | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 3,894,407 | $ | 3,069,498 | 100 | % | $ | 3,663,050 | $ | 3,375,177 | 100 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The following table presents certain selected information regarding the composition of our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:
|
December 31, 2015 |
December 31, 2014 |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Portfolio Companies |
90 | 125 | ||
% Variable Rate (based on fair value) |
50.9% | 51.8% | ||
% Fixed Rate (based on fair value) |
38.9% | 39.2% | ||
% Income Producing Equity or Other Investments (based on fair value) |
5.9% | 4.0% | ||
% Non-Income Producing Equity or Other Investments (based on fair value) |
4.3% | 5.0% | ||
Average Annual EBITDA of Portfolio Companies |
$244,789 | $233,303 | ||
Weighted Average Purchase Price of Investments (as a % of par value) |
98.4% | 99.1% | ||
% of Investments on Non-Accrual (based on fair value) |
0.1% | | ||
Gross Portfolio Yield Prior to Leverage (based on amortized cost) |
9.3% | 8.8% | ||
Gross Portfolio Yield Prior to Leverage (based on amortized cost)Excluding Non-Income Producing Assets |
9.8% | 9.1% |
Direct Originations
The following tables present certain selected information regarding our direct originations for the three months and year ended December 31, 2015:
Net Direct Originations | For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2015 |
For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Commitments (including Unfunded Commitments) |
$ | 29,722 | $ | 555,867 | |||
Exited Investments (including partial paydowns) |
(12,250 | ) | (27,257 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Net Direct Originations |
$ | 17,472 | $ | 528,610 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|
For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2015 |
For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Direct Originations by Asset Class (including Unfunded Commitments) |
Commitment Amount |
Percentage | Commitment Amount |
Percentage | |||||||||
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
$ | 434 | 1 | % | $ | 186,513 | 34 | % | |||||
Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien |
| | 252,532 | 45 | % | ||||||||
Senior Secured Bonds |
| | 62,400 | 11 | % | ||||||||
Subordinated Debt |
| | 6,997 | 1 | % | ||||||||
Equity/Other |
29,288 | 99 | % | 47,425 | 9 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 29,722 | 100 | % | $ | 555,867 | 100 | % | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2015 |
For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
Average New Direct Origination Commitment Amount |
$14,861 | $34,742 | ||
Weighted Average Maturity for New Direct Originations |
5/31/20 | 6/12/20 | ||
Gross Portfolio Yield Prior to Leverage (based on amortized cost) of New Direct Originations Funded during Period |
6.2% | 10.4% | ||
Gross Portfolio Yield Prior to Leverage (based on amortized cost) of New Direct Originations Funded during PeriodExcluding Non-Income Producing Assets |
10.9% | 10.8% | ||
Gross Portfolio Yield Prior to Leverage (based on amortized cost) of Direct Originations Exited during Period |
12.2% | 10.7% |
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The following table presents certain selected information regarding our direct originations as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:
Characteristics of All Direct Originations held in Portfolio | December 31, 2015 |
December 31, 2014 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Portfolio Companies |
27 | 22 | |||||
Average Annual EBITDA of Portfolio Companies |
$ | 82,111 | $ | 29,450 | |||
Average Leverage Through Tranche of Portfolio CompaniesExcluding Equity/Other Securities |
4.8x | 4.0x | |||||
% of Investments on Non-Accrual (based on fair value) |
0.1 | % | | ||||
Gross Portfolio Yield Prior to Leverage (based on amortized cost) of Funded Direct Originations |
9.9 | % | 9.1 | % | |||
Gross Portfolio Yield Prior to Leverage (based on amortized cost) of Funded Direct OriginationsExcluding Non-Income Producing Assets |
10.9 | % | 10.1 | % |
Portfolio Composition by Strategy and Industry
The table below summarizes the composition of our investment portfolio by strategy and enumerates the percentage, by fair value, of the total portfolio assets in such strategies as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:
|
December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Composition by Strategy | Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
|||||||||
Direct Originations |
$ | 1,975,269 | 64 | % | $ | 1,371,063 | 41 | % | |||||
Opportunistic |
567,149 | 19 | % | 892,154 | 26 | % | |||||||
Broadly Syndicated/Other |
527,080 | 17 | % | 1,111,960 | 33 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 3,069,498 | 100 | % | $ | 3,375,177 | 100 | % | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The table below describes investments by industry classification and enumerates the percentage, by fair value, of the total portfolio assets in such industries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:
|
December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Industry Classification | Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
|||||||||
Upstream |
$ | 1,689,705 | 55 | % | $ | 1,815,456 | 54 | % | |||||
Midstream |
215,906 | 7 | % | 233,836 | 7 | % | |||||||
Downstream |
12,195 | 0 | % | 12,494 | 0 | % | |||||||
Power |
519,593 | 17 | % | 326,773 | 10 | % | |||||||
Service & Equipment |
632,099 | 21 | % | 986,618 | 29 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 3,069,498 | 100 | % | $ | 3,375,177 | 100 | % | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31, 2015, except for FourPoint Energy, LLC, in which we held a senior secured bond and two equity/other investments, Sunnova Holdings, LLC, in which we held one equity/other investment and its wholly-owned subsidiary Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC, in which we held one first lien senior secured loan, we were not an "affiliated person" of any of our portfolio companies, as defined in the 1940 Act. As of December 31, 2015, except for Sunnova Holdings, LLC, in which we held one equity/other investment and its wholly-owned subsidiary Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC, in which we held one first lien senior secured loan, we did not "control" any of our portfolio companies, as defined in the 1940 Act. In general, under the 1940 Act, we would be presumed to "control" a portfolio company if we owned 25% or more of its voting securities or we had the power to exercise control over the management or policies of a portfolio company, and would be an "affiliated person" of a portfolio company if we owned 5% or more of its voting securities.
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Our investment portfolio may contain loans or bonds that are in the form of lines of credit or revolving credit facilities, or other investments, which may require us to provide funding when requested by portfolio companies in accordance with the terms of the underlying agreements. As of December 31, 2015, we had four senior secured loan investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $67,365, one senior secured bond investment with an unfunded commitment of $18,470 and five equity/other investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $33,890. As of December 31, 2015, these unfunded equity/other investments were Altus Power America Holdings, LLC, BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., net profits interest, BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., overriding royalty interest, Sunnova Holdings, LLC and Synergy Offshore LLC. As of December 31, 2014, we had four senior secured loan investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $218,120, one senior secured bond investment with an unfunded commitment of $86,192 and three equity/other investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $26,109. As of December 31, 2014, these unfunded equity/other investments were Altus Power America Holdings, LLC, BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., net profits interest and BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., overriding royalty interest. We maintain sufficient cash on hand, available borrowings and liquid securities to fund such unfunded commitments should the need arise.
Portfolio Asset Quality
In addition to various risk management and monitoring tools, FS Advisor uses an investment rating system to characterize and monitor the expected level of returns on each investment in our portfolio. FS Advisor uses an investment rating scale of 1 to 5. The following is a description of the conditions associated with each investment rating:
Investment Rating |
Summary Description | |
---|---|---|
1 |
Investment exceeding expectations and/or capital gain expected. | |
2 |
Performing investment generally executing in accordance with the portfolio company's business planfull return of principal and interest expected. |
|
3 |
Performing investment requiring closer monitoring. |
|
4 |
Underperforming investmentsome loss of interest or dividend possible, but still expecting a positive return on investment. |
|
5 |
Underperforming investment with expected loss of interest and some principal. |
The following table shows the distribution of our investments on the 1 to 5 investment rating scale at fair value as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:
|
December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Investment Rating | Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
|||||||||
1 |
$ | 159,204 | 5 | % | $ | 119,174 | 4 | % | |||||
2 |
1,340,637 | 44 | % | 2,630,119 | 78 | % | |||||||
3 |
1,288,144 | 42 | % | 586,116 | 17 | % | |||||||
4 |
203,084 | 7 | % | 39,768 | 1 | % | |||||||
5 |
78,429 | 2 | % | | | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
$ | 3,069,498 | 100 | % | $ | 3,375,177 | 100 | % | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The amount of the portfolio in each grading category may vary substantially from period to period resulting primarily from changes in the composition of the portfolio as a result of new investment, repayment and exit activities. In addition, changes in the grade of investments may be made to reflect our expectation of performance and changes in investment values. As of December 31, 2015, 42% of
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our portfolio, based on fair value, consisted of investments with an investment rating of three, 7% of our portfolio, based on fair value, consisted of investments with an investment rating of four and 2% of our portfolio, based on fair value, consisted of investments with an investment rating of five. The increase in the amount of our investments rated a three or four and the investment now rated a five is due primarily to the pronounced decline in the price of oil and the increased volatility seen specifically in the energy credit markets during the year ended December 31, 2015.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
The performance of our portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily driven by a widening of credit spreads in the high yield energy market over the last seven months of 2015. As of May 31, 2015, high yield credit spreads had tightened from the beginning of the year; however, in June, spreads reversed course due in large part to the dramatic decline in oil and natural gas prices. For example, the "spread-to-worst" of the Bank of America Merrill Lynch High Yield Energy Index, which measures the difference from the worst performing security to the best, increased from 756 basis points as of December 31, 2014 to 1,405 basis points as of December 31, 2015, which was the highest annual year-end spread on record. Overall, the Bank of America Merrill Lynch High Yield Energy Index ended 2015 with a yield-to-worst of 15.9%, a year-end historic high.
With the decline in oil and gas prices resulting in a re-pricing of risk, the high yield energy market changed dramatically during the course of 2015. Exploration and production, or E&P, and oil field service companies were especially impacted during the year. The average par weighted price of bonds issued by E&P and oil field service companies decreased from approximately $83 and $83, respectively, to begin the year, to approximately $53 and $57, respectively, on December 31, 2015. This broad sector write-down impacted our reported unrealized depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2015.
As a result of oil and natural gas price volatility, high yield energy credit new issuance declined year over year after a robust start to 2015. According to JP Morgan, through May 2015, energy credit issuance (USD, global) totaled approximately $25 billion, or 14.9% of total new credit issue volume. Given the volatility and uncertainty in the market, we deployed less capital in 2015 than in 2014.
Revenues
We generated investment income of $379,653 and $289,970 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in the form of interest and fees earned on senior secured loans (first and second lien), senior secured bonds and subordinated debt investments in our portfolio and dividends and other distributions earned on equity/other investments. Such revenues represent $343,792 and $264,570 of cash income earned as well as $35,861 and $25,400 in non-cash portions relating to accretion of discount, PIK interest and accrual of limited partnership income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Cash flows related to such non-cash revenues may not occur for a number of reporting periods or years after such revenues are recognized.
The level of investment income we receive is directly related to the balance of income-producing investments multiplied by the weighted average yield of our investments. We expect the dollar amount of interest and any dividend income that we earn to increase as the size of our investment portfolio increases and the proportion of directly originated investments in our portfolio increases.
During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we generated $31,682 and $31,889 of fee income, which represented 8.3% and 11.0%, respectively of total investment income. Such fee income is transaction based, and typically consists of amendment and consent fees, prepayment fees, structuring fees, upfront fees and other non-recurring fees. As such, future fee income is generally dependent on
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new direct origination investments and the occurrence of events at existing portfolio companies resulting in such fees.
Expenses
Our total expenses were $152,058 and $115,081 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our expenses include base management fees attributed to FS Advisor of $75,997 and $61,970 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our expenses also include administrative services expenses attributed to FS Advisor of $4,056 and $3,831 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
FS Advisor is eligible to receive incentive fees based on our performance. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we accrued a subordinated incentive fee on income of $31,016 and $32,072, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we did not accrue any capital gains incentive fees. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we reversed $10,993 of capital gains incentive fees previously accrued based on the performance of our portfolio, which was primarily driven by increased volatility and a widening of credit spreads in the energy high yield and leveraged loan markets over the six month period ended December 31, 2014.
We recorded interest expense of $30,703 and $19,069 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in connection with our financing arrangements. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, fees and expenses incurred with our fund administrator, which provides various accounting and administrative services to us, totaled $1,405 and $1,211, respectively, and fees and expenses incurred with our share transfer agent totaled $2,757 and $2,541, respectively. Fees for our board of trustees were $970 and $853 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Our other general and administrative expenses totaled $4,841 and $3,615 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and consisted of the following:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Expenses associated with our independent audit and related fees |
$ | 552 | $ | 399 | |||
Compensation of our chief compliance officer(1) |
10 | 80 | |||||
Legal fees |
686 | 882 | |||||
Printing fees |
1,717 | 469 | |||||
Insurance expense |
316 | 221 | |||||
Other |
1,560 | 1,564 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 4,841 | $ | 3,615 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we accrued $313 and $912, respectively, for income and excise taxes.
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During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the ratio of our total expenses to our average net assets was 5.55% and 5.07%, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, our ratio of total expenses to average net assets included $30,703 and $19,069, respectively, related to interest expense, $31,016 and $21,079, respectively, related to accruals for (or reversals of previously accrued) incentive fees and $313 and $912, respectively, related to accruals for income and excise taxes. Without such expenses, our ratio of expenses to average net assets would have been 3.29% and 3.26% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Incentive fees and interest expense, among other things, may increase or decrease our expense ratios relative to comparative periods depending on portfolio performance and changes in benchmark interest rates such as LIBOR, among other factors.
Net Investment Income
Our net investment income totaled $227,595 ($0.67 per share) and $174,889 ($0.74 per share) for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in net investment income on a per share basis can be attributed primarily to an increase in accruals for incentive fees and interest expense during the period.
Net Realized Gains or Losses
We sold investments and received principal repayments of $590,726 and $209,808, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2015, from which we realized a net loss of $201,559. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we realized a net loss of $210 from settlements on foreign currency. We sold investments and received principal repayments of $462,170 and $582,141, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2014, from which we realized a net loss of $5,682. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we realized a net loss of $636 from settlements on foreign currency.
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) on Investments and Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Foreign Currency
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments totaled $(537,036) and $(338,120), respectively, and the net change in unrealized gain (loss) on foreign currency was $(89) and $40, respectively. The net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on our investments during the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily driven by a general widening of credit spreads in Energy markets and by the performance of our directly originated and opportunistic investments. The net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on our investments during the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily driven by increased volatility and a widening of credit spreads in the energy high yield and leveraged loan markets over the final six months of 2014.
Net Increase (Decrease) in Net Assets Resulting from Operations
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations was $(511,299) ($(1.51) per share) and $(169,509) ($(0.72) per share), respectively.
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013
The performance of our portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily driven by increased volatility and a widening of credit spreads in the energy high yield and leveraged loan markets over the final six months of 2014. While the first half of 2014 was characterized by low volatility and a tightening of credit spreads, the second half of the year reversed course, as volatility increased due in large part to the significant decline in oil prices. For example, the "spread-to-worst" of
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the Bank of America Merrill Lynch High Yield Energy Index, which measures the difference from the worst performing security to the best, increased from 422 basis points as of December 31, 2013 to 756 basis points as of December 31, 2014, which was the highest annual year-end spread since December 2008. Overall, the Bank of America Merrill Lynch High Yield Energy Index finished 2014 with a yield-to-worst of 9.33%, representing the index's highest level since August 2009.
With the significant re-pricing of risk, the high yield energy market changed dramatically in 2014, specifically among E&P and oil field service companies. The average par weighted price of bonds issued by E&P and oil field service companies decreased from approximately $102 and $104, respectively, to begin the year, to approximately $83 and $83, respectively, on December 31, 2014. This broad sector write-down impacted our reported unrealized depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Revenues
We generated investment income of $289,970 and $132,002 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, in the form of interest and fees earned on senior secured loans (first and second lien), senior secured bonds and subordinated debt investments in our portfolio and dividends and other distributions earned on equity/other investments. Such revenues represent $264,570 and $124,987 of cash income earned as well as $25,400 and $7,015 in non-cash portions relating to accretion of discount, PIK interest and accrual of limited partnership income for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Cash flows related to such non-cash revenues may not occur for a number of reporting periods or years after such revenues are recognized.
The level of investment income we receive is directly related to the balance of income-producing investments multiplied by the weighted average yield of our investments. We expect the dollar amount of interest and any dividend income that we earn to increase as the size of our investment portfolio increases and the proportion of directly originated investments in our portfolio increases.
During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we generated $31,889 and $16,600 of fee income, which represented 11.0% and 12.6%, respectively, of total investment income. Such fee income is transaction based, and typically consists of amendment and consent fees, prepayment fees, structuring fees, upfront fees and other non-recurring fees. As such, future fee income is generally dependent on new direct origination investments and the occurrence of events at existing portfolio companies resulting in such fees.
Expenses
Our total expenses were $115,081 and $65,198 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Our expenses include base management fees attributed to FS Advisor of $61,970 and $30,840 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Our expenses also include administrative services expenses attributed to FS Advisor of $3,831 and $2,246 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
FS Advisor is eligible to receive incentive fees based on our performance. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we accrued a subordinated incentive fee on income of $32,072 and $7,634, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we reversed $10,993 of capital gains incentive fees previously accrued based on the performance of our portfolio, which was primarily driven by increased volatility and a widening of credit spreads in the energy high yield and leveraged loan markets over the six month period ended December 31, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we accrued capital gains incentive fees of $8,321 based on the performance of our portfolio, of which $5,464 was based on unrealized gains and $2,857 was based on realized gains. No capital gains incentive fees are actually payable by us with respect to such unrealized gains unless and until those gains are actually realized. See "Critical Accounting PoliciesCapital Gains Incentive Fee."
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We recorded interest expense of $19,069 and $9,297 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, in connection with our financing arrangements. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, fees and expenses incurred with our fund administrator, which provides various accounting and administrative services to us, totaled $1,211 and $741, respectively, and fees and expenses incurred with our share transfer agent totaled $2,541 and $2,010, respectively. Fees for our board of trustees were $853 and $870 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Our other general and administrative expenses totaled $3,615 and $2,439 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and consisted of the following:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2014 | 2013 | |||||
Expenses associated with our independent audit and related fees |
$ | 399 | $ | 365 | |||
Compensation of our chief compliance officer |
80 | 80 | |||||
Legal fees |
882 | 944 | |||||
Printing fees |
469 | 355 | |||||
Insurance expense |
221 | 143 | |||||
Other |
1,564 | 552 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 3,615 | $ | 2,439 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we accrued $912 and $800, respectively for income and excise taxes.
During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the ratio of our total expenses to our average net assets was 5.07% and 5.89%, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, our ratio of total expenses to average net assets included $19,069 and $9,297, respectively, related to interest expense, $21,079 and $15,955, respectively, related to accruals for (or reversals of previously accrued) incentive fees and $912 and $800, respectively, related to accruals for income and excise taxes. Without such expenses, our ratio of expenses to average net assets would have been 3.26% and 3.54% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Incentive fees and interest expense, among other things, may increase or decrease our expense ratios relative to comparative periods depending on portfolio performance and changes in benchmark interest rates such as LIBOR, among other factors.
Expense Reimbursement
As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had no reimbursements due from Franklin Square Holdings. Under the expense reimbursement agreement, amounts reimbursed to us by Franklin Square Holdings may become subject to repayment in the future. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we paid $1,083 in expense recoupments to Franklin Square Holdings. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, no further amounts remained subject to repayment by us to Franklin Square Holdings in the future.
Net Investment Income
Our net investment income totaled $174,889 ($0.74 per share) and $66,804 ($0.58 per share) for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase in net investment income on a per share basis can be attributed primarily to the growth of our portfolio and an increase in the amount of our directly originated and opportunistic investments.
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Net Realized Gains or Losses
We sold investments and received principal repayments of $462,170 and $582,141, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2014, from which we realized a net loss of $5,682. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we realized a net loss of $636 from settlements on foreign currency. We sold investments and received principal repayments of $521,048 and $214,625, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2013, from which we realized a net gain of $5,091. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we earned $12,736 from periodic net settlement payments on our TRS and the termination of our TRS, which are reflected as realized gains, and realized a net loss of $77 from settlements on foreign currency.
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) on Investments and Total Return Swap and Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Foreign Currency
For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments totaled $(338,120) and $26,994, respectively, and the net change in unrealized gain (loss) on foreign currency was $40 and $(37), respectively. The net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on our TRS for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $(3,141). The net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on our investments during the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily driven by increased volatility and a widening of credit spreads in the energy high yield and leveraged loan markets over the final six months of 2014. The net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on our investments during the year ended December 31, 2013 was primarily driven by a general tightening of credit spreads and by the performance of our directly originated and opportunistic investments. The net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on our TRS during the year ended December 31, 2013 was primarily driven by the termination of our TRS on May 24, 2013, which converted unrealized gains into realized gains.
Net Increase (Decrease) in Net Assets Resulting from Operations
For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations was $(169,509) ($(0.72) per share) and $108,370 ($0.94 per share), respectively.
Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
As of December 31, 2015, we had $368,867 in cash, which we held in custodial accounts, and $371,679 in borrowings available under our financing arrangements. To seek to enhance our returns, we employ leverage as market conditions permit and at the discretion of FS Advisor, but in no event may leverage employed exceed 50% of the value of our assets, as required by the 1940 Act. See "Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital ResourcesFinancing Arrangements."
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we sold 77,649,795 common shares for gross proceeds of $699,582 at an average price per share of $9.01. The gross proceeds received during the year ended December 31, 2015 include reinvested shareholder distributions of $152,401, for which we issued 18,641,269 common shares. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we also incurred offering costs of $8,950 in connection with the sale of our common shares, which consisted primarily of legal, accounting, printing and other expenses, including costs associated with technology integration between our systems and those of our selected broker-dealers, marketing expenses and due diligence fees. The offering costs were offset against capital in excess of par value on our consolidated financial statements. The sales commissions and dealer manager fees related to the sale of our common shares were $48,351 for the year ended December 31, 2015. These sales commissions and fees include $9,251 retained by the dealer manager, FS2, which is one of our affiliates.
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Since commencing our continuous public offering and through April 26, 2016, we have sold 401,344,745 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for gross proceeds of approximately $4.00 billion, including common shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan. As of April 26, 2016, we have raised total gross proceeds of approximately $4.02 billion, including $200 of seed capital contributed by the principals of FS Advisor in December 2010 and $20,004 in proceeds raised from the principals of FS Advisor, other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor, certain members of our board of trustees and certain individuals and entities affiliated with GSO in a private placement conducted in April 2011.
We generate cash primarily from the net proceeds of our continuous public offering and from cash flows from fees, interest and dividends earned from our investments as well as principal repayments and proceeds from sales of our investments. We are engaged in a continuous public offering of our common shares. We accept subscriptions on a continuous basis and issue common shares at weekly closings. Shares are issued at prices that, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, must be above our net asset value per share.
Prior to investing in securities of portfolio companies, we invest the net proceeds from our continuous public offering and from sales and paydowns of existing investments primarily in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities, repurchase agreements and high-quality debt instruments maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, consistent with our BDC election and our election to be taxed as a RIC.
To provide our shareholders with limited liquidity, we conduct quarterly tender offers pursuant to our share repurchase program. The first such tender offer commenced in August 2012, and the repurchase occurred in connection with our October 1, 2012 semi-monthly closing.
The following table provides information concerning our repurchases of common shares pursuant to our share repurchase program during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
For the Three Months Ended | Repurchase Date | Shares Repurchased |
Percentage of Shares Tendered That Were Repurchased |
Repurchase Price Per Share |
Aggregate Consideration for Repurchased Shares |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiscal 2013 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2012 |
January 2, 2013 | 24,249 | 100 | % | $ | 9.405 | $ | 228 | |||||||
March 31, 2013 |
April 1, 2013 | 82,689 | 100 | % | $ | 9.540 | $ | 789 | |||||||
June 30, 2013 |
July 1, 2013 | 76,858 | 100 | % | $ | 9.675 | $ | 744 | |||||||
September 30, 2013 |
October 2, 2013 | 156,300 | 100 | % | $ | 9.675 | $ | 1,512 | |||||||
Fiscal 2014 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2013 |
January 2, 2014 | 174,181 | 100 | % | $ | 9.720 | $ | 1,693 | |||||||
March 31, 2014 |
April 2, 2014 | 158,723 | 100 | % | $ | 9.810 | $ | 1,557 | |||||||
June 30, 2014 |
July 2, 2014 | 401,302 | 100 | % | $ | 9.900 | $ | 3,973 | |||||||
September 30, 2014 |
October 1, 2014 | 306,972 | 100 | % | $ | 9.900 | $ | 3,039 | |||||||
Fiscal 2015 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 |
January 7, 2015 | 450,293 | 100 | % | $ | 8.820 | $ | 3,972 | |||||||
March 31, 2015 |
April 1, 2015 | 716,857 | 100 | % | $ | 8.730 | $ | 6,258 | |||||||
June 30, 2015 |
July 1, 2015 | 955,664 | 100 | % | $ | 8.820 | $ | 8,429 | |||||||
September 30, 2015 |
October 7, 2015 | 2,711,088 | 100 | % | $ | 7.875 | $ | 21,350 |
On January 6, 2016, we repurchased 2,716,924 common shares (representing 100% of common shares tendered for repurchase) at $6.75 per share for aggregate consideration totaling $18,339. On April 6, 2016, we repurchased 2,196,742 common shares (representing 100% of common shares tendered for repurchase) at $6.35 per share for aggregate consideration totaling $13,938.
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Financing Arrangements
The following table presents a summary of information with respect to our outstanding financing arrangements as of December 31, 2015:
Facility | Type of Arrangement |
Rate | Amount Outstanding |
Amount Available |
Maturity Date | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BNP Facility |
Prime Brokerage | L+1.10% | $ | 113,737 | $ | 186,263 | September 26, 2016(1) | |||||
Deutsche Bank Credit Facility |
Revolving | L+1.80% | $ | 280,000 | $ | 60,000 | June 11, 2016 | |||||
Fortress Facility |
Term | L+5.00%(2) | $ | 89,600 | $ | 65,400 | November 6, 2020 | |||||
Goldman Facility |
Repurchase | L+2.75% | $ | 324,984 | $ | 16 | September 15, 2017 | |||||
Natixis Credit Facility |
Revolving | CP+2.25% | $ | 92,173 | | July 11, 2023 | ||||||
Wells Fargo Credit Facility |
Revolving | L+2.50% to 2.75% | $ | 140,000 | $ | 60,000 | September 9, 2019 |
Our average borrowings and weighted average interest rate, including the effect of non-usage fees, for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $1,010,699 and 2.77%, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, our weighted average effective interest rate on borrowings was 2.95%.
BNP Facility
On December 11, 2013, Berwyn Funding our wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiary, entered into the BNP facility. As amended to date, Berwyn Funding can borrow, from time to time, up to $300,000 from BNP. The BNP facility was effected through a committed facility agreement by and between Berwyn Funding and BNP, or the committed facility agreement, a U.S. PB Agreement by and between Berwyn Funding and BNP and a special custody and pledge agreement by and among Berwyn Funding, BNP and State Street, as custodian, each dated as of December 11, 2013, and which are collectively referred to herein as the BNP financing agreements.
We may contribute securities to Berwyn Funding from time to time, subject to certain restrictions set forth in the committed facility agreement, and will retain a residual interest in any securities contributed through our ownership of Berwyn Funding or will receive fair market value for any securities sold to Berwyn Funding. Berwyn Funding may purchase additional securities from various sources. Berwyn Funding has appointed us to manage its portfolio of securities pursuant to the terms of an investment management agreement. Berwyn Funding will pledge certain of its securities as collateral to secure borrowings under the BNP facility. Such pledged securities will be held in a segregated custody account with State Street. The value of securities required to be pledged by Berwyn Funding is determined in accordance with the margin requirements described in the BNP financing agreements. Berwyn Funding's obligations to BNP under the facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of Berwyn Funding, including its portfolio of securities. The obligations of Berwyn Funding under the facility are non-recourse to us and our exposure under the facility is limited to the value of our investment in Berwyn Funding.
Borrowings under the BNP facility accrue interest at a rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 1.10% per annum. Berwyn Funding is required to pay a non-usage fee of 0.55% per annum to the extent the aggregate principal amount available under the facility is not borrowed. Berwyn Funding may terminate the committed facility agreement upon 270 days' notice. Subject to certain cancellation rights, and absent a default or facility termination event, BNP is required to provide Berwyn Funding with 270 days' notice prior to terminating or amending the committed facility agreement.
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As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $113,737 and $223,000, respectively, was outstanding under the BNP facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. We incurred costs of $449 in connection with obtaining and amending the facility, which we have recorded as deferred financing costs on our consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the 270 day period following the closing date of the BNP facility or the amendment thereto, as applicable. As of December 31, 2015, all of the deferred financing costs had been amortized to interest expense.
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the components of total interest expense for the BNP facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 2,983 | $ | 1,822 | $ | 28 | ||||
Non-usage fees |
507 | 573 | 50 | |||||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
76 | 349 | 24 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 3,566 | $ | 2,744 | $ | 102 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the BNP facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 3,528 | $ | 2,132 | $ | | ||||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 209,117 | $ | 134,436 | $ | 38,000 | ||||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
1.71 | % | 1.36 | % | 1.35 | % | ||||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
1.67 | % | 1.78 | % | 3.52 | % |
In connection with the BNP facility, Berwyn Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar facilities. The BNP facility contains customary events of default and other termination events for similar financing transactions, including: (a) the occurrence of a default or similar condition under certain third-party contracts by us and Berwyn Funding; (b) any change in BNP's interpretation of applicable law that, in the reasonable opinion of counsel to BNP, has the effect of impeding or prohibiting the facility; (c) certain events of insolvency or bankruptcy by us or Berwyn Funding; (d) specified material reductions in our or Berwyn Funding's net asset value; (e) any change in our fundamental or material investment policies; and (f) the termination of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement or if FS Advisor otherwise ceases to act as investment adviser to us and is not immediately replaced by an affiliate or other investment adviser acceptable to BNP.
Under the terms of the BNP financing agreements, BNP has the ability to borrow a portion of the pledged collateral, or, collectively, the rehypothecated securities, subject to certain limits. Berwyn Funding may designate any security within the pledged collateral as ineligible to be a rehypothecated security, provided there remain securities eligible to be rehypothecated within the segregated custody account in an amount equal to the outstanding borrowings owed by Berwyn Funding to BNP. Berwyn
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Funding may recall any rehypothecated security at any time and BNP must return such security or an equivalent security within a commercially reasonable period. In the event BNP does not return the security, Berwyn Funding will have the right to, among other things, apply and set off an amount equal to 100% of the then-current fair market value of such rehypothecated securities against any outstanding borrowings owed to BNP under the facility. Rehypothecated securities are marked-to-market daily and if the value of all rehypothecated securities exceeds 100% of the outstanding borrowings owed by Berwyn Funding under the facility, BNP may either reduce the amount of rehypothecated securities to eliminate such excess or deposit into the segregated custody account an amount of cash equal to such excess. Berwyn Funding will continue to receive interest and the scheduled repayment of principal balances on rehypothecated securities. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Berwyn Funding received a fee of $1, $19 and $0, respectively from BNP for securities that had been rehypothecated pursuant to the BNP financing agreements. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the fair value of those securities rehypothecated by BNP was $108,340 and $68,487, respectively.
Borrowings of Berwyn Funding will be considered borrowings by us for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Citibank Credit Facility
On March 24, 2015, EP Funding LLC, or EP Funding, our wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiary, repaid and terminated the Citibank credit facility with Citibank as administrative agent, and the financial institutions and other lenders from time to time party thereto. The Citibank credit facility provided for borrowings in an aggregate principal amount up to $175,000 on a committed basis. Prior to the termination of the Citibank credit facility, borrowings under the facility accrued interest at a rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.75% per annum. Under the Citibank credit facility, EP Funding was subject to a non-usage fee of 0.50% per annum to the extent that the aggregate principal amount available under the facility was not borrowed.
As of December 31, 2015, no amounts remained outstanding under the Citibank credit facility. As of December 31, 2014, $128,300 was outstanding under the Citibank credit facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximated its fair value. We incurred costs of $657 in connection with obtaining the facility, which we recorded as deferred financing costs on our consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the life of the facility.
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the components of total interest expense for the Citibank credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 471 | $ | 4,763 | $ | 2,222 | ||||
Non-usage fees |
| 1 | 30 | |||||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
130 | 328 | 199 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 601 | $ | 5,092 | $ | 2,451 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
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For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Citibank credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 1,011 | $ | 4,903 | $ | 1,573 | ||||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 70,020 | $ | 171,151 | $ | 140,217 | ||||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
| 2.98 | % | 2.81 | % | |||||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
2.99 | % | 2.78 | % | 2.90 | % |
Borrowings of EP Funding were considered borrowings by us for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Deutsche Bank Credit Facility
On June 24, 2011, FSEP Funding, our wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiary, entered into a revolving credit facility, or the Deutsche Bank credit facility, with Deutsche Bank, as administrative agent and the lender party thereto. The Deutsche Bank credit facility subsequently was amended to increase the maximum commitments under the facility to $340,000 and extend the maturity date to June 11, 2016.
Under the Deutsche Bank credit facility, we have transferred from time to time cash or securities to FSEP Funding as a contribution to capital and retain a residual interest in the contributed cash or securities through our ownership of FSEP Funding. We may contribute additional cash or securities to FSEP Funding from time to time and FSEP Funding may purchase additional securities from various sources. FSEP Funding has appointed us to manage its portfolio of securities pursuant to the terms of an investment management agreement. FSEP Funding's obligations to the lenders under the facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of FSEP Funding, including its portfolio of securities. The obligations of FSEP Funding under the facility are non-recourse to us and our exposure under the facility is limited to the value of our investment in FSEP Funding.
Pricing under the Deutsche Bank credit facility is based on LIBOR for an interest period closest to the weighted average LIBOR interest period of eligible securities owned by FSEP Funding, plus 1.80% per annum. FSEP Funding is subject to a non-usage fee of 0.75% per annum to the extent that the aggregate principal amount available under the facility is not borrowed. Any amounts borrowed under the Deutsche Bank credit facility will mature, and all accrued and unpaid interest thereunder will be due and payable, on June 11, 2016.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $280,000 was outstanding under the Deutsche Bank credit facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. We incurred costs of $3,340 in connection with obtaining and amending the facility, which we have recorded as deferred financing costs on our consolidated balance sheets and amortize to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $529 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
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For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the components of total interest expense for the Deutsche Bank credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 5,951 | $ | 5,046 | $ | 4,509 | ||||
Non-usage fees |
456 | 385 | 191 | |||||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
1,036 | 763 | 637 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 7,443 | $ | 6,194 | $ | 5,337 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Deutsche Bank credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 6,316 | $ | 5,294 | $ | 4,546 | ||||
Average borrowings under the facility |
$ | 280,000 | $ | 245,260 | $ | 216,410 | ||||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
2.30 | % | 2.04 | % | 2.04 | % | ||||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
2.29 | % | 2.21 | % | 2.17 | % |
Borrowings under the Deutsche Bank credit facility are subject to compliance with a borrowing base, pursuant to which the amount of funds advanced to FSEP Funding varies depending upon the types of assets in FSEP Funding's portfolio. The occurrence of certain events described as "Super-Collateralization Events" in the credit agreement that governs the Deutsche Bank credit facility, or a decline in our net asset value below a specified threshold, results in a lowering of the amount of funds that will be advanced against such assets. Super-Collateralization Events include, without limitation: (i) certain key employees ceasing to be directors, principals, officers or investment managers of GSO; (ii) the bankruptcy or insolvency of GSO or FS Advisor; (iii) GSO ceasing to act as our sub-adviser or FS Advisor ceasing to act as our investment adviser; (iv) us ceasing to act as FSEP Funding's investment manager, becoming bankrupt or insolvent, defaulting on certain material agreements or failing to maintain a net asset value above a specified threshold; and (v) us, GSO or FS Advisor committing fraud or other illicit acts in our or their investment advisory capacities.
In connection with the Deutsche Bank credit facility, FSEP Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar facilities. The Deutsche Bank credit facility contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including: (a) the failure to make principal payments when due or interest payments within three business days of when due; (b) borrowings under the facility exceeding the applicable advance rates; (c) the purchase by FSEP Funding of certain ineligible assets; (d) the insolvency or bankruptcy of FSEP Funding or us; (e) us ceasing to act as investment manager of FSEP Funding's assets; (f) the decline of our net asset value below a specified threshold; and (g) fraud or other illicit acts by us, FS Advisor or GSO in our or their investment advisory capacities. During the continuation of an event of default, FSEP Funding must pay interest at a default rate.
Borrowings of FSEP Funding will be considered borrowings by us for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
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Fortress Facility
On November 6, 2015, Foxfields Funding, our wholly-owned financing subsidiary, entered into a senior secured multiple draw term loan facility with Fortress, the lenders from time to time party thereto and the other loan parties from time to time party thereto. The Fortress facility, as amended, provides for $155,000 of term loans available to be borrowed during the first two years after the initial closing date of November 6, 2015 with an option for us to request, at one or more times during the first two years after the closing date, that existing or new lenders, at their election provide up to $45,000 of additional commitments.
Interest under the Fortress facility for (i) loans bearing interest by reference to LIBOR accrues at a rate equal to LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0.75%) plus 5.00% per annum, and (ii) loans bearing interest by reference to the base rate accrues at 4.00% per annum plus the greater of: (x) the per annum rate of interest announced, from time to time, within Wells Fargo Bank, National Association at its principal office in San Francisco as its "prime rate," and (y) 1.75% per annum. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears beginning with the quarter ending March 31, 2016. During the first year after the closing date, Foxfields Funding is subject to a commitment fee at a rate equal to 100 basis points on the average daily undrawn initial facility amount of $125,000. Under certain conditions, Foxfields Funding will be subject to a prepayment premium if all or any part of the principal balance of the borrowings is prepaid prior to a date that is two years after the closing date. Foxfields Funding incurred certain customary fees, costs and expenses in connection with obtaining the facility.
As of December 31, 2015, $89,600 was outstanding under the Fortress facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. We incurred costs of $1,121 in connection with obtaining and amending the Fortress facility, which we have recorded as deferred financing costs on our consolidated balance sheets and amortize to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $1,094 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, the components of total interest expense for the Fortress facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct interest expense |
$ | 507 | ||
Non-usage fees |
140 | |||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
27 | |||
| | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 674 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
For the year ended December 31, 2015, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Fortress facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | | ||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 56,714 | ||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
5.75 | % | ||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
7.33 | % |
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In connection with the Fortress facility, Foxfields Funding has made certain representations and warranties and must comply with various covenants and reporting requirements customary for facilities of this type, including the following financial covenants: (a) our minimum consolidated shareholders' equity, as determined in accordance with GAAP and measured as of each fiscal quarter-end, must be greater than $1,500,000; (b) we must maintain at all times a 200% asset coverage ratio; (c) Foxfields Funding must maintain, as of each quarter-end, an asset coverage ratio of either 300% or 325% depending on the relative composition of its portfolio between debt and equity investments; and (d) the portfolio investments must be issued by not fewer than 10 unrelated obligors at all times, measured as of each quarter-end.
The Fortress facility contains events of default customary for facilities of this type as described in the loan documentation. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, Fortress, at the instruction or with the consent of the lenders, may terminate the commitments and declare the outstanding advances and all other obligations under the facility immediately due and payable. During the continuation of certain events of default, we must pay interest at a default rate.
Borrowings of Foxfields Funding will be considered borrowings by us for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Goldman Financing
On September 11, 2014, through our two wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiaries, Gladwyne Funding and Strafford Funding, we entered into a debt financing arrangement with Goldman. The amount available under the financing arrangement, as amended, is $325,000. We elected to structure the financing in the manner described more fully below in order to, among other things, obtain such financing at a lower cost than would have been available through alternate arrangements.
Under the financing arrangement, assets in our portfolio may be sold and/or contributed by us from time to time to Gladwyne Funding, pursuant to an Amended and Restated Sale and Contribution Agreement, dated as of September 11, 2014, between us and Gladwyne Funding, or the Sale and Contribution Agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of assets held by Gladwyne Funding was $642,954, which includes an initial contribution by us of a portfolio of assets with an aggregate par value of $427,061. The assets held by Gladwyne Funding secure the obligations of Gladwyne Funding under the Notes to be issued from time to time by Gladwyne Funding to Strafford Funding under the Indenture with Citibank, as trustee. Pursuant to the Indenture, the aggregate principal amount of Notes that may be issued by Gladwyne Funding from time to time is $577,750. Interest on the Notes under the Indenture accrues at three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 4.00% per annum. Principal and any unpaid interest on the Notes will be due and payable on the stated maturity date of November 15, 2025. As of December 31, 2015, Strafford Funding had purchased $577,750 of Notes, the maximum principal amount of Notes that may be purchased under the Goldman facility. Strafford Funding purchased $241,550 of Notes during the year ended December 31, 2015.
Pursuant to the Indenture, Gladwyne Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar transactions. The Indenture contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including: (a) the failure to make principal payments on the Notes at their stated maturity or any earlier redemption date or to make interest payments on the Notes within five business days of when due; (b) the failure to disburse amounts in excess of $1 in accordance with the priority of payments; and (c) the occurrence of certain bankruptcy and insolvency events with respect to Gladwyne Funding.
Strafford Funding, in turn, entered into a repurchase transaction with Goldman, pursuant to the Goldman facility. Pursuant to the Goldman facility, on one or more occasions beginning December 15, 2014, Goldman began purchasing Notes held by Strafford Funding for an aggregate purchase price
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equal to approximately 56.25% of the principal amount of the Notes purchased. As of December 31, 2015, Goldman had purchased Notes in the principal amount of $577,750 from Strafford Funding, the maximum principal amount of Notes available to be purchased under the Goldman facility, for a total purchase price equal to $324,984.
Strafford Funding will repurchase the Notes sold to Goldman under the Goldman facility no later than September 15, 2017. The repurchase price paid by Strafford Funding to Goldman will be equal to the purchase price paid by Goldman for the repurchased Notes, plus financing fees accrued at the applicable pricing rate under the Goldman facility. Through March 15, 2015, financing fees accrued on the greater of $225,000 or the aggregate purchase price paid by Goldman for such Notes. Thereafter, financing fees began to accrue on $325,000 (even in prior periods when the aggregate purchase price paid for Notes purchased by Goldman was less than that amount), unless and until the outstanding amount is reduced in accordance with the terms of the Goldman facility.
If the Goldman facility is accelerated prior to September 15, 2017 due to an event of default or the failure of Gladwyne Funding to commit to sell any underlying assets that become defaulted obligations within 30 days and thereafter to use commercially reasonable efforts to sell any such defaulted obligations, then Strafford Funding must pay to Goldman a fee equal to the present value of the aggregate amount of the financing fees that would have been payable to Goldman through September 15, 2017 had the acceleration not occurred. The financing fee under the Goldman facility is equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of up to 2.75% per annum for the relevant period.
Pursuant to the Goldman facility, Strafford Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar transactions. The Goldman facility contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including: (a) failure to transfer the Notes to Goldman on the applicable purchase date or repurchase the Notes from Goldman on the applicable repurchase date; (b) failure to pay certain fees and make-whole amounts when due; (c) failure to post cash collateral as required; (d) the occurrence of insolvency events with respect to Strafford Funding; and (e) the admission by Strafford Funding of its inability to, or its intention not to, perform any of its obligations under the Goldman facility.
Goldman may require Strafford Funding to post cash collateral if the market value of the Notes (measured by reference to the market value of Gladwyne Funding's portfolio of assets) declines and is less than the required margin amount under the Goldman facility. In such event, in order to satisfy any such margin-posting requirements, Strafford Funding has the option to borrow funds from us pursuant to the Revolving Credit Agreement. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement may not exceed $325,000 and will accrue interest at a rate equal to one-month LIBOR plus a spread of 0.75% per annum.
As of December 31, 2015, Notes in an aggregate principal amount of $577,750 had been purchased by Strafford Funding from Gladwyne Funding and subsequently sold to Goldman under the Goldman facility for aggregate proceeds of $324,984. The carrying amount outstanding under the Goldman facility approximates its fair value. We funded each purchase of Notes by Strafford Funding through a capital contribution to Strafford Funding. As of December 31, 2015, Strafford Funding's liability under the Goldman facility was $324,984, plus $474 of accrued interest expense. The Notes issued by Gladwyne Funding and purchased by Strafford Funding eliminate in consolidation on our financial statements.
We incurred costs of $380 in connection with obtaining and amending the Goldman facility, which we have recorded as deferred financing costs on our consolidated balance sheets and amortize to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $220 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
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For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the components of total interest expense for the Goldman facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 9,448 | $ | 445 | |||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
128 | 32 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 9,576 | $ | 477 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Goldman facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 9,419 | $ | | |||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 251,427 | $ | 49,721 | |||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
3.09 | % | 2.98 | % | |||
Weighted average interest rate |
3.76 | % | 2.98 | % |
In connection with the Notes and the Indenture, Gladwyne Funding also entered into (i) an amended and restated investment management agreement with us, as investment manager, dated as of September 11, 2014, pursuant to which we will manage the assets of Gladwyne Funding; and (ii) a collateral administration agreement with Virtus Group, LP, or Virtus, as collateral administrator, dated as of September 11, 2014, pursuant to which Virtus will perform certain administrative services with respect to the assets of Gladwyne Funding.
Amounts outstanding under the Goldman facility will be considered borrowings by us for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Natixis Credit Facility
On July 11, 2013, Energy Funding, our wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiary, entered into a revolving credit facility, or the Natixis credit facility, with Natixis, as administrative agent and lender, Wells Fargo, as collateral agent and custodian, and the other lenders from time to time party thereto. The Natixis credit facility provided for revolving borrowings through January 11, 2015 in an aggregate principal amount up to $150,000 on a committed basis. After that date, we were no longer permitted to borrow under the facility and outstanding amounts began to amortize. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we repaid $57,827 of outstanding borrowings under the facility.
We contributed cash and debt securities to Energy Funding from time to time prior to the commencement of the amortization period under the facility, subject to certain restrictions set forth in the Natixis credit facility. We continue to retain a residual interest in any assets contributed through our ownership of Energy Funding or we received fair market value for any debt securities sold to Energy Funding. Energy Funding was also permitted to purchase additional debt securities from various sources prior to the commencement of the amortization period under the facility. Energy Funding has appointed us to manage its portfolio of debt securities pursuant to the terms of a collateral
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management agreement. Energy Funding's obligations to the lenders under the facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of Energy Funding, including its portfolio of debt securities. The obligations of Energy Funding under the facility are non-recourse to us and our exposure under the facility is limited to the value of our investment in Energy Funding.
Borrowings under the Natixis credit facility accrue interest at a rate equal to the applicable commercial paper rate plus 2.25% per annum. Prior to the commencement of the amortization period, Energy Funding was subject to a non-usage fee of 1.00% per annum to the extent that the aggregate principal amount available under the Natixis credit facility had not been borrowed. Any amounts borrowed under the facility will mature, and all accrued and unpaid interest thereunder will be due and payable, on July 11, 2023.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $92,173 and $150,000, respectively, was outstanding under the Natixis credit facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. We incurred costs of $2,544 in connection with obtaining the facility, which we have recorded as deferred financing costs on our consolidated balance sheets and amortize to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $1,386 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the components of total interest expense for the Natixis credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 3,041 | $ | 3,733 | $ | 1,102 | ||||
Non-usage fees |
| | 185 | |||||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
782 | 256 | 120 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 3,823 | $ | 3,989 | $ | 1,407 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Natixis credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 3,195 | $ | 3,810 | $ | 771 | ||||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 116,357 | $ | 150,000 | $ | 118,820 | ||||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
2.77 | % | 2.57 | % | 2.94 | % | ||||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
2.61 | % | 2.54 | % | 2.99 | % |
In connection with the Natixis credit facility, Energy Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar facilities. The Natixis credit facility contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including: (a) the failure to make principal payments when due or interest payments within five business days of when due; (b) Energy Funding becoming an investment company required to be registered under the 1940 Act; (c) certain events of insolvency or bankruptcy of Energy Funding; (d) the resignation or removal of us as Energy Funding's collateral
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manager; (e) FS Advisor or any replacement thereof approved in writing by the majority lenders no longer serving as the investment adviser to us; and (f) GSO or any replacement thereof approved in writing by the majority lenders no longer serving as the investment sub-adviser to us. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the majority lenders or Natixis (acting at the direction of the majority lenders) may declare the outstanding principal and interest and all other amounts owing under the facility immediately due and payable. During the continuation of an event of default, Energy Funding must pay interest at a default rate.
Borrowings of Energy Funding will be considered borrowings by us for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Wells Fargo Credit Facility
On September 9, 2014, Wayne Funding, our wholly-owned, special purpose financing subsidiary, entered into a revolving credit facility, or the Wells Fargo credit facility, with Wells Fargo, as administrative agent, each of the conduit lenders and institutional lenders from time to time party thereto and as the collateral agent, account bank and collateral custodian under the Wells Fargo credit facility. The Wells Fargo credit facility provided for borrowings in an aggregate principal amount up to $200,000 on a committed basis. On February 23, 2016, Wayne Funding and Wells Fargo entered into an amendment to reduce the aggregate borrowings available under the facility to $125,000.
We may contribute cash, loans or bonds to Wayne Funding from time to time and will retain a residual interest in any assets contributed through our ownership of Wayne Funding or will receive fair market value for any assets sold to Wayne Funding. Wayne Funding may purchase additional assets from various sources. Wayne Funding has appointed us to manage its portfolio of assets pursuant to the terms of a collateral management agreement. Wayne Funding's obligations to Wells Fargo under the Wells Fargo credit facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of Wayne Funding, including its portfolio of assets. The obligations of Wayne Funding under the Wells Fargo credit facility are non-recourse to us and our exposure under the facility is limited to the value of our investment in Wayne Funding.
Borrowings under the Wells Fargo credit facility accrue interest at a rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread ranging between 2.50% and 2.75% per annum, depending on the composition of the portfolio of assets for the relevant period. During the period beginning October 10, 2014 through June 5, 2015, Wayne Funding was subject to a non-usage fee to the extent the aggregate principal amount available under the Wells Fargo credit facility was not borrowed. Beginning June 6, 2015, the non-usage fee increased to the sum of (a) 0.50% per annum on the first $40,000 of unborrowed principal amount available under the Wells Fargo credit facility and (b) 2.00% on any unborrowed principal amount available under the facility in excess of $40,000. Any amounts borrowed under the Wells Fargo credit facility will mature, and all accrued and unpaid interest thereunder will be due and payable, on September 9, 2019. Borrowings under the Wells Fargo credit facility are subject to compliance with a borrowing base, pursuant to which the amount of funds advanced to Wayne Funding varies depending upon the types of assets in Wayne Funding's portfolio.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $140,000 and $120,000, respectively, was outstanding under the Wells Fargo credit facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. We incurred costs of $2,641 in connection with obtaining the facility, which we have recorded as deferred financing costs on our consolidated balance sheets and amortize to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $1,950 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
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For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the components of total interest expense for the Wells Fargo credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 3,917 | $ | 219 | |||
Non-usage fees |
575 | 191 | |||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
528 | 163 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 5,020 | $ | 573 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Wells Fargo credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 4,369 | $ | 156 | |||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 129,575 | $ | 120,000 | |||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
3.23 | % | 2.74 | % | |||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
3.47 | % | 2.27 | % |
In connection with the Wells Fargo credit facility, Wayne Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar facilities. The Wells Fargo credit facility contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including: (a) the failure to make principal or interest payments within three business days of when due; (b) a borrowing base deficiency that is not cured in accordance with the terms of the facility; (c) the insolvency or bankruptcy of Wayne Funding or us; (d) the resignation or removal of us as collateral manager; (e) the failure of us to maintain an asset coverage ratio of greater than or equal to 2:1; (f) the failure of us to have a net asset value of at least $300,000; and (g) the failure of Wayne Funding to qualify as a bankruptcy-remote entity. Upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an event of default, Wells Fargo may declare the outstanding advances and all other obligations under the facility immediately due and payable. During the continuation of an event of default, Wayne Funding must pay interest at a default rate.
In addition, the occurrence of certain events described as "Collateral Manager Events of Default" in the loan and servicing agreement which governs the Wells Fargo credit facility may trigger (i) a requirement that Wayne Funding obtain the consent of Wells Fargo prior to entering into any transaction with respect to portfolio assets and (ii) the right of Wells Fargo to direct Wayne Funding to enter into transactions with respect to any portfolio assets, in each case in Wells Fargo's sole discretion. Collateral Manager Events of Default include non-performance of any obligation under the transaction documents by Wayne Funding, us, FS Advisor or GSO, and other events with respect to such entities that are adverse to Wells Fargo and the secured parties under the Wells Fargo credit facility.
Borrowings of Wayne Funding will be considered borrowings by us for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
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Capital Contribution by FS Advisor and GSO
In December 2010, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the principals of FS Advisor, contributed an aggregate of $200 to purchase 22,444 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share, which represents the initial public offering price (as adjusted for share distributions), net of selling commissions and dealer manager fees. The principals have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains our investment adviser.
In April 2011, pursuant to a private placement, Messrs. Forman and Adelman agreed to purchase, through affiliated entities controlled by each of them, 224,444 additional common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). The principals have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains our investment adviser. In connection with the same private placement, certain members of our board of trustees and other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor agreed to purchase 1,459,320 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), and certain individuals and entities affiliated with GSO agreed to purchase 561,111 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), in each case at a price of $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). In connection with the private placement, we issued an aggregate of 2,244,875 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate proceeds of approximately $20.0 million upon satisfaction of the minimum offering requirement on July 18, 2011. As of April 26, 2016, we have issued an aggregate of 5,417,794 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $45.9 million to members of our board of trustees and individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor and GSO, including common shares sold in the private placement conducted in April 2011.
RIC Tax Treatment and Distributions
We have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As a RIC, we generally do not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that we distribute as dividends to our shareholders. To maintain our qualification as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements. In addition, in order to maintain RIC tax treatment, we must distribute to our shareholders, for each tax year, dividends generally of an amount at least equal to 90% of our "investment company taxable income," which is generally the sum of our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses, determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid. In addition, we may, in certain cases, satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement by distributing dividends relating to a tax year after the close of such tax year under the "spillover dividend" provisions of Subchapter M of the Code. If we distribute a spillover dividend, such dividend will be included in a shareholder's gross income for the tax year in which the spillover distribution is paid. We intend to make sufficient distributions to our shareholders to maintain our RIC tax treatment each tax year. We will also be subject to nondeductible U.S. federal excise taxes on certain undistributed income unless we distribute in a timely manner to our shareholders of an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our net ordinary taxable income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of our capital gain net income, which is the excess of capital gains over capital losses (adjusted for certain ordinary losses), for the one-year period ending October 31 of that calendar year and (3) any ordinary income and capital gain net income for the preceding years that were not distributed during such years and on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax. Any distribution declared by us during October, November or December of any calendar year, payable to our shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and actually paid during January of the following calendar year, will be treated as if it had been paid by us, as well as received by our U.S. shareholders, on December 31 of the calendar year in which the distribution was declared. We generally will endeavor in each tax year to avoid any material U.S. federal excise tax on our earnings.
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We authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on a weekly basis, while continuing to pay such distributions on a monthly basis, in each case subject to our board of trustees' discretion and applicable legal restrictions. We will calculate each shareholder's specific distribution amount for the period using record and declaration dates and each shareholder's distributions will begin to accrue on the date we accept such shareholder's subscription for our common shares. From time to time, we may also pay special interim distributions in the form of cash or common shares at the discretion of our board of trustees.
During certain periods, our distributions may exceed our earnings, especially during the period before we have substantially invested the proceeds from our continuous public offering of common shares. As a result, it is possible that a portion of the distributions we make will represent a return of capital. A return of capital generally is a return of an investor's investment rather than a return of earnings or gains derived from our investment activities and will be made after deducting the fees and expenses payable in connection with our continuous public offering, including any fees payable to FS Advisor. Moreover, a return of capital will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder's cost basis in our common shares, and will result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when the common shares on which such return of capital was received are sold. Each year a statement on Form 1099-DIV identifying the sources of the distributions will be mailed to our shareholders. No portion of the distributions paid during the year ended December 31, 2015 represented a return of capital.
The following table reflects the cash distributions per share that we have declared and paid on our common shares during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
Distribution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
For the Year Ended December 31, | Per Share | Amount | |||||
2013 |
$ | 0.6616 | $ | 77,815 | |||
2014 |
$ | 0.6882 | $ | 163,043 | |||
2015 |
$ | 0.7085 | $ | 238,833 |
On November 11, 2015 and March 9, 2016, our board of trustees declared regular weekly cash distributions for January 2016 through March 2016 and April 2016 through June 2016, respectively. These distributions have been or will be paid monthly to shareholders of record as of weekly record dates previously determined by our board of trustees in the amount of $0.013625 per share. The timing and amount of any future distributions to shareholders are subject to applicable legal restrictions and the sole discretion of our board of trustees.
We have adopted an "opt in" distribution reinvestment plan for our shareholders. As a result, if we make a cash distribution, our shareholders will receive distributions in cash unless they specifically "opt in" to the distribution reinvestment plan so as to have their cash distributions reinvested in additional common shares. However, certain state authorities or regulators may impose restrictions from time to time that may prevent or limit a shareholder's ability to participate in the distribution reinvestment plan. Although distributions paid in the form of additional common shares will generally be subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes in the same manner as cash distributions, shareholders who elect to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan will not receive any corresponding cash distributions with which to pay any such applicable taxes. Shareholders receiving distributions in the form of additional common shares will generally be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of the fair market value of our common shares.
We may fund our cash distributions to shareholders from any sources of funds legally available to us, including offering proceeds, borrowings, net investment income from operations, capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, non-capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, dividends or other distributions paid to us on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies
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and expense reimbursements from Franklin Square Holdings. We have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions.
For a period of time following commencement of our continuous public offering, substantial portions of our distributions were funded through the reimbursement of certain expenses by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates, including through the waiver of certain investment advisory fees by FS Advisor, that were subject to repayment by us within three years. The purpose of this arrangement was to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders was paid from offering proceeds or borrowings. Any such distributions funded through expense reimbursements or waivers of advisory fees were not based on our investment performance.
No portion of the distributions paid during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was funded through the reimbursement of operating expenses by Franklin Square Holdings. However, our repayment of amounts previously reimbursed or waived by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates reduced the distributions that shareholders may otherwise have received during the year ended December 31, 2013. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we did not repay any amounts to Franklin Square Holdings for expenses previously reimbursed or waived. There can be no assurance that we will continue to achieve the performance necessary to sustain our distributions or that we will be able to pay distributions at a specific rate or at all. Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates have no obligation to waive advisory fees or otherwise reimburse expenses in future periods.
The following table reflects the sources of the cash distributions on a tax basis that we paid on our common shares during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||
Source of Distribution | Distribution Amount |
Percentage | Distribution Amount |
Percentage | Distribution Amount |
Percentage | |||||||||||||
Offering proceeds |
$ | | | $ | | | $ | | | ||||||||||
Borrowings |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
Net investment income (prior to expense reimbursement)(1) |
224,586 | 94 | % | 145,745 | 89 | % | 76,383 | 98 | % | ||||||||||
Short-term capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets |
| | 10,509 | 7 | % | 1,432 | 2 | % | |||||||||||
Long-term capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets |
14,247 | 6 | % | 6,789 | 4 | % | | | |||||||||||
Non-capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
Distributions on account of limited partnership interest |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
Expense reimbursement from sponsor |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 238,833 | 100 | % | $ | 163,043 | 100 | % | $ | 77,815 | 100 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Our net investment income on a tax basis for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $234,163, $145,745 and $76,383, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had $9,578 of undistributed ordinary income on a tax basis. As of December 31, 2014, we had $14,247 of undistributed net realized gains on a tax basis.
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For the year ended December 31, 2015 the difference between our GAAP-basis net investment income and our tax-basis net investment income was primarily due to the amount by which tax-basis income on a limited partnership interest differs from our GAAP-basis income, the reclassification of unamortized original issue discount and prepayment fees recognized upon prepayment of loans from income for GAAP purposes to realized gains for tax purposes, the impact of certain subsidiaries that were consolidated for purposes of computing GAAP-basis net investment income but were not consolidated for purposes of computing tax-basis net investment income, income recognized for tax purposes not recorded for GAAP, and, with respect to the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the reversal of the required accrual for GAAP purposes of incentive fees on unrealized gains even though no such incentive fees on unrealized gains were payable by us and the reversal of non-deductible excise taxes. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the inclusion of a portion of the periodic net settlement payments due on our total return swap in tax-basis net investment income was also a factor that resulted in the difference between our GAAP-basis net investment income and our tax-basis net investment income.
The following table sets forth a reconciliation between GAAP-basis net investment income and tax-basis net investment income during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
GAAP-basis net investment income |
$ | 227,595 | $ | 174,889 | $ | 66,804 | ||||
Income on limited partnership interest |
(82 | ) | (1,271 | ) | (802 | ) | ||||
Reversal of incentive fee accrual on unrealized gains |
| (10,993 | ) | 5,464 | ||||||
Excise Taxes |
| 560 | 300 | |||||||
Reclassification of unamortized original issue discount and prepayment fees |
(10,185 | ) | (19,579 | ) | (1,166 | ) | ||||
GAAP vs. tax-basis consolidation of subsidiaries |
9,252 | 2,798 | (733 | ) | ||||||
Income recognized for tax purposes not recorded for GAAP purposes |
9,396 | | | |||||||
Tax-basis net investment income portion of total return swap payments |
| | 6,602 | |||||||
Other miscellaneous differences |
(1,813 | ) | (659 | ) | (86 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Tax-basis net investment income |
$ | 234,163 | $ | 145,745 | $ | 76,383 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
We may make certain adjustments to the classification of shareholders' equity as a result of permanent book-to-tax differences. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we increased accumulated undistributed net investment income and accumulated undistributed net realized gains (losses) on investments and gain/loss on foreign currency by $6,674 and $8,299, respectively, and reduced capital in excess of par value by $14,973. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we increased accumulated undistributed net realized gains (losses) on investments and gain/loss on foreign currency by $20,215, and reduced capital in excess of par value and accumulated undistributed net investment income by $3,358 and $16,857, respectively.
The determination of the tax attributes of our distributions is made annually as of the end of our fiscal year based upon our taxable income for the full year and distributions paid for the full year. The actual tax characteristics of distributions to shareholders are reported to shareholders annually on Form 1099-DIV.
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As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the components of accumulated earnings on a tax basis were as follows:
|
December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Distributable ordinary income (income and short-term capital gains) |
$ | 9,578 | $ | | |||
Distributable capital gains (accumulated capital losses)(1) |
(200,191 | ) | 13,591 | ||||
Deferral of late year capital losses |
| (6,094 | ) | ||||
Distribution receivable on limited partnership interest |
301 | 57 | |||||
Unamortized organization costs |
(245 | ) | (268 | ) | |||
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments and unrealized gain/loss on foreign currency(2) |
(831,920 | ) | (283,310 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | (1,022,477 | ) | $ | (276,024 | ) | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The aggregate cost of our investments for federal income tax purposes totaled $3,895,733 and $3,658,498 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The aggregate net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on a tax basis was $(831,920) and $(283,310) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Critical accounting policies are those that require the application of management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often because of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and that may change in subsequent periods. In preparing the financial statements, management has made estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. In preparing the financial statements, management has utilized available information, including our past history, industry standards and the current economic environment, among other factors, in forming its estimates and judgments, giving due consideration to materiality. Actual results may differ from these estimates. In addition, other companies may utilize different estimates, which may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses. As we execute our operating plans, we will describe additional critical accounting policies in the notes to our future financial statements in addition to those discussed below.
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Valuation of Portfolio Investments
We determine the net asset value of our investment portfolio each quarter. Securities are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of trustees. In connection with that determination, FS Advisor provides our board of trustees with portfolio company valuations which are based on relevant inputs, including, but not limited to, indicative dealer quotes, values of like securities, recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts, and valuations prepared by independent third-party valuation services.
Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure, or ASC Topic 820, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, clarifies the definition of fair value and requires companies to expand their disclosure about the use of fair value to measure assets and liabilities in interim and annual periods subsequent to initial recognition. ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 also establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, which includes inputs such as quoted prices for similar securities in active markets and quoted prices for identical securities where there is little or no activity in the market; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.
With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, we undertake a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:
Determination of fair value involves subjective judgments and estimates. Accordingly, the notes to our consolidated financial statements refer to the uncertainty with respect to the possible effect of such valuations and any change in such valuations on our consolidated financial statements. In making its determination of fair value, our board of trustees may use any approved independent third-party pricing or valuation services. However, our board of trustees is not required to determine fair value in accordance with the valuation provided by any single source, and may use any relevant data, including information obtained from FS Advisor or any approved independent third-party valuation or pricing service that our board of trustees deems to be reliable in determining fair value under the circumstances. Below is a description of factors that FS Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may consider when determining the fair value of our investments.
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Valuation of fixed income investments, such as loans and debt securities, depends upon a number of factors, including prevailing interest rates for like securities, expected volatility in future interest rates, call features, put features and other relevant terms of the debt. For investments without readily available market prices, we may incorporate these factors into discounted cash flow models to arrive at fair value. Other factors that may be considered include the borrower's ability to adequately service its debt, the fair market value of the portfolio company in relation to the face amount of its outstanding debt and the quality of collateral securing our debt investments.
For convertible debt securities, fair value generally approximates the fair value of the debt plus the fair value of an option to purchase the underlying security (i.e., the security into which the debt may convert) at the conversion price. To value such an option, a standard option pricing model may be used.
Our equity interests in portfolio companies for which there is no liquid public market are valued at fair value. Our board of trustees, in its determination of fair value, may consider various factors, such as multiples of EBITDA, cash flows, net income, revenues or, in limited instances, book value or liquidation value. All of these factors may be subject to adjustments based upon the particular circumstances of a portfolio company or our actual investment position. For example, adjustments to EBITDA may take into account compensation to previous owners or acquisition, recapitalization, restructuring or other related items.
FS Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may also consider private merger and acquisition statistics, public trading multiples discounted for illiquidity and other factors, valuations implied by third-party investments in the portfolio companies or industry practices in determining fair value. FS Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may also consider the size and scope of a portfolio company and its specific strengths and weaknesses, and may apply discounts or premiums, where and as appropriate, due to the higher (or lower) financial risk and/or the smaller size of portfolio companies relative to comparable firms, as well as such other factors as our board of trustees, in consultation with FS Advisor's management team and any approved independent third-party valuation services, if applicable, may consider relevant in assessing fair value. Generally, the value of our equity interests in public companies for which market quotations are readily available is based upon the most recent closing public market price. Portfolio securities that carry certain restrictions on sale are typically valued at a discount from the public market value of the security.
When we receive warrants or other equity securities at nominal or no additional cost in connection with an investment in a debt security, the cost basis in the investment will be allocated between the debt securities and any such warrants or other equity securities received at the time of origination. Our board of trustees subsequently values these warrants or other equity securities received at their fair value.
The fair values of our investments are determined in good faith by our board of trustees. Our board of trustees is solely responsible for the valuation of our portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to our valuation policy and consistently applied valuation process. Our board of trustees has delegated day-to-day responsibility for implementing our valuation policy to FS Advisor's management team, and has authorized FS Advisor's management team to utilize independent third-party valuation and pricing services that have been approved by our board of trustees. The valuation committee is responsible for overseeing FS Advisor's implementation of the valuation process.
Our investments as of December 31, 2015 consisted primarily of debt investments that were acquired directly from the issuer. Twenty senior secured loan investments, two senior secured bond investments and five subordinated debt investments were valued by independent valuation firms, which determined the fair value of such investments by considering, among other factors, the borrower's
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ability to adequately service its debt, prevailing interest rates for like investments, call features, anticipated prepayments and other relevant terms of the debt. All of our equity/other investments were also valued by an independent valuation firm, which determined the fair value of such investments by considering, among other factors, contractual rights ascribed to such investments, as well as various income scenarios and multiples of EBITDA, cash flows, net income, revenues or, in limited instances, book value or liquidation value. Except as described above, we valued our other investments by using the midpoint of the prevailing bid and ask prices from dealers on the date of the relevant period end, which were provided by an independent third-party pricing service and screened for validity by such service.
Our investments as of December 31, 2014 consisted primarily of debt investments that were traded on a private over-the-counter market for institutional investors. Seventeen senior secured loan investments, one senior secured bond investment and two subordinated debt investments were valued by an independent valuation firm, which determined the fair value of such investments by considering, among other factors, the borrower's ability to adequately service its debt, prevailing interest rates for like investments, call features, anticipated prepayments and other relevant terms of the debt. All of our equity/other investments were valued by an independent valuation firm, which determined the fair value of such investments by considering, among other factors, contractual rights ascribed to such investments, as well as various income scenarios and multiples of EBITDA, cash flows, net income, revenues or, in limited instances, book value or liquidation value. Except as described above, we valued our other investments by using the midpoint of the prevailing bid and ask prices from dealers on the date of the relevant period end, which were provided by an independent third-party pricing service and screened for validity by such service.
We periodically benchmark the bid and ask prices we receive from third-party pricing services and/or dealers, as applicable, against the actual prices at which we purchase and sell our investments. Based on the results of the benchmark analysis and the experience of our management in purchasing and selling these investments, we believe that these prices are reliable indicators of fair value. However, because of the private nature of this marketplace (meaning actual transactions are not publicly reported), we believe that these valuation inputs are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. We may also use other methods, including the use of independent valuation firms, to determine fair value for securities for which we cannot obtain prevailing bid and ask prices through third-party pricing services or independent dealers or where our board of trustees otherwise determines that the use of such other method is appropriate. We periodically benchmark the valuations provided by the independent valuation firms against the actual prices at which we purchase and sell our investments. Our valuation committee and board of trustees reviewed and approved the valuation determinations made with respect to these investments in a manner consistent with our valuation policy.
Revenue Recognition
Security transactions are accounted for on the trade date. We record interest income on an accrual basis to the extent that we expect to collect such amounts. We record dividend income on the ex-dividend date. We do not accrue as a receivable interest or dividends on loans and securities if we have reason to doubt our ability to collect such income. Our policy is to place investments on non-accrual status when there is reasonable doubt that interest income will be collected. We consider many factors relevant to an investment when placing it on or removing it from non-accrual status including, but not limited to, the delinquency status of the investment, economic and business conditions, the overall financial condition of the underlying investment, the value of the underlying collateral, bankruptcy status, if any, and any other facts or circumstances relevant to the investment. If there is reasonable doubt that we will receive any previously accrued interest, then the previously recognized interest income will be written-off. Payments received on non-accrual investments may be
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recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon the collectability of the remaining principal and interest. Non-accrual investments may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest payments become current and are likely to remain current based on our judgment.
Loan origination fees, original issue discount and market discount are capitalized and we amortize such amounts as interest income over the respective term of the loan or security. Upon the prepayment of a loan or security, any unamortized loan origination fees and original issue discount are recorded as interest income. Structuring and other non-recurring upfront fees are recorded as fee income when earned. We record prepayment premiums on loans and securities as fee income when we receive such amounts.
Net Realized Gains or Losses, Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation and Net Change in Unrealized Gains or Losses on Foreign Currency
Gains or losses on the sale of investments are calculated by using the specific identification method. We measure realized gains or losses by the difference between the net proceeds from the repayment or sale and the amortized cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized, but considering unamortized fees. Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation reflects the change in portfolio investment values during the reporting period, including any reversal of previously recorded unrealized gains or losses when gains or losses are realized and the respective unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency for any foreign denominated investments we may hold. Net change in unrealized gains or losses on foreign currency reflects the change in the value of foreign currency held, receivables or accruals during the reporting period due to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations.
Capital Gains Incentive Fee
Pursuant to the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the incentive fee on capital gains is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of such agreement). Such fee equals 20.0% of our incentive fee capital gains (i.e., our realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis), less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gains incentive fees. On a quarterly basis, we accrue for the capital gains incentive fee by calculating such fee as if it were due and payable as of the end of such period.
While the investment advisory and administrative services agreement with FS Advisor neither includes nor contemplates the inclusion of unrealized gains in the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee, pursuant to an interpretation of an American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Technical Practice Aid for investment companies, we include unrealized gains in the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee expense and related accrued capital gains incentive fee. This accrual reflects the incentive fees that would be payable to FS Advisor as if our entire portfolio was liquidated at its fair value as of the balance sheet date even though FS Advisor is not entitled to an incentive fee with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized.
In addition, we historically treated all net settlement payments received by us pursuant to our TRS (which was terminated on May 24, 2013) as realized capital gains and included only the aggregate amount of unrealized depreciation on the TRS as a whole in calculating the capital gains incentive fee payable to FS Advisor with respect to realized gains, in each case, in accordance with GAAP. However, the staff of the Division of Investment Management of the SEC informed us that it is their interpretation of the applicable language in the Advisers Act that we should "look through" the TRS in calculating our capital gains incentive fee. Under this "look through" methodology, the portion of the net settlement payments received by us pursuant to the TRS which would have represented net
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investment income to us had we held the loans or securities underlying the TRS directly would be treated as net investment income subject to the subordinated incentive fee on income payable to FS Advisor pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, rather than as realized capital gains in accordance with GAAP, and any unrealized depreciation on individual loans or securities underlying the TRS would further reduce the capital gains incentive fee payable to FS Advisor with respect to realized gains. FS Advisor voluntarily agreed to waive any capital gains incentive fee calculated in accordance with GAAP to which it would otherwise be entitled in respect of the TRS if and to the extent that the amount of such fee exceeds the sum of (i) the amount of capital gains incentive fee determined in respect of the TRS on a "look through" basis under which we treat the reference assets underlying the TRS as our investments and (ii) the aggregate amount of subordinated incentive fees on income which would have been payable to FS Advisor with respect to the portion of the net settlement payments received by us pursuant to the TRS which represent net investment income on the loans or securities underlying the TRS on a "look through" basis. As of June 30, 2013, the aggregate capital gains incentive fees paid to FS Advisor in prior periods and accrued as of such date with respect to realized gains in accordance with GAAP were less than the fees which would have been payable in accordance with the "look through" methodology.
Subordinated Income Incentive Fee
Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FS Advisor may also be entitled to receive a subordinated incentive fee on income. The subordinated incentive fee on income, which is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, equals 20.0% of our "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and is subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. As a result, FS Advisor does not earn this incentive fee for any quarter until our pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter exceeds the hurdle rate of 1.625%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of our common shares (including proceeds from our distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for distributions from non-liquidating dispositions of our investments paid to shareholders and amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program. Once our pre-incentive fee net investment income in any quarter exceeds the hurdle rate, FS Advisor is entitled to a "catch-up" fee equal to the amount of the pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate, until our pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter equals 2.031%, or 8.125% annually, of adjusted capital. Thereafter, FS Advisor is entitled to receive 20.0% of pre-incentive fee net investment income.
Uncertainty in Income Taxes
We evaluate our tax positions to determine if the tax positions taken meet the minimum recognition threshold in connection with accounting for uncertainties in income tax positions taken or expected to be taken for the purposes of measuring and recognizing tax benefits or liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. Recognition of a tax benefit or liability with respect to an uncertain tax position is required only when the position is "more likely than not" to be sustained assuming examination by taxing authorities. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax liabilities as income tax expense in our consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we did not incur any interest or penalties.
Contractual Obligations
We have entered into an agreement with FS Advisor to provide us with investment advisory and administrative services. Payments for investment advisory services under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement are equal to (a) an annual base management fee of 2.0% of the
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average value of our gross assets and (b) an incentive fee based on our performance. FS Advisor, and to the extent it provides such services, GSO, are reimbursed for administrative expenses incurred on our behalf. See "Related Party TransactionsCompensation of the Investment Adviser and Dealer Manager" for a discussion of these agreements and for the amount of fees and expenses accrued under these agreements during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.
A summary of our significant contractual payment obligations for the repayment of outstanding borrowings under the BNP facility, the Deutsche Bank credit facility, the Fortress facility, the Goldman facility, the Natixis credit facility and the Wells Fargo credit facility at December 31, 2015 is as follows:
|
Payments Due By Period | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total | Less than 1 year | 1-3 years | 3-5 years | More than 5 years | |||||||||||
BNP Facility(1) |
$ | 113,737 | $ | 113,737 | | | | |||||||||
Deutsche Bank Credit Facility(2) |
$ | 280,000 | $ | 280,000 | | | | |||||||||
Fortress Facility(3) |
$ | 89,600 | | | $ | 89,600 | | |||||||||
Goldman Facility(4) |
$ | 324,984 | | $ | 324,984 | | | |||||||||
Natixis Credit Facility(5) |
$ | 92,173 | | | | $ | 92,173 | |||||||||
Wells Fargo Credit Facility(6) |
$ | 140,000 | | | $ | 140,000 | |
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We currently have no off-balance sheet arrangements, including any risk management of commodity pricing or other hedging practices.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, InterestImputation of Interest to simplify the presentation in the financial statements of debt issuance costs. Under existing guidance, debt issuance costs are recognized as a deferred charge and presented as an asset on the balance sheet. The amendments to the guidance require that debt issuance costs related to a recognized liability for indebtedness be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that
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liability, consistent with debt discounts. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-15, InterestImputation of Interest to update the guidance to include SEC views regarding the presentation and subsequent measurement of debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements. Given the absence of authoritative guidance within ASU 2015-03 for debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements, the SEC has indicated that it would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs as an asset and subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected by the amendments to the guidance. The amendments to the FASB codification guidance are to be applied retrospectively with applicable disclosures for a change in accounting principle upon transition. For public entities, the amendments are effective during interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Early application by public entities is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.
Related Party Transactions
Compensation of the Investment Adviser and Dealer Manager
Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FS Advisor is entitled to an annual base management fee of 2.0% of the average value of our gross assets and an incentive fee based on our performance. We commenced accruing fees under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement on July 18, 2011, upon commencement of our investment operations. Base management fees are paid on a quarterly basis in arrears.
The incentive fee consists of two parts. The first part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the subordinated incentive fee on income, is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, equals 20.0% of our "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and is subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of our common shares (including proceeds from our distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for distributions from non-liquidating dispositions of our investments paid to shareholders and amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program. The second part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the incentive fee on capital gains, is accrued for on a cumulative basis and, if earned, is paid annually. We accrue this incentive fee based on net realized and unrealized gains; however, under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the fee payable to FS Advisor is based on realized gains and no such fee is payable with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized. See "Critical Accounting PoliciesCapital Gains Incentive Fee" for a discussion of the treatment of the TRS with respect to the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee.
We reimburse FS Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to our administration and operations, including FS Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to us on behalf of FS Advisor. The amount of the reimbursement payable to FS Advisor is the lesser of (1) FS Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that we estimate we would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FS Advisor is required to allocate the cost of such services to us based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. Our board of trustees reviews the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to us and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among us and certain affiliates of FS Advisor. Our board of trustees then assesses the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to us based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to us of obtaining similar services from third-party providers known to be available. In addition, our board of trustees
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considers whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, our board of trustees, among other things, compares the total amount paid to FS Advisor for such services as a percentage of our net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. We will not reimburse FS Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FS Advisor.
Under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, we, either directly or through reimbursement to FS Advisor or its affiliates, are responsible for our organization and offering costs in an amount up to 1.5% of gross proceeds raised in our continuous public offering. Organization and offering costs primarily include legal, accounting, printing and other expenses relating to our continuous public offering, including costs associated with technology integration between our systems and those of our selected broker-dealers, marketing expenses, salaries and direct expenses of FS Advisor's personnel, employees of its affiliates and others while engaged in registering and marketing our common shares, which includes the development of marketing materials and presentations, training and educational meetings, and generally coordinating the marketing process for us.
Prior to satisfaction of the minimum offering requirement and for a period of time thereafter, Franklin Square Holdings funded certain of our organization and offering costs. Following this period, we have paid certain of our organization and offering costs directly and reimbursed FS Advisor for offering costs incurred by FS Advisor on our behalf, including marketing expenses, salaries and other direct expenses of FS Advisor's personnel and employees of its affiliates while engaged in registering and marketing our common shares. Organization and offering costs funded directly by Franklin Square Holdings were recorded by us as a contribution to capital. The offering costs were offset against capital in excess of par value on our consolidated financial statements and the organization costs were charged to expense as incurred by us. All other offering costs, including costs incurred directly by us, amounts reimbursed to FS Advisor for ongoing offering costs and any reimbursements paid to Franklin Square Holdings for organization and offering costs previously funded, are recorded as a reduction of capital.
The dealer manager for our continuous public offering is FS2, which is one of our affiliates. Under the dealer manager agreement among us, FS Advisor and FS2, or the dealer manager agreement, FS2 is entitled to receive sales commissions and dealer manager fees in connection with the sale of common shares in our continuous public offering, all or a portion of which may be re-allowed to selected broker-dealers and financial representatives.
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The following table describes the fees and expenses accrued under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement and the dealer manager agreement during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
|
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Related Party | |
|
||||||||||||
Source Agreement | Description | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
FS Advisor | Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement | Base Management Fee(1) | $ | 75,997 | $ | 61,970 | $ | 30,840 | ||||||
FS Advisor |
Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement |
Capital Gains Incentive Fee(2) |
|
$ |
(10,993 |
) |
$ |
8,321 |
||||||
FS Advisor |
Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement |
Subordinated Incentive Fee on Income(3) |
$ |
31,016 |
$ |
32,072 |
$ |
7,634 |
||||||
FS Advisor |
Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement |
Administrative Services Expenses(4) |
$ |
4,056 |
$ |
3,831 |
$ |
2,246 |
||||||
FS Advisor |
Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement |
Offering Costs(5) |
$ |
4,238 |
$ |
3,279 |
$ |
2,737 |
||||||
FS2 |
Dealer Manager Agreement |
Dealer Manager Fee(6) |
$ |
9,251 |
$ |
22,194 |
$ |
20,016 |
Capital Contribution by FS Advisor and GSO
In December 2010, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the principals of FS Advisor, contributed an aggregate of $200 to purchase 22,444 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share, which represents the initial public offering price (as adjusted for share distributions), net of selling commissions and dealer manager fees. The principals have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains our investment adviser.
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In April 2011, pursuant to a private placement, Messrs. Forman and Adelman agreed to purchase, through affiliated entities controlled by each of them, 224,444 additional common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). The principals have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains our investment adviser. In connection with the same private placement, certain members of our board of trustees and other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor agreed to purchase 1,459,320 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), and certain individuals and entities affiliated with GSO agreed to purchase 561,111 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), in each case at a price of $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). In connection with the private placement, we issued an aggregate of 2,244,875 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate proceeds of approximately $20.0 million, upon satisfaction of the minimum offering requirement on July 18, 2011. As of April 26, 2016, we have issued an aggregate of 5,417,794 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $45.9 million to members of our board of trustees and individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor and GSO, including common shares sold to Messrs. Forman and Adelman in December 2010 and common shares sold in the private placement conducted in April 2011.
Potential Conflicts of Interest
FS Advisor's senior management team is comprised of substantially the same personnel as the senior management teams of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC, the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' other affiliated BDCs and affiliated closed-end management investment company. As a result, such personnel provide investment advisory services to us and each of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. While none of FS Advisor, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC or FS Global Advisor, LLC is currently making private corporate debt investments for clients other than us, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, respectively, any, or all, may do so in the future. In the event that FS Advisor undertakes to provide investment advisory services to other clients in the future, it intends to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner consistent with our investment objectives and strategy, if necessary, so that we will not be disadvantaged in relation to any other client of FS Advisor or its management team. In addition, even in the absence of FS Advisor retaining additional clients, it is possible that some investment opportunities may be provided to FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and/or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund rather than to us.
Exemptive Relief
In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief permitting us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. We believe this relief has and may continue to enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategy. We believe this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for us, in part, by allowing us to participate in larger investments, together with our co-investment affiliates, than would be available to us if such relief had not been obtained. Because we did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with our investment sub-adviser, GSO, and its affiliates, we will continue to be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance (e.g., where price is the only negotiated term).
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Expense Reimbursement
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse us for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders will be paid from our offering proceeds or borrowings. See "OverviewExpense Reimbursement" for a detailed description of the expense reimbursement agreement.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had no reimbursements due from Franklin Square Holdings. Under the expense reimbursement agreement, amounts reimbursed to us by Franklin Square Holdings may become subject to repayment in the future. During the year ended December 31, 2013, $1,083 of expense recoupments was paid to Franklin Square Holdings. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, no further amounts remained subject to repayment by us to Franklin Square Holdings in the future.
FS Benefit Trust
On May 30, 2013, FS Benefit Trust was formed as a Delaware statutory trust for the purpose of awarding equity incentive compensation to employees of Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, FS Benefit Trust purchased $104, $49 and $43, respectively, of our common shares at a purchase price equal to 90% of the offering price in effect on the applicable purchase date.
Recent Developments
During the period from January 1, 2016 to April 26, 2016, we sold 25,142,285 common shares for gross proceeds of $170,999 at an average price per share of $6.80. We anticipate that we will close our public offering to new investors near the end of the second quarter or the beginning of the third quarter of 2016, subject to market conditions and the pace of capital raising.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are subject to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2015, 50.9% of our portfolio investments (based on fair value) paid variable interest rates, 38.9% paid fixed interest rates, 5.9% were income producing equity or other investments and the remainder (4.3%) consisted of non-income producing equity or other investments. A rise in the general level of interest rates can be expected to lead to higher interest rates applicable to the variable rate investments we hold and to declines in the value of any fixed rate investments we hold. However, many of our variable rate investments provide for an interest rate floor, which may prevent our interest income from increasing until benchmark interest rates increase beyond a threshold amount. To the extent that a substantial portion of our investments may be in variable rate investments, an increase in interest rates beyond this threshold would make it easier for us to meet or exceed the hurdle rate applicable to the subordinated incentive fee on income and may result in a substantial increase in our net investment income and to the amount of incentive fees payable to FS Advisor with respect to our increased pre-incentive fee net investment income.
Pursuant to the terms of the BNP facility, Deutsche Bank credit facility, Fortress facility, Goldman facility, Natixis credit facility and Wells Fargo credit facility, Berwyn Funding, FSEP Funding, Foxfields Funding, Strafford Funding, Energy Funding and Wayne Funding, respectively, borrow at a floating rate based on a benchmark interest rate. To the extent that any present or future credit facilities or other financing arrangements that we or any of our subsidiaries enter into are based on a floating interest rate, we will be subject to risks relating to changes in market interest rates. In periods of rising interest rates when we or our subsidiaries have such debt outstanding or financing arrangements in effect, our interest expense would increase, which could reduce our net investment income, especially to the extent we hold fixed rate investments.
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The following table shows the effect over a twelve-month period of changes in interest rates on our interest income, interest expense and net interest income, assuming no changes in the composition of our investment portfolio, including the accrual status of our investments, and our borrowing arrangements in effect as of December 31, 2015 (dollar amounts are presented in thousands):
Basis Point Change in Interest Rates | Increase (Decrease) in Interest Income |
Increase (Decrease) in Interest Expense |
Increase (Decrease) in Net Interest Income |
Percentage Change in Net Interest Income |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Down 60 basis points |
$ | (18 | ) | $ | (6,147 | ) | $ | 6,129 | 1.9 | % | |||
No Change |
| | | | |||||||||
Up 100 basis points |
7,913 | 10,245 | (2,332 | ) | (0.7 | )% | |||||||
Up 300 basis points |
46,110 | 30,735 | 15,375 | 4.7 | % | ||||||||
Up 500 basis points |
85,027 | 51,225 | 33,802 | 10.3 | % |
We expect that our long-term investments will be financed primarily with equity and debt. If deemed prudent, we may use interest rate risk management techniques in an effort to minimize our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. These techniques may include various interest rate hedging activities to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act. Adverse developments resulting from changes in interest rates or hedging transactions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we did not engage in interest rate hedging activities.
In addition, we may have risk regarding portfolio valuation. See "Critical Accounting PoliciesValuation of Portfolio Investments."
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Information about our senior securities is shown in the table below as of December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010. The report of RSM US LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, on the senior securities table appears on page F-5. This information about our senior securities should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsFinancial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources."
Year Ended December 31, | Total Amount Outstanding Exclusive of Treasury Securities(1) |
Asset Coverage per Unit(2) |
Involuntary Liquidation Preference per Unit(3) |
Average Market Value per Unit(4) (Exclude Bank Loans) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 |
$ | | | | N/A | ||||||
2011 |
$ | 27,627 | 3.45 | | N/A | ||||||
2012 |
$ | 263,299 | 3.29 | | N/A | ||||||
2013 |
$ | 624,174 | 3.69 | | N/A | ||||||
2014 |
$ | 1,090,413 | 3.35 | | N/A | ||||||
2015 |
$ | 1,040,494 | 3.32 | | N/A |
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INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY
We were organized on September 16, 2010 to invest primarily in income-oriented securities of privately-held Energy companies and formally commenced investment operations on July 18, 2011. We are an externally managed, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that has elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act. As such, we are required to comply with certain regulatory requirements. In addition, we have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code.
Our investment activities are managed by FS Advisor and supervised by our board of trustees, a majority of whom are independent. Under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, we have agreed to pay FS Advisor an annual base management fee based on the average value our gross assets as well as incentive fees based on our performance. FS Advisor has engaged GSO to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO assists FS Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and makes investment recommendations for approval by FS Advisor, according to guidelines set by FS Advisor. GSO, the credit platform of Blackstone, a leading global alternative asset manager and provider of financial advisory services, is one of the world's largest credit platforms in the alternative asset business with approximately $79.1 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2015.
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change. We consider Energy companies to be those companies that engage in the exploration, development, production, gathering, transportation, processing, storage, refining, distribution, mining, generation or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined products, coal or power, including those companies that provide equipment or services to companies engaged in any of the foregoing. We concentrate our investments on debt securities in Energy companies that we believe have, or are connected to, a strong infrastructure and/or underlying asset base so as to enhance collateral coverage and downside protection for our investments. We may also make select equity investments in certain Energy companies meeting our investment objectives of current income generation and long-term capital appreciation. Our primary areas of focus will be the upstream, midstream, power and service and equipment sub-sectors of the Energy industry; however, we broadly define our "Energy Investment Universe" as follows:
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Our investment objectives are to generate current income and long-term capital appreciation. We seek to meet our investment objectives by:
Our portfolio is comprised primarily of income-oriented securities, which refers to debt securities and income-oriented preferred and common equity interests, of privately-held Energy companies within the United States. We intend to weight our portfolio towards senior and subordinated debt. In addition to investments purchased from dealers or other investors in the secondary market, we expect to invest in primary market transactions and directly originated investments as this will provide us with the ability to tailor investments to best match a project's or company's needs with our investment objectives. Our portfolio may also be comprised of select income-oriented preferred or common equity interests, which refers to equity interests that pay consistent, high-yielding dividends, that we believe will produce both current income and long-term capital appreciation. These income-oriented preferred or common equity interests may include interests in MLPs. MLPs are entities that (i) are structured as limited partnerships or limited liability companies, (ii) are publicly traded, (iii) satisfy certain requirements to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and (iv) primarily own and operate midstream and upstream Energy companies. In connection with certain of our debt investments, we may on occasion receive equity interests such as warrants or options as additional consideration. In addition, a portion of our portfolio may be comprised of minority interests in the form of common or preferred equity or other equity-related securities, such as rights and warrants that may be converted into or exchanged for common stock or other equity or the cash value of common stock or other equity, in our target companies, as well as derivatives, including total return swaps and credit default swaps. We expect that the size of our individual investments will generally range between $5 million and $75 million each, although investments may vary proportionately as the size of our capital base changes and will ultimately be at the discretion of FS Advisor, subject to oversight by our board of trustees.
To seek to enhance our returns, we intend to employ leverage as market conditions permit and at the discretion of FS Advisor, but in no event will leverage employed exceed 50% of the value of our assets, as required by the 1940 Act. See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to Debt Financing" for a discussion of the risks inherent in employing leverage.
As a BDC, we are subject to certain regulatory restrictions in making our investments. For example, BDCs generally are not permitted to co-invest with certain affiliated entities in transactions originated by the BDC or its affiliates in the absence of an exemptive order from the SEC. However, BDCs are permitted to, and may, simultaneously co-invest in transactions where price is the only negotiated term. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief permitting us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. We believe this relief has and may continue to enhance
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our ability to further our investment objectives and strategy. We believe this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for us, in part, by allowing us to participate in larger investments, together with our co-investment affiliates, than would be available to us if such relief had not been obtained. Because we did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will continue to be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance (e.g., where price is the only negotiated term).
While a BDC may list its shares for trading in the public markets, we have currently elected not to do so. We believe that a non-traded structure is more appropriate during our offering stage due to the long-term nature of the assets in which we invest. This structure allows us to operate with a long-term view, similar to that of other types of private investment funds, instead of managing to quarterly market expectations. While our offering price, which exceeds our net asset value per share, is subject to adjustment in accordance with the 1940 Act and our share pricing policy, because our common shares will not be listed on a national securities exchange, our shareholders will not be subject to the daily share price volatility associated with the public markets. However, the net asset value of our common shares may be volatile.
To provide our shareholders with limited liquidity, we intend to conduct quarterly tender offers pursuant to our share repurchase program. We are not obligated to repurchase common shares and, if we do so, common shares will be repurchased at a discount of 10% from the offering price in effect at the time of repurchase. The first such tender offer commenced in August 2012. This will be the only method by which our shareholders may obtain liquidity prior to a liquidity event. See "Share Repurchase Program." Therefore, shareholders may not be able to sell their common shares promptly or at a desired price. If shareholders are able to sell their common shares, it is likely they will have to sell them at a significant discount to their purchase price.
We do not currently intend to list our common shares on an exchange and do not expect a public market to develop for them in the foreseeable future. We intend to seek to complete a liquidity event within five years following the completion of our offering stage; however, the offering period may extend for an indefinite period. Accordingly, shareholders should consider that they may not have access to the money they invest for an indefinite period of time until we complete a liquidity event. We will view our offering stage as complete as of the termination date of our most recent public equity offering if we have not conducted a public equity offering in any continuous two year period. In addition, shares of BDCs listed on a national securities exchange frequently trade at a discount to net asset value. If we determine to pursue a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange, shareholders, including those who purchase shares at the offering price, may experience a loss on their investment if they sell their shares at a time when our common shares are trading at a discount to net asset value. This risk is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value will decrease. See "Liquidity Strategy" for a discussion of what constitutes a liquidity event. There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete a liquidity event.
Status of Our Continuous Public Offering
Since commencing our continuous public offering and through April 26, 2016, we have sold 401,344,745 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for gross proceeds of approximately $4.00 billion. As of April 26, 2016, we have raised total gross proceeds of approximately $4.02 billion, including $200,000 of seed capital contributed by the principals of FS Advisor in December 2010 and approximately $20.0 million from common shares sold pursuant to a private placement to certain members of our board of trustees and other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor and GSO.
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The following table summarizes the sales of our common shares in our continuous public offering on a quarterly basis during 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 (through April 26, 2016). Dollar amounts are presented in thousands, except share and per share data:
|
Common Shares Sold(1)(2) |
Average Price per Share(2) |
Gross Proceeds |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiscal 2011 |
||||||||||
September 30 |
1,510,578 | $ | 9.63 | $ | 14,546 | |||||
December 31 |
3,968,746 | 9.78 | 38,826 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
5,479,324 | 9.74 | 53,372 | |||||||
Fiscal 2012 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
7,013,305 | 9.82 | 68,894 | |||||||
June 30 |
13,322,112 | 9.92 | 132,125 | |||||||
September 30 |
16,718,150 | 9.98 | 166,926 | |||||||
December 31 |
19,769,038 | 10.15 | 200,730 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
56,822,605 | 10.01 | 568,675 | |||||||
Fiscal 2013 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
22,943,873 | 10.33 | 236,934 | |||||||
June 30 |
25,261,745 | 10.55 | 266,422 | |||||||
September 30 |
30,627,141 | 10.55 | 323,162 | |||||||
December 31 |
30,514,687 | 10.60 | 323,475 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
109,347,446 | 10.52 | 1,149,993 | |||||||
Fiscal 2014 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
29,226,079 | 10.64 | 310,834 | |||||||
June 30 |
31,374,701 | 10.75 | 337,279 | |||||||
September 30 |
34,429,642 | 10.85 | 373,560 | |||||||
December 31 |
31,872,868 | 10.45 | 333,023 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
126,903,290 | 10.68 | 1,354,696 | |||||||
Fiscal 2015 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
21,680,966 | 9.48 | 205,597 | |||||||
June 30 |
17,366,625 | 9.41 | 163,442 | |||||||
September 30 |
21,262,540 | 9.09 | 193,314 | |||||||
December 31 |
17,339,664 | 7.91 | 137,229 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
77,649,795 | 9.01 | 699,582 | |||||||
Fiscal 2016 |
||||||||||
March 31 |
19,976,920 | 6.75 | 134,851 | |||||||
June 30 (through April 26, 2016) |
5,165,365 | 7.00 | 36,148 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
25,142,285 | 6.80 | 170,999 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
401,344,745 | $ | 9.96 | $ | 3,997,317 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
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is subject to adjustment depending, in part, on our net asset value. See "Plan of DistributionGeneral" for a summary of adjustments we have made to our per share public offering price and the closing date on which such adjustments were first effective.
Portfolio Update
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we made investments in portfolio companies totaling approximately $1.2 billion. During the same period, we sold investments for proceeds of approximately $590.7 million and received principal repayments of approximately $209.8 million. As of December 31, 2015, our investment portfolio, with a total fair value of approximately $3.07 billion (30% in first lien senior secured loans, 30% in second lien senior secured loans, 11% in senior secured bonds, 19% in subordinated debt and 10% in equity/other), consisted of interests in 90 portfolio companies. The portfolio companies that comprised our portfolio as of such date had an average annual EBITDA of approximately $244.8 million. As of December 31, 2015, the investments in our portfolio were purchased at a weighted average price of 98.4% of par value and our estimated gross annual portfolio yield, prior to leverage (which represents the expected yield to be generated by us on our investment portfolio based on the composition of our portfolio as of such date), was 9.3% based upon the amortized cost of our investments. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our total return was (15.87)%.
Based on our regular weekly cash distribution rate of $0.013625 per share as of December 31, 2015 and our public offering price of $7.50 per share as of such date, the annualized distribution rate to shareholders as of December 31, 2015 was 9.45%. The distribution rate to shareholders may include income, realized capital gains and a return of investors' capital.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, we made investments in portfolio companies totaling approximately $2.4 billion. During the same period, we sold investments for proceeds of approximately $462.2 million and received principal repayments of approximately $582.1 million. As of December 31, 2014, our investment portfolio, with a total fair value of approximately $3.4 billion (25% in first lien senior secured loans, 29% in second lien senior secured loans, 9% in senior secured bonds, 28% in subordinated debt and 9% in equity/other), consisted of interests in 125 portfolio companies. The portfolio companies that comprised our portfolio as of such date had an average annual EBITDA of approximately $233.3 million. As of December 31, 2014, the investments in our portfolio were purchased at a weighted average price of 99.1% of par value and our estimated gross annual portfolio yield, prior to leverage, was 8.8% based upon the amortized cost of our investments. Our gross annual portfolio yield, prior to leverage, represents the expected yield to be generated by us on our investment portfolio based on the composition of our portfolio as of December 31, 2014. For the year ended December 31, 2014, our total return was (4.14)%.
Based on our regular weekly cash distribution rate of $0.013625 per share as of December 31, 2014 and our public offering price of $9.80 per share as of such date, the annualized distribution rate to shareholders as of December 31, 2014 was 7.23%. The distribution rate to shareholders may include income, realized capital gains and a return of investors' capital.
Our estimated gross annual portfolio yield may be higher than a shareholder's yield on an investment in our common shares. Our estimated gross annual portfolio yield does not reflect operating expenses that may be incurred by us. In addition, our estimated gross annual portfolio yield and total return figures disclosed above do not consider the effect of any sales commissions or charges that may be incurred in connection with the sale of our common shares. Our total return, estimated gross annual portfolio yield and annualized distribution rate to shareholders do not represent actual investment returns to shareholders, are subject to change and, in the future, may be greater or less than the rates set forth above. See the section entitled "Risk Factors" for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and
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assumptions associated with these statements. See footnote 5 to the table included in "Selected Financial Data" for information regarding the calculation of our total return.
The following is our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015:
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) (in thousands) |
Amortized Cost(d) (in thousands) |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien27.1% |
||||||||||||||||||
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC |
(g)(i)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+700 | 1.0 | % | 11/20/20 | $ | 60,938 | $ | 57,911 | ||||||||
Allied Wireline Services, LLC |
(g)(i)(j)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+400, 5.5% PIK (5.5% Max PIK) |
1.5 | % | 2/28/19 | 103,061 | 101,930 | ||||||||||
Alon USA Partners, L.P. |
(g)(i)(l) | Downstream | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 11/26/18 | 7,158 | 7,342 | ||||||||||
Altus Power America, Inc. |
(j) | Power | L+750 | 1.5 | % | 10/10/21 | 46,555 | 46,555 | ||||||||||
Altus Power America, Inc. |
(e) | Power | L+750 | 1.5 | % | 10/10/21 | 37,820 | 37,820 | ||||||||||
AP Exhaust Acquisition, LLC |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.5 | % | 1/16/21 | 15,811 | 15,811 | ||||||||||
BBH Operating LLC |
Upstream | Prime+500 PIK (8.25% Max PIK) | 3.3 | % | 2/26/16 | 24,441 | 24,441 | |||||||||||
BBH Operating LLC |
(e) | Upstream | Prime+500 PIK (8.25% Max PIK) | 3.3 | % | 2/26/16 | 5,559 | 5,559 | ||||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P. |
Upstream | Prime+650 | 3.5 | % | 12/17/17 | 36,626 | 31,807 | |||||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P. |
(e) | Upstream | Prime+650 | 3.5 | % | 12/17/17 | 19,367 | 16,819 | ||||||||||
Cactus Wellhead, LLC |
(g)(i)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+600 | 1.0 | % | 7/31/20 | 51,844 | 51,012 | ||||||||||
Cimarron Energy Inc. |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+775, 0.0% PIK (3.75% Max PIK) |
1.0 | % | 12/15/19 | 24,250 | 24,250 | ||||||||||
Crestwood Holdings LLC |
(f)(g)(j) | Midstream | L+600 | 1.0 | % | 6/19/19 | 30,565 | 30,689 | ||||||||||
EnergySolutions, LLC |
(i)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+575 | 1.0 | % | 5/29/20 | 20,462 | 20,150 | ||||||||||
EP Acquisition LLC |
(q)(y) | Upstream | Prime+500 PIK (8.25% Max PIK) | 3.3 | % | 2/26/16 | 525 | 525 | ||||||||||
Industrial Group Intermediate Holdings, LLC |
(i) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 5/31/20 | 14,951 | 14,951 | ||||||||||
MB Precision Holdings LLC |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+725 | 1.3 | % | 1/23/20 | 12,855 | 12,855 | ||||||||||
Moxie Liberty LLC |
(g)(j) | Power | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 8/21/20 | 32,432 | 32,540 | ||||||||||
Panda Sherman Power, LLC |
(g)(j) | Power | L+750 | 1.5 | % | 9/14/18 | 22,643 | 22,937 | ||||||||||
Panda Temple Power, LLC |
(j) | Power | L+625 | 1.0 | % | 3/6/22 | 9,925 | 9,747 | ||||||||||
Panda Temple Power II, LLC |
(g)(j) | Power | L+600 | 1.3 | % | 4/3/19 | 27,809 | 28,132 | ||||||||||
ProPetro Services, Inc. |
(i) | Service & Equipment | L+625 | 1.0 | % | 9/30/19 | 11,612 | 11,599 | ||||||||||
Stallion Oilfield Holdings, Inc. |
(g)(i)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+675 | 1.3 | % | 6/19/18 | 45,025 | 45,045 | ||||||||||
Stonewall Gas Gathering LLC |
(j) | Midstream | L+775 | 1.0 | % | 1/28/22 | 26,794 | 25,803 | ||||||||||
Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC |
(j)(z) | Power | 12.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 11/14/21 | 250,138 | 245,363 | ||||||||||||
Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC |
(e)(z) | Power | 12.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 11/14/21 | 7,167 | 7,167 | ||||||||||||
Swift Worldwide Resources US Holdings Corp. |
(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 4/30/19 | 59,057 | 59,057 | ||||||||||
UTEX Industries, Inc. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | L+400 | 1.0 | % | 5/21/21 | 4,485 | 3,443 | ||||||||||
Warren Resources, Inc. |
(k) | Upstream | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 5/22/20 | 131,175 | 131,175 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
1,122,435 | |||||||||||||||||
Unfunded Loan Commitments |
(67,365 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
1,055,070 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien31.2% |
||||||||||||||||||
Alison US LLC |
(f)(j)(l) | Service & Equipment | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 8/29/22 | 17,222 | 16,641 | ||||||||||
American EnergyMarcellus, LLC |
Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 8/4/21 | 10,000 | 9,874 | |||||||||||
Ameriforge Group Inc. |
(f)(g) | Service & Equipment | L+750 | 1.3 | % | 12/21/20 | 35,950 | 36,433 | ||||||||||
AP Exhaust Acquisition, LLC |
Service & Equipment | 12.0%, 0.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 9/28/21 | 3,243 | 3,243 | |||||||||||||
Arena Energy, LP |
(i)(k) | Upstream | L+1000 | 1.0 | % | 1/24/21 | 65,000 | 65,000 | ||||||||||
Ascent ResourcesUtica, LLC |
(g)(j)(k) | Upstream | L+950, 2.0% PIK (2.0% Max PIK) | 1.5 | % | 9/30/18 | 280,735 | 279,572 | ||||||||||
Atlas Resource Partners, L.P. |
(i)(k) | Upstream | L+900 | 1.0 | % | 2/23/20 | 100,000 | 97,489 | ||||||||||
BlackBrush Oil & Gas, L.P. |
(f)(i) | Upstream | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 7/30/21 | 31,519 | 30,708 | ||||||||||
Brock Holdings III, Inc. |
(f)(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+825 | 1.8 | % | 3/16/18 | 29,605 | 29,766 | ||||||||||
Chief Exploration & Development LLC |
(f)(i) | Upstream | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 5/16/21 | 19,576 | 19,504 | ||||||||||
Consolidated Precision Products Corp. |
(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.0 | % | 4/30/21 | 11,574 | 11,529 |
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Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) (in thousands) |
Amortized Cost(d) (in thousands) |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emerald Performance Materials, LLC |
(j) | Downstream | L+675 | 1.0 | % | 8/1/22 | 5,319 | 5,296 | ||||||||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | 11.0% | 5/29/19 | 74,186 | 74,186 | ||||||||||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | 10.0% | 5/29/19 | 32,462 | 32,462 | ||||||||||||
Fieldwood Energy LLC |
(f)(i) | Upstream | L+713 | 1.3 | % | 9/30/20 | 41,047 | 41,951 | ||||||||||
Granite Intermediate Holdings, Inc. |
(f) | Power | L+725 | 1.0 | % | 10/15/22 | $ | 13,150 | $ | 13,047 | ||||||||
Gruden Acquisition, Inc. |
(j) | Service & Equipment | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 8/18/23 | 15,000 | 14,281 | ||||||||||
Horn Intermediate Holdings, Inc. |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.3 | % | 10/2/18 | 50,250 | 50,250 | ||||||||||
Jonah Energy LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 5/12/21 | 25,133 | 24,821 | ||||||||||
MD America Energy, LLC |
(f)(g)(j) | Upstream | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 8/4/19 | 41,612 | 40,121 | ||||||||||
Neff Rental LLC |
(j) | Service & Equipment | L+625 | 1.0 | % | 6/9/21 | 15,145 | 15,182 | ||||||||||
Oxbow Carbon LLC |
(g) | Midstream | L+700 | 1.0 | % | 1/19/20 | 15,000 | 14,904 | ||||||||||
P2 Upstream Acquisition Co. |
(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.0 | % | 4/30/21 | 32,599 | 32,862 | ||||||||||
Templar Energy LLC |
(f)(g)(i) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 11/25/20 | 89,923 | 88,451 | ||||||||||
Total Safety U.S., Inc. |
(f)(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 9/13/20 | 14,795 | 14,978 | ||||||||||
UTEX Industries, Inc. |
(f)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+725 | 1.0 | % | 5/20/22 | 36,192 | 36,232 | ||||||||||
Vantage Energy, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 12/20/18 | 30,078 | 29,933 | ||||||||||
Vantage Energy II, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 5/8/17 | 85,000 | 85,000 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien |
1,213,716 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Senior Secured Bonds11.4% |
||||||||||||||||||
American EnergyWoodford, LLC |
(h)(q)(y) | Upstream | 12.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 12/30/20 | 7,806 | 5,662 | ||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC |
(j)(k)(o) | Upstream | 8.0% | 12/31/20 | 290,813 | 282,012 | ||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC |
(e)(o) | Upstream | 8.0% | 12/31/20 | 18,563 | 18,470 | ||||||||||||
Gastar Exploration USA, Inc. |
(h) | Upstream | 8.6% | 5/15/18 | 5,690 | 5,393 | ||||||||||||
Light Tower Rentals, Inc. |
(h)(n) | Service & Equipment | 8.1% | 8/1/19 | 17,500 | 17,313 | ||||||||||||
Lightstream Resources Ltd. |
(k)(l) | Upstream | 9.9% | 6/15/19 | 62,400 | 62,400 | ||||||||||||
Mirant Mid-Atlantic Trust |
(f)(h)(n) | Power | 10.1% | 12/30/28 | 23,344 | 26,097 | ||||||||||||
SandRidge Energy, Inc. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 8.8% | 6/1/20 | 46,700 | 46,598 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Senior Secured Bonds |
463,945 | |||||||||||||||||
Unfunded Bond Commitment |
(18,470 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Senior Secured Bonds |
445,475 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Subordinated Debt22.1% |
||||||||||||||||||
Alta Mesa Holdings, LP |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 9.6% | 10/15/18 | 18,451 | 18,376 | ||||||||||||
Archrock Partners, L.P. |
(h)(l) | Midstream | 6.0% | 4/1/21 | 3,055 | 2,625 | ||||||||||||
Archrock Partners, L.P. |
(h)(l) | Midstream | 6.0% | 10/1/22 | 10,533 | 8,858 | ||||||||||||
Atlas Energy Holdings Operating Co., LLC |
(h) | Upstream | 7.8% | 1/15/21 | 28,285 | 25,869 | ||||||||||||
Atlas Energy Holdings Operating Co., LLC |
(h) | Upstream | 9.3% | 8/15/21 | 24,460 | 23,574 | ||||||||||||
Bellatrix Exploration Ltd. |
(f)(h)(l) | Upstream | 8.5% | 5/15/20 | 45,590 | 44,731 | ||||||||||||
Brand Energy & Infrastructure Services, Inc. |
(f)(h) | Service & Equipment | 8.5% | 12/1/21 | 27,500 | 27,261 | ||||||||||||
Calpine Corp. |
(f)(l) | Power | 5.8% | 1/15/25 | 5,100 | 5,093 | ||||||||||||
Canbriam Energy Inc. |
(h)(j)(l) | Upstream | 9.8% | 11/15/19 | 115,200 | 111,556 | ||||||||||||
Chaparral Energy Inc. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 7.6% | 11/15/22 | 15,225 | 16,150 | ||||||||||||
Compressco Partners, LP |
(f)(h)(l) | Service & Equipment | 7.3% | 8/15/22 | 20,050 | 19,889 | ||||||||||||
Crestwood Equity Partners L.P. |
(f)(l) | Midstream | 6.1% | 3/1/22 | 5,500 | 5,500 | ||||||||||||
Dynegy Finance I/II Inc. |
(f)(l) | Power | 7.6% | 11/1/24 | 17,080 | 16,654 | ||||||||||||
Eclipse Resources Corp. |
(h)(l) | Upstream | 8.9% | 7/15/23 | 27,500 | 26,949 | ||||||||||||
EV Energy Partners, L.P. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 8.0% | 4/15/19 | 25,560 | 21,221 | ||||||||||||
Everest Acquisition LLC |
(f)(l) | Upstream | 9.4% | 5/1/20 | 14,250 | 14,250 | ||||||||||||
Genesis Energy, L.P. |
(f)(l) | Midstream | 6.8% | 8/1/22 | 12,100 | 11,688 | ||||||||||||
GenOn Energy, Inc. |
(f)(h)(n) | Power | 9.9% | 10/15/20 | 42,698 | 44,669 | ||||||||||||
GenOn Energy, Inc. |
(h) | Power | 7.9% | 6/15/17 | 5,000 | 4,795 | ||||||||||||
Global Jet Capital Inc. |
Service & Equipment | 15.0% PIK (15.0% Max PIK) | 1/30/25 | 635 | 635 | |||||||||||||
Global Jet Capital Inc. |
Service & Equipment | 15.0% PIK (15.0% Max PIK) | 4/30/25 | 4,030 | 4,030 | |||||||||||||
Global Jet Capital Inc. |
Service & Equipment | 15.0% PIK (15.0% Max PIK) | 9/3/25 | 828 | 828 | |||||||||||||
Global Jet Capital Inc. |
Service & Equipment | 15.0% PIK (15.0% Max PIK) | 9/29/25 | 779 | 779 | |||||||||||||
Global Partners L.P. |
(f)(h)(l)(n) | Midstream | 6.3% | 7/15/22 | 68,350 | 68,350 | ||||||||||||
Jones Energy, Inc. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 6.8% | 4/1/22 | 8,000 | 8,000 | ||||||||||||
Jupiter Resources Inc. |
(h)(l) | Upstream | 8.5% | 10/1/22 | 71,125 | 67,291 | ||||||||||||
Kenan Advantage Group, Inc. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 7.9% | 7/31/23 | 11,970 | 11,970 | ||||||||||||
Legacy Reserves LP |
(h) | Upstream | 8.0% | 12/1/20 | 16,750 | 16,499 |
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Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) (in thousands) |
Amortized Cost(d) (in thousands) |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Legacy Reserves LP |
(h) | Upstream | 6.6% | 12/1/21 | 14,000 | 13,847 | ||||||||||||
Lonestar Resources America Inc. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 8.8% | 4/15/19 | 21,500 | 21,591 | ||||||||||||
Martin Midstream Partners L.P. |
(f)(l) | Midstream | 7.3% | 2/15/21 | 15,658 | 16,144 | ||||||||||||
Memorial Production Partners L.P. |
(h) | Upstream | 6.9% | 8/1/22 | 12,250 | 12,059 | ||||||||||||
ONEOK, Inc. |
(f)(h)(l)(n) | Midstream | 7.5% | 9/1/23 | $ | 28,000 | $ | 26,771 | ||||||||||
Seven Generations Energy Ltd. |
(f)(l) | Upstream | 6.8% | 5/1/23 | 6,150 | 5,612 | ||||||||||||
Talos Production LLC |
(f)(h)(n) | Upstream | 9.8% | 2/15/18 | 43,250 | 43,258 | ||||||||||||
Tenrgys, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | L+900 | 2.5 | % | 12/23/18 | 75,000 | 75,000 | ||||||||||
Whiting Petroleum Corp. |
(f)(l) | Upstream | 5.0% | 3/15/19 | 4,685 | 4,124 | ||||||||||||
Zachry Holdings, Inc. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 7.5% | 2/1/20 | 14,300 | 14,376 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Subordinated Debt |
860,872 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Number of Shares |
Amortized Cost(d) (in thousands) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equity/Other8.2%(m) |
|||||||||||
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC, Common Equity |
(q) | Service & Equipment | 6,944,444 | $ | 6,944 | ||||||
Allied Downhole Technologies, LLC, Common Equity |
(k)(p)(q) | Service & Equipment | 6,600,000 | 6,600 | |||||||
Allied Downhole Technologies, LLC, Warrants, 2/28/2019 |
(k)(p)(q) | Service & Equipment | 5,344,680 | 1,865 | |||||||
Altus Power America Holdings, LLC, Preferred Equity |
Power | 15,518,478 | 15,464 | ||||||||
Altus Power America Management, LLC, Class B Units |
(q)(r) | Power | 2,250 | | |||||||
AP Exhaust Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(k)(p)(q) | Service & Equipment | 811 | 811 | |||||||
Ascent Resources Utica Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(s) | Upstream | 15,657,194 | 14,900 | |||||||
BBH Operating LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(t) | Upstream | 1,000 | 1,000 | |||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., Net Profits Interest |
(q)(u) | Upstream | N/A | 4,677 | |||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., Overriding Royalty Interest |
(u) | Upstream | N/A | 668 | |||||||
Cimarron Energy Holdco Inc., Common Equity |
(q) | Service & Equipment | 2,500,000 | 2,500 | |||||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(k)(p)(q) | Upstream | 4,191,800 | 11,250 | |||||||
Fortune Creek Co-Invest I L.P., LP Interest |
(l)(q)(v)(y) | Midstream | N/A | 16,697 | |||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class C Units |
(k)(o)(p)(q) | Upstream | 66,000 | 66,000 | |||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class D Units |
(k)(o)(p)(q) | Upstream | 12,374 | 8,176 | |||||||
Global Jet Capital Holdings, LP, Preferred Equity |
(q) | Service & Equipment | 2,448,883 | 2,449 | |||||||
Industrial Group Intermediate Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(k)(p)(q) | Service & Equipment | 371,901 | 372 | |||||||
MB Precision Investment Holdings LLC, Class A-2 Units |
(q) | Service & Equipment | 490,213 | 490 | |||||||
Plains Offshore Operations Inc., Preferred Equity |
(f) | Upstream | 21,067 | 26,321 | |||||||
Plains Offshore Operations Inc., Warrants, 11/18/2019 |
(f)(q) | Upstream | 427,005 | 689 | |||||||
Summit Midstream Partners, LLC, Preferred Equity |
Midstream | 39,163 | 39,163 | ||||||||
Sunnova Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(z) | Power | 1,074,951 | 25,026 | |||||||
Swift Worldwide Resources Holdco Limited, Common Equity |
(l)(q)(w) | Service & Equipment | 3,750,000 | 6,029 | |||||||
Synergy Offshore LLC, Preferred Equity |
(k)(x) | Upstream | 50,000 | 61,183 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Equity/Other |
319,274 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
TOTAL INVESTMENTS100.0% |
$ | 3,894,407 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
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terms and conditions governing the prime brokerage facility with BNP. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsFinancial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources."
Portfolio Company | Purchases | Sales and Repayments |
Interest Income |
Fee Income |
Net Realized Gain (Loss) |
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured Bonds |
|||||||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC |
$ | 67,722 | | $ | 21,503 | $ | 681 | | $ | (32,843 | ) | ||||||||
Equity/Other |
|||||||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class C Units |
| | | | | $ | (37,950 | ) | |||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class D Units |
| | | | | $ | (7,177 | ) |
Portfolio Company | Purchases | Sales and Repayments |
Interest Income |
Fee Income |
Net Realized Gain (Loss) |
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
|||||||||||||||||||
Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC |
$ | 187,636 | | $ | 19,950 | $ | 2,162 | | $ | (1,014 | ) | ||||||||
Equity/Other |
|||||||||||||||||||
Sunnova Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
$ | 25,026 | | | $ | 6,523 | | $ | 4,535 |
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Capital Contributions by FS Advisor and GSO
In December 2010, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the principals of FS Advisor, contributed an aggregate of $200,000 to purchase 22,444 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share, which represents the initial public offering price (as adjusted for share distributions), net of selling commissions and dealer manager fees. Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains our investment adviser.
In April 2011, pursuant to a private placement, Messrs. Forman and Adelman purchased, through affiliated entities controlled by each of them, 224,444 additional common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains our investment adviser. In connection with the same private placement, certain members of our board of trustees and other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor agreed to purchase 1,459,320 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), and certain individuals and entities affiliated with GSO agreed to purchase 561,111 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), in each case at a price of $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). In connection with the private placement, we issued an aggregate of 2,244,875 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate proceeds of approximately $20.0 million, upon satisfying the minimum offering requirement on July 18, 2011. As of April 26, 2016, we have issued an aggregate of 5,417,794 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $45.9 million to members of our board of trustees and individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor and GSO, including common shares sold in the private placement conducted in April 2011.
Distributions
We declared our first distribution on July 21, 2011. Subject to our board of trustees' discretion and applicable legal restrictions, we intend to authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on a weekly basis and pay such distributions on a monthly basis. We will calculate each shareholder's specific distribution amount for the period using record and declaration dates and each shareholder's distributions will begin to accrue on the date we accept such shareholder's subscription for our common shares. From time to time, we may also pay special interim distributions in the form of cash or common shares at the discretion of our board of trustees. For example, our board of trustees may periodically declare share distributions in order to reduce our net asset value per share if necessary to ensure that we do not sell common shares at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share. The timing and amount of any future distributions to shareholders are subject to applicable legal restrictions and the sole discretion of our board of trustees.
We may fund our cash distributions to shareholders from any sources of funds legally available to us, including offering proceeds, borrowings, net investment income from operations, capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, non-capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, dividends or other distributions paid to us on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies and expense reimbursements from Franklin Square Holdings. We have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions.
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse us for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders will be paid from our offering proceeds or borrowings. For a period of time following commencement of our continuous public offering, substantial portions of our distributions were funded through the reimbursement of certain expenses by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates, including through the waiver of certain investment advisory fees by FS Advisor, that were subject to repayment
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by us within three years. Any such distributions funded through expense reimbursements or waivers of advisory fees were not based on our investment performance.
No portion of the distributions paid during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was funded through the reimbursement of operating expenses by Franklin Square Holdings. However, our repayment of amounts previously reimbursed or waived by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates reduced the distributions that shareholders may otherwise have received during the year ended December 31, 2013. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we did not repay any amounts to Franklin Square Holdings for expenses previously reimbursed or waived. There can be no assurance that we will continue to achieve the performance necessary to sustain our distributions or that we will be able to pay distributions at a specific rate or at all. Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates have no obligation to waive advisory fees or otherwise reimburse expenses in future periods.
During certain periods, our distributions may exceed our earnings, especially during the period before we have substantially invested the proceeds from our continuous public offering of common shares. As a result, it is possible that a portion of the distributions we make will represent a return of capital. A return of capital generally is a return of your investment rather than a return of earnings or gains derived from our investment activities and will be made after deducting the fees and expenses payable in connection with our continuous public offering, including any fees payable to FS Advisor. Moreover, a return of capital will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder's cost basis in our common shares, and will result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when the common shares on which such return of capital was received are sold. Each year a statement on Form 1099-DIV identifying the sources of our distributions (i.e., paid from ordinary income, paid from net capital gains on the sale of securities, and/or a return of capital) will be mailed to our shareholders. No portion of the distributions paid during the year ended December 31, 2015 represented a return of capital. See "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations."
We intend to make our ordinary distributions in the form of cash, out of assets legally available for distribution, unless shareholders elect to receive their distributions in additional common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan. Although distributions paid in the form of additional common shares will generally be subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes in the same manner as cash distributions, shareholders who elect to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan will not receive any corresponding cash distributions with which to pay any such applicable taxes. Shareholders receiving distributions in the form of additional common shares will generally be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of the fair market value of our common shares.
For additional information regarding distributions, including details of the cash distributions declared and paid from 2013 to 2015, see "Distributions."
About FS Advisor
FS Advisor is a subsidiary of our affiliate, Franklin Square Holdings, a national sponsor of alternative investment funds designed for the individual investor. FS Advisor is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC under the Advisers Act and is led by substantially the same personnel that form the investment and operations team of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC. FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC are registered investment advisers that manage Franklin Square Holdings' four other affiliated BDCs, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV, respectively. FS Global Advisor, LLC is a registered investment adviser that manages Franklin Square Holdings' affiliated closed-end management investment company, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to FS Advisor, GSO and Their Respective Affiliates" and "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions."
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In addition to managing our investments, the managers, officers and other personnel of FS Advisor also currently manage the following entities through affiliated investment advisers:
Name | Entity | Investment Focus | Gross Assets(1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FS Investment Corporation |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 4,149,663 | ||||
FS Investment Corporation II |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 4,809,872 | ||||
FS Investment Corporation III |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 3,058,486 | ||||
FS Investment Corporation IV(2) |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 200 | ||||
FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund(3) |
Closed-end management investment company | Primarily invests in secured and unsecured floating and fixed rate loans, bonds and other types of credit instruments. | $ | 1,303,793 |
Our chairman, president and chief executive officer, Michael C. Forman, has led FS Advisor since its inception. In 2007, he co-founded Franklin Square Holdings with the goal of delivering alternative investment solutions, advised by what Franklin Square Holdings believes to be best-in-class institutional asset managers, to individual investors nationwide. In addition to leading FS Advisor, Mr. Forman currently serves as chairman, president and chief executive officer of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund and the FSGCOF Offered Funds. Mr. Forman also currently serves as chairman and chief executive officer of FS Investment Corporation.
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FS Advisor's senior management team has significant experience in private lending and private equity investing, and has developed an expertise in using all levels of a firm's capital structure to produce income-generating investments, while focusing on risk management. The team also has extensive knowledge of the managerial, operational and regulatory requirements of publicly registered alternative asset entities, such as BDCs. See "Investment Objectives and StrategyAbout FS Advisor." We believe that the active and ongoing participation by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates in the credit markets, and the depth of experience and disciplined investment approach of FS Advisor's management team, will allow FS Advisor to successfully execute our investment strategy. See "Management" for biographical information regarding FS Advisor's senior management team.
All investment decisions require the unanimous approval of FS Advisor's investment committee, which is currently comprised of Messrs. Forman, Stahlecker, Klehr and Coleman. Our board of trustees, including a majority of independent trustees, oversees and monitors our investment performance and annually reviews the investment advisory and administrative services agreement and the investment sub-advisory agreement to determine, among other things, whether the fees payable under such agreements are reasonable in light of the services provided. See "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement" for more information, including information regarding the termination provisions of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement.
About GSO
From time to time, FS Advisor may enter into sub-advisory relationships with registered investment advisers that possess skills or attributes that FS Advisor believes will aid it in achieving our investment objectives. FS Advisor has engaged GSO to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO assists FS Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and makes investment recommendations for consideration and approval by FS Advisor, according to guidelines set by FS Advisor. GSO also serves as the investment sub-adviser to FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. In addition, GSO's wholly-owned subsidiary, GDFM, serves as the investment sub-adviser to FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, and FS Investment Corporation IV. GSO is a Delaware limited partnership with principal offices located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10154.
GSO is the credit platform of Blackstone, a leading global alternative asset manager. As of December 31, 2015, GSO and its affiliates, excluding Blackstone, managed approximately $79.1 billion of assets across multiple strategies and investment types within the leveraged finance marketplace, including leveraged loans, high-yield bonds, distressed, mezzanine and private equity. GSO has extensive experience investing in Energy companies. From 2005 through 2015, funds managed by GSO have invested over $16 billion in Energy companies. As investment sub-adviser, GSO utilizes its experience in Energy investing and makes recommendations to FS Advisor in a manner that is consistent with its existing investment and monitoring processes. See "Investment Objectives and StrategyAbout GSO."
Blackstone is a leading global alternative asset manager and provider of financial advisory services. It is one of the largest independent managers of private capital in the world, with assets under management of approximately $336.4 billion as of December 31, 2015. Blackstone's alternative asset management businesses include the management of private equity funds, real estate funds, funds of hedge funds, credit-oriented funds, collateralized loan obligation vehicles, separately managed accounts and publicly traded closed-end mutual funds. Blackstone is a publicly-traded limited partnership that has common units which trade on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "BX." Information about Blackstone and its various affiliates, including certain ownership, governance and financial information, is disclosed in Blackstone's periodic filings with the SEC, which can be obtained from Blackstone's website at http://ir.blackstone.com or the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Information contained on Blackstone's website and in Blackstone's filings with the SEC is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus and shareholders should not consider that information to be part of this prospectus.
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About Franklin Square Holdings
Franklin Square Holdings is a leading manager of alternative investment funds designed to enhance investors' portfolios by providing access to asset classes, strategies and asset managers that typically have been available to only the largest institutional investors. The firm's funds offer "endowment-style" investment strategies that help construct diversified portfolios and manage risk. Franklin Square Holdings strives not only to maximize investment returns but also to set the industry standard for best practices by focusing on transparency, investor protection and education for investment professionals and their clients.
Franklin Square Holdings was founded in Philadelphia in 2007 and seeks to establish itself as a leader in the alternative investment industry by introducing innovative credit-based income funds. Franklin Square Holdings sponsors five other funds in addition to us, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. As of December 31, 2015, Franklin Square Holdings had approximately $17 billion in total assets under management.
Market Opportunity
We expect that there are and will continue to be significant investment opportunities in income-oriented securities of privately held Energy companies within the United States that will provide attractive risk-adjusted returns.
Recent volatility in the price of oil combined with reduced secondary market liquidity has resulted in lower prices and higher yields for broadly syndicated energy debt investments. From August 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015, the average yield to a 3-year maturity of broadly syndicated energy loans increased from 6.08% to 21.0%, the highest rate since 2009, as measured by the energy component of the Credit Suisse Leveraged Loan Index, and the average yield to worst of high yield energy bonds increased from 5.6% to 16.0%, the highest since 2008, as measured by the energy component of the Credit Suisse High Yield Index. We believe that the debt securities of many of these energy companies are undervalued relative to our fundamental analysis and that the broad decline in energy credit prices has not taken into account company-by-company differences in hedging programs, cost structures and liquidity profiles. In addition, certain companies have the ability to reduce costs through technological advances and many have options available to them to enhance liquidity in the event commodity prices remain depressed for a prolonged period of time. It is our view that by focusing our investments in the senior secured debt of companies with positive free cash flows, low cost structures, strong balance sheets and high-quality reserves, we can generate attractive risk-adjusted returns over the long-term, while protecting our downside in most commodity price environments. Senior secured debt investments in upstream energy companies can provide downside protection through their hard assets (e.g., natural resources), which generally serve as collateral that may be recovered or leveraged by secured creditors. These investments can be secured by the issuer's assets (e.g., reserves) which comprise the majority of enterprise value in upstream companies, and may be seized by senior secured creditors in the event of a default, if necessary.
We also believe that the recent commodity price volatility has and should continue to disrupt the flow of credit from banks and the capital markets to energy companies, and that this disruption will create opportunities for us to increase our directly originated deal flow. In particular, we expect that private energy companies, which represent approximately 98% of all U.S. energy companies, will experience the most significant reduction in credit availability from traditional sources. At the same time, we see multiple factors which will necessitate additional and continued capital infusion for energy companies across all sub-sectors. Upstream companies face anticipated production declines of previously discovered oil and natural gas reserves, which we believe will require large annual capital inflows to locate and develop new reserves to replace lost production. Midstream assets throughout the
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United States are aging and are not ideally located to new areas of development, requiring that additional infrastructure be built to ensure this new supply reaches market. Further, we believe these investment opportunities could increase due to potential environmental regulations that are expected to impact fossil-fuel power generation, particularly coal generation, which itself comprises more than a third of the current U.S. power market. We expect such market dynamics across these sub-sectors will present a growing investment opportunity for us over the long-term. Additionally, we believe that regulatory factors may further diminish the role of traditional financial institutions in providing financing to energy companies.
We believe that this large and varied asset class maintains the following attractive and distinct investment characteristics:
Characteristics of and Risks Related to Investments in Private Companies
We invest primarily in income-oriented securities of privately-held Energy companies within the United States. Investments in private companies pose significantly greater risks than investments in public companies. First, private companies have reduced access to the capital markets, resulting in diminished capital resources and ability to withstand financial distress. As a result, these companies, which may present greater credit risk than public companies, may be unable to meet the obligations under their debt and equity securities that we hold. Second, the investments themselves may often be illiquid. The securities of many of the companies in which we invest are not publicly traded or actively traded on the secondary market and are, instead, traded on a privately negotiated over-the-counter
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secondary market for institutional investors. In addition, our directly originated investments generally will not be traded on any secondary market and a trading market may not develop for such investments may not develop. These securities may also be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale. As such, we may have difficulty exiting an investment promptly or at a desired price prior to maturity or outside of a normal amortization schedule. These investments may also be difficult to value because little public information generally exists about private companies, requiring an experienced due diligence team to analyze and value the potential portfolio company. Finally, these companies may not have third-party debt ratings or audited financial statements. We must therefore rely on the ability of FS Advisor and/or GSO to obtain adequate information through their due diligence efforts to evaluate the creditworthiness of, and risks involved in investing in, these companies, and to determine the optimal time to exit an investment. These companies and their financial information will also generally not be subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other rules and regulations that govern public companies that are designed to protect investors. See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our InvestmentsAn investment strategy focused primarily on privately-held companies presents certain challenges, including the lack of available information about these companies."
Investment Strategy
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change. In accordance with the best interests of our shareholders, FS Advisor monitors our targeted investment mix as economic conditions evolve.
When identifying prospective portfolio companies, we focus primarily on the attributes set forth below, which we believe help us generate higher total returns with an acceptable level of risk. While these criteria provide general guidelines for our investment decisions, we caution investors that, if we believe the benefits of investing are sufficiently strong, not all of these criteria necessarily will be met by each prospective portfolio company in which we choose to invest. These attributes are:
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In addition, in an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief that, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, expanded our ability to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates, which we believe has and may continue to enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategy.
Potential Competitive Strengths
We believe that we offer investors the following potential competitive strengths:
Global Platform with Seasoned Investment Professionals.
We believe that the breadth and depth of the experience of FS Advisor's senior management team, together with the wider resources of GSO's investment team, which is dedicated to sourcing, structuring, executing, monitoring and harvesting a broad range of private investments, provides us with a significant competitive advantage in sourcing and analyzing what we believe to be attractive investment opportunities worldwide.
Long-Term Investment Horizon.
Our long-term investment horizon gives us great flexibility, which we believe allows us to maximize returns on our investments. Unlike most private equity and venture capital funds, we are not required to return capital to our shareholders once we exit a portfolio investment. Such funds typically can only be invested once and must be returned to investors after a specific time period. These provisions often force private equity and venture capital funds to seek liquidity events, including initial public offerings, mergers or recapitalizations, more quickly than they otherwise might, potentially resulting in a lower return to investors. We believe that freedom from such capital return requirements, which allows us to invest using a longer-term focus, provides us with the opportunity to increase total returns on invested capital, compared to other private company investment vehicles.
GSO Transaction Sourcing Capability.
FS Advisor seeks to leverage GSO's significant access to transaction flow. GSO seeks to generate investment opportunities through syndicate and club deals (generally, investments made by a small group of investment firms), through its trading platform, relationships with investment banks, which may be exclusive to GSO, and, subject to regulatory constraints as discussed under "Regulation" and the allocation policies of GSO and its affiliates, as applicable, also through GSO's direct origination channels. These include significant contacts to participants in the credit and leveraged finance marketplace, which it can draw upon in sourcing investment opportunities for us. With respect to syndicate and club deals, GSO has built a network of relationships with commercial and investment banks, finance companies and other investment funds as a result of the long track record of its investment professionals in the leveraged finance marketplace. With respect to GSO's origination
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channel, FS Advisor seeks to leverage the global presence of GSO and its long-standing personal contacts within the Energy industry to generate access to a substantial amount of directly originated transactions with attractive investment characteristics. We believe that the broad network of GSO provides a significant pipeline of investment opportunities for us. GSO also has a significant trading platform, which, we believe, allows us access to the secondary market for investment opportunities.
Disciplined, Income-Oriented Investment Philosophy.
FS Advisor and GSO employ a conservative investment approach focused on current income and long-term investment performance. This investment approach involves a multi-stage selection process for each investment opportunity, as well as ongoing monitoring of each investment made, with particular emphasis on early detection of deteriorating credit conditions at portfolio companies which would result in adverse portfolio developments. This strategy is designed to maximize current income and minimize the risk of capital loss while maintaining the potential for long-term capital appreciation.
Investment Expertise Across All Levels of the Corporate Capital Structure.
FS Advisor and GSO believe that their broad expertise and experience investing at all levels of a company's capital structure enable us to manage risk while affording us the opportunity for significant returns on our investments. We attempt to capitalize on this expertise in an effort to produce and maintain an investment portfolio that will perform in a broad range of economic conditions. In addition, we seek to leverage this broad-ranging capability to enable us to provide Energy companies with financing that most closely aligns with their particular capital needs. We believe that such flexibility is valuable to Energy companies and provides us with a competitive advantage over other capital providers that are more limited in the securities in which they invest.
Operating and Regulatory Structure
Our investment activities are managed by FS Advisor and supervised by our board of trustees, a majority of whom are independent. Under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, we have agreed to pay FS Advisor an annual base management fee based on the average value of our gross assets as well as incentive fees based on our performance. See "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement" for a description of the fees we pay to FS Advisor.
From time to time, FS Advisor may enter into sub-advisory relationships with registered investment advisers that possess skills or attributes that FS Advisor believes will aid it in achieving our investment objectives. FS Advisor has engaged GSO to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO assists FS Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and makes investment recommendations for consideration and approval by FS Advisor according to guidelines set by FS Advisor. FS Advisor oversees our day-to-day operations, including the provision of general ledger accounting, fund accounting, legal services, investor relations and other administrative services. FS Advisor also performs, or oversees the performance of, our corporate operations and required administrative services, which includes being responsible for the financial records that we are required to maintain and preparing reports for our shareholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, FS Advisor assists us in calculating our net asset value, overseeing the preparation and filing of tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others.
We reimburse FS Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to our administration and operations, including FS Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to us on behalf of FS Advisor. The amount of this reimbursement is set at the lesser of (1) FS Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that we estimate we would be required to pay alternative
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service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FS Advisor is required to allocate the cost of such services to us based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. Our board of trustees reviews the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to us and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among us and certain affiliates of FS Advisor. Our board of trustees then assesses the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to us based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to us of obtaining similar services from third-party service providers known to be available. In addition, our board of trustees considers whether any single third party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, our board of trustees, among other things, compares the total amount paid to FS Advisor for such services as a percentage of our net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. We do not reimburse FS Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FS Advisor.
In addition, we have contracted with State Street to provide various accounting and administrative services including, but not limited to, preparing preliminary financial information for review by FS Advisor, preparing and monitoring expense budgets, maintaining accounting and corporate books and records, processing trade information provided by us and performing testing with respect to RIC compliance.
As a BDC, we are required to comply with certain regulatory requirements. Also, while we are permitted to finance investments using debt, our ability to use debt will be limited in certain significant respects pursuant to the 1940 Act. Within the limits of existing regulation, we will adjust our use of debt, according to market conditions, to the level we believe will allow us to generate maximum risk-adjusted returns. See "Regulation." We have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code.
Investment Types
Senior Debt
Senior debt is situated at the top of the capital structure. Because this debt has priority in payment, it carries the lowest risk among all investments in a company. Generally, senior debt in which we may invest is expected to have a maturity period of three to seven years, offer some form of amortization, and have first priority security interests in the assets of the borrower. Senior debt is comprised of first lien and second lien debt positions. Second lien debt is granted a second priority security interest in the assets of the borrower, which means that any realization of collateral will generally be applied to pay first lien debt in full before second lien debt positions are paid and the value of the collateral may not be sufficient to repay in full both first lien secured debt and second lien secured debt. Generally, in normalized markets, we expect that the variable interest rate on our first lien debt typically will range between 4.0% and 9.0% over a standard benchmark, such as the prime rate or LIBOR. In normalized markets, we expect that the variable interest rate on second lien debt will range between 6.0% and 10.0% over a standard benchmark. In addition, we may receive additional returns from any warrants we may receive in connection with these investments.
Subordinated Debt
In addition to senior debt, we may invest a portion of our assets in subordinated debt of private companies. Subordinated debt usually ranks junior in priority of payment to first lien and second lien secured loans and is often unsecured, but is situated above preferred equity and common equity in the capital structure. In return for their junior status compared to first lien and second lien secured loans, subordinated debt typically offers higher returns through both higher interest rates and possible equity
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ownership in the form of warrants, enabling the lender to participate in the capital appreciation of the borrower. These warrants typically require only a nominal cost to exercise. We intend to generally target subordinated debt with interest-only payments throughout the life of the security, with the principal due at maturity. Typically, subordinated debt investments have maturities of five to ten years. Generally, in normalized markets, we expect these securities to carry a fixed rate or a floating current yield of 8.0% to 12.0% over a standard benchmark. In addition, we may receive additional returns from any warrants we may receive in connection with these investments. In some cases, a portion of the total interest may accrue or be PIK.
Preferred Equity
Preferred equity typically includes a stated value or liquidation preference structurally ahead of common equity holders. Holders of preferred equity can be entitled to a wide range of voting and other rights, depending on the structure of each separate security. Preferred equity can also include a conversion feature whereby the securities convert into common stock based on established parameters according to set ratios. We seek to invest in primarily income-oriented equity securities of Energy companies in a manner consistent with our status as a BDC.
Other Equity Securities
We may also invest in other equity securities which are typically structurally subordinate to all other securities within the capital structure and do not have a stated maturity. As compared to more senior securities, equity interests have greater risk exposure, but also have the potential to provide a higher return. Some of these investments may take the form of common units in MLPs. MLPs typically pay their unitholders quarterly distributions, offering investors a current yield and the opportunity for a more stable return profile.
Net Profits Interests, Royalty Interests or VPPs
We may invest in energy-specific non-operating investments including net profits interests, royalty interests or VPPs. Such non-operating interests do not include the rights and obligations of operating a mineral property (costs of exploration, development and operation) and do not bear any part of the net losses. Net profits interests and royalty interests are contractual agreements whereby the holders of such interests are entitled to a portion of the mineral production or proceeds therefrom. A VPP is a type of structured investment whereby the owner sells a specific volume of production in a field or property to an investor and the investor receives a specific quota of production on a monthly basis in either raw output or proceeds therefrom. A VPP is typically set to expire after a certain length of time or after a specified aggregate total volume of the commodity has been delivered. If the producer cannot meet the supply quota for a given period, the supply obligation rolls forward to future cycles until the buyer is made financially whole.
Non-U.S. Securities
We may invest in non-U.S. securities, which may include securities denominated in U.S. dollars or in non-U.S. currencies, to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act.
Other Securities
We may also invest from time to time in derivatives, such as total return swaps and credit default swaps. We anticipate that any use of derivatives would primarily be as a substitute for investing in conventional securities. See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our InvestmentsWe may from time to time enter into total return swaps, credit default swaps or other derivative transactions which expose us
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to certain risks, including credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and other risks similar to those associated with the use of leverage."
Sources of Income
The primary means through which our shareholders may receive a return of value is through interest income, dividends and capital gains generated by our investments. In addition to these sources of income, we may receive fees paid by our portfolio companies, including one-time closing fees paid at the time each investment is made. Closing fees typically range from 1.0% to 3.0% of the purchase price of an investment. In addition, we may generate revenues in the form of non-recurring commitment, origination, structuring or diligence fees, fees for providing managerial assistance, consulting fees, prepayment fees and performance-based fees.
Risk Management
We seek to limit the downside potential of our investment portfolio by:
Such restrictions may include affirmative and negative covenants, default penalties, lien protection, change of control provisions and board rights. We may also enter into interest rate hedging transactions at the sole discretion of FS Advisor. Such transactions will enable us to selectively modify interest rate exposure as market conditions dictate.
Affirmative Covenants
Affirmative covenants require borrowers to take actions that are meant to ensure the solvency of the company, facilitate the lender's monitoring of the borrower and ensure payment of interest and loan principal due to lenders. Examples of affirmative covenants include covenants requiring the borrower to maintain adequate insurance, accounting and tax records, and to produce frequent financial reports for the benefit of the lender.
Negative Covenants
Negative covenants impose restrictions on the borrower and are meant to protect lenders from actions that the borrower may take that could harm the credit quality of the lender's investments. Examples of negative covenants include restrictions on the payment of dividends and restrictions on the issuance of additional debt without the lender's approval. In addition, certain covenants restrict a borrower's activities by requiring it to meet certain earnings interest coverage ratio and leverage ratio requirements. These covenants are also referred to as financial or maintenance covenants.
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Investment Process
The investment professionals employed by FS Advisor and GSO have spent their careers developing the resources necessary to invest in private companies. Our transaction process is highlighted below.
Our Transaction Process
Sourcing
In order to source transactions, FS Advisor seeks to leverage GSO's significant access to transaction flow, along with GSO's trading platform, which allows for access to the syndicated loan market, which may be a key source of investment opportunities for us. GSO seeks to generate investment opportunities through its trading platform, through syndicate and club deals, through relationships with investment banks, which may be exclusive to GSO, and, subject to regulatory constraints and the allocation policies of GSO and its affiliates, as applicable, through GSO's direct origination channels. GSO also relies on its relationships with private equity sponsors, investment banks and commercial banks to source investment opportunities. With respect to syndicate and club deals, GSO has built a network of relationships with commercial and investment banks, finance companies and other investment funds as a result of the long track record of its investment professionals in the leveraged finance marketplace. GSO may compensate certain brokers or other financial services firms out of its own profits or revenues for services provided in connection with the identification of appropriate investment opportunities. With respect to GSO's origination channel, FS Advisor seeks to leverage the global presence of GSO and its long-standing personal contacts within the Energy industry to generate access to a substantial amount of directly originated transactions with what we believe to be attractive investment characteristics. We believe that the broad network of GSO provides a significant pipeline of investment opportunities for us.
Evaluation
Initial Review. In its initial review of an investment opportunity to present to FS Advisor, GSO's transaction team examines information furnished by the target company and external sources, including rating agencies, if applicable, to determine whether the investment meets our basic investment criteria and other guidelines specified by FS Advisor, within the context of proper allocation of our portfolio among various issuers and industry sub-sectors, and offers an acceptable probability of attractive returns with identifiable downside risk. For the majority of securities available on the secondary market, a comprehensive analysis is conducted and continuously maintained by a dedicated GSO research analyst, the results of which are available for the transaction team to review. In the case of a directly originated transaction, FS Advisor and GSO conduct detailed due diligence investigations as necessary.
Credit Analysis/Due Diligence. Before undertaking an investment, the transaction teams from GSO and FS Advisor conduct a thorough due diligence review of the opportunity to ensure the company fits our investment strategy, which may include:
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When possible, our advisory team seeks to structure transactions in such a way that our target companies are required to bear the costs of due diligence, including those costs related to any outside consulting work we may require.
Execution
Recommendation. FS Advisor has engaged GSO to identify and recommend investment opportunities for its approval. GSO seeks to maintain a defensive approach toward its investment recommendations by emphasizing risk control in its transaction process, which includes (i) the pre-review of each opportunity by one of its portfolio managers to assess the general quality, value and fit relative to our portfolio, (ii) where possible, transaction structuring with a focus on preservation of capital in varying economic environments and (iii) ultimate approval of investment recommendations by GSO's investment committee.
Approval. After completing its internal transaction process, GSO makes formal recommendations for review and approval by FS Advisor. In connection with its recommendation, it transmits any relevant underwriting material and other information pertinent to the decision-making process. In addition, GSO makes its staff available to answer inquiries by FS Advisor in connection with its recommendations. The consummation of a transaction requires unanimous approval of the members of FS Advisor's investment committee.
Monitoring
Portfolio Monitoring. FS Advisor, with the help of GSO, monitors our portfolio with a focus toward anticipating negative credit events. To maintain portfolio company performance and help to ensure a successful exit, FS Advisor and GSO work closely with the lead equity sponsor, loan syndicator, portfolio company management, consultants, advisers and other security holders to discuss financial position, compliance with covenants, financial requirements and execution of the company's business plan. In addition, depending on the size, nature and performance of the transaction, we may occupy a seat or serve as an observer on a portfolio company's board of directors or similar governing body.
Typically, FS Advisor and GSO receive financial reports detailing operating performance, sales volumes, margins, cash flows, financial position and other key operating metrics on a quarterly basis from our portfolio companies. FS Advisor and GSO use this data, combined with due diligence gained through contact with the company's customers, suppliers, competitors, market research and other methods, to conduct an ongoing, rigorous assessment of the company's operating performance and prospects. GSO may rely on brokers or other financial services firms that may help identify potential investments from time to time for assistance in monitoring these investments.
In addition to various risk management and monitoring tools, FS Advisor uses an investment rating system to characterize and monitor the expected level of returns on each investment in our portfolio. FS Advisor uses an investment rating scale of 1 to 5. The following is a description of the conditions associated with each investment rating:
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Investment Rating |
Summary Description | |
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1 |
Investment exceeding expectations and/or capital gain expected. | |
2 |
Performing investment generally executing in accordance with the portfolio company's business planfull return of principal and interest expected. | |
3 |
Performing investment requiring closer monitoring. | |
4 |
Underperforming investmentsome loss of interest or dividend possible, but still expecting a positive return on investment. | |
5 |
Underperforming investment with expected loss of interest and some principal. |
FS Advisor monitors and, when appropriate, changes the investment ratings assigned to each investment in our portfolio. In connection with valuing our assets, our board of trustees reviews these investment ratings on a quarterly basis. In the event that our advisory team determines that an investment is underperforming, or circumstances suggest that the risk associated with a particular investment has significantly increased, FS Advisor will attempt to sell the asset in the secondary market, if applicable, or to implement a plan to attempt to exit the investment or to correct the situation.
The following table shows the distribution of our investments on the 1 to 5 investment rating scale at fair value as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 (dollar amounts are presented in thousands):
|
December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||
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Investment Rating | Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
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1 |
$ | 159,204 | 5 | % | $ | 119,174 | 4 | % | |||||
2 |
1,340,637 | 44 | % | 2,630,119 | 78 | % | |||||||
3 |
1,228,144 | 42 | % | 586,116 | 17 | % | |||||||
4 |
203,084 | 7 | % | 39,768 | 1 | % | |||||||
5 |
78,429 | 2 | % | | | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
$ | 3,069,498 | 100 | % | $ | 3,375,177 | 100 | % | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The amount of the portfolio in each grading category may vary substantially from period to period resulting primarily from changes in the composition of the portfolio as a result of new investment, repayment and exit activities. In addition, changes in the grade of investments may be made to reflect our expectation of performance and changes in investment values.
Valuation Process. Each quarter, we value investments in our portfolio, and such values are disclosed each quarter in reports filed with the SEC. Investments for which market quotations are readily available are recorded at such market quotations. With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, our board of trustees determines the fair value of such investments in good faith, utilizing the input of our valuation committee, FS Advisor and any other professionals or materials that our board of trustees deems worthy and relevant, including GSO and independent third-party valuation services, if applicable. See "Determination of Net Asset Value."
Managerial Assistance. As a BDC, we must offer, and provide upon request, managerial assistance to certain of our portfolio companies. This assistance could involve, among other things, monitoring the operations of our portfolio companies, participating in board and management meetings, consulting with and advising officers of portfolio companies and providing other organizational and financial guidance. Depending on the nature of the assistance required, FS Advisor or GSO will provide such managerial assistance on our behalf to portfolio companies that request this assistance. To the extent fees are paid for these services, we, rather than FS Advisor or GSO, will retain any fees paid for such assistance.
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Exit
While we attempt to invest in securities that may be sold in a privately negotiated over-the-counter market, providing us a means by which we may exit our positions, we expect that a large portion of our portfolio may not be sold on this secondary market. For any investments that are not able to be sold within this market, we focus primarily on investing in companies whose business models and growth prospects offer attractive exit possibilities, including repayment of our investments, an initial public offering of equity securities, a merger, a sale or a recapitalization, in each case with the potential for capital gains.
Staffing
We do not currently have any employees. Each of our executive officers is a principal, officer or employee of FS Advisor, which manages and oversees our investment operations. In the future, FS Advisor may retain additional investment personnel based upon its needs. See "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement."
Facilities
We do not own any real estate or other physical properties materially important to our operation. Our headquarters are located at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112. We believe that our office facilities are suitable and adequate for our business as it is presently conducted.
Legal Proceedings
Neither we nor FS Advisor is currently subject to any material legal proceedings, nor, to our knowledge, is any material legal proceeding threatened against us or against FS Advisor. From time to time, we and individuals employed by FS Advisor may be party to certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including proceedings relating to the enforcement of our rights under contracts with our portfolio companies. While the outcome of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not expect that any such proceedings will have a material effect upon our financial condition or results of operations.
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DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
We determine the net asset value of our investment portfolio each quarter. Securities are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of trustees. In connection with that determination, FS Advisor provides our board of trustees with portfolio company valuations which are based on relevant inputs, including, but not limited to, indicative dealer quotes, values of like securities, recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts, and valuations prepared by independent third-party valuation services.
ASC Topic 820 issued by the FASB clarifies the definition of fair value and requires companies to expand their disclosure about the use of fair value to measure assets and liabilities in interim and annual periods subsequent to initial recognition. ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 also establishes a three tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, which includes inputs such as quoted prices for similar securities in active markets and quoted prices for identical securities where there is little or no activity in the market; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.
With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, we undertake a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:
Determination of fair value involves subjective judgments and estimates. Accordingly, the notes to our consolidated financial statements refer to the uncertainty with respect to the possible effect of such valuations and any change in such valuations on our consolidated financial statements. In making its determination of fair value, our board of trustees may use any approved independent third-party pricing or valuation services. However, our board of trustees is not required to determine fair value in accordance with the valuation provided by any single source, and may use any relevant data, including information obtained from FS Advisor or any approved independent third-party valuation or pricing service that our board of trustees deems to be reliable in determining fair value under the circumstances. Below is a description of factors that FS Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may consider when determining the fair value of our investments.
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Valuation of fixed income investments, such as loans and debt securities, depends upon a number of factors, including prevailing interest rates for like securities, expected volatility in future interest rates, call features, put features and other relevant terms of the debt. For investments without readily available market prices, we may incorporate these factors into discounted cash flow models to arrive at fair value. Other factors that may be considered include the borrower's ability to adequately service its debt, the fair market value of the portfolio company in relation to the face amount of its outstanding debt and the quality of collateral securing our debt investments.
For convertible debt securities, fair value generally approximates the fair value of the debt plus the fair value of an option to purchase the underlying security (i.e., the security into which the debt may convert) at the conversion price. To value such an option, a standard option pricing model may be used.
Our equity interests in portfolio companies for which there is no liquid public market are valued at fair value. Our board of trustees, in its determination of fair value, may consider various factors, such as multiples of EBITDA, cash flows, net income, revenues or, in limited instances, book value or liquidation value. All of these factors may be subject to adjustments based upon the particular circumstances of a portfolio company or our actual investment position. For example, adjustments to EBITDA may take into account compensation to previous owners or acquisition, recapitalization, restructuring or other related items.
FS Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may also consider private merger and acquisition statistics, public trading multiples discounted for illiquidity and other factors, valuations implied by third-party investments in the portfolio companies or industry practices in determining fair value. FS Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may also consider the size and scope of a portfolio company and its specific strengths and weaknesses, and may apply discounts or premiums, where and as appropriate, due to the higher (or lower) financial risk and/or the smaller size of portfolio companies relative to comparable firms, as well as such other factors as our board of trustees, in consultation with FS Advisor's management team and any approved independent third-party valuation services, if applicable, may consider relevant in assessing fair value. Generally, the value of our equity interests in public companies for which market quotations are readily available is based upon the most recent closing public market price. Portfolio securities that carry certain restrictions on sale are typically valued at a discount from the public market value of the security.
When we receive warrants or other equity securities at nominal or no additional cost in connection with an investment in a debt security, the cost basis in the investment will be allocated between the debt securities and any such warrants or other equity securities received at the time of origination. Our board of trustees subsequently values these warrants or other equity securities received at their fair value.
The fair values of our investments are determined in good faith by our board of trustees. Our board of trustees is solely responsible for the valuation of our portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to our valuation policy and consistently applied valuation process. Our board of trustees has delegated day-to-day responsibility for implementing our valuation policy to FS Advisor's management team, and has authorized FS Advisor's management team to utilize independent third-party valuation and pricing services that have been approved by our board of trustees. The valuation committee is responsible for overseeing FS Advisor's implementation of the valuation process.
We periodically benchmark the bid and ask prices we receive from third-party pricing services and/or dealers, as applicable, against the actual prices at which we purchase and sell our investments. Based on the results of the benchmark analysis and the experience of our management in purchasing and selling these investments, we believe that these prices are reliable indicators of fair value. However,
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because of the private nature of this marketplace (meaning actual transactions are not publicly reported), we believe that these valuation inputs are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. We may also use other methods, including the use of independent valuation firms, to determine fair value for securities for which we cannot obtain prevailing bid and ask prices through third-party pricing services or independent dealers or where our board of trustees otherwise determines that the use of such other method is appropriate. We periodically benchmark the valuations provided by the independent valuation firms against the actual prices at which we purchase and sell our investments. Our valuation committee and board of trustees reviewed and approved the valuation determinations made with respect to these investments in a manner consistent with our valuation policy.
Determinations in Connection with Offerings
We are offering our common shares on a continuous basis at a price of $7.30 per share as of April 27, 2016; however, to the extent that our net asset value per share increases, we will sell at a price necessary to ensure that common shares are not sold at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share. In the event of a material decline in our net asset value per share, which we consider to be a 2.5% decrease below our then current net offering price, we will reduce our offering price in order to establish a new net offering price that is not more than 2.5% above our net asset value per share. Therefore, persons who subscribe for our common shares in our continuous public offering must submit subscriptions for a certain dollar amount, rather than a number of our common shares and, as a result, may receive fractional common shares. The minimum permitted initial purchase is $5,000 of our common shares.
In connection with each weekly closing on the sale of common shares offered pursuant to this prospectus on a continuous basis, our board of trustees or a committee thereof is required, within 48 hours of the time that each closing and sale is made, to make the determination that we are not selling common shares at a price per share which, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, is below our then current net asset value per share. Our board of trustees or a committee thereof will consider the following factors, among others, in making such determination:
Importantly, this determination does not require that we calculate net asset value in connection with each closing and sale of our common shares, but instead it involves the determination by our board of trustees or a committee thereof that we are not selling our common shares at a price per share which, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, is below the then current net asset value per share at the time at which the closing and sale is made.
To the extent that there is a possibility that we may (i) issue our common shares at a price per share which, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, is below the then current net asset value per share of our common shares at the time at which the closing and sale is made or
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(ii) trigger the undertaking (which we provided to the SEC in the registration statement to which this prospectus is a part) to suspend the offering of our common shares pursuant to this prospectus if the net asset value per share fluctuates by certain amounts in certain circumstances until this prospectus is amended, our board of trustees or a committee thereof will elect, in the case of clause (i) above, to either postpone the closing until such time that there is no longer the possibility of the occurrence of such event or to undertake to determine net asset value within two days prior to any such sale to ensure that such sale will not be at a price per share which, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, is below our then current net asset value per share, and, in the case of clause (ii) above, to comply with such undertaking or to undertake to determine net asset value to ensure that such undertaking has not been triggered.
These processes and procedures are part of our compliance policies and procedures. Records will be made contemporaneously with all determinations described in this section and these records will be maintained with other records we are required to maintain under the 1940 Act. Promptly following any adjustment to the offering price per share of our common shares offered pursuant to this prospectus, we will update this prospectus by filing a prospectus supplement with the SEC. We will also make updated information available via our website.
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Pursuant to our declaration of trust and bylaws, our business and affairs are managed under the direction of our board of trustees. The responsibilities of our board of trustees include, among other things, the oversight of our investment activities, the quarterly valuation of our assets, oversight of our financing arrangements and corporate governance activities. Our board of trustees has an audit committee, which is comprised of independent trustees, a valuation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, and may establish additional committees from time to time as necessary. Our board of trustees is tasked with the same level of responsibility and performs the same role as a board of directors for a corporation. Each trustee will serve until the next annual meeting of shareholders and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualifies. Although the number of trustees may be increased or decreased, a decrease will not have the effect of shortening the term of any incumbent trustee. Any trustee may resign at any time and may be removed with or without cause by the shareholders upon the affirmative vote of at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at a meeting called for the purpose of the proposed removal. The notice of the meeting will indicate that the purpose, or one of the purposes, of the meeting is to determine if the trustee is to be removed.
A vacancy created by an increase in the number of trustees or the death, resignation, removal, adjudicated incompetence or other incapacity of a trustee may be filled only by a vote of a majority of the remaining trustees in office. As provided in our declaration of trust, nominations of individuals to fill the vacancy of a board seat previously filled by an independent trustee will be made by the remaining independent trustees in office.
Board of Trustees and Executive Officers
Our board of trustees consists of ten members, six of whom are not "interested persons" of us or FS Advisor as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. We refer to these individuals as our independent trustees. Our declaration of trust was reviewed and unanimously approved by a vote of the trustees, including a majority of our independent trustees. Members of our board of trustees will be elected annually at our annual meeting of shareholders. We are prohibited from making loans or extending credit, directly or indirectly, to our trustees or executive officers under Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Through its direct oversight role, and indirectly through its committees, our board of trustees performs a risk oversight function for us consisting of, among other things, the following activities: (1) at regular and special board of trustees meetings, and on an ad hoc basis as needed, receiving and reviewing reports related to our performance and operations; (2) reviewing and approving, as applicable, our compliance policies and procedures; (3) reviewing investment strategies, techniques and the processes used to manage related risks; (4) overseeing our investment valuation process via our valuation committee that operates pursuant to authority assigned to it by our board of trustees; (5) meeting with representatives of, or reviewing reports prepared by or with respect to, key service providers, including our investment adviser, investment sub-adviser, administrator, distributor, transfer agent, custodian and independent registered public accounting firm, to review and discuss our activities and to provide direction with respect thereto; (6) reviewing periodically, and at least annually, our fidelity bond, trustees and officers, and errors and omissions insurance policies and such other insurance policies as may be appropriate; and (7) overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes, including supervision of our independent registered public accounting firm to ensure that they provide timely analyses of significant financial reporting and internal control issues. Mr. Forman, who is not an independent trustee, serves as the president, chief executive officer and chairman of our board of trustees. Our board of trustees feels that Mr. Forman, as our co-founder, president and chief executive officer, is the trustee with the most knowledge of our business strategy and is best situated to serve as chairman of the board of trustees. Our declaration of trust, as well as regulations governing BDCs generally, requires that a majority of the board of trustees be independent trustees. While we
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currently do not have a policy mandating a lead independent trustee, our board of trustees believes that having an independent trustee fill the lead trustee role is appropriate. On March 9, 2015, our board of trustees appointed Mr. Goldstein as lead independent trustee. The lead independent trustee, among other things, works with the chairman of our board of trustees in the preparation of the agenda for each board meeting and in determining the need for special meetings of the board of trustees, chairs any meeting of the independent trustees in executive session, facilitates communications between other members of the board of trustees and the chairman of our board of trustees and/or the chief executive officer and otherwise consults with the chairman of our board of trustees and/or the chief executive officer on matters relating to corporate governance and board of trustees performance. Our board of trustees has concluded that this structure is appropriate given our current size and complexity.
Trustees
Information regarding our board of trustees is set forth below. We have divided the trustees into two groupsinterested trustees and independent trustees. The address for each trustee is c/o FS Energy and Power Fund, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112.
NAME | AGE | TRUSTEE SINCE | EXPIRATION OF TERM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interested Trustees |
||||||||||
Michael C. Forman |
55 | 2010 | 2016 | |||||||
David J. Adelman |
44 | 2010 | 2016 | |||||||
Thomas J. Gravina |
54 | 2010 | 2016 | |||||||
Michael J. Heller |
51 | 2010 | 2016 | |||||||
Independent Trustees |
||||||||||
Sidney R. Brown |
59 | 2011 | 2016 | |||||||
Gregory P. Chandler |
49 | 2010 | 2016 | |||||||
Richard I. Goldstein |
55 | 2011 | 2016 | |||||||
Charles P. Pizzi |
65 | 2012 | 2016 | |||||||
Richard W. Vague |
60 | 2011 | 2016 | |||||||
R. Richard Williams |
70 | 2011 | 2016 |
Interested Trustees
Michael C. Forman has served as our chairman, president and chief executive officer since our inception in September 2010 and as the chairman and chief executive officer of FS Advisor since its inception in September 2010. Mr. Forman also currently serves as chairman, president and chief executive officer of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, FS Investment Corporation IV and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, and has presided in such roles since each entity's inception in October 2007, July 2011, November 2011, June 2013, October 2013, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, February 2015 and September 2015, respectively. Mr. Forman also currently serves as the chairman and chief executive officer of FS Investment Corporation and has presided in such role since its entity's inception in December 2007. Mr. Forman also serves as chairman of the board of directors of FS OneEquity Partners Co. L.P., and has served in such role since September 2015. Mr. Forman served as president of FS Investment Corporation from its inception in December 2007 until April 2013. In 2005, Mr. Forman co-founded FB Capital Partners, L.P., an investment firm that previously invested in private equity, senior and mezzanine debt and real estate, and has served as managing general partner since inception. In May 2007, Mr. Forman co-founded Franklin Square Holdings.
Prior to co-founding FB Capital Partners, L.P., Mr. Forman spent nearly 20 years as an attorney in the Corporate and Securities Department at the Philadelphia based law firm of Klehr Harrison Harvey Branzburg LLP, or Klehr Harrison, where he was a partner from 1991 until leaving the firm to focus
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exclusively on investments. In addition to his career as an attorney and investor, Mr. Forman has been an active entrepreneur and has founded several companies, including companies engaged in the gaming, specialty finance and asset management industries. Mr. Forman serves as a member of the board of directors of a number of private companies. Mr. Forman is also a member of a number of civic and charitable boards, including The Franklin Institute (executive committee member), The Vetri Foundation for Children (chairman), The Barnes Foundation (corporate leadership board member), the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (corporate council member) and the Center City District Foundation. Mr. Forman serves as the co-chair of the capital campaign for The Philadelphia School. Mr. Forman received his B.A., summa cum laude, from the University of Rhode Island, where he was elected Phi Beta Kappa, and received his J.D. from Rutgers University.
Mr. Forman has extensive experience in corporate and securities law and has founded and served in a leadership role of various companies, including FS Advisor, which serves as our investment adviser. Our board of trustees believes Mr. Forman's experience and his positions as our and FS Advisor's chief executive officer make him a significant asset to us.
David J. Adelman has served as our vice-chairman since our inception in September 2010 and as vice-chairman of FS Advisor since its inception in September 2010. He also currently serves as the vice-chairman of FS Investment Corporation, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, FS Investment Corporation IV and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, and has presided in such roles since December 2007, October 2007, July 2011, November 2011, June 2013, October 2013, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, February 2015 and September 2015, respectively. Mr. Adelman has significant managerial and investment experience and has served as the president and chief executive officer of Philadelphia based Campus Apartments, Inc., or Campus Apartments, since 1997. Campus Apartments develops, manages, designs and privately finances more than 220 upscale housing facilities for colleges and universities across the United States. In 2006, Campus Apartments entered into a $1.1 billion venture with GIC Real Estate Pte Ltd., the real estate investment arm of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, in which Campus Apartments uses the venture's capital to acquire, develop, operate and manage student housing projects across the United States. In addition to his duties as president and chief executive officer of Campus Apartments, Mr. Adelman has been the chief executive officer of Campus Technologies, Inc. since 2001, the vice-chairman of University City District board of directors since 1997, board member of Actua Corporation (formerly known as ICG Group, Inc.) since June 2011 and a member of the National Multifamily Council (NMHC) and the Young Presidents' Organization. Mr. Adelman formerly served as a board member of Hyperion Bank and on the executive committee of the Urban Land Institute's Philadelphia Chapter. Mr. Adelman is also an active private investor and entrepreneur, having co-founded Franklin Square Holdings with Mr. Forman. Mr. Adelman received his B.A. in Political Science from Ohio State University.
Mr. Adelman serves as vice chairman of FS Advisor and, together with Mr. Forman, is responsible for implementing our investment strategy. Mr. Adelman has substantial management, operational and financial expertise generated through his leadership roles for public and private companies, including his service as president and chief executive officer of Campus Apartments. Mr. Adelman also serves on the board of directors and in other leadership roles for various charitable and civic organizations. These varied activities have provided him, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us.
Thomas J. Gravina currently serves as executive chairman of GPX Enterprises, L.P., a private investment firm, and its affiliates, including GPX Realty Partners, L.P., a private real estate and investment advisory firm, and has served in such capacities since co-founding GPX Enterprises, L.P. in 2006. He also currently serves on the board of directors of FS Investment Corporation, and has presided in such role since March 2009. Mr. Gravina previously served as chairman of FS Investment Corporation's nominating and corporate governance committee from January 2011 through September
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2013. He was also a member of FS Investment Corporation's audit committee from January 2010 to September 2011. Mr. Gravina also currently serves on the boards of trustees of FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund and the FSGCOF Offered Funds and has served in such role since each fund's inception in January 2013. He is a member of FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund's valuation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee. Mr. Gravina also serves on the board of directors of FS Investment Corporation IV and has served in such role since September 2015. He has served as a chairman of FS Investment Corporation IV's nominating and corporate governance committee since September 2015. Mr. Gravina also currently serves as chairman and chief executive officer of EvolveIP Holdings, LLC, a cloud-based technology provider, which he co-founded in 2007. Previously, from 2000 to 2005, Mr. Gravina served as president and chief executive officer and a director of ATX Communications, Inc., a NASDAQ-traded communications company. Mr. Gravina also served as chairman of the board of directors of ATX Communications, Inc. from 2005 to 2006. Mr. Gravina led the multi-billion dollar merger in 2000 between publicly-traded CoreComm Limited and Voyager.net, and privately-held ATX Telecommunications Services, of which he was co-chief executive officer and co-founder since 1987. Mr. Gravina is a member of the board of directors, chairman of the audit and foundation committees and is a member of the finance committee of the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine and is a member of other charitable and civic boards. Mr. Gravina received his B.S. in Business Administration from Villanova University.
Mr. Gravina has served as a member of various boards, including public company and charitable and civic organizations. In addition, his service as chairman of both public and private companies, including a private investment firm that he co-founded, have provided him, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us.
Michael J. Heller is a shareholder at the law firm of Cozen O'Connor, P.C., where he currently serves as the firm's chief executive officer, and has served in such capacity since January 1, 2013. Immediately prior to that, Mr. Heller was the president and executive partner of Cozen O'Connor, P.C. He also currently serves on the board of directors of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II and FS Investment Corporation III and has presided in such roles since May 2008, February 2012 and February 2014, respectively. He is a member of FS Investment Corporation's valuation committee and has presided in such role since December 2008 and previously served as a member of FS Investment Corporation's nominating and corporate governance committee from January 2011 through September 2013. He is also chairman of FS Investment Corporation II's nominating and corporate governance committee and serves as a member of its valuation committee and has presided in such roles since February 2012 and September 2013, respectively. Mr. Heller is also a member of FS Investment Corporation III's valuation committee and has presided in such role since February 2014. Mr. Heller is a corporate and securities lawyer, whose practice is devoted to representing private equity and venture capital funds as well as counseling entrepreneurs and middle-market businesses in various corporate matters, including the structuring of capital-raising transactions and merger and acquisition transactions. Prior to becoming the chief executive officer of Cozen O'Connor, P.C., Mr. Heller was the Chairman of the Business Law Department from January 2007, and he served as vice-chairman of Cozen O'Connor, P.C.'s Business Law Department from 2002 until January 2007. Mr. Heller has been a member of the board of directors of Beachbody, LLC since November 2012. In addition, Mr. Heller has been a member of the boards of directors of Cozen O'Connor, P.C. and Hanover Fire and Casualty Insurance Company, a privately held property and casualty insurance company, and a member of the board of trustees of Thomas Jefferson University Hospital since January 2007, May 2004 and July 2012, respectively. Mr. Heller received a B.S. in Accounting, summa cum laude, from The Pennsylvania State University, and a J.D., magna cum laude, from Villanova University, where he was a Law Review editor and a member of the Order of the Coif.
Mr. Heller has extensive experience in corporate and securities law matters and has represented various private equity and venture capital funds. Further, Mr. Heller serves on the boards of several private companies and civic and charitable organizations. These activities have provided him, in the opinion of our board of directors, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us.
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Independent Trustees
Sidney R. Brown has served as the chief executive officer of NFI, Inc., or NFI, a premier integrated supply chain solutions company, since the late 1990s. NFI, founded in 1932 as National Hauling, has evolved from a trucking company in a regulated environment into one of the largest privately-held third-party logistics companies in the United States. NFI in North America now consists of logistics, warehousing and distribution, transportation, intermodal, real estate, transportation brokerage, contract packaging, solar, global freight forwarding and NFI Canada. Mr. Brown is also the vice-chairman of the board of directors of Sun Bancorp, Inc., or SBI, since September 2013 and previously served as vice-chairman. He has served as a director, treasurer and secretary of SBI since 1990. In addition, Mr. Brown is a general partner of various real estate companies having extensive holdings with an emphasis on development and management of commercial and industrial real estate. He began his career working for Morgan Stanley in New York City as a financial analyst in the corporate finance department of the investment bank. Mr. Brown has served as a director of Sun National Bank since 1990 and as chairman since May 2013. Mr. Brown has served as a director of J & J Snack Foods Corp. since 2004. Mr. Brown received a B.S.B.A. in Finance from Georgetown University and an MBA from Harvard University.
Mr. Brown has served as a member of various boards for publicly-traded companies. In addition, his service as chief executive officer of NFI has provided him, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us.
Gregory P. Chandler has been chief financial officer of Emtec, Inc., or Emtec, a publicly-traded global information technology services provider, since May 2009. Mr. Chandler has also been a member of Emtec's board of directors since 2005 where he served as chairman of the audit committee from 2005 through 2009. He also has been a member of the board of directors of FS Investment Corporation since April 2008, and has served as chairman of FS Investment Corporation's audit committee and as a member of FS Investment Corporation's valuation committee since May 2008 and March 2010, respectively. Mr. Chandler presently serves as a director and chairman of the audit committee of the RBB Funds and serves on the board of the Enterprise Center, a non-profit organization. Mr. Chandler presently serves as a director of Spectrum Systems LLP and as an officer and director of GCVC Consulting. Previously, he served as managing director, Investment Banking, at Janney Montgomery Scott LLC from 1999 to April 2009. From 1995 to 1999, he was with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, or PwC, and its predecessor Coopers and Lybrand where he assisted companies in the "Office of the CFO Practice" and also worked as a certified public accountant. During his tenure at PwC, he spent the majority of his time in the Investment Company practice. Mr. Chandler served as a logistics officer with the United States Army for four years. Mr. Chandler's degrees include a B.S. in Engineering from the United States Military Academy at West Point and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. He is also a Certified Public Accountant (inactive).
Mr. Chandler has extensive experience in valuations and in negotiating debt, equity and mergers and acquisitions transactions in a variety of industries with both public and private companies. In addition, Mr. Chandler has experience managing the audits of mutual funds, hedge funds and venture capital funds. This experience has provided Mr. Chandler, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us.
Richard I. Goldstein has served as our lead independent trustee since March 2015. Mr. Goldstein also serves as a member of the board of directors of FS Investment Corporation II and has presided in such role since April 2015. He also has served as a managing director of Liberty Associated Partners, LP, or LAP, since 2000 and Associated Partners, LP, or AP, since 2006, both investment funds that make private and public market investments in communications, media, internet and energy companies. Prior to joining LAP and AP, Mr. Goldstein was vice president of The Associated Group, Inc., or AGI, a multi-billion dollar publicly-traded owner and operator of communications-related businesses and assets. While at AGI, he assisted in establishing Teligent, Inc., of which he was a director, and was responsible for operating AGI's cellular telephone operations. Mr. Goldstein is
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currently a member of the board of directors of CURRENT Group, LLC and also served as a director of Intellon Corporation prior to its acquisition by Atheros Communications, Inc. He is also a member of the board of trustees of The Shipley School and has counseled many early stage companies. Mr. Goldstein received a B.S. in Business and Economics from Carnegie Mellon University and received training at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Management Information Systems.
Mr. Goldstein has extensive experience as a senior executive and in negotiating investment transactions in a variety of industries, including in the energy industry. This experience has provided Mr. Goldstein, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us.
Charles P. Pizzi is the retired president, director and chief executive officer of Tasty Baking Company, manufacturer of Tastykake branded snack cakes. He served in these positions from 2002 to May 2011. Prior to leading Tasty Baking Company, Mr. Pizzi served as president and chief executive officer of the Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, vice-chairman of the American Chamber of Commerce Executives and chairman of the Metro Council of Presidents. Mr. Pizzi also serves on the boards of trustees of FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund and the FSGCOF Offered Funds, and has served in such role since each fund's inception in January 2013. Mr. Pizzi is a member of FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund's valuation and audit committees and has presided in such roles since June 2013. His career also includes work with the transition teams for then Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge and then Philadelphia Mayor Ed Rendell. Mr. Pizzi has also served as commerce director for the City of Philadelphia. He has been a trustee of Brandywine Realty Trust since 1996, serving on the audit committee and as a chair of the compensation committee, a director of Allied Security Holdings LLC since August 2011, a director of PHH Corporation since January 2012, serving on the human capital and compensation committee, vice chairman of the board of directors of Independence Blue Cross since 1991, serving on the compensation committee, a trustee of Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust since May 2013 and a director of Drexel University since 1991. He was a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia from 2006 to December 2011, serving as chairman from January 2010 to December 2011. He also previously served as a director of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange from 1998 until it was acquired by NASDAQ in July 2008 and on the board of governors of NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc. from August 2008 to March 2009. Mr. Pizzi holds a bachelor's degree from LaSalle University and a master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania.
Mr. Pizzi has significant experience as an executive and director at various companies and governmental organizations. This experience has provided Mr. Pizzi, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us.
Richard W. Vague is a private investor currently involved as a managing partner of Gabriel Investments, an early stage investment fund, and as managing director of The Miletos Group. Previously, Mr. Vague was the co-founder of Energy Plus Company, or Energy Plus, an electricity and natural gas supply company operating in states throughout the United States that was sold to NRG Energy in September 2011, and served as chairman and chief executive officer of Energy Plus from May 2007 until the time of such sale. Mr. Vague was also co-founder of two credit card companiesFirst USA Bank, which grew to be the largest Visa issuer in the industry and which was sold to Bank One Corporation in 1997, and Juniper Financial Corporation, the fastest growing credit card issuer of the past decade, which was sold to Barclays PLC in 2004. Mr. Vague has served on the corporate boards of Heartland Payment Systems, Inc. since May 2007, Think Direct Marketing Group, Inc. and GoodCents Corporation. Mr. Vague is president of the Philadelphia Live Arts and Fringe Festival, and on the boards of the University of Pennsylvania Press, the Franklin Institute, the Dean's Advisory Council of NYU's Tisch School of the Arts, the U.S. State Department's Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy and the U.S. Department of Energy's Electricity Advisory Committee.
Mr. Vague has founded and served in a senior executive capacity at various companies, as well as a member of various boards. His extensive service at various companies has provided him, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us.
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R. Richard Williams retired in 2000 as the chief executive officer of Valquip Corporation, which Mr. Williams founded in 1977. Valquip Corporation became the largest distributor of quarter-turn automated valves and electric heat-tracing systems in the United States and was acquired by Tyco International in 1999. He spent his early career in sales and management with Jamesbury Corporation, a major supplier of valves and controls. Mr. Williams has extensive audit and finance experience, having served on the board of HC Capital Trust (formerly Hirtle Callaghan Trust) since 2000 and on its audit committee since 2001. Mr. Williams has been a member of the board of Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals for over ten years and is currently chairman of the finance committee as well as vice-chairman of the board. In addition, Mr. Williams is currently chairman of Seaboard Advisors, which provides consulting services focused primarily on sales and marketing, and a director of Glenthorne Capital, Inc., which provides consulting services relating to strategic acquisitions. Mr. Williams is co-founder and chairman of the board of Boys' Latin of Philadelphia Charter School. Mr. Williams has been a member of the board and a vice-president of Aronimink Golf Club. He has also served on the boards of Community Academy and the Haverford School.
Mr. Williams has extensive experience as founder and chief executive officer of Valquip Corporation, as well as a member of various boards. His experience has provided him, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us.
Executive Officers
The following persons serve as our executive officers in the following capacities:
NAME | AGE | POSITIONS HELD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Michael C. Forman |
55 | President and Chief Executive Officer | |||
Edward T. Gallivan, Jr. |
53 | Chief Financial Officer | |||
Gerald F. Stahlecker |
50 | Executive Vice President | |||
Zachary Klehr |
37 | Executive Vice President | |||
Stephen S. Sypherd |
39 | Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary | |||
James F. Volk |
53 | Chief Compliance Officer |
The address for each executive officer is c/o FS Energy and Power Fund, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112.
Executive Officers Who Are Not Trustees
Edward T. Gallivan, Jr. has served as our chief financial officer since November 2012. He has served as the chief financial officer of FS Investment Corporation IV since September 2015. He previously served as chief financial officer of FS Investment Corporation III from June 2013 to December 2014. Prior to his appointment as chief financial officer, Mr. Gallivan was a director at BlackRock, Inc. from 2005 to October 2012, where he was head of financial reporting for over 350 mutual funds. From 1988 to 2005, Mr. Gallivan worked at State Street Research & Management Company, where he served as the assistant treasurer of mutual funds. Mr. Gallivan began his career as an auditor at the global accounting firm, PwC, where he practiced as a certified public accountant. Mr. Gallivan received his B.S. in Business Administration (Accounting) degree at Stonehill College in Massachusetts.
Gerald F. Stahlecker has served as our executive vice president since our inception in September 2010 and as the executive vice president of FS Advisor since its inception in September 2010. Mr. Stahlecker has served as executive vice president of FB Income Advisor, LLC since January 2010. He has served as president of FS Investment Corporation since April 2013 and previously served as executive vice president of FS Investment Corporation from March 2010 to April 2013. Mr. Stahlecker also serves as the executive vice president of Franklin Square Holdings and has presided in such role since January 2010. Mr. Stahlecker is also the executive vice president of FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Global Credit
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Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation IV and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, and has presided in such roles since July 2011, November 2011, June 2013, October 2013, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, February 2015 and September 2015, respectively. Mr. Stahlecker was an independent director of FS Investment Corporation and served as a member of the audit committee and as chairman of the valuation committee from FS Investment Corporation's inception in December 2007 to December 2009 when he resigned as a director in order to join our affiliates, FB Income Advisor, LLC and Franklin Square Holdings. Mr. Stahlecker is a former founding partner of Radcliffe Capital Management, L.P., or Radcliffe, an SEC-registered investment advisory firm which manages the Radcliffe Funds, a family of Cayman Islands-based, master-feeder structured hedge funds, as well as separately managed accounts for an institutional investor base. Radcliffe pursues convertible arbitrage, high-yield debt, special situations and event-driven investment strategies. From its founding in October 2002 until selling his interest in Radcliffe in July 2009, Mr. Stahlecker served as managing director and chief operating officer of Radcliffe and was the co-chair of its investment committee. Prior to co-founding Radcliffe and its affiliated entities, from May 1998 through October 2002, Mr. Stahlecker served as an officer and director of Rose Glen Capital Management, L.P., or Rose Glen, a predecessor to Radcliffe. Rose Glen managed hedge funds focusing on directly negotiated, structured debt and equity investments in public companies. Mr. Stahlecker has extensive experience in structuring and negotiating investment transactions on behalf of investors and issuers and has participated in numerous distressed and special situation restructurings on behalf of investors.
From 1992 to 1998, Mr. Stahlecker was an attorney at Klehr Harrison, where he practiced corporate and securities law. While at Klehr Harrison, Mr. Stahlecker represented hedge funds, venture capital funds and other institutional investors pursuing structured equity and debt investments in public and private companies. Prior to attending law school, from 1987 to 1989, Mr. Stahlecker worked as a senior analyst at Furash & Company, a consulting boutique in Washington, D.C., where he advised banks and other financial institutions regarding mergers and acquisitions, restructurings, asset/liability management and strategic planning. Mr. Stahlecker received his B.S. in Industrial Management, with concentrations in Finance and Strategic Planning, from Carnegie Mellon University and his J.D. from Villanova University Law School, where he was an editor of the Villanova University Environmental Law Journal. Mr. Stahlecker previously served on the board of directors of the Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce and serves on the board of directors of the Investment Program Association, an industry trade group.
Zachary Klehr has served as our executive vice president since January 2013. Mr. Klehr also currently serves as executive vice president of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds and FS Investment Corporation IV, and has presided in such roles since January 2013, January 2013, June 2013, January 2013, January 2013 and February 2015, respectively. Mr. Klehr has also served in various senior officer capacities for Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliated investment advisers, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Advisor, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Global Advisor, LLC and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, since the later of February 2011 or such entity's inception date, including as executive vice president since September 2012. In this role, he focuses on fund administration, portfolio management, fund operations, research, education and communications. Prior to joining Franklin Square Holdings, Mr. Klehr served as a vice president at Versa Capital Management, or Versa, a private equity firm with approximately $1 billion in assets under management, from 2007 to February 2011. At Versa, he sourced, underwrote, negotiated, structured and managed investments in middle-market distressed companies, special situations and distressed debt. Prior to Versa, Mr. Klehr spent five years at Goldman, Sachs & Co., starting as an analyst in the Investment Banking Division, then in the executive office working on firm-wide strategy covering hedge funds and other complex multi-faceted clients of the firm. Later, he joined the Financial Sponsors Group as an associate where he focused on leveraged buyouts, acquisitions and equity and debt financings for private equity clients. Mr. Klehr received his M.B.A., with honors, from the Wharton
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School of the University of Pennsylvania and his B.A., cum laude, also from the University of Pennsylvania. He is active in his community and served on the board of trustees of The Philadelphia School where he was a member of the executive, governance, advancement, finance and investment committees.
Stephen S. Sypherd has served as our vice president, treasurer and secretary since January 2013. Mr. Sypherd also currently serves as vice president, treasurer and secretary of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds and FS Investment Corporation IV, and has presided in such roles since January 2013, January 2013, June 2013, January 2013, January 2013 and February 2015, respectively. Mr. Sypherd has also served in various senior officer capacities for Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliated investment advisers, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Advisor, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC since the later of August 2010 or such entity's inception date, including as managing director since August 2014 and general counsel since January 2013. He is responsible for legal and compliance matters across all entities and investment products of Franklin Square Holdings. Prior to joining Franklin Square Holdings, Mr. Sypherd served for eight years as an attorney at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, where he practiced corporate and securities law. Mr. Sypherd received his B.A. in Economics from Villanova University and his J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center, where he was an executive editor of the Georgetown Law Journal. He serves on the board of trustees of the University of the Arts (and on the advancement and governance committees of that board).
James Volk has served as our chief compliance officer since April 2015. Mr. Volk also serves as the chief compliance officer of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds and FS Investment Corporation IV, and has also presided in such roles since April 2015, April 2015, April 2015, April 2015, April 2015 and February 2015, respectively. He is responsible for all compliance and regulatory issues affecting us and such funds. Before joining Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliated investment advisers in October 2014, Mr. Volk was the chief compliance officer, chief accounting officer and head of traditional fund operations at SEI Investment Company's Investment Manager Services market unit. Mr. Volk was also formerly the assistant chief accountant at the SEC's Division of Investment Management and a senior manager for PricewaterhouseCoopers. Mr. Volk graduated from the University of Delaware with a B.S. in Accounting and is an active Certified Public Accountant.
Committees of Our Board of Trustees
Our board of trustees has the following committees:
Audit Committee
The primary function of the audit committee is to oversee the integrity of our accounting policies, financial reporting process and system of internal controls regarding finance and accounting policies. The audit committee is responsible for selecting, engaging and discharging our independent accountants, reviewing the plans, scope and results of the audit engagement with our independent accountants, approving professional services provided by our independent accountants (including compensation therefor), reviewing the independence of our independent accountants and reviewing the adequacy of our internal controls over financial reporting. The members of the audit committee are Messrs. Chandler, Vague and Williams, all of whom are independent. Mr. Chandler serves as the chairman of the audit committee. Our board of trustees has determined that Mr. Chandler is an "audit committee financial expert" as defined under rules promulgated by the SEC. The audit committee held five meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.
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Valuation Committee
The primary function of the valuation committee is to establish guidelines and make recommendations to our board of trustees on matters relating to the valuation of our investments. The members of the valuation committee are Messrs. Brown, Chandler, Goldstein and Heller, a majority of whom are independent. Mr. Goldstein serves as chairman of the valuation committee. The valuation committee held five meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
The primary function of the nominating and corporate governance committee is to consider and make recommendations to our board of trustees regarding certain governance matters, including selection of trustees for election by shareholders, selection of nominees to fill vacancies on our board of trustees or a committee thereof, development and revision, as appropriate, of applicable corporate governance documentation and practices and oversight of the evaluation of our board of trustees. A shareholder who wishes to recommend a prospective nominee for our board of trustees must provide notice to our corporate secretary in accordance with the requirements set forth in our bylaws. See "Description of Our SecuritiesAdvance Notice Provisions for Shareholder Nominations and Shareholder Proposals" for a description of our shareholder nomination procedure. The members of the nominating and corporate governance committee are Messrs. Gravina, Pizzi and Williams. Mr. Gravina serves as chairman of the nominating and corporate governance committee. The nominating and corporate governance committee held four meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.
Compensation of Trustees
The table below sets forth the compensation received by each of our trustees from us for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015:
Name of Trustee | Fees Earned or Paid in Cash by the Company |
Total Compensation from the Company |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
David J. Adelman |
| | |||||
Sidney R. Brown |
$ | 107,000 | $ | 107,000 | |||
Gregory P. Chandler |
$ | 138,250 | $ | 279,000 | |||
Michael C. Forman |
| | |||||
Richard Goldstein(1) |
$ | 150,500 | $ | 236,000 | |||
Thomas J. Gravina |
$ | 128,000 | $ | 312,500 | |||
Michael J. Heller |
$ | 110,500 | $ | 467,500 | |||
Charles P. Pizzi |
$ | 109,500 | $ | 186,500 | |||
Richard W. Vague |
$ | 109,500 | $ | 109,500 | |||
R. Richard Williams |
$ | 117,000 | $ | 117,000 |
Our trustees who do not also serve in an executive officer capacity for us or FS Advisor are entitled to receive annual cash retainer fees, fees for participating in in-person board and committee meetings and annual fees for serving as a committee chairperson. These trustees are Messrs. Brown, Chandler, Goldstein, Gravina, Heller, Pizzi, Vague and Williams. In addition, we will pay an annual
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cash retainer of $25,000 for the service of our lead independent trustee. Amounts payable under the arranagement are as follows:
Fee | Amount | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Annual Board Retainer |
$ | 100,000 | ||
Board Meeting Fees |
$ | 2,500 | ||
Annual Committee Chair Retainers: |
||||
Audit/Valuation |
$ | 20,000 | ||
Nominating and Corporate Governance |
$ | 15,000 | ||
Other Committees |
$ | 10,000 | ||
Committee Meeting Fees |
$ | 1,000 | ||
Annual Lead Independent Trustee Retainer |
$ | 25,000 |
We also reimburse each of the above trustees for all reasonable and authorized business expenses in accordance with our policies as in effect from time to time, including reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attending each board meeting and each committee meeting not held concurrently with a board meeting.
We do not pay compensation to our trustees who also serve in an executive officer capacity for us or FS Advisor.
Compensation of Executive Officers
Our executive officers do not receive any direct compensation from us. We do not currently have any employees and do not expect to have any employees. Services necessary for our business are provided by individuals who are employees of FS Advisor or by individuals who are contracted by us or by FS Advisor to work on behalf of us pursuant to the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement. Each of our executive officers is an employee of FS Advisor or an outside contractor, and the day-to-day investment operations and administration of our portfolio are managed by FS Advisor. In addition, we reimburse FS Advisor for our allocable portion of expenses incurred by FS Advisor in performing its obligations under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, including the allocable portion of the cost of our officers and their respective staffs determined under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement.
Under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, there was no liability on our part for the offering or organization costs funded by FS Advisor until the investment advisory and administrative services agreement became effective on July 18, 2011 upon satisfying the minimum offering requirement. FS Advisor is entitled to receive 1.5% of the gross proceeds raised in our continuous public offering of common shares until all offering and organization costs funded by FS Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) have been recovered. The minimum reimbursement to FS Advisor for such fees is $37,500 and was paid to FS Advisor in connection with satisfying the minimum offering requirement. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we paid total reimbursements of approximately $0, $0, $0, $2.05 million and $1.09 million, respectively, to FS Advisor and its affiliates. As of December 31, 2015, no amounts remain reimbursable to FS Advisor and its affiliates under this arrangement.
The investment advisory and administrative services agreement provides that FS Advisor and its officers, managers, partners, members (and their members, including the owners of their members), agents, employees, controlling persons and any other person or entity affiliated with it are not entitled to indemnification (including reasonable attorneys' fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) for any liability or loss suffered by FS Advisor or such other person, nor will FS Advisor or such other person be held harmless for any loss or liability suffered by us, unless (i) FS Advisor or such other person has determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct which caused the loss or liability was in our best interests, (ii) FS Advisor or such other person was acting on behalf of or performing services for us, (iii) the liability or loss suffered was not the result of negligence or misconduct by FS Advisor or such other person and (iv) the indemnification or agreement to hold FS Advisor or such other person harmless is only recoverable out of our net assets and not from our shareholders.
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The management of our investment portfolio is the responsibility of FS Advisor and its investment committee, which is currently led by Michael C. Forman, chief executive officer of FS Advisor and chairman of its investment committee. The other members of FS Advisor's investment committee are Gerald F. Stahlecker, Zachary Klehr and Sean Coleman. For more information regarding the business experience of Messrs. Forman, Stahlecker and Klehr, see "ManagementBoard of Trustees and Executive Officers." For more information regarding the business experience of Mr. Coleman, see "Investment Personnel" below. FS Advisor's investment committee must unanimously approve each new investment that we make.
The members of FS Advisor's investment committee are not employed by us and receive no compensation from us in connection with their portfolio management activities. Consistent with Franklin Square Holdings' integrated culture, Franklin Square Holdings has one firm-wide compensation and incentive structure, which covers investment personnel who render services to us on behalf of FS Advisor. Franklin Square Holdings' compensation structure is designed to align the interests of the investment personnel serving us with those of our shareholders and to provide a direct financial incentive to ensure that all of Franklin Square Holdings' resources, knowledge and relationships are utilized to maximize risk-adjusted returns for each strategy.
Each of Franklin Square Holdings' senior executives, including each of the investment personnel who render services to us on behalf of FS Advisor, receives a base salary and is eligible for a discretionary bonus.
All final compensation decisions are made by members of the management committee of Franklin Square Holdings based on input from managers. Compensation and other incentives are not formulaic, but rather are judgment and merit driven, and are determined based on a combination of factors, including overall firm performance and individual contribution and performance.
The managers, officers and other personnel of FS Advisor allocate their time between advising us and managing other investment activities and business activities in which they may be involved, including managing and operating FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. Therefore, FS Advisor, its personnel and certain affiliates may experience conflicts of interest in allocating management time, services and functions among us and any other business ventures in which they or any of their key personnel, as applicable, are or may become involved. This could result in actions that are more favorable to other affiliated entities than to us.
Pursuant to an investment sub-advisory agreement between FS Advisor and GSO, GSO assists FS Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and makes investment recommendations for consideration and approval by FS Advisor. In addition, to the extent requested by FS Advisor, GSO may assist with the monitoring of our portfolio and may make managerial assistance available to certain of our portfolio companies.
Investment Personnel
Our senior staff of investment personnel currently consists of the members of FS Advisor's investment committee, Messrs. Forman, Stahlecker, Klehr and Coleman. Below is biographical information for Mr. Coleman:
Sean Coleman has served as a managing director of FS Investment Corporation since February 2014. Mr. Coleman also serves as the chief credit officer of Franklin Square Holdings and as a managing director of its affiliated investment advisers, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Advisor, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC. Mr. Coleman also serves on the investment committee of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Advisor,
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FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC. Before joining Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliated investment advisers in October 2013, Mr. Coleman worked at Golub Capital, where he served in various capacities, including as a managing director in the direct lending group and as chief financial officer and treasurer of its BDC. Before he joined Golub Capital in September 2005, Mr. Coleman worked in merchant and investment banking, including at Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Wasserstein Perella & Co. Mr. Coleman earned a B.A. in History from Princeton University and an M.B.A. with Distinction from Harvard Business School, where he received the Loeb Award for academic excellence in finance.
In addition to managing our investments, the managers, officers and other personnel of FS Advisor also currently manage the following entities through affiliated investment advisers:
Name | Entity | Investment Focus | Gross Assets(1)(2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FS Investment Corporation |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 4,149,663 | ||||
FS Investment Corporation II |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 4,809,872 | ||||
FS Investment Corporation III |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 3,058,486 | ||||
FS Investment Corporation IV(3) |
BDC | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | $ | 200 | ||||
FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund(4) |
Closed-end management investment company | Primarily invests in secured and unsecured floating and fixed rate loans, bonds and other types of credit instruments. | $ | 1,303,793 |
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beneficial interest to the public and invest substantially all of the net proceeds of their respective offerings in FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund.
The table below shows the dollar range of our common shares beneficially owned as of December 31, 2015 by each member of the investment committee of FS Advisor:
Name of Investment Committee Member | Dollar Range of Equity Securities in the Company(1)(2) |
|
---|---|---|
Michael C. Forman |
$500,001 - $1,000,000 | |
Gerald F. Stahlecker |
$50,001 - $100,000 | |
Zachary Klehr |
$100,001 - $500,000 | |
Sean Coleman |
None |
Key Personnel of the Investment Sub-Adviser
GSO's team of dedicated investment professionals provides assistance to FS Advisor pursuant to the investment sub-advisory agreement. Below is biographical information relating to certain key personnel involved in rendering such services:
Dwight Scott is a senior managing director of Blackstone and heads GSO's energy investment activities. Mr. Scott is also a member of GSO's management committee and sits on several of GSO's investment committees. Prior to joining GSO in 2005, Mr. Scott was an executive vice president and chief financial officer of El Paso Corporation, or El Paso. In this role, Mr. Scott oversaw all financial, treasury and accounting functions for El Paso. His responsibilities included managing the capital structure of El Paso, corporate planning, management of the Tax Department, the leadership and coordination of the organization's financial and operational accounting functions, transaction support, investor and public relations and internal and external financial reporting. Mr. Scott joined El Paso in 2000, where he held several positions prior to becoming chief financial officer, including head of El Paso's Global Power business. Prior to joining El Paso, Mr. Scott served as a managing director in the energy investment banking practice of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette. Mr. Scott earned a B.A. in Journalism from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and an M.B.A. from The University of Texas at Austin. He is currently a Director of 3Bear Energy, LLC, Energy Alloys LLC, TapStone Energy, LLC, FourPoint Energy, LLC, Twin Eagle Resource Management, LLC, Compass Well Services, LLC and GeoSouthern Energy Corporation. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of KIPP, Inc. and the Board of the Blackstone Charitable Foundation.
Daniel H. Smith is a senior managing director of Blackstone and is head of GSO's long only credit business, which includes GDFM. Mr. Smith is also a member of GSO's and GDFM's management committees and sits on several of GSO's and GDFM's investment committees. Mr. Smith joined GSO from the Royal Bank of Canada, or RBC, in 2005. At RBC, Mr. Smith was a managing partner and head of RBC Capital Partners Debt Investments business, RBC's alternative investments unit responsible for the management of $2.5 billion in capital and a portfolio of merchant banking investments. Prior to joining RBC, Mr. Smith worked at Indosuez Capital, a division of Credit Agricole Indosuez, where he was the co-head and managing director responsible for management of the firm's $4.0 billion in CLOs and a member of the investment committee responsible for a portfolio of private equity co-investments and mezzanine debt investments. Previously, Mr. Smith worked at Van Kampen and Frye Louis Capital Management. Mr. Smith received a Master's degree in Management from the
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J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University and a B.S. in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Southern California.
Brad Marshall is a senior managing director of Blackstone and senior portfolio manager of GDFM. In his role as senior portfolio manager at GDFM, Mr. Marshall oversees the investment activities for FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV, each of which are sub-advised by GDFM, and is a member of GDFM's management committee and sits on several of GSO's and GDFM's investment committees. Mr. Marshall has also served as senior portfolio manager of FS Investment Corporation since April 2014. Since joining GSO in 2005, he has been involved with portfolio management and the ongoing analysis and evaluation of fixed income investment opportunities in the energy and power sectors. Before joining GSO, Mr. Marshall worked in various roles at RBC, including fixed income research and business development within RBC's private equity funds effort. Prior to his time with RBC, Mr. Marshall helped develop a private equity funds business for TAL Global, a Canadian asset management division of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, and, prior to that, he co-founded a microchip verification software company where he served as chief finance officer. Mr. Marshall received an M.B.A. from McGill University in Montreal where he was an Academic All-Canadian and a B.A. (Honors) in Economics from Queen's University in Kingston, Canada.
Valerie Kritsberg is a managing director of Blackstone and portfolio manager of GSO. In her role as portfolio manager at GSO, Mrs. Kritsberg oversees the investment activities for us and is a member of GSO's originated energy investment committee. Since joining GSO in 2005, Mrs. Kritsberg has been involved with portfolio management and the ongoing analysis and evaluation of both public and private fixed income investment opportunities, including distressed and special situation investments across multiple funds and sectors including chemicals, energy and power, homebuilding, industrials and retail/consumer. Prior to joining GSO, Mrs. Kritsberg worked in Credit Suisse First Boston's Global Energy Investment Banking Group where she focused on the chemicals and energy and power industries. At Credit Suisse, she worked on various equity, leveraged finance and merger and acquisition transactions. Ms. Kritsberg received a BS from New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business where she was on the Dean's Honor List.
Larry Tharp is a managing director of Blackstone and acts as GSO's chief engineer. Mr. Tharp is also a member of GSO's originated energy investment committee. Prior to joining GSO in early 2013, he worked for five years at EIG Global Energy Partners, most recently as Senior Vice President, where he worked on a wide variety of transactions in the energy space totaling over $5 billion. For three years prior to EIG, he was a Director of NGP Capital Resources Company where he concentrated on origination, evaluation and structuring of upstream mezzanine investments. Before NGPC, Mr. Tharp worked for nine years as a Senior Vice President with Compass Bank in the Energy Group where he was responsible for all technical evaluations of the energy credits. Prior to Compass, he spent 12 years in the upstream energy industry working as a Reservoir and Production engineer for Texas Eastern, Howell Petroleum and Coastal Oil and Gas. Mr. Tharp received a BS in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University and is a registered professional engineer in the State of Texas.
GSO Potential Conflicts of Interest
GSO, Blackstone and their respective affiliates will be subject to certain conflicts of interest with GSO as our investment sub-adviser. These conflicts will arise primarily from the involvement of GSO, Blackstone and their respective affiliates, or collectively, the Firm, in other activities that may conflict with our activities. You should be aware that individual conflicts will not necessarily be resolved in favor of our interest.
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Broad and Wide-Ranging Activities
The Firm engages in a broad spectrum of activities. In the ordinary course of its business activities, the Firm may engage in activities where the interests of certain divisions of the Firm or the interests of its clients may conflict with our or your interests. Other present and future activities of the Firm may give rise to additional conflicts of interest. In the event that a conflict of interest arises, GSO will attempt to resolve such conflicts in a fair and equitable manner, subject to applicable law.
The Firm's Policies and Procedures
Specified policies and procedures implemented by the Firm to mitigate potential conflicts of interest and address certain regulatory requirements and contractual restrictions reduce the synergies across Blackstone's various businesses that we expect to draw on for purposes of pursuing attractive investment opportunities. Because the Firm has various asset management and other businesses, it is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight and more legal and contractual restrictions than that to which it would otherwise be subject if it had just one line of business. Furthermore, in addressing related conflicts and regulatory, legal and contractual requirements across its various businesses, the Firm has implemented certain policies and procedures (e.g., information walls) that reduce the positive synergies that we expect GSO to utilize for purposes of recommending investment opportunities. Additionally, the Firm may limit us and/or our portfolio companies from engagement in agreements with, or related to, companies of an Other Account (as defined below) and/or from time to time restrict or otherwise limit the ability of us and/or our portfolio companies to engage in businesses or activities competitive with such companies of Other Accounts, either as a result of contractual restrictions or otherwise. Finally, the Firm has in the past and is likely in the future to enter into one or more strategic relationships in certain regions or with respect to certain types of investments that, although possibly intended to provide greater opportunities for us, may require us to share such opportunities or otherwise limit the amount of an opportunity we can otherwise take.
Other Relationships
As part of its regular business, the Firm provides a broad range of other services. In addition, the Firm may provide services in the future beyond those currently provided. We will not receive a benefit from fees received in connection with such services. In such a case, an Other Account of the Firm would typically require the Firm to act exclusively on its behalf. This Other Account request may preclude all Firm affiliated clients, including us, from participating in related transactions that would otherwise be suitable. The Firm will be under no obligation to decline any such engagements in order to make an investment opportunity available to us. In connection with its investment banking, advisory and other businesses, the Firm may come into possession of information that limits its ability to engage in potential transactions. Our activities are expected to be constrained as a result of the inability of GSO personnel to use such information. For example, employees of the Firm from time to time are prohibited by law or contract from sharing information with FS Advisor or our portfolio managers at FS Advisor or GSO. Additionally, there are expected to be circumstances in which one or more individuals associated with the Firm will be precluded from providing services related to our activities because of certain confidential information available to those individuals or to other parts of the Firm (e.g., trading may be restricted). Where the Firm may be engaged to find buyers or financing sources for potential sellers of assets, the seller may permit us to act as a participant in such transaction (as a buyer or financing participant), which would raise certain conflicts of interest inherent in such a situation (including as to the negotiation of the purchase price and certain other financial terms) and also be subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act.
The Firm has long-term relationships with a significant number of corporations and their senior management. In determining whether to recommend an investment in a particular transaction on behalf
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of us, GSO will consider those relationships and may determine to not consider the recommendation of the investment to us as a result of such relationships, as may be permitted by law. We may also co-invest with clients of Blackstone in particular investment opportunities, and the relationship with such clients could influence the decisions made by GSO with respect to such investments, as may be permitted by law and in accordance with GSO's applicable procedures.
The inability to transact in any security, derivative or loan held by us could result in significant losses to us.
Allocation of Opportunities
Certain inherent conflicts of interest arise from the fact that the Firm provides investment advisory or sub-advisory services both to FS Advisor, on our behalf, and other clients, including other investment funds, and any other investment vehicles that GSO or its affiliates may establish from time to time, as well as client accounts (including one or more managed accounts or other similar arrangements, including those that may be structured as one or more entities) and proprietary accounts managed by the Firm in which we will not have an interest (such other clients, funds and accounts, collectively, the Other GSO Accounts). In addition, the Firm provides investment management services to other clients, including other investment funds, and any other investment vehicles that Blackstone or any of its affiliates may establish from time to time, client accounts, and proprietary accounts in which we will not have an interest (such other clients, funds and accounts, collectively, the Other Blackstone Accounts and, together with the Other GSO Accounts, the Other Accounts). The respective investment programs of us and the Other Accounts may or may not be substantially similar. The Firm may give advice and recommend investments or actions to Other Accounts, in accordance with the investment objectives and strategies of such Other Accounts, which may differ from advice given to, or the timing or nature of the action taken with respect to, us although it is GSO's policy, to the extent reasonably practicable, to recommend for allocation and/or allocate investment opportunities to us on a fair and equitable basis over time relative to its Other Accounts, even though their investment mandates have elements in common with ours. GSO or its affiliates may enter into transactions for Other Accounts where they have investment discretion that GSO determines not to recommend to us for regulatory, investment or other reasons. Affiliates of GSO engage in an investment advisory business separate from GSO, including with respect to accounts that compete with us, and have no obligation to make investment opportunities available to us.
While GSO will seek to manage potential conflicts of interest in good faith, the portfolio transactions effected by GSO and Blackstone in managing their respective Other Accounts could conflict with the transactions and strategies recommended by GSO in providing sub-advisory services to us and may affect the prices and availability of the securities and instruments in which we invest. Conversely, participation in specific investment opportunities may be appropriate, at times, for both us and Other Accounts.
GSO may have a conflict of interest in allocating investment opportunities between us and Other Accounts, including where GSO may be incentivized to recommend investments for us that may favor the interests of an affiliate or Other Accounts. This potential conflict may be exacerbated where GSO has more attractive incentive fees for such Other Accounts, or where individuals of GSO who are responsible for selecting investments for us have large personal stakes in Other Accounts, or where personnel of GSO benefit directly or indirectly from compensation generated by Other Accounts. In each such case, such transactions will be governed by, and GSO will allocate or make allocation recommendations in accordance with, procedures designed and adopted by GSO to manage such conflicts of interest.
Certain distressed investment opportunities may offer high potential returns, but may not, in the judgment of GSO, be suitable for us. As a result, such investment opportunities may be allocated to
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Other Accounts with similar investment strategies as us and may not be allocated to us. Such investments, while high risk, can at times offer exceptional returns, and we may not be able to participate in these returns.
While GSO will seek to manage potential conflicts of interest in good faith, the portfolio strategies employed by GSO and its affiliates in managing the Other Accounts could conflict with the transactions and strategies employed by GSO in providing sub-advisory services to us and may affect the prices and availability of the securities and instruments in which we invest. Conversely, participation in specific investment opportunities may be appropriate, at times, for both us and the Other Accounts. It is the policy of GSO and its affiliates to generally share appropriate investment opportunities (including purchase and sale opportunities) with the Other Accounts. GSO is committed to transacting in securities and loans in a manner that is consistent with our investment objectives and those of the Other Accounts, and to allocating investment opportunities (including purchase and sale opportunities) among us and the Other Accounts on a fair and equitable basis. In allocating investment opportunities, GSO determines which clients', including ours and the Other Accounts', investment mandates are consistent with the investment opportunity taking into account our and such Other Account's risk/return profile, investment guidelines and objectives, and liquidity objectives. As a general matter, investment opportunities will be allocated pro rata among us and the Other Accounts based on their respective targeted acquisition size (which may be based upon available capacity or, in some cases, a specified maximum target size of such client) or targeted sale size (which is generally based upon the position size held by selling clients), in a manner that takes into account the applicable factors listed below. In addition, GSO complies with specific allocation procedures set forth in our governing documents and those of Other Accounts and described during the marketing process. While no client will be favored over any other client, in allocating investment opportunities certain clients may have priority over other clients consistent with disclosures made to the applicable investors. Consistent with the foregoing, GSO will generally allocate investment opportunities pursuant to certain allocation methodologies as appropriate depending on the nature of the investment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, investment opportunities may be allocated in a manner that differs from such methodologies but is otherwise fair and equitable to us and the Other Accounts taken as a whole (including, in certain circumstances, a complete opt-out for us or an Other Account from an allocation). In instances where we and Other Accounts target different strategies but overlap with respect to certain investment opportunities, GSO may determine that a particular investment most appropriately fits within the portfolio and strategy focus of the relevant Other Account and may allocate the investment to such Other Account but not to us. Any such allocations must be documented in accordance with GSO's procedures and be undertaken with reference to one or more of the following considerations: (a) the risk-return and target-return profile of the investment opportunity relative to our and the Other Accounts' current risk profile; (b) our or the Other Accounts' investment guidelines, restrictions, terms and objectives, including whether such objectives are considered solely in light of the specific investment under consideration or in the context of the respective portfolios' overall holdings; (c) the need to re-size risk in our or the Other Accounts' portfolios (including the potential for the proposed investment to create an industry, sector or issuer imbalance in our and the Other Accounts' portfolios) and taking into account any existing non-pro rata investment positions in such portfolios; (d) our and the Other Accounts' liquidity considerations, including during a ramp-up or wind-down of us or Other Accounts, proximity to the end of our or the Other Accounts' specified terms or investment period, any redemption/withdrawal requests from or with respect to us or an Other Account, anticipated future contributions and available cash; (e) tax consequences; (f) regulatory or contractual restrictions or consequences; (g) avoiding de minimis or odd lot allocations; (h) availability and degree of leverage and any requirements or other terms of any existing leverage facilities; (i) our or the Other Accounts' investment focus on a classification attributable to an investment or issuer of an investment, including, without limitation, investment strategy, geography, industry or business sector; (j) the nature and extent of involvement in the transaction on the part of the respective teams of investment professionals
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dedicated to us or an Other Account; (k) managing any actual or potential conflict of interest; (l) with respect to investments that are made available to GSO by counterparties pursuant to negotiated trading platforms (e.g., ISDA contracts) which may not be available for us or the Other Accounts, the absence of such relationships; and (m) any other considerations deemed relevant by GSO and its affiliates. Because of these and other factors, certain Other Accounts may effectively have priority in investment allocations over us, notwithstanding GSO's general policy of pro rata allocation. Individual conflicts will not necessarily be resolved in favor of our interests, but we will be treated fairly and equitably over time and in a manner consistent with GSO's fiduciary duties.
Orders may be combined for all such accounts, and if any order is not filled at the same price, they may be allocated on an average price basis. Similarly, if an order on behalf of more than one account cannot be fully executed under prevailing market conditions, securities may be allocated among the different accounts on a basis which GSO or its affiliates consider equitable.
From time to time, GSO expects us and Other Accounts to make investments at different levels of a borrower's or an issuer's capital structure or otherwise in different classes of a borrower's or an issuer's securities, as may be permitted by law and subject to compliance with appropriate procedures. When making such investments, GSO expects us and such Other Accounts to have conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest between or among the various classes of securities that may be held by such entities.
To the extent that we hold interests that are different (or more senior or junior) than those held by the Other Accounts, GSO is likely to be presented with decisions involving circumstances where the interests of such Other Accounts are in conflict with ours. Furthermore, it is possible that our interest may be subordinated or otherwise adversely affected by virtue of such Other Accounts' involvement and actions relating to their investment. In addition, when we and Other Accounts hold investments in the same borrower or issuer (including in the same level of the capital structure), we may be prohibited by applicable law from participating in restructurings, work-outs, renegotiations or other activities related to its investment in the borrower or issuer due to the fact that Other Accounts hold investments in the same borrower or issuer. As a result, we may not be permitted by law to make the same investment decisions as Other Accounts in the same or similar situations even if GSO believes it would be in our best economic interests to do so. Also, we may be prohibited by applicable law from investing in a borrower or issuer (or an affiliate) that Other Accounts are also investing in or currently invest in even if GSO believes it would be in the best economic interests of us to do so. In addition, entering into certain transactions that are not deemed prohibited by law when made may potentially lead to a condition that raises regulatory or legal concerns in the future. This may be the case, for example, with issuers who are near default and more likely to enter into restructuring or work-out transactions with their existing debt holders, which may include us and our affiliates. In some cases, to avoid the potential of future prohibited transactions, GSO may avoid recommending allocating an investment opportunity to us that it would otherwise recommend, subject to GSO's then-current allocation policy and any applicable exemptive orders over time.
Service Providers
Our service providers (including lenders, brokers, attorneys and investment banking firms) may be investors in us and/or sources of investment opportunities and counterparties therein. This may influence GSO in deciding whether to select such a service provider. Notwithstanding the foregoing, investment transactions for us that require the use of a service provider will generally be allocated to service providers on the basis of best execution (and possibly to a lesser extent in consideration of such service provider's provision of certain investment-related services that GSO believes to be of benefit to us or Other Accounts). Advisers and their service providers, or their affiliates, often charge different rates or have different arrangements for specific types of services. Therefore, based on the types of services used by us and our portfolio companies as compared to GSO, Blackstone and their affiliates
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and the terms of such services, GSO, Blackstone or their affiliates may benefit to a greater degree from such vendor arrangements than us or our portfolio companies.
Allocation of Personnel
GSO and its officers, managers, members and employees will devote as much of their time to our activities as GSO deems necessary and appropriate. Subject to the terms of the applicable offering and/or governing documents, the Firm expects to form additional investment funds, enter into other investment advisory relationships and engage in other business activities, even though such activities may be in competition with us and/or may involve substantial time and resources of GSO. These activities could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time and effort of GSO and its officers, managers, members and employees will not be devoted exclusively to our business but will be allocated between our business and the management of the assets of other clients of GSO.
Material Non-Public Information
GSO or certain of its affiliates may come into possession of material non-public information with respect to a borrower or an issuer (or an affiliate). Should this occur, GSO would be restricted from recommending to FS Advisor or buying or selling securities, derivatives or loans of the borrower or the issuer on behalf of us until such time as the information became public or was no longer deemed material to preclude us from participating in an investment. Disclosure of such information to GSO's personnel responsible for our affairs will be limited, and FS Advisor on our behalf may not be free to act upon any such information. Therefore, we and FS Advisor may not have access to material non-public information in the possession of the Firm which might be relevant to an investment decision to be made on our behalf, and FS Advisor may initiate a transaction or sell an investment which, if such information had been known to it, may not have been undertaken. Due to these restrictions, FS Advisor may not be able to initiate a transaction that it otherwise might have initiated and may not be able to sell an investment that it otherwise might have sold. In addition, GSO, in an effort to avoid trading restrictions on our behalf or on behalf of other clients of GSO or its affiliates, may choose to forego an opportunity to receive (or elect not to receive) information that other market participants or counterparties, including those with the same positions in the issuer as us, are eligible to receive or have received, even if possession of such information would be advantageous to us.
Trading by Firm Personnel
The officers, directors, members, managers and employees of GSO or Blackstone may trade in securities for their own accounts, subject to restrictions and reporting requirements as may be required by law and Firm policies, or otherwise determined from time to time by GSO or the Firm, as applicable.
Possible Future Activities
The Firm may expand the range of services that it provides over time. The Firm will not be restricted in the scope of its business or in the performance of any such services (whether now offered or undertaken in the future) even if such activities could give rise to conflicts of interest, and whether or not such conflicts are described herein. The Firm has, and will continue to develop, relationships with a significant number of companies, financial sponsors and their senior managers, including relationships with clients who may hold or may have held investments similar to those intended to be made by us. These clients may themselves represent appropriate investment opportunities for us or may compete with us for investment opportunities.
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Portfolio Company Relationships
The entities in which we invest are expected to be counterparties to or participants in agreements, transactions or other arrangements with portfolio companies of Other Accounts managed by the Firm that, although the Firm determines to be consistent with the requirements of such Other Accounts' governing agreements, may not have otherwise been entered into but for the affiliation with the Firm, and/or that involve fees and/or servicing payments to Firm-affiliated entities from which we will derive no benefit, subject to applicable law. For example, the Firm may offer our portfolio companies and portfolio companies of its Other Accounts the opportunity to enter into agreements regarding group procurement (such as a group purchasing organization), benefits management, purchase of insurance policies (which may be pooled across portfolio companies and discounted due to scale) and other operational, administrative or management related matters from a third party or a Firm affiliate, and other similar operational initiatives that, subject to applicable law, may result in commissions or similar payments to the Firm or its affiliates, including related to a portion of the savings achieved by the portfolio company.
With respect to transactions or agreements with portfolio companies, at times if unrelated officers of a portfolio company have not yet been appointed, subject to applicable law, the Firm may be negotiating and executing agreements between the Firm and/or us on the one hand, and the portfolio company or its affiliates on the other hand, including management services agreements or similar agreements, which could entail a conflict of interest in relation to efforts to enter into terms that are arm's length. Among the measures the Firm may use to mitigate such conflicts is involving outside counsel to review and advise on such agreements and provide insights into commercially reasonable terms and regulatory restrictions.
From time to time employees of the Firm may serve as directors or advisory board members of certain portfolio companies or other entities. In connection with such services and subject to applicable law, the Firm receives directors' fees or other similar compensation. Such amounts may, but are not expected to be, material, and will not be passed through to us.
Transactions with Other Accounts
From time to time, we may enter into purchase and sale transactions with Other Accounts. Such transactions will be conducted in accordance with, and subject to, GSO's fiduciary obligations to us, the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder and other applicable law.
Other Affiliate Transactions
We may acquire a security from an issuer in which a separate security has been acquired by other GSO or Blackstone affiliates. When making such investments, we and other GSO or Blackstone affiliates may have conflicting interests. For example, conflicts could arise where we become a lender to a company when an affiliate of GSO owns equity securities of such a company. In this circumstance, for example, if such company goes into bankruptcy, becomes insolvent or is otherwise unable to meet its payment obligations or comply with its debt covenants, conflicts of interest could arise between the holders of different types of securities as to what actions the company should take. There can be no assurance that the return on our investment will be equivalent to or better than the returns obtained by the other affiliates.
In addition, the 1940 Act limits our ability to enter into certain transactions with certain of our affiliates. As a result of these restrictions, we may be prohibited from buying or selling any security directly from or to any portfolio company of a fund or account managed by the Firm. However, we may under certain circumstances purchase any such portfolio company's securities in the secondary market, which could create a conflict for GSO between its interests in us and the portfolio company, in that the ability of GSO to recommend actions in our best interest might be restricted by applicable law.
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The 1940 Act also prohibits certain "joint" transactions with certain of our affiliates, which could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times). These limitations may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us.
Restrictions Arising under the Securities Laws
The Firm's activities (including, without limitation, the holding of securities positions or having one of its employees on the board of directors of a company) could result in securities law restrictions on transactions in securities held by us, affect the prices of such securities or the ability of such entities to purchase, retain or dispose of such investments or otherwise create conflicts of interest, any of which could have an adverse impact on our performance.
GSO may engage and retain senior advisors, industry experts, consultants, and other similar professionals, or, collectively, Senior and Other Advisors, who are not employees or affiliates of GSO and who, from time to time, receive payments from, or allocations of a profits interest with respect to, portfolio companies (as well as from GSO or its clients). In such circumstances, such payments from, or allocations of a profits interest with respect to, portfolio companies and/or clients will not result in the offset of any management fees otherwise due. These Senior and Other Advisors often have the right to co-invest alongside clients, including in those investments in which they are involved, or otherwise participate in equity plans for management of any such portfolio company, and such co-investment and/or participation (which generally would reduce the amount invested by clients in any investment) generally would not be considered as part of GSO's side-by-side co-investment rights. Additionally, and notwithstanding the foregoing, these Senior and Other Advisors may be (or have the preferred right to be) investors in other GSO clients and/or be permitted to participate in GSO's side-by-side co-investment rights. The nature of the relationship with each of the Senior and Other Advisors and the amount of time devoted or required to be devoted by them varies considerably. In certain cases, they may provide GSO with industry-specific insights and feedback on investment themes, assist in transaction due diligence, make introductions to and provide reference checks on management teams. In other cases, they take on more extensive roles and serve as executives or directors on the boards of portfolio companies or contribute to the origination of new investment opportunities. In certain instances, GSO has formal arrangements with these Senior and Other Advisors (which may or may not be terminable upon notice by any party), and in other cases the relationships are more informal. They are either compensated (including pursuant to retainers and expense reimbursement) by GSO, the relevant clients, and/or portfolio companies or otherwise uncompensated unless and until an engagement with a portfolio company develops. In certain cases, the Senior and Other Advisors have certain attributes of GSO "employees" (e.g. they may have dedicated offices at GSO, participate in general meetings and events for GSO personnel, work on GSO matters as their primary or sole business activity) even though they are not considered GSO employees, affiliates or personnel for the purposes of certain agreements and provisions within such agreements. There can be no assurance that any of the Senior and Other Advisors will continue to serve in such roles and/or continue their arrangements with GSO, the clients and/or any portfolio companies throughout the term of the relevant clients.
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The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2015 with respect to each company in which we had a debt or equity/other investment. Other than these investments, our only relationships with our portfolio companies are the managerial assistance we may separately provide to our portfolio companies, which services would be ancillary to our investments, and the board observer or participation rights we may receive. As of December 31, 2015, except for FourPoint Energy, LLC, in which we held a senior secured bond and two equity/other investments, Sunnova Holdings, LLC, in which we held one equity/other investment and its wholly-owned subsidiary Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC, in which we held one first lien senior secured loan, we were not an "affiliated person" of any of our portfolio companies, as defined in the 1940 Act. As of December 31, 2015, except for Sunnova Holdings, LLC, in which we held one equity/other investment and its wholly-owned subsidiary Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC, in which we held one first lien senior secured loan, we did not "control" any of our portfolio companies, as defined in the 1940 Act. In general, under the 1940 Act, we would be presumed to "control" a portfolio company if we owned 25% or more of its voting securities or we had the power to exercise control over the management or policies of a portfolio company, and would be an "affiliated person" of a portfolio company if we owned 5% or more of its voting securities.
For information relating to the value of our investments in our portfolio companies, see our audited consolidated schedule of investments as of December 31, 2015, at page F-10. Dollar amounts in the table below and the related notes are presented in thousands.
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured Loans1st Lien | ||||||
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC 1010 Lamar Street #1410 Houston, TX 77002 |
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC acquires, integrates, and develops energy manufacturing and service businesses for oil and gas markets. |
$ |
57,911 |
|||
Allied Wireline Services, LLC 15995 North Barker's Landing Suite 140 Houston, TX 77079 |
Allied Wireline Services is an energy services company providing wireline logging and other downhole information, completion, and intervention services for oil and natural gas industries in Mid-Continent, Permian Basin, and South Texas. |
$ |
101,930 |
|||
Alon USA Partners, L.P. 12700 Park Central Dr. Suite 1600 Dallas, TX 75251 |
Alon USA is an independent refiner and marketer of petroleum products operating primarily in the South Central, Southwestern and Western regions of the U.S. |
$ |
7,342 |
|||
Altus Power America, Inc. 102 Greenwich Avenue, 3rd Floor Greenwich, CT 06830 |
Altus Power America is a developer and owner of on-site solar generation facilities for commercial and industrial customers. |
$ |
84,375 |
(1) |
||
AP Exhaust Acquisition, LLC 300 Dixie Trail Goldsboro, NC 27530 |
AP Exhaust is a manufacturer and distributor of aftermarket/replacement emission and exhaust products for a broad array of vehicular and industrial applications. |
$ |
15,811 |
|||
BBH Operating LLC 2064 S. Robb Way Lakewood, CO 80227 |
BBH is a joint venture exploration and production company with oil assets in the Bright, Beaver Hole, and North Ant Hill Fields in the Powder River Basin in Montana and Northeast Wyoming. |
$ |
30,000 |
(2) |
187
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P. 801 Cherry Street Suite 1500, Unit 9 Fort Worth, TX 76102 |
BL Sand Hills is an exploration and production partnership focused on the implementation of an infill drilling and waterflood project in Crane County, Texas in the Permian Basin. | $ | 48,626 | (3) | ||
Cactus Wellhead, LLC One Greenway Plaza, Suite 200 Houston, TX 77046 |
Cactus Wellhead is a manufacturer of pressure control equipment used during drilling, completion and production operations on land and offshore. |
$ |
51,012 |
|||
Cimarron Energy Inc. 1012 24th Avenue NW Suite 100 Norman, OK 73070 |
Cimarron Energy, Inc. designs and manufactures oil and gas production equipment. The company was founded in 1976 and is based in Norman, Oklahoma with well sites in the United States. |
$ |
24,250 |
|||
Crestwood Holdings LLC 700 Louisiana Street Suite 2550 Houston, TX 77002 |
Crestwood owns and operates an MLP focused on gathering and processing natural gas produced from the Barnett Shale region in North Texas. |
$ |
30,689 |
|||
EnergySolutions, LLC 299 South Main Street Suite #1700 Salt Lake City, UT 84111 |
EnergySolutions is a provider of nuclear services and the owner of environmental assets focused on meeting commercial and government customers' required, recurring service needs to safely manage waste streams generated in the nuclear fuel cycle. |
$ |
20,150 |
|||
EP Acquisition LLC 2064 S. Robb Way Lakewood, CO 80227 |
EP Acquisition owns an interest in an exploration and production company with oil assets in the Bright, Beaver Hole, and North Ant Hill Fields in the Powder River Basin in Montana and Northeast Wyoming. |
$ |
525 |
|||
Industrial Group Intermediate Holdings, LLC 411 Theodore Fremd Avenue, Suite 125 Rye, NY 10580 |
Industrial Group is an employee-owned holding company engaged in agricultural chemicals, electrical insulation materials and other tools and equipment. |
$ |
14,951 |
|||
MB Precision Holdings LLC 109 Apremont Way Westfield, MA 01085 |
MB Precision provides precision machining, fabrication, assembly and test services for the aerospace & defense, energy, oil & gas and power generation markets. |
$ |
12,855 |
|||
Moxie Liberty LLC 612 Center Street South Suite 200 Vienna, VA 22180 |
Panda Power Funds is developing the Moxie Liberty Project, a natural gas-fired combined cycle power plant in Bradford County, PA. |
$ |
32,540 |
|||
Panda Sherman Power, LLC 5001 Spring Valley Road Suite 1150 West Dallas, TX 75244 |
Panda Sherman Power is constructing a natural gas-fired combined cycle power plant in Sherman, Texas. |
$ |
22,937 |
|||
Panda Temple Power, LLC 5001 Spring Valley Road, Suite 1150 W Dallas, TX 75244 |
Panda Temple is a 758 megawatt combined cycle natural gas power plant located in Temple, Texas. |
$ |
9,747 |
|||
Panda Temple Power, LLC 5001 Spring Valley Road, Suite 1150 W Dallas, TX 75244 |
Panda Temple Power II is constructing a natural gas-fired combined cycle power plant in Temple, Texas. |
$ |
28,132 |
188
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ProPetro Services, Inc. 1706 S. Midkiff, Bldg. B Midland, TX 79701 |
ProPetro is an independent provider of oil and gas well drilling, stimulation, workover, and repair services throughout the Permian Basin, the Mid-Continent, and the Uinta-Piceance region of the Rocky Mountains. | $ | 11,599 | |||
Stallion Oilfield Holdings, Inc. 950 Corbindale Road Suite 300 Houston, TX 77024 |
Stallion Oilfield provides total wellsite support, production and logistical services to exploration and production companies and drilling contractors nationwide. |
$ |
45,045 |
|||
Stonewall Gas Gathering LLC 742 Fairmount Avenue, Suite E Westover, WV 26501 |
Stonewall Gas Gathering is engaged in the construction of a natural gas pipeline system in the southwest Marcellus Shale. It operates as a subsidiary of M3 Midstream, LLC. |
$ |
25,803 |
|||
Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC 20 Greenway Plaza, Suite 475 Houston, TX 77046 |
Sunnova is an independent power company that owns and operates residential solar systems throughout the United States. |
$ |
252,530 |
(4)(7) |
||
Swift Worldwide Resources US Holdings Corp. 3050 Post Oak Boulevard Suite 1450 Houston, TX 77056 |
Swift is a provider of contract personnel resources to the oil and gas industry. |
$ |
59,057 |
|||
UTEX Industries, Inc. 10810 Katy Freeway, Suite 100 Houston, TX 77043 |
UTEX Industries is a designer and manufacturer of sealing and downhole products, catering primarily to the oil and gas, industrial, mining and water management industries. |
$ |
3,443 |
|||
Warren Resources, Inc. 1114 Avenue of the Americas, 34th Floor New York, NY 10036 |
Warren Resources is an independent energy company engaged in the exploration, development and production of onshore crude oil and gas reserves. |
$ |
131,175 |
|||
Senior Secured Loans2nd Lien |
||||||
Alison US LLC Am Taubenfeld 21/1 69123 Heidelberg Germany |
ARVOS Group (formerly Alison) designs and manufacturers new equipment and provides aftermarket parts and services across three product lines: air preheaters and gas heaters; heat transfer solutions; and grinding mills. |
$ |
16,641 |
|||
American EnergyMarcellus, LLC 301 NW 63rd Street Suite 600 Oklahoma City, OK 73116 |
American EnergyMarcellus is a privately owned exploration and production that acquires and develops unconventional resources in the Marcellus Shale. |
$ |
9,874 |
|||
Ameriforge Group Inc. 945 Bunker Hill Road, Suite 500 Houston, TX 77024 |
Ameriforge is a manufacturer of highly engineered products, subassemblies, and integrated systems serving the oil and gas, power generation, and industrial end markets. |
$ |
36,433 |
|||
AP Exhaust Acquisition, LLC 300 Dixie Trail Goldsboro, NC 27530 |
AP Exhaust is a manufacturer and distributor of aftermarket/replacement emission and exhaust products for a broad array of vehicular and industrial applications. |
$ |
3,243 |
|||
Arena Energy 4200 Research Forest Drive, Suite 500 The Woodlands, TX 77381 |
Arena Energy is an E&P company with conventional offshore assets in the shallow water Gulf of Mexico. |
$ |
65,000 |
189
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascent ResourcesUtica, LLC 3501 NW 63rd Street Suite 600 Oklahoma City, OK 73116 |
Ascent Resources is a privately owned exploration and production company that acquires and develops unconventional resources in the Utica Shale. | $ | 279,572 | (7) | ||
Atlas Resource Partners, L.P. 1000 Commerce Drive Suite 400 Pittsburgh, PA 15275 |
Atlas Resource Partners, L.P. operates as an independent developer and producer of natural gas, crude oil, and natural gas liquids in the United States. |
$ |
97,489 |
|||
BlackBrush Oil & Gas, L.P. 18615 Tuscany Stone Suite 300 San Antonio, TX 75258 |
BlackBrush Oil & Gas, LP operates as an oil and gas exploration and development company. It focuses on the exploration, development, and production of upstream assets in the South Texas region. |
$ |
30,708 |
|||
Brock Holdings III, Inc. 10343 Sam Houston Park Drive Suite 200 Houston, TX 77064 |
Brock is a provider of industrial maintenance solutions in the refining, chemical, power and other industries. |
$ |
29,766 |
|||
Chief Exploration & Development LLC 5956 Sherry Lane Suite 1500 Dallas, TX 75225 |
Chief Exploration & Development is a privately held independent upstream oil and gas company focused on natural gas reserves in the Marcellus shale region of northeastern Pennsylvania. |
$ |
19,504 |
|||
Consolidated Precision Products Corp. 1621 Euclid Avenue, Suite 1850 Cleveland, OH 44115 |
Consolidated Precision focuses on superalloy precision investment casting of components used in the aerospace, power generation, and other industrial markets. |
$ |
11,529 |
|||
Emerald Performance Materials, LLC 2020 Front Street Suite 100 Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221 |
Emerald Performance Materials, LLC produces and markets specialty chemicals for food and industrial applications. |
$ |
5,296 |
|||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC (11.0%) 1888 Sherman Street Suite 200 Denver, CO 80203 |
Extraction Oil & Gas is a private E&P company focused on the DJ Basin of Colorado. |
$ |
74,186 |
|||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC (10.0%) 1888 Sherman Street Suite 200 Denver, CO 80203 |
Extraction Oil & Gas is a private E&P company focused on the DJ Basin of Colorado. |
$ |
32,462 |
|||
Fieldwood Energy LLC 2000 W. Sam Houston Parkway S Suite 1200 Houston, TX 77042 |
Fieldwood Energy LLC engages in the acquisition and development of conventional oil and gas assets in North America, including the Gulf of Mexico. |
$ |
41,951 |
|||
Granite Intermediate Holdings, Inc. 100 Arboretum Drive, Suite 310 Portsmouth, NH 03801 |
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc. develops, owns, and operates energy-from-waste facilities in North America, Europe, and China. It converts municipal solid waste and renewable waste fuels into clean energy. |
$ |
13,047 |
190
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gruden Acquisition, Inc. 4041 Park Oaks Boulevard Suite 200 Tampa, FL 33610 |
Quality Distribution, Inc. (Gruden Acquisition) is the leading liquid bulk chemical shipping company in the US, operating the largest dedicated chemical bulk tank truck network in North America. | $ | 14,281 | |||
Horn Intermediate Holdings, Inc. 2205 Ragu Drive Owensboro, KY 42303 |
Horn is a provider of specialized mechanical services primarily to the power generation, pulp and paper, and refinery industries. |
$ |
50,250 |
|||
Jonah Energy LLC 755 Mulberry Avenue Suite 450 San Antonio, TX 78212 |
Jonah Energy LLC acquires and operates onshore oil and gas producing properties in North America. |
$ |
24,821 |
|||
MD America Energy, LLC 301 Commerce Street Suite 2150 Fort Worth, TX 76102 |
MD America Energy is an E&P company focused in the East Texas Basin with 14,818 net acres targeting the Woodbine (A-D sands) and the Eagle Ford. |
$ |
40,121 |
|||
Neff Rental LLC 3750 NW 87th Avenue Miami, FL 33178 |
Neff Rental provides equipment rental services for construction companies, golf course developers, industrial plants, the oil industry, and governments. |
$ |
15,182 |
|||
Oxbow Carbon LLC 1601 Forum Place Suite 1400 West Palm Beach, FL 33401 |
Oxbow is a recycler of refinery and natural gas byproducts. |
$ |
14,904 |
|||
P2 Upstream Acquisition Co. 1670 Broadway Suite 28000 Denver, CO 80202 |
P2 Upstream is an independent technology provider of mission-critical software, data and analytics solutions to the upstream oil and gas industry. |
$ |
32,862 |
|||
Templar Energy LLC 4727 Gaillardia Parkway Oklahoma City, OK 73142 |
Templar is an exploration and production company focused on investing primarily in the mature, liquids-rich producing basins in the Mid-Continent Region. |
$ |
88,451 |
|||
Total Safety U.S., Inc. 11111 Wilcrest Green Drive Houston, TX 77042 |
Total Safety is a provider of integrated safety and compliance solutions to clients operating in hazardous environments. |
$ |
14,978 |
|||
UTEX Industries, Inc. 10810 Katy Freeway Houston, TX 77043 |
UTEX Industries is a designer and manufacturer of sealing and downhole products, catering primarily to the oil and gas, industrial, mining and water management industries. |
$ |
36,232 |
|||
Vantage Energy, LLC 116 Inverness Drive East Suite 107 Englewood, CO 80112 |
Vantage Energy is focused on the acquisition, development and exploration of unconventional natural gas projects, primarily tight gas sands, gas shales and coalbed methane, onshore in North America. |
$ |
29,933 |
|||
Vantage Energy II, LLC 116 Inverness Drive East Suite 107 Englewood, CO 80112 |
Vantage Energy II is a private, natural gas-oriented E&P company focused on the Southwest Core of the Marcellus Shale. |
$ |
85,000 |
191
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured Bonds | ||||||
American EnergyWoodford, LLC 301 NW 63rd Street Suite 600 Oklahoma City, OK 73116 |
American EnergyWoodford, LLC owns and operates oil and gas reserves and exploration permits. |
$ |
5,662 |
|||
FourPoint Energy, LLC 100 St. Paul Street Suite 400 Denver, CO 80206 |
FourPoint Energy, LLC is a private E&P company focused on the acquisition and development of oil and natural gas assets in the Anadarko and Permian Basins. |
$ |
300,482 |
(5)(7) |
||
Gastar Exploration USA, Inc. 1331 Lamar Street Suite 650 Houston, TX 77010 |
Gastar is engaged in the exploration, development and production of natural gas, natural gas liquids, oil and condensate in the U.S. |
$ |
5,393 |
|||
Light Tower Rentals, Inc. 2330 East Interstate 20 S. Service Road Odessa, TX 79766 |
Light Tower Rentals, Inc. provides natural gas generator rentals for drilling rigs and mobile storm shelters to protect rig crews in remote and storm prone areas. |
$ |
17,313 |
|||
Lightstream Resources Ltd. 2800, 525 - 8th Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta T2P 1G1 |
Lighstream Resources engages in the exploration and development of oil and gas in Alberta, BC, and Saskatchewan. |
$ |
62,400 |
|||
Mirant Mid-Atlantic Trust 211 Carnegie Center Princeton, NJ 08540 |
Mirant Mid-Atlantic operates as a wholesale power generation company in the United States. It owns, operates, and leases 4,683 megawatts of net electric generating capacity in Maryland, near Washington, D.C. |
$ |
26,097 |
|||
SandRidge Energy, Inc. 123 Robert S. Kerr Avenue Oklahoma City, OK 73102 |
SandRidge Energy, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, explores for and produces oil and natural gas properties primarily in the Mid-Continent region of the United States. |
$ |
46,598 |
|||
Subordinated Debt |
||||||
Alta Mesa Holdings, LP 15021 Katy Freeway Suite 400 Houston, TX 77094 |
Alta Mesa is an onshore oil and natural gas acquisition, exploitation, exploration and production company. |
$ |
18,376 |
|||
Archrock Partners, L.P. 16666 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 |
Archrock Partners, L.P. is a master limited partnership and the leading provider of natural gas compression services to customers in the U.S. oil and gas industry. |
$ |
2,625 |
|||
Archrock Partners, L.P. 16666 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 |
Archrock Partners, L.P. is a master limited partnership and the leading provider of natural gas compression services to customers in the U.S. oil and gas industry. |
$ |
8,858 |
|||
Atlas Energy Holdings Operating Co., LLC (7.8%) 1000 Commerce Drive Suite 400 Pittsburgh, PA 15275 |
Atlas Energy Holdings is an oil and gas exploration and production company. |
$ |
25,869 |
|||
Atlas Energy Holdings Operating Co., LLC (9.3%) 1000 Commerce Drive Suite 400 Pittsburgh, PA 15275 |
Atlas Energy Holdings is an oil and gas exploration and production company. |
$ |
23,574 |
192
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bellatrix Exploration Ltd. 800-5th Avenue SW. Suite 1920 Calgary, AB |
Bellatrix Exploration Ltd. engages in the acquisition, exploration, development, and production of oil and natural gas reserves. | $ | 44,731 | |||
Brand Energy & Infrastructure Services, Inc. 1325 Cobb International Drive Kennesaw, GA 30152 |
Brand Energy is a provider of specialty multi-craft services to the North American energy infrastructure market. |
$ |
27,261 |
|||
Calpine Corp. 717 Texas Avenue Suite 1000 Houston, TX 77002 |
Calpine Corporation, a wholesale power generation company, owns and operates natural gas-fired and geothermal power plants in North America. |
$ |
5,093 |
|||
Canbriam Energy Inc. 450 1st Street SW Suite 3500 Calgary, AB T2P 5H1 Canada |
Canbriam Energy Inc. operates as an exploration and production company that focuses on natural gas aspects in Montney, Canada. |
$ |
111,556 |
|||
Chaparral Energy Inc. (7.6%) 701 Cedar Lake Boulevard Oklahoma City, OK 73114 |
Chaparral is a Mid-Continent and Permian Basin-focused private exploration and production company. |
$ |
16,150 |
|||
Compressco Partners, LP 3809 South FM 1788 Midland, TX 79706 |
Compressco Partners, L.P. provides compression-based production enhancement services for natural gas and oil exploration and production companies. |
$ |
19,889 |
|||
Crestwood Equity Partners L.P. 700 Louisiana Street, Suite 2550 Houston, TX 77002 |
Crestwood Midstream Partners engages in the acquisition and development of midstream oil and gas assets. |
$ |
5,500 |
|||
Dynegy Finance I/II Inc. (7.6%) 601 Travis Street Suite 1400 Houston, TX 77002 |
Dynegy produces and sells electric energy, capacity, and ancillary services in the United States. |
$ |
16,654 |
|||
Eclipse Resources Corp. 2121 Old Gatesburg Road Suite 110 State College, PA 16803 |
Eclipse Resources Corporation is an independent exploration and production company engaged in the acquisition and development of oil and natural gas properties in the Appalachian Basin. |
$ |
26,949 |
|||
EV Energy Partners, L.P. 1001 Fanin Street Suite 800 Houston, TX 77002 |
EV Energy Partners, L.P. engages in the acquisition, development, and production of oil and natural gas properties in the United States. |
$ |
21,221 |
|||
Everest Acquisition LLC 1001 Louisiana Street Houston, TX 77002 |
Everest Acquisition provides oil and gas exploration, and focuses on extraction, transmission, drilling, developing, and exploration of natural gas reserves in the United States, Brazil, and Egypt. |
$ |
14,250 |
|||
Genesis Energy L.P. 919 Milam, Suite 2100 Houston, TX 77002 |
Genesis Energy L.P. is a midstream energy MLP headquartered in Houston, Texas. |
$ |
11,688 |
|||
GenOn Energy, Inc. (9.9%) 211 Carnegie Center Princeton, NJ 08540 |
GenOn Energy is a non-recourse subsidiary of NRG Energy Inc. with a portfolio of nearly 20GW of coal, gas, and oil-fired capacity. |
$ |
44,669 |
193
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GenOn Energy, Inc. (7.9%) 211 Carnegie Center Princeton, NJ 08540 |
GenOn Energy is a non-recourse subsidiary of NRG Energy Inc. with a portfolio of nearly 20GW of coal, gas, and oil-fired capacity. | $ | 4,795 | |||
Global Jet Capital, Inc. (1/30/25) 2500 North Military Trail Suite 475 Boca Raton, FL 33431 |
Global Jet purchases and concurrently leases aircraft with a primary focus on medium and large corporate jets. |
$ |
635 |
|||
Global Jet Capital, Inc. (4/30/25) 2500 North Military Trail Suite 475 Boca Raton, FL 33431 |
Global Jet purchases and concurrently leases aircraft with a primary focus on medium and large corporate jets. |
$ |
4,030 |
|||
Global Jet Capital, Inc. (9/3/25) 2500 North Military Trail Suite 475 Boca Raton, FL 33431 |
Global Jet purchases and concurrently leases aircraft with a primary focus on medium and large corporate jets. |
$ |
828 |
|||
Global Jet Capital, Inc. (9/29/25) 2500 North Military Trail Suite 475 Boca Raton, FL 33431 |
Global Jet purchases and concurrently leases aircraft with a primary focus on medium and large corporate jets. |
$ |
779 |
|||
Global Partners L.P. 800 South Street Suite 200 Waltham, MA 02454 |
Global Partners is a publicly-traded MLP that distributes gasoline, distillates, residual oil, and renewable fuels to wholesalers, retailers, and commercial customers in the New England states and New York. |
$ |
68,350 |
|||
Jones Energy, Inc. 807 Las Cimas Parkway Suite 350 Austin, TX 78746 |
Jones Energy is an independent oil and gas company engaged in the development, production, and acquisition of oil and natural gas properties in the Anadarko and Arkoma basins of Texas and Oklahoma. |
$ |
8,000 |
|||
Jupiter Resources Inc. 8 Avenue SW Suite 1100 Calgary, AB T2P 1G1 Canada |
Jupiter Resources Inc. engages in the exploration, production, and development of oil and gas properties in Canada. |
$ |
67,291 |
|||
The Kenan Advantage Group, Inc. 4366 Mount Pleasant Street NW North Canton, OH 44720 |
The Kenan Advantage Group is a tank truck transporter and logistics provider, delivering fuel, chemicals, industrial gases, and food-grade products. |
$ |
11,970 |
|||
Legacy Reserves L.P. (8.0%) 303 West Wall Street Midland, TX 79701 |
Legacy Reserves is an independent oil and gas limited partnership focused on the acquisition and development of oil and natural gas properties primarily located in the Permian Basin, Mid-Continent, and Rocky Mountain regions. |
$ |
16,499 |
|||
Legacy Reserves L.P. (6.6%) 303 West Wall Street Midland, TX 79701 |
Legacy Reserves is an independent oil and gas limited partnership focused on the acquisition and development of oil and natural gas properties primarily located in the Permian Basin, Mid-Continent, and Rocky Mountain regions. |
$ |
13,847 |
194
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lonestar Resources America Inc. 600 Bailey Avenue Suite 200 Fort Worth, TX 76107 |
Lonestar is an independent oil and natural gas production and development company operating in the Eagle Ford Shale in Texas. | $ | 21,591 | |||
Martin Midstream Partners L.P. 4200 Stone Road Kilgore, TX 75662 |
Martin Midstream is a publicly-traded MLP that collects, transports, stores, and markets petroleum products and by-products in the United States Gulf Coast region. |
$ |
16,144 |
|||
Memorial Production Partners L.P. (6.9%) 500 Dallas Street Suite 1800 Houston, TX 77002 |
Memorial Production engages in the acquisition, development, exploitation, and production of oil and natural gas properties principally in Texas, Louisiana, and offshore southern California. |
$ |
12,059 |
|||
ONEOK, Inc. 100 West Fifth Street Tulsa, OK 74103 |
ONEOK is a pure-play publicly traded general partner, which owns partnership interest of ONEOK Partners. |
$ |
26,771 |
|||
Seven Generations Energy Ltd. Suite 300, 140 - 8th Avenue SW Calgary, AB T2P 1B3 |
Seven Generations Energy focuses on developing non-conventional resource plays in Canada and the U.S. |
$ |
5,612 |
|||
Talos Production 500 Dallas Street Suite 2000 Houston, TX 77002-4727 |
Talos Production explores, acquires and develops oil and gas properties. |
$ |
43,258 |
|||
Tenrgys, LLC 602 Crescent Place Suite 100 Ridgeland, MS 39157 |
Tenrgys is an owner and operator of both conventional and CO2 enhanced oil recovery and pressure maintenance fields with mineral ownership in over 500 producing oil and gas wells. |
$ |
75,000 |
|||
Whiting Petroleum Corp. 1700 Broadway, Suite 2300 Denver, Colorado 80290 |
Whiting Petroleum is a public E&P with activities in the Rocky Mountains (Williston & DJ Basin) and Permian Basin. |
$ |
4,124 |
|||
Zachry Holdings, Inc. 527 Logwood Avenue San Antonio, TX 78221 |
Zachry plans, builds, and maintains major facilities in the power, cement, and nuclear sectors. |
$ |
14,376 |
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Title of Securities Held by Us |
Percentage of Class Held(6) |
Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equity/Other |
|||||||||||
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC |
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC acquires, integrates, and develops energy manufacturing and service businesses for oil and gas markets. |
Common Equity |
3.3 |
% |
$ |
6,944 |
195
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Title of Securities Held by Us |
Percentage of Class Held(6) |
Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allied Downhole Technologies, LLC |
Allied Wireline Services is an energy services company providing wireline logging and other downhole information, completion, and intervention services for oil and natural gas industries in Mid-Continent, Permian Basin, and South Texas. |
Common Equity |
7.5 | % | $ | 6,600 | |||||
Allied Downhole Technologies, LLC |
Allied Wireline Services is an energy services company providing wireline logging and other downhole information, completion, and intervention services for oil and natural gas industries in Mid-Continent, Permian Basin, and South Texas. |
Warrants |
88.0 |
% |
$ |
1,865 |
|||||
Altus Power America Holdings, LLC |
Altus Power America, Inc. invests, constructs, owns, and manages clean energy projects. The company focuses on solar power projects. Additionally, it offers financial services to solar developers and construction companies. The company caters to corporate and public energy consumers. Altus Power America, Inc. is based in Greenwich, Connecticut. |
Preferred Equity |
86.4 |
% |
$ |
15,464 |
|||||
Altus Power America Management, LLC |
Altus Power America, Inc. invests, constructs, owns, and manages clean energy projects. The company focuses on solar power projects. Additionally, it offers financial services to solar developers and construction companies. The company caters to corporate and public energy consumers. Altus Power America, Inc. is based in Greenwich, Connecticut. |
Class B Units |
22.5 |
% |
$ |
0 |
|||||
AP Exhaust Holdings, LLC |
AP Exhaust is a manufacturer and distributor of aftermarket/replacement emission and exhaust products for a broad array of vehicular and industrial applications. |
Common Equity |
0.9 |
% |
$ |
811 |
196
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Title of Securities Held by Us |
Percentage of Class Held(6) |
Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascent Resources Utica Holdings, LLC |
Ascent Resources is a privately owned exploration and production company that acquires and develops unconventional resources in the Utica Shale. |
Common Equity |
0.8 | % | $ | 14,900 | (7) | ||||
BBH Operating LLC |
BBH is a joint venture exploration and production company with oil assets in the Bright, Beaver Hole, and North Ant Hill Fields in the Powder River Basin in Montana and Northeast Wyoming. |
Common Equity |
50.0 |
% |
$ |
1,000 |
|||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P. |
BL Sand Hills is an exploration and production partnership focused on the implementation of an infill drilling and waterflood project in Crane County, Texas in the Permian Basin. |
Net Profits Interest |
15.0 |
% |
$ |
4,677 |
|||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P. |
BL Sand Hills is an exploration and production partnership focused on the implementation of an infill drilling and waterflood project in Crane County, Texas in the Permian Basin. |
Overriding Royalty |
100.0 |
% |
$ |
668 |
|||||
Cimarron Energy Holdco Inc. |
Cimarron Energy, Inc. designs and manufactures oil and gas production equipment. |
Common Equity |
3.9 |
% |
$ |
2,500 |
|||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC |
Extraction Oil & Gas is a private E&P company focused on the DJ Basin of Colorado. |
Common Equity |
1.8 |
% |
$ |
11,250 |
|||||
Fortune Creek Co-Invest I L.P., LP Interest |
Fortune Creek is a partnership that owns and operates a natural gas pipeline in the Horn River Basin in British Columbia, Canada. |
LP Interest |
8.7 |
% |
$ |
16,697 |
|||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC (Class C Units) |
FourPoint Energy, LLC is a private E&P company focused on the acquisition and development of oil and natural gas assets in the Anadarko and Permian Basins. |
Common Equity |
5.2 |
% |
$ |
66,000 |
(7) |
197
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Title of Securities Held by Us |
Percentage of Class Held(6) |
Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FourPoint Energy, LLC (Class D Units) |
FourPoint Energy, LLC is a private E&P company focused on the acquisition and development of oil and natural gas assets in the Anadarko and Permian Basins. |
Common Equity |
1.0 | % | $ | 8,176 | (7) | ||||
Global Jet Capital Holdings, LP |
Global Jet purchases and concurrently leases aircraft with a primary focus on medium and large corporate jets. |
Preferred Equity |
1.6 |
% |
$ |
2,449 |
|||||
Industrial Group Intermediate Holdings, LLC |
Industrial Group Intermediate Holdings (Alco Industries) is an employee-owned holding company with seven diversified manufacturing subsidiaries engaged in agricultural chemicals, electrical insulation materials and foundry equipment. |
Common Equity |
0.6 |
% |
$ |
372 |
|||||
MB Precision Holdings LLC |
MB Precision provides precision machining, fabrication, assembly and test services for the aerospace & defense, energy, oil & gas and power generation markets. |
Common Equity |
0.9 |
% |
$ |
490 |
|||||
Plains Offshore Operations Inc. |
Plains Offshore is a subsidiary of Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold (NYSE: FCX), or FCX, and was formed to develop FCX's assets located in the Gulf of Mexico in water depths of 500 feet or more. |
Preferred Equity |
4.4 |
% |
$ |
26,321 |
|||||
Plains Offshore Operations Inc. |
Plains Offshore is a subsidiary of Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold (NYSE: FCX), or FCX, and was formed to develop FCX's assets located in the Gulf of Mexico in water depths of 500 feet or more. |
Warrants |
4.4 |
% |
$ |
689 |
|||||
Summit Midstream Partners, LLC |
Summit Midstream Partners, LLC is a privately owned midstream business with natural gas gathering, treating, and processing assets in the Bakken, Niobrara, and Utica. |
Preferred Equity |
25.0 |
% |
$ |
39,163 |
198
Name and Address of Portfolio Company | Nature of its Principal Business | Title of Securities Held by Us |
Percentage of Class Held(6) |
Amortized Cost of Investment (in thousands) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sunnova Holdings, LLC |
Sunnova Energy Corp. is an independent power company that owns and operates residential solar systems throughout the United States. |
Common Equity |
33.2 | % | $ | 25,026 | (7) | ||||
Swift Worldwide Resources Holdco Limited |
Swift is a provider of contract personnel resources to the oil and gas industry. |
Common Equity |
4.8 |
% |
$ |
6,029 |
|||||
Synergy Offshore LLC |
Synergy is a development stage E&P company seeking capital to acquire and re-develop acreage in the Cut Bank Field in north-central Montana. |
Preferred Equity |
100.0 |
% |
$ |
61,183 |
199
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES AGREEMENT
Overview of FS Advisor
Management Services and Responsibilities
FS Advisor is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act and serves as our investment adviser pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement in accordance with the 1940 Act. As an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act, FS Advisor has a fiduciary duty to act solely in the best interests of its clients. As part of this duty, FS Advisor has a fiduciary responsibility for the safekeeping and use of all our funds and assets, whether or not in its immediate possession or control. As such, FS Advisor may not employ, or permit another to employ, our funds or assets in any manner except for our exclusive benefit. FS Advisor is prohibited from contracting away the fiduciary obligation owed to us and our shareholders under common law.
Subject to the overall supervision of our board of trustees, FS Advisor oversees our day-to-day operations and provides us with investment advisory services. Under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FS Advisor:
FS Advisor will also seek to ensure that we maintain adequate reserves for normal replacements and contingencies (but not for payment of fees payable to it) by causing us to retain a reasonable percentage of offering proceeds, revenues or other sources of reserves. FS Advisor's services under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement may not be exclusive, and it is free to furnish similar services to other entities so long as its services to us are not impaired. In addition, FS Advisor performs certain administrative services under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement. See "Administrative Services."
Advisory Fees
We pay FS Advisor a fee for its services under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement consisting of two componentsa base management fee and an incentive fee based on our performance. The cost of both the base management fee payable to FS Advisor and any incentive fees it earns are ultimately borne by our shareholders.
Base Management Fee. The base management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 2.0% of the average value of our gross assets. The base management fee is payable quarterly in arrears and is calculated based on the average value of our gross assets at the end of the two most recently completed calendar quarters. The base management fee may or may not be taken in whole or in part at the discretion of FS Advisor. All or any part of the base management fee not taken as to any quarter will be deferred without interest and may be taken in such other quarter as FS Advisor shall determine. The base management fee for any partial month or quarter will be appropriately prorated.
Incentive Fee. The incentive fee consists of two parts. The first part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the subordinated incentive fee on income, is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears
200
based upon our "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter. The subordinated incentive fee on income is subject to a quarterly hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital for the most recently completed calendar quarter, of 1.625% per quarter (6.5% annualized), subject to a "catch up" feature. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of our common shares (including proceeds from our distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for distributions from non-liquidating dispositions of our investments paid to shareholders and amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program. For this purpose, "pre-incentive fee net investment income" means interest income, dividend income and any other income (including any other fees, other than fees for providing managerial assistance, such as commitment, origination, structuring, diligence and consulting fees or other fees that we receive from portfolio companies) accrued during the calendar quarter, minus our operating expenses for the quarter (including the base management fee, expenses reimbursed to FS Advisor under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement and any interest expense and dividends paid on any issued and outstanding preferred shares, but excluding the incentive fee). Pre-incentive fee net investment income includes, in the case of investments with a deferred interest feature (such as original issue discount, debt instruments with PIK interest and zero coupon securities), accrued income that we have not yet received in cash. Pre-incentive fee net investment income does not include any realized capital gains, realized capital losses or unrealized capital appreciation or depreciation. The calculation of the subordinated incentive fee on income for each quarter is as follows:
The following is a graphical representation of the calculation of the income-related portion of the incentive fee:
Quarterly Subordinated Incentive Fee on Income
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(expressed as a percentage of adjusted capital)
201
Percentage of pre-incentive fee net investment income
allocated to income-related portion of incentive fee
These calculations will be appropriately prorated for any period of less than three months and adjusted, if appropriate, for any equity capital raises or repurchases during the applicable calendar quarter.
The second part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the incentive fee on capital gains, is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement). This fee equals 20.0% of our incentive fee capital gains, which equal our realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis, less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gains incentive fees.
All percentages are based on average adjusted capital as defined above.
Example 1: Subordinated Incentive Fee on Income for Each Calendar Quarter*
Scenario 1
Assumptions
Investment
income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 1.25%
Hurdle rate(1) = 1.625%
Base management fee(2) = 0.5%
Other expenses (legal, accounting, custodian, transfer agent, etc.)(3) = 0.2%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(investment income) (base management fee + other expenses) = 0.55%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income does not exceed the hurdle rate, therefore there is no subordinated incentive fee on income payable.
Scenario 2
Assumptions
Investment
income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 2.525%
Hurdle rate(1) = 1.625%
Base management fee(2) = 0.5%
Other expenses (legal, accounting, custodian, transfer agent, etc.)(3) = 0.2%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(investment income) (base management fee + other expenses) = 1.825%
Subordinated incentive fee on income = 100% × pre-incentive fee net investment income (subject to "catch-up")(4)
=
100% × (1.825% 1.625%)
= 0.2%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income exceeds the hurdle rate, but does not fully satisfy the "catch-up" provision, therefore the subordinated incentive fee on income is 0.2%.
202
Scenario 3
Assumptions
Investment
income (including interest, dividends, fees, etc.) = 3.5%
Hurdle rate(1) = 1.625%
Base management fee(2) = 0.5%
Other expenses (legal, accounting, custodian, transfer agent, etc.)(3) = 0.2%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income
(investment income) (base management fee + other expenses) = 2.8%
Catch up = 100% × pre-incentive fee net investment income (subject to "catch-up")(4)
Subordinated incentive fee on income = 100% × "catch-up" + (20.0% × (pre-incentive fee net investment income 2.031%))
Catch
up = 2.031% 1.625%
= 0.406%
Subordinated incentive fee on income = (100% × 0.406%) + (20.0% × (2.8% 2.031%))
=
0.406% + (20% × 0.769%)
= 0.406% + 0.1538%
= 0.56%
Pre-incentive fee net investment income exceeds the hurdle rate and fully satisfies the "catch-up" provision, therefore the subordinated incentive fee on income is 0.56%.
Example 2: Incentive Fee on Capital Gains*
Scenario 1
Assumptions
Year 1: $20 million investment made in Company A ("Investment A") and $30 million investment made in Company B ("Investment B").
Year 2: Investment A sold for $50 million and fair market value ("FMV") of Investment B determined to be $32 million.
Year 3: FMV of Investment B determined to be $25 million.
Year 4: Investment B sold for $31 million.
The incentive fee on capital gains would be:
Year 1: None.
Year 2: Incentive fee on capital gains of $6 million ($30 million realized capital gains on sale of Investment A multiplied by 20.0%).
203
Year 3: None à $5 million (20.0% multiplied by ($30 million cumulative realized capital gains less $5 million cumulative capital depreciation)) less $6 million (previous capital gains fee paid in Year 2).
Year 4: Incentive fee on capital gains of $200,000 à $6.2 million ($31 million cumulative realized capital gains multiplied by 20.0%) less $6 million (incentive fee on capital gains taken in Year 2).
Scenario 2
Assumptions
Year 1: $20 million investment made in Company A ("Investment A"), $30 million investment made in Company B ("Investment B") and $25 million investment made in Company C ("Investment C").
Year 2: Investment A sold for $50 million, FMV of Investment B determined to be $25 million and FMV of Investment C determined to be $25 million.
Year 3: FMV of Investment B determined to be $27 million and Investment C sold for $30 million.
Year 4: FMV of Investment B determined to be $35 million.
Year 5: Investment B sold for $20 million.
The incentive fee on capital gains, if any, would be:
Year 1: None.
Year 2: $5 million incentive fee on capital gains à 20.0% multiplied by $25 million ($30 million realized capital gains on Investment A less unrealized capital depreciation on Investment B).
Year 3: $1.4 million incentive fee on capital gains à $6.4 million (20.0% multiplied by $32 million ($35 million cumulative realized capital gains less $3 million unrealized capital depreciation)) less $5 million incentive fee on capital gains received in Year 2.
Year 4: None.
Year 5: None à $5 million (20.0% multiplied by $25 million (cumulative realized capital gains of $35 million less realized capital losses of $10 million)) less $6.4 million cumulative incentive fee on capital gains paid in Year 2 and Year 3.
Payment of Our Expenses
Our primary operating expenses include the payment of advisory fees and other expenses under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, interest expense from financing arrangements and other expenses necessary for our operations. Our investment advisory fee compensates FS Advisor for its work in identifying, evaluating, negotiating, executing, monitoring and servicing our investments. FS Advisor is responsible for compensating GSO for its services pursuant to
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the investment sub-advisory agreement. We bear all other expenses of our operations and transactions, including (without limitation) fees and expenses relating to:
Reimbursement of FS Advisor for Administrative Services
We reimburse FS Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to our administration and operations, including FS Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of
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certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to us on behalf of FS Advisor. The amount of this reimbursement is set at the lesser of (1) FS Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that we estimate we would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FS Advisor is required to allocate the cost of such services to us based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. Our board of trustees reviews the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to us and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among us and certain affiliates of FS Advisor. Our board of trustees then assesses the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to us based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to us of obtaining similar services from third-party service providers known to be available. In addition, our board of trustees considers whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, our board of trustees, among other things, compares the total amount paid to FS Advisor for such services as a percentage of our net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. We do not reimburse FS Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FS Advisor.
Duration and Termination
The investment advisory and administrative services agreement became effective on July 18, 2011, the date that we satisfied our minimum offering requirement. Unless earlier terminated as described below, the investment advisory and administrative services agreement will remain in effect from year-to-year thereafter if approved annually by our board of trustees or by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities, including, in either case, approval by a majority of our trustees who are not interested persons. In March 2015, our board of trustees re-approved the investment advisory and administrative services agreement and extended its term for a period of twelve months commencing July 18, 2015, subject to earlier termination in accordance with its terms. An affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities is also necessary in order to make material amendments to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement.
The investment advisory and administrative services agreement will automatically terminate in the event of its assignment. As required by the 1940 Act, the investment advisory and administrative services agreement provides that we may terminate the agreement without penalty upon 60 days' written notice to FS Advisor. If FS Advisor wishes to voluntarily terminate the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, it must give us a minimum of 120 days' notice prior to termination and must pay all expenses associated with its termination. The investment advisory and administrative services agreement may also be terminated, without penalty, upon the vote of a majority of our outstanding voting securities. We may terminate FS Advisor's interest in our revenues, expenses, income, losses, distributions and capital by payment of an amount equal to the then present fair market value of the interest, determined by agreement between us and FS Advisor. If we cannot agree on such amount, it will be determined in accordance with the then current rules of the American Arbitration Association. The expenses of such arbitration shall be borne equally. The method of payment to FS Advisor must be fair and must protect our solvency and liquidity.
Without the vote of a majority of our outstanding voting securities, our investment advisory and administrative services agreement may not be materially amended, nor may we permit FS Advisor to cause us to engage in a merger or other reorganization. In addition, should we or FS Advisor elect to terminate the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, a new investment adviser may not be appointed without approval of a majority of our outstanding common shares, except in limited circumstances where a temporary adviser may be appointed without shareholder consent, consistent with the 1940 Act, for a time period not to exceed 150 days following the date on which the previous
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contract terminates. FS Advisor may not terminate the investment sub-advisory agreement with GSO without prior approval from our board of trustees.
Prohibited Activities
Our declaration of trust prohibits the following activities between us, FS Advisor and its affiliates:
In addition, the investment advisory and administrative services agreement prohibits FS Advisor and its affiliates from receiving or accepting any rebate, give-up or similar arrangement that is prohibited under federal or state securities laws. FS Advisor and its affiliates are also prohibited from participating in any reciprocal business arrangement that would circumvent provisions of federal or state securities laws governing conflicts of interest or investment restrictions. FS Advisor and its affiliates will not have the exclusive right to sell or exclusive employment to sell our assets. FS Advisor and its affiliates are prohibited from entering into any agreement, arrangement or understanding that would circumvent restrictions against dealing with affiliates or promoters under applicable federal or state securities laws. FS Advisor may not commingle our funds with the funds of any other entity or individual.
Indemnification
The investment advisory and administrative services agreement provides that FS Advisor and its officers, managers, partners, members (and their members, including the owners of their members), agents, employees, controlling persons and any other person or entity affiliated with it are not entitled to indemnification (including reasonable attorneys' fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) for any liability or loss suffered by FS Advisor or such other person, nor will FS Advisor or such other person be held harmless for any loss or liability suffered by us, unless (i) FS Advisor or such other person has determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct which caused the loss or liability was in our best interests, (ii) FS Advisor or such other person was acting on behalf of or performing services for us, (iii) the liability or loss suffered was not the result of negligence or misconduct by FS Advisor or such other person and (iv) the indemnification or agreement to hold FS Advisor or such
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other person harmless for any loss or liability suffered by us is only recoverable out of our net assets and not from our shareholders. We maintain a joint liability insurance policy with our affiliates, including FS Advisor. The premiums for this policy are allocated across all insureds based on, among other things, the proportional share of the premium that we and our affiliates would pay had we purchased our policies separately and the asset base of each such entity. The independent trustees of our board of trustees must review and approve our allocation on an annual basis. As a result, FS Advisor bears the cost of its own liability insurance.
Organization of FS Advisor
FS Advisor is a Delaware limited liability company that is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. The principal address of FS Advisor is c/o FS Investment Advisor, LLC, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112.
Overview of GSO
GSO acts as our investment sub-adviser pursuant to an investment sub-advisory agreement with FS Advisor and is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC under the Advisers Act. GSO is a Delaware limited partnership with principal offices located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10154.
Under the terms of the investment sub-advisory agreement, GSO assists FS Advisor in managing our portfolio in accordance with our stated investment objectives and strategy. This assistance includes making investment recommendations, monitoring and servicing our investments, performing due diligence on prospective portfolio companies and providing research and other investment advisory services for us. However, all investment decisions are ultimately the responsibility of FS Advisor's investment committee.
The investment sub-advisory agreement provides that GSO will receive 50% of all fees payable to FS Advisor under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement with respect to each year.
The investment sub-advisory agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, upon 60 days' written notice by GSO or, if our board of trustees or the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities determine that it should be terminated, by FS Advisor.
Board Approval of the Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement and Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement
Our investment advisory and administrative services agreement and investment sub-advisory agreement were each approved by our board of trustees on April 28, 2011 and became effective upon the satisfaction of the minimum offering requirement in July 2011. After an initial two-year term, such agreements must be re-approved annually by our board of trustees. In March 2015, our board of trustees re-approved both the investment advisory and administrative services agreement and the investment sub-advisory agreement and extended their respective terms for a period of twelve months commencing July 18, 2015, subject to earlier termination in accordance with their terms. Such approvals were made in accordance with, and on the basis of an evaluation satisfactory to our board of trustees as required by, Section 15(c) of the 1940 Act and applicable rules and regulations thereunder, including a consideration of, among other factors: (1) the nature, quality and extent of the advisory and other services to be provided under the agreements; (2) the investment performance of the personnel who manage investment portfolios with objectives similar to ours; (3) comparative data with respect to advisory fees or similar expenses paid by other BDCs with similar investment objectives; and (4) information about the services to be performed and the personnel performing such services under each of the agreements.
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FS Advisor is reimbursed for administrative expenses it incurs on our behalf overseeing our day-to-day operations, including the provision of general ledger accounting, fund accounting, legal services, investor relations and other administrative services. FS Advisor also performs, or oversees the performance of, our corporate operations and required administrative services, which includes being responsible for the financial records that we are required to maintain and preparing reports for our shareholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, FS Advisor assists us in calculating our net asset value, overseeing the preparation and filing of tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others.
We reimburse FS Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to our administration and operations, including FS Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to us on behalf of FS Advisor. The amount of this reimbursement is set at the lesser of (1) FS Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that we estimate we would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FS Advisor is required to allocate the cost of such services to us based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. Our board of trustees reviews the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to us and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among us and certain affiliates of FS Advisor. Our board of trustees then assesses the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to us based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to us of obtaining similar services from third-party service providers known to be available. In addition, our board of trustees considers whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, our board of trustees, among other things, compares the total amount paid to FS Advisor for such services as a percentage of our net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. We do not reimburse FS Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FS Advisor.
In addition, we have contracted with State Street to provide various accounting and administrative services, including, but not limited to, preparing preliminary financial information for review by FS Advisor, preparing and monitoring expense budgets, maintaining accounting and corporate books and records, processing trade information provided by us and performing testing with respect to RIC compliance.
For a discussion of the indemnification provisions in the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, see "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services AgreementIndemnification."
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Wilmington Trust Company, a Delaware banking corporation, or the Delaware trustee, serves as our sole trustee in the State of Delaware. The Delaware trustee's principal offices are located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890. The Delaware trustee is unaffiliated with us. The Delaware trustee's duties and liabilities with respect to the offering of our common shares and the management of the Company are limited to its express obligations under our declaration of trust.
The rights and duties of the Delaware trustee are governed by the provisions of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act and by our declaration of trust.
The Delaware trustee will accept service of legal process on us in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act on our behalf. The Delaware trustee does not owe any other duties to us or our shareholders. The Delaware trustee is permitted to resign upon at least 60 days' notice to us, provided, that any such resignation will not be effective until a successor trustee is appointed by our board of trustees. The declaration of trust provides that the Delaware trustee is compensated by us, as appropriate, and is indemnified by us, as appropriate, against any expenses it incurs relating to or arising out of the formation, operation or termination of the Company or the performance of its duties pursuant to our declaration of trust, except to the extent that such expenses result from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of the Delaware trustee. Our board of trustees has discretion to replace the Delaware trustee.
Our board of trustees and certain of our officers have signed the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and only our assets are subject to issuer liability under the federal securities laws for the information contained in this prospectus and under federal securities laws with respect to the issuance and sale of our common shares. Under such laws, neither the Delaware trustee, either in its capacity as Delaware trustee or in its individual capacity, nor any director, officer or controlling person of the Delaware trustee is, or has any liability as, the issuer or a director, officer or controlling person of the issuer of our common shares. The Delaware trustee's liability in connection with the issuance and sale of our common shares is limited solely to the express obligations of the Delaware trustee set forth in our declaration of trust.
Under our declaration of trust, the Delaware trustee's duties are limited to (i) accepting legal process served on the Company in Delaware and (ii) execution of documents required to be filed with the Delaware Secretary of State under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. The Delaware trustee will have no duty or liability to supervise or monitor the performance of our board of trustees, nor will the Delaware trustee have any liability for the acts or omissions of our board of trustees. Because the Delaware trustee has delegated substantially all of its authority over our operations to our board of trustees, the Delaware trustee itself is not registered in any capacity with the SEC.
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
We have entered into an investment advisory and administrative services agreement with FS Advisor. Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, we pay FS Advisor a base management fee and an incentive fee. See "Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement" for a description of how the fees payable to FS Advisor are determined.
Our executive officers, certain of our trustees and certain professionals of Franklin Square Holdings who perform services for us on behalf of FS Advisor are also officers, directors, trustees, managers, and/or key professionals of Franklin Square Holdings, our dealer manager and other Franklin Square Holdings entities, including FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. These persons have legal obligations with respect to those entities that are similar to their obligations to us. In the future, these persons and other affiliates of Franklin Square Holdings may organize other debt-related programs and acquire for their own account debt-related investments that may be suitable for us. In addition, Franklin Square Holdings may grant equity interests in FS Advisor to certain management personnel performing services for FS Advisor.
Prior to the occurrence of a liquidity event, all future transactions with affiliates of ours will be on terms no less favorable than could be obtained from an unaffiliated third party and must be approved by a majority of our trustees, including a majority of our independent trustees.
Allocation of FS Advisor's Time
We rely on FS Advisor to manage our day-to-day activities and to implement our investment strategy. FS Advisor and certain of its affiliates are presently, and plan in the future to continue to be, involved with activities which are unrelated to us. As a result of these activities, FS Advisor, its employees and certain of its affiliates will have conflicts of interest in allocating their time between us and other activities in which they are or may become involved, including the management of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Global Advisor, LLC and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. FS Advisor and its employees will devote only as much of its or their time to our business as FS Advisor and its employees, in their judgment, determine is reasonably required, which may be substantially less than their full time. Therefore, FS Advisor, its personnel and certain affiliates may experience conflicts of interest in allocating management time, services and functions among us and any other business ventures in which they or any of their key personnel, as applicable, are or may become involved. This could result in actions that are more favorable to other affiliated entities than to us.
However, we believe that the members of FS Advisor's senior management and the other key debt finance professionals have sufficient time to fully discharge their responsibilities to us and to the other businesses in which they are involved. We believe that our affiliates and executive officers devote the time required to manage our business and expect that the amount of time a particular executive officer or affiliate devotes to us will vary during the course of the year and depend on our business activities at the given time. We expect that our executive officers and affiliates will generally devote more time to programs raising and investing capital than to programs that have completed their offering stages, though from time to time each program will have its unique demands. Because many of the operational aspects of Franklin Square Holdings-sponsored programs are very similar, there are significant efficiencies created by the same team of individuals at the adviser providing services to multiple programs. For example, FS Advisor has streamlined the structure for financial reporting, internal controls and investment approval processes for the programs.
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Allocation of GSO's Time
We rely, in part, on GSO to assist in identifying investment opportunities and making investment recommendations to FS Advisor. GSO, its affiliates and their respective members, partners, officers and employees will devote as much of their time to our activities as they deem necessary and appropriate. GSO and its affiliates are not restricted from forming additional investment funds, from entering into other investment advisory relationships or from engaging in other business activities, even though such activities may be in competition with us and/or may involve substantial time and resources of GSO. Also, in connection with such business activities, GSO and its affiliates may have existing business relationships or access to material, non-public information that may prevent it from recommending investment opportunities that would otherwise fit within our investment objectives. All of these factors could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time, effort and ability of the members of GSO, its affiliates and their officers and employees will not be devoted exclusively to our business but will be allocated between us and the management of the assets of other advisees of GSO and its affiliates. For example, GSO also serves as the investment sub-adviser to FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund and GDFM, a subsidiary of GSO, serves as investment sub-adviser to FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV, as well as other accounts and investment vehicles that invest in the same types of investments as we do.
Competition and Allocation of Investment Opportunities
Concurrent with our continuous public offering, employees of FS Advisor are simultaneously providing investment advisory services to other affiliated entities, including the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' four other affiliated BDCs, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV, and Franklin Square Holdings' affiliated closed-end management investment company, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV are non-diversified, closed-end management investment companies that have elected to be regulated as BDCs that invest primarily in senior secured loans and second lien secured loans of private U.S. companies and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund is a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that invests primarily in secured and unsecured floating and fixed-rate loans, bonds and other types of credit instruments. In addition, GSO and its affiliates manage several other investment vehicles.
FS Advisor may determine that it is appropriate for us and one or more other investment accounts managed by FS Advisor, GSO or any of their respective affiliates to participate in an investment opportunity. To the extent we are able to make co-investments with investment accounts managed by FS Advisor, GSO or their respective affiliates, these co-investment opportunities may give rise to conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest among us and the other participating accounts. In addition, conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest may also arise in determining which investment opportunities should be presented to us and other participating accounts.
To mitigate these conflicts, FS Advisor will seek to execute such transactions on a fair and equitable basis and in accordance with its allocation policies, taking into account various factors, which may include the source of origination of the investment opportunity; investment objectives and strategy; tax considerations; risk, diversification or investment concentration parameters; characteristics of the security; size of available investment; available liquidity and liquidity requirements; regulatory restrictions; and/or such other factors as may be relevant to a particular transaction.
As FS Advisor's senior management team consists of the substantially same management team that runs the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' four other affiliated BDCs and closed-end
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management investment company, it is possible that some investment opportunities will be provided to such other affiliated investment vehicles rather than to us.
Affiliated Dealer Manager
The dealer manager, FS2, is an affiliate of FS Advisor and also serves as the dealer manager in connection with the continuous public offerings of shares by FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and the FSGCOF Offered Funds, and served as the dealer manager in connection with the continuous public offerings of shares by FS Investment Corporation and FS Investment Corporation II, which closed to new investors in May 2012 and March 2014, respectively. These relationships may create conflicts in connection with the dealer manager's due diligence obligations under the federal securities laws. Although the dealer manager will examine the information in this prospectus for accuracy and completeness, due to its affiliation with FS Advisor, no independent review of us will be made in connection with the distribution of our common shares in our continuous public offering. In addition, the dealer manager is entitled to compensation in connection with our continuous public offering. See "Plan of DistributionCompensation of the Dealer Manager and Selected Broker-Dealers."
Expense Support and Conditional Reimbursement Agreement
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse us for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders will be paid from offering proceeds or borrowings. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsOverviewExpense Reimbursement" for a detailed description of the expense reimbursement agreement.
Investments
As a BDC, we may be limited in our ability to invest in any portfolio company in which any fund or other client managed by FS Advisor, GSO or any of their respective affiliates has an investment. We may also be limited in our ability to co-invest in a portfolio company with FS Advisor, GSO or one or more of their respective affiliates. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief permitting us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. We believe this relief has and may continue to enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategy. We believe this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for us, in part by allowing us to participate in larger investments, together with our co-investment affiliates, than would be available to us if such relief had not been obtained. Because we did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will continue to be permitted to co-invest with our investment sub-adviser, GSO, and its affiliates, only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance (e.g., where price is the only negotiated term). In general, we may not invest in general partnerships or joint ventures with affiliates (other than publicly registered affiliates) unless we meet several conditions, including that there are no duplicate fees to FS Advisor and GSO. As a result, we could be limited in our ability to invest in certain portfolio companies in which GSO or any of its affiliates and in which affiliates of FS Advisor, including FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV are investing or are invested. Our ability to invest in general partnerships or joint ventures with non-affiliates that own specific assets is also subject to several conditions, including requirements that we own a controlling interest in any entity, and that no duplicate fees are allowed to FS Advisor and GSO.
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Appraisal and Compensation
Our declaration of trust provides that, in connection with any transaction involving a merger, conversion or consolidation, either directly or indirectly, involving us and the issuance of securities of a surviving entity after the successful completion of such transaction, or "roll-up," an appraisal of all our assets will be obtained from a competent independent expert which will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement registering the roll-up transaction. Such appraisal will be based on all relevant information and shall indicate the value of our assets as of a date immediately prior to the announcement of the proposed roll-up. The engagement of such independent expert shall be for the exclusive benefit of our shareholders. A summary of such appraisal shall be included in a report to our shareholders in connection with a proposed roll-up. All shareholders will be afforded the opportunity to vote to approve such proposed roll-up, and shall be permitted to receive cash in an amount of such shareholder's pro rata share of the appraised value of our net assets.
FS Benefit Trust
On May 30, 2013, FS Benefit Trust was formed as a Delaware statutory trust for the purpose of awarding equity incentive compensation to employees of Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, FS Benefit Trust purchased approximately $104,000, $49,000 and $43,000, respectively, of our common shares at a purchase price equal to 90% of the public offering price in effect on the applicable purchase date.
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CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
As of April 26, 2016, no person was deemed to control us, as such term is defined in the 1940 Act. The following table sets forth, as of April 26, 2016, information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common shares by:
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules promulgated by the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. There are no common shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 26, 2016.
|
Common Shares Beneficially Owned as of April 26, 2016 |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name(1) | Number of Common Shares |
Percentage(2) | |||||
Interested Trustees: |
|||||||
Michael C. Forman(3) |
376,006.005 |
* |
|||||
David J. Adelman(4) |
372,601.694 | * | |||||
Thomas J. Gravina(5) |
39,297.874 | * | |||||
Michael J. Heller |
85,237.308 | * | |||||
Independent Trustees: |
|||||||
Sidney R. Brown(6) |
60,237.218 |
* |
|||||
Gregory P. Chandler(7) |
17,312.921 | * | |||||
Richard I. Goldstein |
35,861.498 | * | |||||
Charles P. Pizzi |
19,834.755 | * | |||||
Richard W. Vague |
112,341.970 | * | |||||
R. Richard Williams |
15,956.670 | * | |||||
Executive Officers: |
|||||||
Edward T. Gallivan, Jr. |
2,538.755 |
* |
|||||
Zachary Klehr |
26,795.125 | * | |||||
Gerald F. Stahlecker(8) |
10,374.655 | * | |||||
Stephen S. Sypherd(9) |
6,196.539 | * | |||||
James F. Volk |
1,598.721 | * | |||||
All executive officers and trustees as a group (15 persons) |
1,182,191.708 |
* |
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The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2015, the dollar range of our equity securities that are beneficially owned by each member of our board of trustees.
Name of Trustee | Dollar Range of Equity Securities Beneficially Owned(1)(2)(3) |
|
---|---|---|
Interested Trustees: |
||
Michael C. Forman |
Over $100,000 |
|
David J. Adelman |
Over $100,000 | |
Thomas J. Gravina |
Over $100,000 | |
Michael J. Heller |
Over $100,000 | |
Independent Trustees: |
|
|
Sidney R. Brown |
Over $100,000 |
|
Gregory P. Chandler |
$50,001 - $100,000 | |
Richard I. Goldstein |
Over $100,000 | |
Charles P. Pizzi |
Over $100,000 | |
Richard W. Vague |
Over $100,000 | |
R. Richard Williams |
Over $100,000 |
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DISTRIBUTION REINVESTMENT PLAN
Subject to our board of trustees' discretion and applicable legal restrictions, we intend to authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on weekly and pay such distributions on a monthly basis. Following commencement of our operations, our first distribution was declared for shareholders of record as of July 28, 2011.
We have adopted an "opt in" distribution reinvestment plan pursuant to which you may elect to have the full amount of your cash distributions reinvested in additional common shares. Any distributions of our common shares pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan are dependent on the continued registration of our securities or the availability of an exemption from registration in the recipient's home state. Participants in our distribution reinvestment plan are free to elect to participate or terminate participation in the plan within a reasonable time as specified in the plan. If you do not elect to participate in the plan, you will automatically receive any distributions we declare in cash. For example, if our board of trustees authorizes, and we declare, a cash distribution, and if you have "opted in" to our distribution reinvestment plan, you will have your cash distribution reinvested in additional common shares, rather than receiving the cash distribution. However, certain state authorities or regulators may impose restrictions from time to time that may prevent or limit a shareholder's ability to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan. You should contact your broker or financial intermediary regarding any such restrictions that may be applicable to your investment in our common shares.
We expect to coordinate distribution payment dates so that the same price that is used for the weekly closing date on or immediately following such distribution payment date will be used to calculate the price at which common shares are issued under our distribution reinvestment plan. In such case, your reinvested distributions will purchase common shares at a price equal to 90% of the price at which common shares are sold in our offering at the weekly closing conducted on the day of or immediately following the distribution payment date, and such price may represent a premium to our net asset value per share. Common shares issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan will have the same voting rights as our common shares offered pursuant to this prospectus.
If you wish to receive distributions in cash, no action will be required on your part to do so. If you are a registered shareholder, you may elect to have your entire distribution reinvested in common shares by notifying DST Systems, Inc., the plan administrator and our transfer agent and registrar, in writing so that such notice is received by the plan administrator no later than the record date for distributions to shareholders. If you elect to reinvest your distributions in additional common shares, the plan administrator will set up an account for common shares you acquire through the plan and will hold such common shares in non-certificated form. If your common shares are held by a broker or other financial intermediary, you may "opt in" to our distribution reinvestment plan by notifying such broker or other financial intermediary of your election.
We intend to use newly issued common shares to implement the plan. The number of common shares we will issue to you is determined by dividing the total dollar amount of the distribution payable to you by a price equal to 90% of the price at which common shares are sold in the offering at the weekly closing conducted on the day of or immediately following the distribution payment date.
There are no selling commissions, dealer manager fees or other sales charges to you if you elect to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan. We pay the plan administrator's fees under the plan.
If you receive your ordinary cash distributions in the form of common shares, you generally are subject to the same U.S. federal, state and local tax consequences as you would have had if you elected to receive distributions in cash. In that case, you will be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of the fair market value of our common shares. Any common shares received in a distribution
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will have a holding period for tax purposes commencing on the day following the day on which the common shares are credited to your account.
We reserve the right to amend, suspend or terminate our distribution reinvestment plan. We may terminate the plan upon notice in writing mailed to you at least 30 days prior to any record date for the payment of any distribution by us. You may terminate your account under the plan by calling the plan administrator at (877) 628-8575.
All correspondence concerning the plan should be directed to the plan administrator by mail at FS Investment Services, P.O. Box 219095, Kansas City, Missouri 64121-9095 or by telephone at (877) 628-8575.
We have filed our distribution reinvestment plan with the SEC as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. You may obtain a copy of the plan by request to the plan administrator or by contacting us at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112, by calling us collect at (215) 495-1150 or by visiting our website at www.franklinsquare.com.
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The following description is based on relevant portions of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, or the DGCL, and on our Declaration of Trust and Bylaws. This summary is not intended to be complete and we refer you to the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, the DGCL, and our Declaration of Trust and Bylaws, copies of which have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, for a more detailed description of the provisions summarized below.
Shares
Our authorized shares consist of 500,000,000 shares of beneficial interest, par value $0.001 per share, of which 450,000,000 shares are classified as common shares and 50,000,000 shares are classified as preferred shares. There is currently no market for our common shares, and we do not expect that a market for our common shares will develop in the foreseeable future. No shares have been authorized for issuance under any equity compensation plans. Under Delaware law, our shareholders are entitled to the same limitation of personal liability extended to stockholders of private corporations organized for profit under the DGCL and therefore generally will not be personally liable for our debts or obligations.
Set forth below is a chart describing the classes of our securities outstanding as of April 26, 2016:
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Title of Class | Amount Authorized |
Amount Held by Us or for Our Account |
Amount Outstanding Exclusive of Amount Under Column (3) |
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Common Shares |
450,000,000 | | 401,344,745 |
Common Shares
Under the terms of our third amended and restated declaration of trust, or the declaration of trust, all our common shares will have equal rights as to voting and, when they are issued, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. Distributions may be paid to the holders of our common shares if, as and when authorized by our board of trustees and declared by us out of funds legally available therefor. Except as may be provided by our board of trustees in setting the terms of classified or reclassified shares, common shares will have no preemptive, exchange, conversion or redemption rights and will be freely transferable, except where their transfer is restricted by federal and state securities laws or by contract. In addition, our common shares are not subject to any mandatory redemption obligations by us. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, each common share would be entitled to share ratably in all of our assets that are legally available for distribution to our shareholders after we pay or make reasonable provision for the payment of all claims and obligations and subject to any preferential rights of holders of our preferred shares, if any preferred shares are outstanding at such time. Each common share will be entitled to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders, including the election of trustees. Except as may be provided by the DGCL, the Delaware Statutory Trust Act or by our board of trustees in setting the terms of preferred shares or classified or reclassified shares, the holders of our common shares will possess exclusive voting power.
Preferred Shares
Under the terms of our declaration of trust, our board of trustees, with approval from a majority of our independent trustees, is authorized to issue preferred shares in one or more classes or series without shareholder approval. Our board of trustees has discretion to determine the rights, preferences,
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covenants, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, distribution rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences of each class or series of preferred shares.
Preferred shares could be issued with rights and preferences that would adversely affect the holders of common shares. Preferred shares could also be used as an anti-takeover device. Every issuance of preferred shares will be required to comply with the requirements of the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act requires, among other things, that (1) immediately after issuance of preferred shares and before any distribution is made with respect to our common shares and before any purchase of common shares is made, the aggregate involuntary liquidation preference of such preferred shares together with the aggregate involuntary liquidation preference or aggregate value of all other senior securities must not exceed an amount equal to 50% of our total assets after deducting the amount of such distribution or purchase price, as the case may be, and (2) the holders of preferred shares, if any are issued, must be entitled as a class to elect two trustees at all times and to elect a majority of trustees if distributions on such preferred shares are in arrears by two years or more. Certain matters under the 1940 Act require the separate vote of the holders of any issued and outstanding preferred shares. We believe that the availability for issuance of preferred shares will provide us with increased flexibility in structuring future financings and acquisitions.
Limitation on Liability of Trustees and Officers; Indemnification and Advancement of Expenses
Delaware law permits a Delaware statutory trust to include in its governing instrument a provision to indemnify and hold harmless any trustee or beneficial owner or other person from and against any and all claims and demands whatsoever. Despite this provision, and in accordance with guidelines adopted by the North American Securities Administrators Association, our declaration of trust provides that we will not indemnify (i) any individual who is a present or former trustee or officer of the Company and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity, (ii) any individual who, while a trustee or officer of the Company and at the request of the Company, serves or has served as a trustee, officer, partner or trustee of any corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise and who is made or threatened to be made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity or (iii) FS Advisor or any of its affiliates acting as an agent of the Company (each such person an "Indemnitee") against any liability or loss suffered by such Indemnitee unless (v) the Company determines in good faith that the course of conduct that caused the loss or liability was in the best interest of the Company, (w) the Indemnitee was acting on behalf of or performing services for the Company, (x) in the case that the Indemnitee is FS Advisor or an affiliate of FS Advisor, or an officer of the Company, FS Advisor or an affiliate of FS Advisor, such liability or loss was not the result of negligence or misconduct, (y) in the case that the Indemnitee is a trustee of the Company (and not also an officer of the Company, FS Advisor or an affiliate of FS Advisor), such liability or loss was not the result of gross negligence or willful misconduct and (z) such indemnification or agreement to hold harmless is recoverable only out of net assets of the Company and not from the shareholders.
In addition, the investment advisory and administrative services agreement provides that FS Advisor and its officers, managers, partners, members (and their members, including the owners of their members), agents, employees, controlling persons and any other person or entity affiliated with it will not be entitled to indemnification (including reasonable attorneys' fees and amounts reasonably paid in settlement) for any liability or loss suffered by FS Advisor or such other person, nor will FS Advisor or such other person be held harmless for any loss or liability, unless (1) FS Advisor or such other person has determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct which caused the loss or liability was in the best interests of the Company, (2) FS Advisor or such other person was acting on behalf of or performing services for the Company, (3) the liability or loss suffered was not the result of negligence or misconduct by FS Advisor or such other person and (4) the indemnification or agreement to hold FS Advisor or such other person harmless for any loss or liability is recoverable only out of the
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Company's net assets and not from shareholders. In accordance with the 1940 Act, the Company will not indemnify certain persons for any liability to which such persons would be subject by reason of such person's willful misconduct, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his office.
FS Advisor has also entered into an investment sub-advisory agreement with GSO. The investment sub-advisory agreement provides that, in the absence of willful misconduct, bad faith or gross negligence or reckless disregard for its obligations and duties thereunder, GSO is not liable for any error or judgment or mistake of law or for any loss we suffer. In addition, the investment sub-advisory agreement provides that GSO will indemnify us and FS Advisor, and any respective affiliates, for any liability and expenses, including reasonable attorneys' fees, which we, FS Advisor, or any respective affiliates may sustain as a result of GSO's willful misconduct, bad faith, gross negligence, reckless disregard of its duties thereunder or violation of applicable law, including, without limitation, the federal and state securities laws.
Pursuant to our declaration of trust and subject to certain exceptions described therein, we will indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to each Indemnitee, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we will not provide indemnification for any loss, liability or expense arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws by an Indemnitee unless (i) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations, (ii) such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction, or (iii) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against the Indemnitee and finds that indemnification of the settlement and the related costs should be made.
In addition, Delaware law permits a trust to advance reasonable expenses to a trustee or officer, and we will do so in advance of final disposition of a proceeding (a) if the proceeding relates to acts or omissions with respect to the performance of duties or services on behalf of the Company, (b) the legal proceeding was initiated by a third party who is not a shareholder or, if by a shareholder of the Company acting in his or her capacity as such, a court of competent jurisdiction approves such advancement and (c) upon the Company's receipt of (i) a written affirmation by the trustee or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the Company and (ii) a written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the Company if it is ultimately determined that the standard of conduct was not met.
Our insurance policy does not currently provide coverage for claims, liabilities and expenses that may arise out of activities that the present or former managers or officers of FS Advisor have performed for another entity at our request. There is no assurance that such entities will in fact carry such insurance. However, we note that we do not expect to request the present or former managers or officers of FS Advisor to serve another entity as a director, officer, partner or trustee unless we can obtain insurance providing coverage for such persons for any claims, liabilities or expenses that may arise out of their activities while serving in such capacities.
Provisions of our Declaration of Trust and Bylaws
Our declaration of trust and bylaws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a potential acquirer to acquire us by means of a tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise. These provisions are expected to discourage certain coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate first with our board of trustees. We believe that the benefits of these provisions outweigh the potential disadvantages of discouraging
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any such acquisition proposals because, among other things, the negotiation of such proposals may improve their terms.
Under our declaration of trust, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for certain litigation, including any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, the DGCL or our declaration of trust or bylaws, or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine.
Election of Trustees
As set forth in our bylaws, our trustees will be elected by a plurality of all votes cast at a meeting of shareholders at which a quorum is present.
Number of Trustees; Vacancies; Removal
Our declaration of trust provides that the number of trustees will be set by our board of trustees in accordance with our bylaws. Our bylaws provide that a majority of our entire board of trustees may at any time increase or decrease the number of trustees. Our declaration of trust provides that the number of trustees generally may not be less than three. Except as otherwise required by applicable requirements of the 1940 Act and as may be provided by our board of trustees in setting the terms of any class or series of preferred shares, pursuant to an election provided for in our declaration of trust, any and all vacancies on our board of trustees may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining trustees in office, even if the remaining trustees do not constitute a quorum, and any trustee elected to fill a vacancy will serve for the remainder of the full term of the trustee for whom the vacancy occurred and until a successor is elected and qualifies, subject to any applicable requirements of the 1940 Act. Independent trustees will nominate replacements for any vacancies among the independent trustees' positions.
Pursuant to the DGCL, our shareholders may remove a trustee, with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of a majority of shares entitled to vote in the election of trustees.
We currently have a total of ten members of our board of trustees, six of whom are independent trustees. Our declaration of trust provides that a majority of our board of trustees must be independent trustees except for a period of up to 60 days after the death, removal or resignation of an independent trustee pending the election of his or her successor.
Action by Shareholders
Our bylaws provide that shareholder action can be taken only at an annual or special meeting of shareholders. These provisions, combined with the other requirements of our bylaws regarding the calling of a shareholder-requested special meeting of shareholders discussed below, may have the effect of delaying consideration of a shareholder proposal until the next annual meeting. Pursuant to (and except as provided otherwise in) our declaration of trust, provided that our trustees then in office have approved and declared the action advisable and submitted such action to the shareholders, an action that requires shareholder approval, including a dissolution, merger, or a sale of all or substantially all of our assets or a similar transaction outside the ordinary course of business, must be approved by the affirmative vote of shareholders entitled to cast at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Advance Notice Provisions for Shareholder Nominations and Shareholder Proposals
Our bylaws provide that with respect to an annual meeting of shareholders, nominations of persons for election to our board of trustees and the proposal of business to be considered by shareholders may
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be made only (a) pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (b) by or at the direction of our board of trustees or (c) by a shareholder who was a shareholder of record both at the time of giving of notice and at the time of the annual meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has complied with the advance notice procedures of the bylaws. With respect to special meetings of shareholders, only the business specified in our notice of the meeting may be brought before the meeting. Nominations of individuals for election to our board of trustees at a special meeting may be made only (i) pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (ii) by or at the direction of our board of trustees or (iii) provided that our board of trustees has determined that trustees will be elected at the meeting, by a shareholder who was a shareholder of record both at the time of giving notice and at the time of the special meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has complied with the advance notice provisions of the bylaws.
The purpose of requiring shareholders to give us advance notice of nominations and other business is to afford our board of trustees a meaningful opportunity to consider the qualifications of the proposed nominees and the advisability of any other proposed business and, to the extent deemed necessary or desirable by our board of trustees, to inform shareholders and make recommendations about such qualifications or business, as well as to provide a more orderly procedure for conducting meetings of shareholders. Although our bylaws do not give our board of trustees any power to disapprove shareholder nominations for the election of trustees or proposals recommending certain action, they may have the effect of precluding a contest for the election of trustees or the consideration of shareholder proposals if proper procedures are not followed and of discouraging or deterring a third party from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of trustees or to approve its own proposal without regard to whether consideration of such nominees or proposals might be harmful or beneficial to us and our shareholders.
Calling of Special Meetings of Shareholders
Our bylaws provide that special meetings of shareholders may be called by our board of trustees and certain of our officers. In addition, our bylaws provide that, subject to the satisfaction of certain procedural and informational requirements by the shareholders requesting the meeting, a special meeting of shareholders will be called by the secretary of the Company upon the written request of shareholders entitled to cast 10% or more of the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting. Any special meeting called by such shareholders shall be held not more than 60 days after the record date for such meeting.
Approval of Extraordinary Trust Action; Amendment of Declaration of Trust and Bylaws
Our declaration of trust provides that shareholders are entitled to vote upon a proposed amendment to the declaration of trust if the amendment would alter or change the powers, preferences or special rights of the shares held by such shareholders so as to affect them adversely. Approval of any such amendment shall require at least a majority of the votes cast by such shareholders at a meeting of shareholders duly called and at which a quorum is present. Notwithstanding the foregoing, amendments to our declaration of trust to make our common shares a "redeemable security" or to convert the Company, whether by merger or otherwise, from a closed-end company to an open-end company each must be approved by the affirmative vote of shareholders entitled to cast at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Our declaration of trust and bylaws provide that our board of trustees will have the exclusive power to make, alter, amend or repeal any provision of our bylaws.
Our declaration of trust provides that, subject to the provisions of any class or series of shares then outstanding and the applicable mandatory provisions of the DGCL, and until our common shares are listed on a national securities exchange, a majority of our shareholders may amend the declaration
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of trust without concurrence by our board of trustees. In addition, subject to the provisions of any class or series of shares then outstanding and the applicable mandatory provisions of the DGCL, our declaration of trust provides that a majority of our shareholders may, without the necessity of any concurrence by FS Advisor, direct that the board of trustees cause the Company to:
Without the approval of a majority of our shareholders, FS Advisor may not:
Except as described above, our declaration of trust provides that our board of trustees may amend our declaration of trust without any vote of our shareholders.
No Appraisal Rights
In certain extraordinary transactions, some jurisdictions provide the right to dissenting shareholders to demand and receive the fair value of their common shares, subject to certain procedures and requirements set forth in such statute. Those rights are commonly referred to as appraisal rights. Our declaration of trust provides that, except as may be provided by the board of trustees in setting the terms of any class or series of preferred shares and except as contemplated by the DGCL, holders of our shares will not be entitled to exercise appraisal rights. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party TransactionsAppraisal and Compensation."
Delaware Business Combination Statute
Pursuant to our declaration of trust, we have elected to be governed by Section 203 of the DGCL, which, in general, prohibits a business combination between a corporation and an interested stockholder within three years of the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless:
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The term "business combination" is defined in Section 203 of the DGCL to include, among other transactions between an interested stockholder and a corporation or any direct or indirect majority owned subsidiary thereof: a merger or consolidation; a sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition (including as part of a dissolution) of assets having an aggregate market value equal to 10% or more of either the aggregate market value of all assets of the corporation on a consolidated basis or the aggregate market value of all the outstanding stock of the corporation; certain transactions that result in the issuance or transfer by the corporation or by any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of the corporation of any stock of the corporation or any stock of such subsidiary to the interested stockholder; certain transactions that would increase the interested stockholder's proportionate share ownership of the stock of any class or series of the corporation or such subsidiary; and any receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit (except proportionally as a stockholder of the corporation) of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation or any such subsidiary. In general, and subject to certain exceptions, pursuant to Section 203 of the DGCL, an "interested stockholder" is any person who is the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation or is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and was the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation at any time within the three-year period immediately prior to the determination date, and the affiliates and associates of such persons. The term "owner" is broadly defined to include any person that individually or with or through such person's affiliates or associates, among other things, beneficially owns such stock, or has the right to acquire such stock (whether such right is exercisable immediately or only after the passage of time) pursuant to any agreement, arrangement or understanding or upon the exercise of options or other convertible securities or otherwise or has the right to vote such stock pursuant to any agreement, arrangement or understanding, or has an agreement, arrangement or understanding with the beneficial owner of such stock for the purpose of acquiring, holding, voting or disposing of such stock.
Conflict with 1940 Act
Our declaration of trust and bylaws provide that if and to the extent that any provision of the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, the DGCL or any provision of our declaration of trust or bylaws conflicts with any provision of the 1940 Act, the applicable provision of the 1940 Act will control.
Reports to Shareholders
Within 60 days after the end of each fiscal quarter, we will distribute our quarterly report on Form 10-Q to all shareholders of record and to the securities administrator in each jurisdiction in which we offer or sell securities. In addition, we will distribute our annual report on Form 10-K to all shareholders of record and to the securities administrator in each jurisdiction in which we offer or sell securities within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year. These reports will also be available on our website at www.franklinsquare.com and on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. These reports should not be considered a part of or as incorporated by reference in this prospectus, or the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, unless this prospectus or such registration statement is specifically amended or supplemented to include such reports. On a quarterly basis, we will send information to all shareholders of record regarding the sources of distributions paid to our shareholders in such quarter.
Subject to availability, you may authorize us to provide prospectuses, prospectus supplements, annual reports and other information, or collectively documents, electronically by so indicating on your subscription agreement, or by sending us instructions in writing in a form acceptable to us to receive such documents electronically. Unless you elect in writing to receive documents electronically, all
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documents will be provided in paper form by mail. You must have internet access to use electronic delivery. While we impose no additional charge for this service, there may be potential costs associated with electronic delivery, such as on-line charges. Documents will be available on our website. You may access and print all documents provided through this service. As documents become available, we will notify you of this by sending you an e-mail message that will include instructions on how to retrieve the document. If our e-mail notification is returned to us as "undeliverable," we will contact you to obtain your updated e-mail address. If we are unable to obtain a valid e-mail address for you, we will resume sending a paper copy by regular U.S. mail to your address of record. You may revoke your consent for electronic delivery at any time and we will resume sending you a paper copy of all required documents. However, in order for us to be properly notified, your revocation must be given to us a reasonable time before electronic delivery has commenced. We will provide you with paper copies at any time upon request. Such request will not constitute revocation of your consent to receive required documents electronically.
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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following discussion is a general summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to us and to an investment in our common shares. This summary does not purport to be a complete description of the income tax considerations applicable to such an investment. For example, we have not described tax consequences that may be relevant to certain types of holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws, including shareholders subject to the alternative minimum tax, tax-exempt organizations, insurance companies, dealers in securities, pension plans and trusts and financial institutions. This summary assumes that investors hold our common shares as capital assets (within the meaning of the Code). The discussion is based upon the Code, Treasury regulations and administrative and judicial interpretations, each as of the date of this prospectus and all of which are subject to change, possibly retroactively, which could affect the continuing validity of this discussion. We have not sought and will not seek any ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, regarding our continuous public offering. This summary does not discuss any aspects of U.S. estate or gift tax or foreign, state or local tax. It does not discuss the special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws that could result if we invested in tax-exempt securities or certain other investment assets.
A "U.S. shareholder" generally is a beneficial owner of our common shares who is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
A "Non-U.S. shareholder" generally is a beneficial owner of our common shares that is not a U.S. shareholder nor a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
If a partnership (including an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our common shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A prospective shareholder that is a partner in a partnership holding our common shares should consult his, her or its tax advisers with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common shares.
Tax matters are very complicated and the tax consequences to an investor of an investment in our common shares will depend on the facts of his, her or its particular situation. We encourage investors to consult their own tax advisers regarding the specific consequences of such an investment, including tax reporting requirements, the applicability of federal, state, local and foreign tax laws, eligibility for the benefits of any applicable tax treaty and the effect of any possible changes in the tax laws.
Election to be Taxed as a RIC
We have elected to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that we distribute as dividends to our shareholders. To qualify for and maintain our qualification as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements (as described below). In addition, in order to maintain RIC tax treatment, we must
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distribute to our shareholders, for each tax year, dividends of an amount at least equal to 90% of our "investment company taxable income," which is generally the sum of our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses, determine without regard to any deduction for distributions paid.
Taxation as a RIC
If we:
then we will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of our income or capital gains we distribute (or are deemed to distribute) as dividends to our shareholders. We will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the regular corporate rates on any income or capital gains not distributed (or deemed distributed) as dividends to our shareholders.
As a RIC, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible federal excise tax on certain undistributed income unless we distribute dividends in a timely manner to our shareholders generally of an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our net ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of our capital gain net income, which is the excess of capital gains over capital losses (as adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 of that calendar year and (3) any net ordinary income and capital gain net income for the preceding years that were not distributed during such years and on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax, or the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement. Any distribution declared by us during October, November or December of any calendar year, payable to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and actually paid during January of the following calendar year, will be treated as if it had been paid by us, as well as received by our U.S. shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which the distribution was declared. We generally will endeavor in each tax year to avoid any material U.S. federal excise tax on our earnings.
In order to qualify as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must, among other things:
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be required to recognize taxable income in circumstances in which we do not receive a corresponding payment in cash. For example, if we hold debt instruments that are treated under applicable tax rules as having original issue discount (such as
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debt instruments with PIK interest or, in certain cases, increasing interest rates or debt instruments that were issued with warrants), we must include in income each tax year a portion of the original issue discount that accrues over the life of the obligation, regardless of whether cash representing such income is received by us in the same tax year. We may also have to include in income other amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as deferred loan origination fees that are paid after origination of the loan or are paid in non-cash compensation such as warrants or stock. We anticipate that a portion of our income may constitute original issue discount or other income required to be included in taxable income prior to receipt of cash.
We invest a portion of our net assets in below investment grade instruments. Investments in these types of instruments may present special tax issues for us. U.S. federal income tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as when we may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless instruments, how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income and whether exchanges of debt obligations in a bankruptcy or workout context are taxable. We will address these and other issues to the extent necessary in order to seek to ensure that we distribute sufficient income to avoid any material U.S. federal income or excise tax.
Because any original issue discount or other amounts accrued will be included in our investment company taxable income for the year of the accrual, we may be required to make a distribution to our shareholders in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, even though we will not have received any corresponding cash amount. As a result, we may have difficulty meeting the Annual Distribution Requirement necessary to maintain RIC tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Code. We may have to sell or otherwise dispose of some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax.
Although we do not presently expect to do so, we are authorized to borrow funds and to sell or otherwise dispose of assets in order to satisfy distribution requirements. However, under the 1940 Act, we are not permitted to make distributions to our shareholders while our debt obligations and other senior securities are outstanding unless certain "asset coverage" tests are met. See "RegulationSenior Securities." Moreover, our ability to sell or otherwise dispose of assets to meet the Annual Distribution Requirement may be limited by (1) the illiquid nature of our portfolio and/or (2) other requirements relating to our status as a RIC, including the Diversification Tests. If we sell or otherwise dispose of assets in order to meet the Annual Distribution Requirement or the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement, we may make such dispositions at times that, from an investment standpoint, are not advantageous.
To satisfy the Diversification Tests, at the close of each quarter of our tax year, we will generally have not invested no more than 25% of the value of our total assets in MLPs and certain other "qualified publicly traded partnerships". As a limited partner in the MLPs in which we seek to invest, we will be deemed to have received our share of income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits from those MLPs. Historically, a significant portion of income from MLPs has been offset by tax deductions. As a result, this income has been significantly lower than cash distributions paid by MLPs. The percentage of an MLP's income and gains which is offset by tax deductions, losses and credits will fluctuate over time for various reasons. A significant slowdown in acquisition activity or capital spending by MLPs held in our portfolio could result in a reduction of accelerated depreciation generated by new acquisitions, which may result in an increase in our investment company taxable income that we are required to distribute to shareholders to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement or the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement or to eliminate our liability for U.S. federal income tax. If our income from our investments in MLPs exceeds the cash distributions received from such investments, we may need to obtain cash from other sources in order to satisfy the Annual
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Distribution Requirement. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and become subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax. We may also recognize for U.S. federal income tax purposes gain in excess of cash proceeds upon the sale of an interest in an MLP. Any such gain may need to be distributed (or deemed distributed) in order to avoid liability for corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on such gain.
A portfolio company in which we invest may face financial difficulties that require us to work-out, modify or otherwise restructure our investment in the portfolio company. Any such transaction could, depending upon the specific terms of the transaction, result in unusable capital losses and future non-cash income. Any such transaction could also result in our receiving assets that give rise to non-qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test or otherwise would not count toward satisfying the Diversification Tests.
Some of the income that we might otherwise earn, such as fees for providing managerial assistance, certain fees earned with respect to our investments, income recognized in a work-out or restructuring of a portfolio investment, or income recognized from an equity investment in an operating partnership, may not satisfy the 90% Income Test. To manage the risk that such income might disqualify us as a RIC for failure to satisfy the 90% Income Test, one or more subsidiary entities treated as U.S. corporations for entity-level income tax purposes may be employed to earn such income and (if applicable) hold the related asset. Such subsidiary entities will be required to pay entity-level income tax on their earnings, which ultimately will reduce the yield to our shareholders on such fees and income.
The remainder of this discussion assumes that we maintain our qualification as a RIC and have satisfied the Annual Distribution Requirement.
Taxation of U.S. Shareholders
This subsection applies to U.S. shareholders only. If you are not a U.S. shareholder, this subsection does not apply to you and you should refer to "Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders," below.
Distributions by us generally are taxable to U.S. shareholders as ordinary income or capital gains. Distributions of our "investment company taxable income" (which is, generally, our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses) will be taxable as ordinary income to U.S. shareholders to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, whether paid in cash or reinvested in additional common shares. To the extent such distributions paid by us to non-corporate shareholders (including individuals) are attributable to dividends from U.S. corporations and certain qualified foreign corporations, such Qualifying Dividends may be eligible for a maximum tax rate of either 15% or 20%, depending on whether the shareholder's income exceeds certain threshold amounts. In this regard, it is anticipated that distributions paid by us will generally not be attributable to dividends and, therefore, generally will not qualify for the preferential maximum rate applicable to Qualifying Dividends or for the corporate dividends received deduction. Distributions of our net capital gains (which is generally our realized net long-term capital gains in excess of realized net short-term capital losses) properly designated by us as "capital gain dividends" will be taxable to a U.S. shareholder as long-term capital gains that are currently generally taxable at a maximum rate of either 15% or 20% (depending on whether the shareholder's income exceeds certain threshold amounts) in the case of individuals, trusts or estates, regardless of a U.S. shareholder's holding period for his, her or its common shares and regardless of whether paid in cash or reinvested in additional common shares. Distributions in excess of our earnings and profits first will reduce a U.S. shareholder's adjusted tax basis in such shareholder's common shares and, after the adjusted basis is reduced to zero, will constitute capital gains to such U.S. shareholder.
If a U.S. shareholder receives distributions in the form of common shares pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan, such shareholder generally will be subject to the same U.S. federal, state
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and local tax consequences as if it received distributions in cash. In that case, you will be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of the fair market value of our common shares. Any common shares received in a distribution will have a holding period for tax purposes commencing on the day following the day on which the common shares are credited to the U.S. shareholder's account.
We may in the future decide to retain some or all of our net capital gains, but designate the retained amount as a "deemed distribution." In that case, among other consequences, we will pay tax on the retained amount, each U.S. shareholder will be required to include his, her or its share of the deemed distribution in income as if it had been actually distributed to the U.S. shareholder, and the U.S. shareholder will be entitled to claim a credit equal to his, her or its allocable share of the tax paid thereon by us. The amount of the deemed distribution net of such tax will be added to the U.S. shareholder's tax basis for his, her or its common shares. Since we expect to pay tax on any retained capital gains at our regular corporate tax rate, and since that rate is in excess of the maximum rate currently payable by individuals on long-term capital gains, the amount of tax that individual shareholders will be treated as having paid and for which they will receive a credit will exceed the tax they owe on the retained net capital gain. Such excess generally may be claimed as a credit against the U.S. shareholder's other U.S. federal income tax obligations or may be refunded to the extent it exceeds a shareholder's liability for U.S. federal income tax. A shareholder that is not subject to U.S. federal income tax or otherwise required to file a U.S. federal income tax return would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return on the appropriate form in order to claim a refund for the taxes we paid. In order to use the deemed distribution approach, we must provide written notice to our shareholders prior to the expiration of 60 days after the close of the relevant tax year. We cannot retain any portion of our investment company taxable income as a "deemed distribution."
As described above, the types of MLPs in which we intend to invest have historically made cash distributions to limited partners or members that exceed the amount of taxable income allocable to limited partners or members, due to a variety of factors, including significant non-cash deductions such as depreciation and depletion. If the cash distributions exceed the taxable income reported in a particular tax year, the excess cash distributions would not be treated as income to us in that tax year but rather would be treated as a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent of our basis in the MLP units. Any such return of capital distributions would reduce our basis in the MLP units, which may increase the amount of our gain upon a sale of such MLP units.
Similarly, if we distribute a portion or all of such excess cash that is not supported by our other income, the distribution will be treated as a return of capital to shareholders. Although return of capital distributions are not taxable, such distributions would reduce the basis of a shareholder's common shares and therefore may increase a common shareholder's tax liability upon a sale of such shares. The tax characterization of our distributions made in a tax year cannot finally be determined until at or after the end of the year. Dividend distributions that are attributable to our investment in MLPs will generally not be eligible for the reduced rate applicable to Qualifying Dividends.
If an investor acquires our common shares shortly before the record date of a distribution, the price of the common shares will include the value of the distribution and the investor will be subject to tax on the distribution even though economically it may represent a return of his, her or its investment.
A shareholder generally will recognize taxable gain or loss if the shareholder sells or otherwise disposes of his, her or its common shares. The amount of gain or loss will be measured by the difference between such shareholder's adjusted tax basis in the common shares sold and the amount of the proceeds received in exchange. Any gain arising from such sale or disposition generally will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shareholder has held his, her or its common shares for more than one year. Otherwise, it will be classified as short-term capital gain or loss. However, any capital loss arising from the sale or disposition of our common shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the amount of capital gain dividends received, or
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undistributed capital gain deemed received, with respect to such common shares. In addition, all or a portion of any loss recognized upon a disposition of our common shares may be disallowed if other common shares are purchased (whether through reinvestment of distributions or otherwise) within 30 days before or after the disposition.
In general, individual U.S. shareholders currently are generally subject to a maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of either 15% or 20% (depending on whether the shareholder's income exceeds certain threshold amounts) on their net capital gain (i.e., the excess of realized net long-term capital gains over realized net short-term capital losses), including any long-term capital gain derived from an investment in our common shares. Such rate is lower than the maximum rate on ordinary income currently payable by individuals. An additional 3.8% Medicare tax is imposed on certain net investment income (including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from us and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of our common shares) of U.S. individuals, estates and trusts to the extent that such person's "modified adjusted gross income" (in the case of an individual) or "adjusted gross income" (in the case of an estate or trust) exceeds certain threshold amounts. Corporate U.S. shareholders currently are subject to U.S. federal income tax on net capital gain at the maximum 35% rate also applied to ordinary income. Non-corporate shareholders with net capital losses for a year (i.e., capital losses in excess of capital gains) generally may deduct up to $3,000 of such losses against their ordinary income each year; any net capital losses of a non-corporate shareholder in excess of $3,000 generally may be carried forward and used in subsequent tax years as provided in the Code. Corporate shareholders generally may not deduct any net capital losses for any tax year, but may carry back such losses for three tax years or carry forward such losses for five tax years.
As a RIC, we may be subject to the alternative minimum tax, or the AMT; however, any items that are treated differently for AMT purposes must be apportioned between us and our U.S. shareholders, and such apportioned amounts may affect a U.S. shareholders' AMT liability. Although Treasury Regulations explaining the precise method of apportionment have not yet been issued, such items will be apportioned in the same proportion that dividends paid to each U.S. shareholder bear to our investment company taxable income (determined without regard to any deduction for distributions paid), unless a different method for a particular item is warranted under the circumstances.
We (or if a U.S. shareholder holds shares through an intermediary, such intermediary) will send to each of our U.S. shareholders, as promptly as possible after the end of each calendar year, a notice detailing, on a per share and per distribution basis, the amounts includible in such U.S. shareholder's taxable income for such year as ordinary income and as long-term capital gain. In addition, the federal tax status of each year's distributions generally will be reported to the IRS (including the amount of distributions, if any, eligible for the preferential maximum rate). Distributions paid by us generally will not be eligible for the corporate dividends received deduction or the preferential tax rate applicable to Qualifying Dividends because our income generally will not consist of qualifying dividends. Distributions may also be subject to additional state, local and foreign taxes depending on a U.S. shareholder's particular situation.
The Code requires reporting of adjusted cost basis information for covered securities, which generally include shares of a RIC acquired after January 1, 2012, to the IRS and to taxpayers. Shareholders should contact their financial intermediaries with respect to reporting of cost basis and available elections for their accounts.
Under Treasury Regulations, if a U.S. shareholder recognizes a loss with respect to our shares of $2 million or more in the case of an individual shareholder or $10 million or more in the case of a corporate shareholder in any single tax year (or a greater loss over a combination of tax years), such U.S. shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct U.S. shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, U.S. shareholders of a RIC are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current
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exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable by a taxpayer under these Treasury Regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer's treatment of the loss is proper. U.S. shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the applicability of these Treasury Regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
We may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax, or backup withholding, currently at a rate of 28%, from all distributions to any non-corporate U.S. shareholder (1) who fails to furnish us with a correct taxpayer identification number or a certificate that such shareholder is exempt from backup withholding or (2) with respect to whom the IRS notifies us that such shareholder has failed to properly report certain interest and dividend income to the IRS and to respond to notices to that effect. An individual's taxpayer identification number is his or her social security number. Any amount withheld under backup withholding is allowed as a credit against a U.S. shareholder's U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that proper information is provided to the IRS.
Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders
This subsection applies to non-U.S. shareholders, only. If you are not a non-U.S. shareholder, this subsection does not apply to you and you should refer to "Taxation of U.S. Shareholders" above.
Whether an investment in our common shares is appropriate for a Non-U.S. shareholder will depend upon that person's particular circumstances. An investment in our common shares by a Non-U.S. shareholder may have adverse tax consequences. Non-U.S. shareholders should consult their tax advisers before investing in common shares.
Subject to the discussion in "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act" below, distributions of our investment company taxable income made to Non-U.S. shareholders (including interest income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized long-term capital losses, which generally would be free of withholding if paid to Non-U.S. shareholders directly) generally will be subject to withholding of U.S. federal tax at a 30% rate (or lower rate provided by an applicable treaty) to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits unless an applicable exception applies. If the distributions are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the Non-U.S. shareholder, we will not be required to withhold U.S. federal tax if the Non-U.S. shareholder complies with applicable certification and disclosure requirements, although the distributions will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. persons. (Special certification requirements apply to a Non-U.S. shareholder that is a foreign partnership or a foreign trust, and such entities are urged to consult their own tax advisers.)
In addition, subject to the discussion in "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act" below, distributions of our investment company taxable income made to Non-U.S. shareholders will not be subject to U.S. withholding tax if (i) the distributions are properly designated in a notice timely delivered to Non-U.S. shareholders as "interest-related dividends" or "short-term capital gain dividends," (ii) the distributions are derived from sources specified in the Code for such dividends and (iii) certain other requirements are satisfied. No assurance can be given as to whether any amount of our distributions will be eligible for this exemption from withholding or, if eligible, will be reported as such by us.
Subject to the discussion in "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act" below, actual or deemed distributions of our net capital gains to a Non-U.S. shareholder, and gains realized by a Non-U.S. shareholder upon the sale of common shares, will not be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax and generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax unless (i) the distributions or gains, as the case may be, are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the Non-U.S. shareholder and, if an income tax treaty applies, are attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the Non-U.S. shareholder in the United States or (ii) in the case of an individual shareholder, the shareholder is
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present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale or the receipt of the distributions or gains and certain other conditions are met.
If we distribute our net capital gains in the form of deemed rather than actual distributions, a Non-U.S. shareholder will be entitled to a U.S. federal income tax credit or tax refund equal to the shareholder's allocable share of the tax we pay on the capital gains deemed to have been distributed. In order to obtain the refund, the Non-U.S. shareholder must obtain a U.S. taxpayer identification number and file a U.S. federal income tax return even if the Non-U.S. shareholder would not otherwise be required to obtain a U.S. taxpayer identification number or file a U.S. federal income tax return. For a corporate Non-U.S. shareholder, distributions (both actual and deemed), and gains realized upon the sale of common shares that are effectively connected to a U.S. trade or business may, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional "branch profits tax" at a 30% rate (or at a lower rate if provided for by an applicable treaty). Accordingly, investment in our common shares may not be appropriate for a Non-U.S. shareholder.
A Non-U.S. shareholder who is a non-resident alien individual, and who is otherwise subject to U.S. federal withholding tax, may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding of U.S. federal income tax on dividends unless the Non-U.S. shareholder provides us or the dividend paying agent with a U.S. nonresident withholding tax certificate (e.g. an IRS Form W-8BEN, an IRS Form W-8BEN-E or an acceptable substitute form) or otherwise meets documentary evidence requirements for establishing that it is a Non-U.S. shareholder or otherwise establishes an exemption from backup withholding.
Non-U.S. shareholders may also be subject to U.S. estate tax with respect to their investment in our common shares.
Non-U.S. persons should consult their own tax advisers with respect to the U.S. federal income tax and withholding tax, and state, local and foreign tax consequences of an investment in our common shares.
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
We are required to withhold U.S. tax (at a 30% rate) on payments of taxable dividends and (effective January 1, 2019) redemption proceeds and certain capital gain dividends made to certain non-U.S. entities that fail to comply (or be deemed compliant) with extensive reporting and withholding requirements designed to inform the U.S. Department of the Treasury of U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. The information required to be reported includes the identity and taxpayer identification number of each account holder and transaction activity within the holder's account. Shareholders may be requested to provide additional information to us to enable us to determine whether such withholding is required.
Failure to Qualify as a RIC
If we fail to satisfy the 90% Income Test or any Diversification Tests in any tax year, we may be eligible to avail ourselves of certain relief provisions under the Code if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure in satisfaction of the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the Diversification Tests where we correct a failure within a specified period. If the applicable relief provisions are not available or cannot be met, all of our income will be subject to U.S. federal corporate-level income tax as described below. We cannot provide assurance that we would qualify for any such relief should we fail either the 90% Income Test or any Diversification Test.
If we were unable to qualify for treatment as a RIC, we would be subject to tax on all of our taxable income at regular corporate rates, regardless of whether we make any distributions to our
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shareholders. Distributions would not be required, and any distributions would generally be taxable to our shareholders as ordinary dividend income. Subject to certain additional limitations in the Code, such distributions would be eligible for the preferential maximum rate applicable to individual shareholders with respect to Qualifying Dividends. Subject to certain limitations under the Code, corporate distributees would be eligible for the dividends-received deduction. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits would be treated first as a return of capital to the extent of the shareholder's tax basis, and any remaining distributions would be treated as a capital gain. Moreover, if we fail to qualify as a RIC in any tax year, to qualify again to be subject to tax as a RIC in a subsequent tax year, we would be required to distribute our earnings and profits attributable to any of our non-RIC tax years as dividends to our shareholders. In addition, if we fail to qualify as a RIC for a period greater than two consecutive tax years, to qualify as a RIC in a subsequent year we may be subject to regular corporate tax on any net built-in gains with respect to certain of our assets (that is, the excess of the aggregate gains, including items of income, over aggregate losses that would have been realized with respect to such assets if we had sold the property at fair market value at the end of the tax year) that we elect to recognize on requalification or when recognized over the next five tax years.
State and Local Taxes
We may be subject to state or local taxes in jurisdictions in which we are deemed to be doing business. In those states or localities, our entity-level tax treatment and the treatment of distributions made to shareholders under those jurisdictions' tax laws may differ from the treatment under the Code. Accordingly, an investment in our common shares may have tax consequences for shareholders that are different from those of a direct investment in our portfolio investments. Shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisers concerning state and local tax matters.
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We have elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act contains prohibitions and restrictions relating to transactions between BDCs and their affiliates, principal underwriters and affiliates of those affiliates or underwriters. The 1940 Act requires that a majority of our trustees be persons other than "interested persons," as that term is defined in the 1940 Act. In addition, the 1940 Act provides that we may not change the nature of our business so as to cease to be, or to withdraw our election as, a BDC unless approved by a majority of our outstanding voting securities.
The 1940 Act defines "a majority of the outstanding voting securities" as the lesser of (i) 67% or more of the voting securities present at a meeting if the holders of more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are present or represented by proxy or (ii) 50% of our voting securities. Furthermore, our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change.
We will generally not be able to issue and sell our common shares at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share. See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to Business Development CompaniesRegulations governing our operation as a BDC and RIC will affect our ability to raise, and the way in which we raise, additional capital or borrow for investment purposes, which may have a negative effect on our growth." We may, however, sell our common shares, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common shares, at a price below the then current net asset value of our common shares if our board of trustees determines that such sale is in our best interests and the best interests of our shareholders, and our shareholders approve such sale. In addition, we may generally issue new common shares at a price below our net asset value per share in rights offerings to existing shareholders, in payment of dividends and in certain other limited circumstances.
As a BDC, we are subject to certain regulatory restrictions in making our investments. For example, BDCs generally are not permitted to co-invest with certain affiliated entities in transactions originated by the BDC or its affiliates in the absence of an exemptive order from the SEC. However, BDCs are permitted to, and may, simultaneously co-invest in transactions where price is the only negotiated point. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief permitting us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. Under the terms of this relief, a "required majority" (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of our independent trustees must make certain conclusions in connection with a co-investment transaction, including that (1) the terms of the proposed transaction, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to us and our shareholders and do not involve overreaching of us or our shareholders on the part of any person concerned and (2) the transaction is consistent with the interests of our shareholders and is consistent with our investment objectives and strategy. We believe this relief has and may continue to enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategy. We believe this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for us, in part by allowing us to participate in larger investments, together with our co-investment affiliates, than would be available to us if such relief had not been obtained. Because we did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will continue to be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance (e.g., where price is the only negotiated term).
Qualifying Assets
Under the 1940 Act, a BDC may not acquire any asset other than assets of the type listed in Section 55(a) of the 1940 Act, which are referred to as qualifying assets, unless, at the time the
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acquisition is made, qualifying assets represent at least 70% of the company's total assets. The principal categories of qualifying assets relevant to our business are any of the following:
In addition, a BDC must have been organized and have its principal place of business in the United States and must be operated for the purpose of making investments in the types of securities described in (1), (2) or (3) above.
Managerial Assistance to Portfolio Companies
In order to count portfolio securities as qualifying assets for the purpose of the 70% test, we must either control the issuer of the securities or must offer to make available to the issuer of the securities
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(other than small and solvent companies described above) significant managerial assistance; except that, where we purchase such securities in conjunction with one or more other persons acting together, one of the other persons in the group may make available such managerial assistance. Making available managerial assistance means, among other things, any arrangement whereby the BDC, through its trustees, officers or employees, offers to provide, and, if accepted, does so provide, significant guidance and counsel concerning the management, operations or business objectives and policies of a portfolio company.
Temporary Investments
Pending investment in other types of "qualifying assets," as described above, our investments may consist of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or high-quality debt securities maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, which we refer to, collectively, as temporary investments, so that 70% of our assets are qualifying assets. Typically, we will invest in U.S. Treasury bills or in repurchase agreements, provided that such agreements are fully collateralized by cash or securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies. A repurchase agreement involves the purchase by an investor, such as us, of a specified security and the simultaneous agreement by the seller to repurchase it at an agreed-upon future date and at a price that is greater than the purchase price by an amount that reflects an agreed-upon interest rate. There is no percentage restriction on the proportion of our assets that may be invested in such repurchase agreements. However, if more than 25% of our total assets constitute repurchase agreements from a single counterparty, we generally would not meet the Diversification Tests in order to qualify as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Thus, we do not intend to enter into repurchase agreements with a single counterparty in excess of this limit. FS Advisor will monitor the creditworthiness of the counterparties with which we enter into repurchase agreement transactions.
Senior Securities
We are permitted, under specified conditions, to issue multiple classes of debt and one class of shares senior to our common shares if our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, is at least equal to 200% immediately after each such issuance. In addition, while any senior securities remain outstanding, we must make provisions to prohibit any distribution to our shareholders or the repurchase of such securities or shares unless we meet the applicable asset coverage ratios at the time of the distribution or repurchase. We may also borrow amounts up to 5% of the value of our total assets for temporary purposes without regard to asset coverage. For a discussion of the risks associated with leverage, See "Risk FactorsRisks Related to Debt Financing" and "Risk FactorsRisks Related to Business Development Companies."
Code of Ethics
We and FS Advisor have each adopted a code of ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 promulgated under the 1940 Act that, among other things, establishes procedures for personal investments and restricts certain personal securities transactions. Personnel subject to the codes may invest in securities for their personal investment accounts, including securities that may be purchased or held by us, so long as such investments are made in accordance with each code's requirements. Our and FS Advisor's codes of ethics are attached as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. You may also read and copy these codes of ethics at the SEC's Public Reference Room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. In addition, each code of ethics is available on our website at www.franklinsquare.com and on the EDGAR Database on the SEC's Internet site at www.sec.gov. You may also obtain a copy of each code of ethics, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request
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at the following e-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the SEC's Public Reference Section, at 100 F Street, N.E, Washington, D.C. 20549.
Compliance Policies and Procedures
We and FS Advisor have adopted and implemented written policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent violation of the federal securities laws and are required to review these compliance policies and procedures annually for their adequacy and the effectiveness of their implementation. Our chief compliance officer and the chief compliance officer of FS Advisor are responsible for administering these policies and procedures.
Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures
We have delegated our proxy voting responsibility to FS Advisor. The proxy voting policies and procedures of FS Advisor are set forth below. The guidelines are reviewed periodically by FS Advisor and our non-interested trustees, and, accordingly, are subject to change.
As an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act, FS Advisor has a fiduciary duty to act solely in the best interests of its clients. As part of this duty, it recognizes that it must vote client securities in a timely manner free of conflicts of interest and in the best interests of its clients.
These policies and procedures for voting proxies for the investment advisory clients of FS Advisor are intended to comply with Section 206 of, and Rule 206(4)-6 promulgated under, the Advisers Act.
FS Advisor will vote proxies relating to our securities in the best interest of its clients' shareholders. It will review on a case-by-case basis each proposal submitted for a shareholder vote to determine its impact on the portfolio securities held by its clients. Although FS Advisor will generally vote against proposals that may have a negative impact on its clients' portfolio securities, it may vote for such a proposal if there exists compelling long-term reasons to do so.
The proxy voting decisions of FS Advisor are made by the senior officers who are responsible for monitoring each of its clients' investments. To ensure that its vote is not the product of a conflict of interest, it will require that: (a) anyone involved in the decision-making process disclose to its chief compliance officer any potential conflict that he or she is aware of and any contact that he or she has had with any interested party regarding a proxy vote; and (b) employees involved in the decision making process or vote administration are prohibited from revealing how FS Advisor intends to vote on a proposal in order to reduce any attempted influence from interested parties.
Shareholders may obtain information, without charge, regarding how FS Advisor voted proxies with respect to our portfolio securities by making a written request for proxy voting information to: Chief Compliance Officer, FS Energy and Power Fund, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112 or by calling us collect at (215) 495-1150.
Other
We will be periodically examined by the SEC for compliance with the 1940 Act.
We are required to provide and maintain a bond issued by a reputable fidelity insurance company to protect us against larceny and embezzlement. Furthermore, as a BDC, we are prohibited from protecting any trustee or officer against any liability to us or our shareholders arising from willful misconduct, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such person's office.
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Exchange Act and Sarbanes-Oxley Act Compliance
We are subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements of the Exchange Act, including the filing of quarterly, annual and current reports, proxy statements and other required items. In addition, we are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which imposes a wide variety of regulatory requirements on publicly held companies and their insiders. Many of these requirements affect us. For example:
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to review our current policies and procedures to determine whether we comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. We monitor our compliance with all regulations that are adopted under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and take actions necessary to ensure that we are in compliance therewith. In addition, we voluntarily comply with Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and have engaged our independent registered public accounting firm to audit our internal control over financial reporting.
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General
This is a continuous public offering of our common shares as permitted by the federal securities laws. This offering must be registered in every jurisdiction in which we offer or sell common shares. Generally, such registrations are for a period of one year. Thus, we may have to stop selling common shares in any jurisdiction in which our registration is not annually renewed or otherwise extended. The dealer manager is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of common shares but intends to use its best efforts to sell the common shares offered. The minimum permitted initial purchase is $5,000 of our common shares. Additional purchases must be in increments of $500, except for purchases made pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. In July 2011, we raised in excess of $2.5 million from purchasers not affiliated with us or FS Advisor, which satisfied the minimum offering requirement and allowed the initial offering proceeds to be released from an escrow account in order for us to commence operations. We anticipate that we will close our public offering to new investors near the end of the second quarter or the beginning of the third quarter of 2016, subject to market conditions and the pace of capital raising.
During our offering stage, we will generally accept subscriptions each Wednesday or, if such date is not a business day, the immediately following business day. Common shares issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan will typically be issued on the same date that we hold our last weekly closing within a month. In addition, in months in which we repurchase common shares pursuant to our share repurchase program, we expect to conduct repurchases on the same date that we hold our first weekly closing in such month for the sale of common shares in this continuous public offering.
We are offering our common shares on a continuous basis at a price of $7.30 per share as of April 27, 2016; however, to the extent that our net asset value per share increases, we will sell at a price necessary to ensure that common shares are not sold at a price per share, after deducting selling commissions and dealer manager fees, that is below our net asset value per share. In the event of a material decline in our net asset value per share, which we consider to be a 2.5% decrease below our then current net offering price, we will reduce our offering price in order to establish a new net offering price that is not more than 2.5% above our net asset value per share. Promptly following any such adjustment to the offering price per share, we will file a prospectus supplement with the SEC disclosing the adjusted offering price, and we will also post the updated information on our website at www.franklinsquare.com. Prior to October 3, 2011, we sold common shares at an offering price of $10.00
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per share. The following table summarizes adjustments we have made to our per share public offering price and the closing date on which such adjustments were first effective:
Adjusted Per Share Public Offering Price |
First Effective Closing Date |
|
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$ 9.90 | October 3, 2011 | |
$ 9.95 | November 1, 2011 | |
$10.00 | January 17, 2012 | |
$10.05 | March 1, 2012 | |
$10.10 | August 1, 2012 | |
$10.20 | September 17, 2012 | |
$10.25 | October 1, 2012 | |
$10.30 | October 16, 2012 | |
$10.40 | December 17, 2012 | |
$10.45 | January 2, 2013 | |
$10.50 | February 1, 2013 | |
$10.60 | March 18, 2013 | |
$10.70 | April 16, 2013 | |
$10.75 | May 16, 2013 | |
$10.80 | December 26, 2013 | |
$10.85 | February 19, 2014 | |
$10.90 | March 26, 2014 | |
$10.95 | June 25, 2014 | |
$11.00 | July 2, 2014 | |
$10.95 | November 5, 2014 | |
$10.85 | November 19, 2014 | |
$10.80 | November 26, 2014 | |
$10.50 | December 3, 2014 | |
$10.30 | December 10, 2014 | |
$9.75 | December 17, 2014 | |
$9.80 | December 24, 2014 | |
$9.65 | January 21, 2015 | |
$9.60 | January 28, 2015 | |
$9.65 | February 18, 2015 | |
$9.70 | February 25, 2015 | |
$9.75 | May 6, 2015 | |
$9.80 | May 13, 2015 | |
$9.65 | July 29, 2015 | |
$9.55 | August 12, 2015 | |
$9.45 | August 19, 2015 | |
$9.25 | August 26, 2015 | |
$9.00 | September 23, 2015 | |
$8.75 | September 30, 2015 | |
$8.70 | October 28, 2015 | |
$8.65 | November 4, 2015 | |
$8.55 | November 11, 2015 | |
$8.45 | November 18, 2015 | |
$8.30 | November 25, 2015 | |
$8.10 | December 9, 2015 | |
$8.00 | December 16, 2015 | |
$7.85 | December 23, 2015 | |
$7.50 | December 30, 2015 | |
$7.25 | January 20, 2016 | |
$7.20 | January 27, 2016 | |
$7.00 | February 10, 2016 | |
$6.95 | February 17, 2016 | |
$7.00 | March 23, 2016 | |
$7.05 | March 30, 2016 | |
$7.15 | April 20, 2016 | |
$7.30 | April 27, 2016 |
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To purchase common shares in this offering, you must complete and sign a subscription agreement (in the form attached to this prospectus as Appendix A) for a specific dollar amount and pay such amount at the time of subscription. The minimum permitted initial purchase is $5,000. Additional purchases must be made in increments of $500, except for purchases made pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. You should make your check payable to "FS Energy and Power Fund." Subscriptions will be effective only upon our acceptance and we reserve the right to reject any subscription in whole or in part. Pending acceptance of your subscription, proceeds will be deposited into an account for your benefit.
About the Dealer Manager
The dealer manager is FS2. The dealer manager was formed in 2007 and registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, in December 2007. The dealer manager is an affiliate of FS Advisor and serves as the dealer manager in connection with the continuous public offerings of shares by the FSGCOF Offered Funds, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV, and previously served as the dealer manager in connection with the continuous public offerings of shares by FS Investment Corporation and FS Investment Corporation II, which closed to new investors in May 2012 and March 2014, respectively. The dealer manager will receive compensation for services relating to this offering and provide certain sales, promotional and marketing services to us in connection with the distribution of the common shares offered pursuant to this prospectus. For additional information about the dealer manager, including information related to its affiliation with us and FS Advisor, see "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions."
Compensation of the Dealer Manager and Selected Broker-Dealers
Except as provided below, the dealer manager receives selling commissions of 7.0% of the gross proceeds of common shares sold in the offering. The dealer manager also receives a dealer manager fee of 3.0% of the gross offering proceeds as compensation for acting as the dealer manager. The dealer manager will not directly or indirectly pay or award any fees or commissions or other compensation to any person or entity engaged to sell our common shares or give investment advice to a potential shareholder except to a registered broker-dealer or other properly licensed agent for selling or distributing our common shares.
The dealer manager authorizes other broker-dealers that are members of FINRA and other properly licensed financial advisors, which we refer to as selected broker-dealers, to sell our common shares. The dealer manager may re-allow all of its selling commissions attributable to a selected broker-dealer.
The dealer manager, in its sole discretion, may re-allow to any selected broker-dealer a portion of its dealer manager fee for reimbursement of marketing expenses. The amount of the reallowance will be based on such factors as the number of common shares sold by the selected broker-dealer, the assistance of the broker-dealer in marketing the offering and due diligence expenses incurred. The maximum aggregate amount of the reallowances of the 3.0% dealer manager fee will be 1.5% of the gross proceeds from common shares sold in the offering.
In addition to the payment of selling commissions and the dealer manager fee, we reimburse the dealer manager and selected broker-dealers for bona fide accountable due diligence expenses supported by detailed and itemized invoices. We expect to reimburse approximately 0.5% of the gross offering proceeds for accountable due diligence expenses, which are included as part of the reimbursement of organization and offering expenses in an amount up to 1.5% of the gross offering proceeds.
All items of compensation to underwriters or dealers, including, but not limited to, selling commissions, expenses, rights of first refusal, consulting fees, finders' fees and all other items of compensation of any kind paid by us, directly or indirectly, shall be taken into consideration in computing the amount of allowable "front end fees" as defined in our declaration of trust; provided,
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however, that no compensation will be paid to the dealer manager or selected broker-dealers in connection with this offering other than the compensation described above in "Compensation of the Dealer Manager and Selected Broker-Dealers."
We will not pay selling commissions or dealer manager fees on common shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan. The amount that would have been paid as selling commissions and dealer-manager fees if the common shares issued under our distribution reinvestment plan had been sold pursuant to this continuous public offering of common shares will be retained and used by us. Therefore, the net proceeds to us for issuances under our distribution reinvestment plan will generally be greater than the net proceeds to us for sales pursuant to this prospectus.
This offering is being made in compliance with Conduct Rule 2310 of FINRA. Under the rules of FINRA, the maximum compensation payable to members of FINRA participating in our continuous public offering may not exceed 10% of our gross offering proceeds (excluding proceeds received in connection with the issuance of common shares through our distribution reinvestment program). Such compensation may include permissible forms of non-cash compensation paid by us or our affiliates pursuant to FINRA Rule 2310(c) to registered representatives of our dealer manager and the selected broker-dealers, such as (i) national and regional sales conferences of our selected broker-dealers, and (ii) training and education meetings for registered representatives of our selected broker-dealers. The value of such items of non-cash compensation to selected broker-dealers will be considered underwriting compensation in connection with this offering and, to the extent that the maximum amount of selling commissions and dealer manager fees are received, such amounts will be paid out of the dealer manager fee or reduce the amount of dealer manager fees received by the dealer manager. In addition, although our declaration of trust permits us to pay reasonable fees and expenses in connection with this offering, including selling commissions and dealer manager fees, in an amount not to exceed 18% of gross offering proceeds, we have further limited such fees pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement to 11.5% of gross offering proceeds.
We have agreed to indemnify the participating broker-dealers, including the dealer manager, against certain liabilities arising under the Securities Act and liabilities arising from breaches of our representations and warranties contained in the dealer manager agreement. The broker-dealers participating in the offering of our common shares are not obligated to obtain any subscriptions on our behalf, and we cannot assure you that any common shares will be sold.
Our executive officers and trustees and their immediate family members, as well as officers and employees of FS Advisor and its affiliates and their immediate family members and other individuals designated by management, and, if approved by our board of trustees, joint venture partners, consultants and other service providers, may purchase our common shares in this offering and may be charged a reduced rate for certain fees and expenses in respect of such purchases. Except for certain share ownership and transfer restrictions contained in our declaration of trust, there is no limit on the number of our common shares that may be sold to such persons. In addition, the selling commission and the dealer manager fee may be reduced or waived in connection with certain categories of sales, including but not limited to sales for which a volume discount applies, sales to certain institutional investors, sales to employees of selected broker-dealers, sales made by certain selected dealers at the discretion of the dealer manager, sales made to investors whose contract for investment advisory and related brokerage services includes a fixed or "wrap" fee or other asset-based fee arrangement, unless that contract is with a federally registered investment adviser that is dually registered as a broker-dealer and provides financial planning services, sales through banks acting as trustees or fiduciaries and sales to our affiliates. We may also make certain sales directly to these groups designated by management or the dealer manager without a participating broker-dealer. For such direct sales, the dealer manager will serve as the broker-dealer of record and all selling commissions and dealer manager fees will be waived. The amount of net proceeds to us will not be affected by reducing or eliminating the selling commissions or the dealer manager fee payable in connection with sales to such institutional investors
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and affiliates. FS Advisor and its affiliates will be expected to hold their common shares purchased as shareholders for investment and not with a view towards distribution.
To the extent permitted by law and our declaration of trust, we will indemnify the selected broker-dealers and the dealer manager against some civil liabilities, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act and liabilities arising from breaches of our representations and warranties contained in the dealer manager agreement.
We are offering volume discounts to investors who purchase more than $500,000 worth of our common shares in our continuous public offering. The net proceeds to us from a sale eligible for a volume discount will be the same, but the selling commissions payable to the selected broker-dealer will be reduced. The following table shows the discounted price per share and the reduced selling commissions payable for volume sales of our common shares:
Dollar Amount of Common Shares Purchased | Purchase Price per Incremental Unit in Volume Discount Range(1) |
Reduced Commission Rate |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
$ 5,000 $ 500,000 |
$ | 7.30 | 7.0 | % | |||
$ 500,001 $ 750,000 |
$ | 7.23 | 6.0 | % | |||
$ 750,001 $1,000,000 |
$ | 7.15 | 5.0 | % | |||
$1,000,001 $2,500,000 |
$ | 7.08 | 4.0 | % | |||
$2,500,001 $5,000,000 |
$ | 7.01 | 3.0 | % | |||
$5,000,001 and up |
$ | 6.94 | 2.0 | % |
We will apply the reduced selling price per share and selling commissions to the incremental common shares within the indicated range only. Thus, for example, assuming a price per share of $7.30, a purchase of $1,250,000 would result in a weighted average purchase price of $7.21 per share as shown below:
To qualify for a volume discount as a result of multiple purchases of our common shares you must mark the "Additional Investment" space on the subscription agreement. We are not responsible for failing to combine purchases if you fail to mark the "Additional Investment" space. Once you qualify for a volume discount, you will be eligible to receive the benefit of such discount for subsequent purchases of common shares in our continuous public offering.
The following persons may combine their purchases as a "single purchaser" for the purpose of qualifying for a volume discount:
In the event a person wishes to have his or her order combined with others as a "single purchaser," that person must request such treatment in writing at the time of subscription setting forth the basis for the discount and identifying the orders to be combined. Any request will be subject to our
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verification that the orders to be combined are made by a single purchaser. If the subscription agreements for the combined orders of a single purchaser are submitted at the same time, then the commissions payable and discounted share price will be allocated pro rata among the combined orders on the basis of the respective amounts being combined. Otherwise, the volume discount provisions will apply only to the order that qualifies the single purchaser for the volume discount and the subsequent orders of that single purchaser.
Only common shares purchased in our continuous public offering are eligible for volume discounts. Common shares issued through our distribution reinvestment plan will not be eligible for a volume discount, nor will such common shares count toward the threshold limits listed above that qualify you for the different discount levels.
Other Discounts
The dealer manager may, at its sole discretion, enter into an agreement with a selected broker-dealer whereby such selected broker-dealer may aggregate subscriptions on part of a combined order for the purpose of offering investors reduced aggregate selling commissions and/or dealer manager fees. The specific terms of any such arrangement will be subject to negotiation between the dealer manager and the selected broker-dealer and will not reduce the amount of net proceeds available to us from the sale of our common shares. Any reduction in the selling commissions and dealer manager fees would be prorated among the separate subscribers.
Transfer on Death Designation
You have the option of placing a transfer on death, or TOD, designation on your common shares purchased in this offering. A TOD designation transfers ownership of your common shares to your designated beneficiary upon your death. This designation may only be made by individuals, not entities, who are the sole or joint owners with right of survivorship of the common shares. However, this option is not available to residents of the states of Louisiana or North Carolina. If you would like to place a TOD designation on your common shares, you must complete and return the transfer on death form available upon request to us in order to effect the designation.
Supplemental Sales Material
In addition to this prospectus, we intend to use supplemental sales material in connection with the offering of our common shares, although only when accompanied by or preceded by the delivery of this prospectus, as supplemented. We will file all supplemental sales material with the SEC prior to distributing such material. The supplemental sales material will not contain all of the information material to an investment decision and should only be reviewed after reading this prospectus. The sales material expected to be used in permitted jurisdictions includes:
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All of the foregoing material will be prepared by FS Advisor or its affiliates with the exception of the third-party article reprints, if any. In certain jurisdictions, some or all of such sales material may not be available. In addition, the sales material may contain certain quotes from various publications without obtaining the consent of the author or the publication for use of the quoted material in the sales material.
We are offering common shares in this continuous public offering only by means of this prospectus, as the same may be supplemented and amended from time to time. Although the information contained in our supplemental sales materials is not expected to conflict with any of the information contained in this prospectus, as amended or supplemented, the supplemental materials do not purport to be complete and should not be considered a part of or as incorporated by reference in this prospectus, or the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
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The following are our suitability standards for investors which are required by the Omnibus Guidelines published by the North American Securities Administrators Association in connection with our continuous public offering of common shares under the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
Pursuant to applicable state securities laws, our common shares offered through this prospectus are suitable only as a long-term investment for persons of adequate financial means who have no need for liquidity in this investment. For the foreseeable future, there is not expected to be any public market for our common shares, which means that it may be difficult for shareholders to sell common shares. As a result, we have established suitability standards which require investors to have either (i) a net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $70,000 and an annual gross income of at least $70,000, or (ii) a net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $250,000. Our suitability standards also require that a potential investor (1) can reasonably benefit from an investment in us based on such investor's overall investment objectives and portfolio structuring; (2) is able to bear the economic risk of the investment based on the prospective shareholder's overall financial situation; and (3) has apparent understanding of (a) the fundamental risks of the investment, (b) the risk that such investor may lose his or her entire investment, (c) the lack of liquidity of the common shares, (d) the background and qualifications of FS Advisor and GSO and (e) the tax consequences of the investment. We rely on the representations and other information provided by potential investors in the subscription agreement completed and signed by each such investor, as well as information provided by investors to the selected broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries through which we distribute our common shares, in determining whether such potential investors meet our suitability standards.
In addition, we will not sell common shares to investors in the states named below unless they meet special suitability standards.
AlabamaIn addition to the suitability standards above, an investment in FS Energy and Power Fund will only be sold to Alabama residents that represent they have a liquid net worth of at least 10 times their investment in FS Energy and Power Fund and its affiliates. For these purposes, liquid net worth shall be defined as that portion of total net worth (total assets minus liabilities) that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
IdahoIn addition to the suitability standards above, an Idaho investor's investment in our common shares may not exceed 10% of his or her liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is defined as that portion of an investor's net worth consisting of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
IowaIn addition to the suitability standards above, an Iowa investor's total investment in us shall not exceed 10% of his or her liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is defined as that portion of an investor's net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
KansasIn addition to the suitability standards above, it is recommended by the Office of the Securities Commissioner of Kansas that Kansas investors not invest, in the aggregate, more than 10% of their liquid net worth in us and other non-traded business development companies. Liquid net worth is that portion of an investor's net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
KentuckyInvestors who reside in the state of Kentucky must have either (1) a liquid net worth of $85,000 and annual gross income of $85,000 or (2) a liquid net worth of $300,000. Additionally, a Kentucky investor's total investment in us shall not exceed 10% of his or her liquid net worth.
MaineIn addition to the suitability standards above, the Maine Office of Securities recommends that a Maine investor's aggregate investment in this offering and similar direct participation
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investments not exceed 10% of the investor's liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is that portion of an investor's net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
MassachusettsIn addition to the suitability standards above, Massachusetts investors should not invest, in the aggregate, more than 10% of their liquid net worth in FS Energy and Power Fund's shares and in other non-traded direct participation programs. Liquid net worth shall be defined as that portion of an investor's net worth (total assets minus liabilities) that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
NebraskaIn addition to the suitability standards above, the state of Nebraska requires that each Nebraska investor limit his or her investment in FS Energy and Power Fund and in the securities of other non-traded direct-participation programs to 10% of such investor's net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles). An investment in FS Energy and Power Fund by a Nebraska investor who is an accredited investor as defined in 17 CFR 230.501 is not subject to the foregoing limitations.
New JerseyA New Jersey investor must have either (a) a minimum liquid net worth of $100,000 and an annual income of $85,000 or (b) a minimum liquid net worth of $350,000. For these purposes, "liquid net worth" is defined as that portion of net worth (total assets exclusive of home, home furnishings and automobiles, minus total liabilities) that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. In addition, a New Jersey investor's total investment in this offering of FS Energy and Power Fund, and in other related offerings of FS Energy and Power Fund's affiliates, may not exceed ten percent (10%) of his or her liquid net worth.
New MexicoIn addition to the suitability standards above, the State of New Mexico requires that each New Mexico investor will limit his or her investment in non-traded business development companies, including his or her investment in our common shares and in our affiliates, to a maximum of 10% of his or her liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is that portion of an investor's net worth that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
North DakotaIn addition to the suitability standards above, common shares will only be sold to residents of North Dakota representing that they have a net worth of at least ten times their investment in us.
OhioIn addition to the suitability standards above, the state of Ohio requires that each Ohio investor will limit his or her investment in non-traded business development companies, including his or her investment in our common shares and in our affiliates, to a maximum of 10% of his or her liquid net worth. Liquid net worth is that portion of an investor's net worth that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
OklahomaIn addition to the suitability standards above, the state of Oklahoma requires that each Oklahoma investor will limit his or her investment in our common shares to a maximum of 10% of his or her net worth.
OregonIn addition to the suitability standards above, the state of Oregon requires that each Oregon investor will limit his or her investment in our common shares to a maximum of 10% of his or her net worth.
TennesseeInvestors who reside in the state of Tennessee must have either (1) a liquid net worth of $85,000 and minimum annual gross income of $85,000, or (2) a minimum liquid net worth of $300,000.
The minimum permitted initial purchase amount is $5,000 of our common shares. To satisfy the minimum purchase requirements for retirement plans, unless otherwise prohibited by state law, a husband and wife may jointly contribute funds from their separate individual retirement accounts, or IRAs, provided that each such contribution is made in increments of $500. You should note that an
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investment in our common shares will not, in itself, create a retirement plan and that, in order to create a retirement plan, you must comply with all applicable provisions of the Code.
If you have satisfied the applicable minimum purchase requirement, any additional purchase must be in amounts of at least $500. The investment minimum for subsequent purchases does not apply to common shares issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan.
In the case of sales to fiduciary accounts, these minimum standards shall be met by the beneficiary, the fiduciary account or by the donor or grantor who directly or indirectly supplied the funds for the purchase of our common shares if the donor or grantor is the fiduciary. These suitability standards are intended to help ensure that, given the long-term nature of an investment in common shares, our investment objectives and the relative illiquidity of our common shares, common shares are an appropriate investment for those of you who become shareholders. Franklin Square Holdings, through its affiliate, FS2, the dealer manager in connection with the sale of common shares registered in this continuous public offering, and the selected broker-dealers selling common shares on our behalf must make every reasonable effort to determine that the purchase of our common shares is a suitable and appropriate investment for each prospective shareholder based on information provided by the prospective shareholder in the subscription agreement regarding the prospective shareholder's financial situation and investment objectives. Each selected broker-dealer is required to maintain for six years records of the information used to determine that an investment in common shares is suitable and appropriate for a prospective shareholder.
In purchasing common shares, custodians or trustees of employee pension benefit plans or IRAs may be subject to the fiduciary duties imposed by ERISA or other applicable laws and to the prohibited transaction rules prescribed by ERISA and related provisions of the Code. In addition, prior to purchasing common shares, the trustee or custodian of an employee pension benefit plan or an IRA should determine that such an investment would be permissible under the governing instruments of such plan or account and applicable law.
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We intend to seek to complete a liquidity event for our shareholders within five years following the completion of our offering stage; however, the offering period may extend for an indefinite period. Accordingly, you should consider that you may not have access to the money you invest for an indefinite period of time until we complete a liquidity event. We will view our offering stage as complete as of the termination date of our most recent public equity offering if we have not conducted a public equity offering in any continuous two-year period. We may determine not to pursue a liquidity event if we believe that then current market conditions are not favorable for a liquidity event and that such conditions will improve in the future. A liquidity event could include (1) a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange, (2) the sale of all or substantially all of our assets either on a complete portfolio basis or individually followed by a liquidation or (3) a merger or another transaction approved by our board of trustees in which our shareholders likely will receive cash or shares of a publicly traded company, including potentially a company that is an affiliate of us. We refer to these scenarios as "liquidity events." While our intention is to seek to complete a liquidity event within five years following the completion of our offering stage, there can be no assurance that a suitable transaction will be available or that market conditions for a liquidity event will be favorable during that timeframe. In making a determination of what type of liquidity event is in the best interest of our shareholders, our board of trustees, including our independent trustees, may consider a variety of criteria, including, but not limited to, the allocation of our portfolio among various issuers and sub-sectors, portfolio performance, our financial condition, potential access to capital as a listed company, market conditions for the sale of our assets or listing of our common shares, internal management considerations and the potential for shareholder liquidity. If we determine to pursue a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange in the future, at that time we may consider either an internal or an external management structure. As such, there can be no assurance that we will complete a liquidity event at all. In addition, shares of BDCs listed on a national securities exchange frequently trade at a discount to net asset value. If we determine to pursue a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange, shareholders, including those who purchase common shares at the offering price, may experience a loss on their investment if they sell their shares at a time when our common shares are trading at a discount to net asset value. This risk is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value will decrease.
Prior to the completion of a liquidity event, our share repurchase program may provide a limited opportunity for you to have your common shares repurchased, subject to certain restrictions and limitations, at a price which may reflect a discount from the purchase price you paid for the common shares being repurchased. See "Share Repurchase Program" for a detailed description of our share repurchase program.
Our sponsor, Franklin Square Holdings, has also sponsored the continuous public offerings of its affiliated BDCs, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV, which are currently in their respective offering stages, FS Investment Corporation and FS Investment Corporation II, which closed their respective offerings to new investors in May 2012 and March 2014, respectively, and its affiliated closed-end management investment companies, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, which are also currently in their offering stages. FS Investment Corporation II and FS Investment Corporation III intend to seek to complete a liquidity event for their stockholders within five years following the completion of their respective offering stages. FS Investment Corporation IV intends to seek to complete a liquidity event for its stockholders within five to seven years following the completion of its offering stage and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund intends to seek to complete a liquidity event for its shareholders within five years following the date it commenced investment operations. On April 16, 2014, FS Investment Corporation listed its shares of common stock on the NYSE and began trading under the ticker symbol "FSIC". Therefore, to date, one of our sponsor's four affiliated BDCs has completed a liquidity event, and our sponsor's closed-end management investment company has not completed a liquidity event.
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We do not currently intend to list our common shares on an exchange and do not expect a public market to develop for them in the foreseeable future. Therefore, shareholders should not expect to be able to sell their common shares promptly or at a desired price. No shareholder will have the right to require us to repurchase his or her common shares or any portion thereof. Because no public market will exist for our common shares, and none is expected to develop, shareholders will not be able to liquidate their investment prior to our liquidation or other liquidity event, other than through our share repurchase program, or, in limited circumstances, as a result of transfers of common shares to other eligible investors.
To provide our shareholders with limited liquidity, we intend to conduct quarterly tender offers pursuant to our share repurchase program. The first such tender offer commenced in August 2012 and the repurchase occurred in connection with our October 1, 2012 semi-monthly closing. The following table reflects certain information regarding the tender offers we have conducted to date:
For the Three Months Ended
|
Repurchase Date |
Shares Repurchased |
Percentage of Shares Tendered That Were Repurchased |
Repurchase Price Per Share |
Aggregate Consideration for Repurchased Shares (In Thousands) |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiscal 2012 |
|||||||||||||||
September 30, 2012 |
October 1, 2012 | 44,339 | 100 | % | $ | 9.225 | $ | 409 | |||||||
Fiscal 2013 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2012 |
January 2, 2013 | 24,249 | 100 | % | $ | 9.405 | $ | 228 | |||||||
March 31, 2013 |
April 1, 2013 | 82,689 | 100 | % | $ | 9.540 | $ | 789 | |||||||
June 30, 2013 |
July 1, 2013 | 76,858 | 100 | % | $ | 9.675 | $ | 744 | |||||||
September 30, 2013 |
October 2, 2013 | 156,300 | 100 | % | $ | 9.675 | $ | 1,512 | |||||||
Fiscal 2014 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2013 |
January 2, 2014 | 174,181 | 100 | % | $ | 9.720 | $ | 1,693 | |||||||
March 31, 2014 |
April 2, 2014 | 158,723 | 100 | % | $ | 9.810 | $ | 1,557 | |||||||
June 30, 2014 |
July 2, 2014 | 401,302 | 100 | % | $ | 9.900 | $ | 3,973 | |||||||
September 30, 2014 |
October 1, 2014 | 306,972 | 100 | % | $ | 9.900 | $ | 3,039 | |||||||
Fiscal 2015 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 |
January 7, 2015 | 450,293 | 100 | % | $ | 8.820 | $ | 3,972 | |||||||
March 31, 2015 |
April 1, 2015 | 716,857 | 100 | % | $ | 8.730 | $ | 6,258 | |||||||
June 30, 2015 |
July 1, 2015 | 955,664 | 100 | % | $ | 8.820 | $ | 8,429 | |||||||
September 30, 2015 |
October 7, 2015 | 2,711,088 | 100 | % | $ | 7.875 | $ | 21,350 | |||||||
Fiscal 2016 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2015 |
January 6, 2016 | 2,716,924 | 100 | % | $ | 6.750 | $ | 18,339 | |||||||
March 31, 2016 |
April 6, 2016 | 2,196,742 | 100 | % | $ | 6.395 | $ | 13,938 |
Our quarterly repurchases will be conducted on such terms as may be determined by our board of trustees in its complete and absolute discretion unless, in the judgment of the independent trustees of our board of trustees, such repurchases would not be in the best interests of our shareholders or would violate applicable law. We intend to conduct such repurchase offers in accordance with the requirements of Rule 13e-4 promulgated under the Exchange Act and the 1940 Act. In months in which we repurchase common shares pursuant to our share repurchase program, we expect to conduct repurchases on the same date that we hold our first weekly closing in such month for the sale of common shares in this continuous public offering. Any offer to repurchase common shares will be conducted solely through tender offer materials mailed to each shareholder and is not being made through this prospectus.
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Our board of trustees will also consider the following factors, among others, in making its determination regarding whether to cause us to offer to repurchase common shares and under what terms:
We currently intend to limit the number of common shares to be repurchased during any calendar year to the number of common shares we can repurchase with the proceeds we receive from the issuance of our common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan. Because our distribution reinvestment plan is structured as an "opt in" program that requires shareholders to affirmatively elect to have their cash distributions reinvested in additional common shares, such requirement may contribute to the illiquidity of our common shares. At the discretion of our board of trustees, we may also use cash on hand, cash available from borrowings and cash from the liquidation of securities investments as of the end of the applicable period to repurchase common shares. In addition, we will limit the number of common shares to be repurchased in any calendar year to 10% of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding in the prior calendar year, or 2.5% in each quarter, though the actual number of common shares that we offer to repurchase may be less in light of the limitations noted above. We intend to offer to repurchase common shares on each date of repurchase at a price equal to 90% of the offering price in effect on the date of repurchase. FS Advisor will not receive any separate fees in connection with the repurchase of common shares under our share repurchase program.
If you wish to tender your common shares to be repurchased, you must either tender at least 25% of the common shares you have purchased or all of the common shares that you own. If you choose to tender only a portion of your common shares, you must maintain a minimum balance of $5,000 worth of common shares following a tender of common shares for repurchase. If the amount of repurchase requests exceeds the number of common shares we seek to repurchase, we will repurchase common shares on a pro-rata basis. As a result, we may repurchase less than the full amount of common shares that you request to have repurchased. To the extent you seek to tender all of the common shares that you own and we repurchase less than the full amount of common shares that you request to have repurchased, you may maintain a balance of common shares of less than $5,000 following such share repurchase. If we do not repurchase the full amount of your common shares that you have requested to be repurchased, or we determine not to make repurchases of our common shares, you may not be able to dispose of your common shares. Any periodic repurchase offers will be subject in part to our available cash and compliance with the RIC qualification and diversification rules promulgated under the Code.
Our board of trustees will require that we repurchase common shares or portions thereof from you pursuant to written tenders only on terms they determine to be fair to us and to all of our shareholders. Repurchases of your common shares by us will be paid in cash. Repurchases will be effective after receipt and acceptance by us of all eligible written tenders of common shares from our shareholders.
When our board of trustees determines that we will offer to repurchase common shares or fractions thereof, tender offer materials will be provided to you describing the terms thereof, and
253
containing information you should consider in deciding whether and how to participate in such repurchase opportunity.
Any tender offer presented to our shareholders will remain open for a minimum of 20 business days following the commencement of the tender offer. In the materials that we will send to our shareholders, we will include the date that the tender offer will expire. All tenders for repurchase requests must be received prior to the expiration of the tender offer in order to be valid. If there are any material revisions to the tender offer materials (not including the price at which common shares may be tendered) sent to our shareholders, we will send revised materials reflecting such changes and will extend the tender offer period by a minimum of an additional five business days. If the price at which common shares may be tendered is changed, we will extend the tender offer period by a minimum of an additional ten business days.
In order to submit common shares to be tendered, shareholders will be required to complete a letter of transmittal, which will be included in the materials sent to our shareholders, as well as any other documents required by the letter of transmittal. At any time prior to the expiration of the tender offer, shareholders may withdraw their tenders by submitting a notice of withdrawal to us. If common shares have not been accepted for payment by us, tenders may be withdrawn any time following 40 business days after the commencement of the tender offer.
We will not repurchase common shares, or fractions thereof, if such repurchase will cause us to be in violation of the securities or other laws of the United States, Delaware or any other relevant jurisdiction.
While we intend to conduct quarterly tender offers as described above, we are not required to do so and may amend, suspend or terminate the share repurchase program at any time.
In the event that FS Advisor or any of its affiliates holds common shares in the capacity of a shareholder, any such affiliates may tender common shares for repurchase in connection with any repurchase offer we make on the same basis as any other shareholder, except for the initial capital contributions of the principals of FS Advisor, Messrs. Forman and Adelman. Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender their common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains our investment adviser.
We have received exemptive relief from Regulation M under the Exchange Act from the Division of Trading and Markets of the SEC in connection with our share repurchase program.
254
CUSTODIAN, TRANSFER AND DISTRIBUTION PAYING AGENT AND REGISTRAR
Our securities are held under a custody agreement by State Street Bank and Trust Company. The address of the custodian is: One Lincoln Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111. DST Systems, Inc. acts as our transfer agent, distribution paying agent and registrar. The principal business address of DST Systems, Inc. is 430 W. 7th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105-1594, telephone number: (877) 628-8575.
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
Because we intend to generally acquire and dispose of our investments in privately negotiated transactions, we expect to use brokers in the normal course of our business infrequently. Subject to policies established by our board of trustees, FS Advisor is primarily responsible for the execution of the publicly traded securities portion of our portfolio transactions and the allocation of brokerage commissions. FS Advisor does not execute transactions through any particular broker or dealer, but seeks to obtain the best net results for us, taking into account such factors as price (including the applicable brokerage commission or dealer spread), size of order, difficulty of execution, and operational facilities of the firm and the firm's risk and skill in positioning blocks of securities. While FS Advisor will generally seek reasonably competitive trade execution costs, we will not necessarily pay the lowest spread or commission available. Subject to applicable legal requirements, FS Advisor may select a broker based partly upon brokerage or research services provided to it and us and any other clients. In return for such services, we may pay a higher commission than other brokers would charge if FS Advisor determines in good faith that such commission is reasonable in relation to the services provided.
Certain legal matters regarding the common shares offered hereby have been passed upon for us by Dechert LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and certain matters regarding the common shares offered hereby and other matters of Delaware law have been passed upon by Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware.
RSM US LLP, formerly McGladrey LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm located at 751 Arbor Way, Suite 200, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania 19422, has audited our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form N-2, together with all amendments and related exhibits, under the Securities Act, with respect to our common shares offered by this prospectus. The registration statement contains additional information about us and our common shares being offered by this prospectus.
Under the DGCL, our shareholders, upon a written demand stating the purpose thereof, have the right during usual hours for business to inspect for any proper purpose and to make copies and extracts from, our share ledger, a list of shareholders and its other books and records.
We intend to maintain an alphabetical list of the names, addresses and telephone numbers of our shareholders, along with the number of our common shares held by each of them, as part of our books and records and will be available for inspection by any shareholder at our office. We intend to update the shareholder list at least monthly to reflect changes in the information contained therein, including substituted investors. A copy of the shareholder list shall be mailed to any shareholder requesting the shareholder list within ten days of the request. The copy of the shareholder list shall be printed in
255
alphabetical order, on white paper, and in a readily readable type size (in no event smaller than 10-point type). We may impose a reasonable charge for expenses incurred in reproduction of the shareholder list pursuant to the shareholder's request. In addition to the foregoing, Rule 14a-7 promulgated under the Exchange Act provides that, upon the request of a shareholder and the payment of the expenses of the distribution, we are required to distribute specific materials to shareholders in the context of the solicitation of proxies for voting on matters presented to shareholders or provide requesting shareholders with a copy of the list of shareholders so that the requesting shareholders may make the distribution of proxies themselves. If a proper request for the shareholder list is not honored, then the requesting shareholder will be entitled to recover certain costs incurred in compelling the production of the list as well as actual damages suffered by reason of the refusal or failure to produce the list. However, a shareholder will not have the right to, and we may require a requesting shareholder to represent that it will not, secure the shareholder list or any other information for any commercial purpose of not related to the requesting shareholder's interest in our affairs. We may also require such shareholder sign a confidentiality agreement in connection with the request.
We are required to file with or submit to the SEC annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information meeting the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. You may inspect and copy these reports, proxy statements and other information, as well as the registration statement and related exhibits and schedules, at the Public Reference Room of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information filed electronically by us with the SEC, which are available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Copies of these reports, proxy and information statements and other information may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following e-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the SEC's Public Reference Section, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549.
We are committed to protecting your privacy. This privacy notice explains the privacy policies of FS Energy and Power Fund and its affiliated companies. This notice supersedes any other privacy notice you may have received from FS Energy and Power Fund.
We will safeguard, according to strict standards of security and confidentiality, all information we receive about you. The only information we collect from you is your name, address, number of common shares you hold and your social security number. This information is used only so that we can send you annual reports and other information about us, and send you proxy statements or other information required by law.
We do not share this information with any non-affiliated third party except as described below.
256
|
Page | |
---|---|---|
Financial Statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
||
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting |
F-2 |
|
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |
F-3 | |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |
F-4 | |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |
F-5 | |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 |
F-6 | |
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
F-7 | |
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
F-8 | |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
F-9 | |
Consolidated Schedules of Investments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 |
F-10 | |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |
F-24 |
F-1
MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the preparation of our annual financial statements, management has conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework set forth in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. Management's assessment included an evaluation of the design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of those controls. Based on this evaluation, we have concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by our independent registered public accounting firm.
F-2
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To
the Board of Trustees and Shareholders
FS Energy and Power Fund
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
We have audited FS Energy and Power Fund's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. FS Energy and Power Fund's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (a) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (b) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (c) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, FS Energy and Power Fund maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets, including the consolidated schedules of investments, of FS Energy and Power Fund as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in net assets and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 and our report dated March 11, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion.
/s/ RSM US LLP
Blue
Bell, Pennsylvania
March 11, 2016
F-3
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To
the Board of Trustees and Shareholders
FS Energy and Power Fund
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, including the consolidated schedules of investments, of FS Energy and Power Fund (the "Company") as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in net assets and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our procedures included confirmation of securities owned as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 by correspondence with the custodians and brokers, or by other appropriate auditing procedures where replies from custodians and brokers were not received. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of FS Energy and Power Fund as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the results of their operations, their cash flows and the changes in their net assets for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), FS Energy and Power Fund's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated March 11, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of FS Energy and Power Fund's internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ RSM US LLP
Blue
Bell, Pennsylvania
March 11, 2016
F-4
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To
the Board of Trustees and Shareholders
FS Energy and Power Fund
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting referred to in our reports dated March 11, 2016 also included an audit of the senior securities table as of December 31, 2015 of FS Energy and Power Fund. This table is the responsibility of FS Energy and Power Fund's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion based on our audits of the consolidated financial statements.
In our opinion, the senior securities table, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.
/s/ RSM US LLP
Blue
Bell, Pennsylvania
March 21, 2016
F-5
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
|
December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Assets |
|||||||
Investments, at fair value |
|||||||
Non-controlled/unaffiliated investments (amortized cost$3,267,830 and $3,375,716, respectively) |
$ | 2,518,595 | $ | 3,089,068 | |||
Non-controlled/affiliated investments (amortized cost$356,188 and $287,334, respectively) |
276,993 | 286,109 | |||||
Controlled/affiliated investments (amortized cost$270,389 and $0, respectively) |
273,910 | | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total investments, at fair value (amortized cost$3,894,407 and $3,663,050, respectively) |
3,069,498 | 3,375,177 | |||||
Cash |
368,867 | 225,130 | |||||
Receivable for investments sold and repaid |
13,792 | 51,253 | |||||
Interest receivable |
34,921 | 47,197 | |||||
Receivable for common shares purchased |
6,915 | 9,989 | |||||
Deferred financing costs |
5,179 | 5,575 | |||||
Prepaid expenses and other assets |
247 | 30 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total assets |
$ | 3,499,419 | $ | 3,714,351 | |||
| | | | | | | |
Liabilities |
|||||||
Payable for investments purchased |
$ | | $ | 20,094 | |||
Credit facilities payable |
715,510 | 901,300 | |||||
Repurchase agreement payable(1) |
324,984 | 189,113 | |||||
Shareholder distributions payable |
48 | 50 | |||||
Management fees payable |
18,338 | 17,912 | |||||
Subordinated income incentive fees payable(2) |
12,048 | 12,142 | |||||
Administrative services expense payable |
1,872 | 1,653 | |||||
Interest payable |
3,046 | 2,888 | |||||
Trustees' fees payable |
254 | 229 | |||||
Other accrued expenses and liabilities |
5,458 | 3,249 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total liabilities |
1,081,558 | 1,148,630 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Commitments and contingencies(3) |
|||||||
Shareholders' equity |
|||||||
Preferred shares, $0.001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding |
| | |||||
Common shares, $0.001 par value, 450,000,000 shares authorized, 372,210,264 and 299,394,371 shares issued and outstanding, respectively |
372 | 299 | |||||
Capital in excess of par value |
3,428,672 | 2,841,446 | |||||
Accumulated undistributed net realized gains (losses) on investments and gain/loss on foreign currency(4) |
(200,220 | ) | 7,497 | ||||
Accumulated undistributed net investment income(4) |
14,024 | 4,341 | |||||
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments and unrealized gain/loss on foreign currency |
(824,987 | ) | (287,862 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total shareholders' equity |
2,417,861 | 2,565,721 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |
$ | 3,499,419 | $ | 3,714,351 | |||
| | | | | | | |
Net asset value per common share at year end |
$ | 6.50 | $ | 8.57 |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-6
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Investment income |
||||||||||
From non-controlled/unaffiliated investments: |
||||||||||
Interest income |
$ | 305,035 | $ | 251,827 | $ | 115,402 | ||||
Fee income |
22,316 | 29,661 | 16,600 | |||||||
Dividend income |
1,483 | | | |||||||
From non-controlled/affiliated investments: |
||||||||||
Interest income |
21,503 | 6,254 | | |||||||
Fee income |
681 | 2,228 | | |||||||
From controlled/affiliated investments: |
||||||||||
Interest income |
19,950 | | | |||||||
Fee income |
8,685 | | | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total investment income |
379,653 | 289,970 | 132,002 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Operating expenses |
||||||||||
Management fees |
75,997 | 61,970 | 30,840 | |||||||
Capital gains incentive fees(1) |
| (10,993 | ) | 8,321 | ||||||
Subordinated income incentive fees(1) |
31,016 | 32,072 | 7,634 | |||||||
Administrative services expenses |
4,056 | 3,831 | 2,246 | |||||||
Share transfer agent fees |
2,757 | 2,541 | 2,010 | |||||||
Accounting and administrative fees |
1,405 | 1,211 | 741 | |||||||
Interest expense |
30,703 | 19,069 | 9,297 | |||||||
Trustees' fees |
970 | 853 | 870 | |||||||
Other general and administrative expenses |
4,841 | 3,615 | 2,439 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total operating expenses |
151,745 | 114,169 | 64,398 | |||||||
Income and excise taxes |
313 | 912 | 800 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total expenses |
152,058 | 115,081 | 65,198 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income |
227,595 | 174,889 | 66,804 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Realized and unrealized gain/loss |
||||||||||
Net realized gain (loss) on investmentsnon-controlled/unaffiliated |
(201,559 | ) | (5,682 | ) | 5,091 | |||||
Net realized gain (loss) on total return swap(2) |
| | 12,736 | |||||||
Net realized gain (loss) on foreign currency |
(210 | ) | (636 | ) | (77 | ) | ||||
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments: |
||||||||||
Non-controlled/unaffiliated |
(462,587 | ) | (336,895 | ) | 26,994 | |||||
Non-controlled/affiliated |
(77,970 | ) | (1,225 | ) | | |||||
Controlled/affiliated |
3,521 | | | |||||||
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on total return swap(2) |
| | (3,141 | ) | ||||||
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on foreign currency |
(89 | ) | 40 | (37 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments |
(738,894 | ) | (344,398 | ) | 41,566 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | (511,299 | ) | $ | (169,509 | ) | $ | 108,370 | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Per share informationbasic and diluted |
||||||||||
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations (Earnings per Share) |
$ | (1.51 | ) | $ | (0.72 | ) | $ | 0.94 | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average shares outstanding |
337,879,830 | 236,753,647 | 115,827,352 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-7
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Net Assets
(in thousands)
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Operations |
||||||||||
Net investment income |
$ | 227,595 | $ | 174,889 | $ | 66,804 | ||||
Net realized gain (loss) on investments, total return swap and foreign currency(1) |
(201,769 | ) | (6,318 | ) | 17,750 | |||||
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments |
(537,036 | ) | (338,120 | ) | 26,994 | |||||
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on total return swap(1) |
| | (3,141 | ) | ||||||
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on foreign currency |
(89 | ) | 40 | (37 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
(511,299 | ) | (169,509 | ) | 108,370 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Shareholder distributions(2) |
||||||||||
Distributions from net investment income |
(224,586 | ) | (145,745 | ) | (76,383 | ) | ||||
Distributions from net realized gain on investments |
(14,247 | ) | (17,298 | ) | (1,432 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net decrease in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions |
(238,833 | ) | (163,043 | ) | (77,815 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Capital share transactions |
||||||||||
Issuance of common shares(3) |
498,830 | 1,129,068 | 1,007,156 | |||||||
Reinvestment of shareholder distributions(3) |
152,401 | 110,766 | 44,910 | |||||||
Repurchases of common shares(3) |
(40,009 | ) | (10,262 | ) | (3,273 | ) | ||||
Offering costs |
(8,950 | ) | (7,536 | ) | (6,000 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase in net assets resulting from capital share transactions |
602,272 | 1,222,036 | 1,042,793 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total increase (decrease) in net assets |
(147,860 | ) | 889,484 | 1,073,348 | ||||||
Net assets at beginning of year |
2,565,721 | 1,676,237 | 602,889 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets at end of year |
$ | 2,417,861 | $ | 2,565,721 | $ | 1,676,237 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Accumulated undistributed (distributions in excess of) net investment income(2) |
$ | 14,024 | $ | 4,341 | $ | (7,946 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-8
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash flows from operating activities |
||||||||||
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | (511,299 | ) | $ | (169,509 | ) | $ | 108,370 | ||
Adjustments to reconcile net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |
||||||||||
Purchases of investments |
(1,195,947 | ) | (2,437,689 | ) | (2,295,602 | ) | ||||
Paid-in-kind interest |
(27,585 | ) | (15,125 | ) | (3,190 | ) | ||||
Proceeds from sales and repayments of investments |
800,534 | 1,044,311 | 735,673 | |||||||
Net realized (gain) loss on investments |
201,559 | 5,682 | (5,091 | ) | ||||||
Net change in unrealized (appreciation) depreciation on investments |
537,036 | 338,120 | (26,994 | ) | ||||||
Net change in unrealized (appreciation) depreciation on total return swap(1) |
| | 3,141 | |||||||
Accretion of discount |
(9,918 | ) | (10,275 | ) | (3,825 | ) | ||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
2,707 | 1,891 | 980 | |||||||
(Increase) decrease in due from counterparty |
| | 56,876 | |||||||
(Increase) decrease in receivable for investments sold and repaid |
37,461 | (42,947 | ) | 1,068 | ||||||
(Increase) decrease in interest receivable |
12,276 | (21,730 | ) | (16,392 | ) | |||||
(Increase) decrease in receivable due on total return swap(1) |
| | 329 | |||||||
(Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets |
(217 | ) | (9 | ) | 154 | |||||
Increase (decrease) in payable for investments purchased |
(20,094 | ) | (61,415 | ) | 55,953 | |||||
Increase (decrease) in management fees payable |
426 | 7,161 | 7,229 | |||||||
Increase (decrease) in expense recoupment payable to sponsor(2) |
| | (1,083 | ) | ||||||
Increase (decrease) in accrued capital gains incentive fees |
| (13,850 | ) | 7,368 | ||||||
Increase (decrease) in subordinated income incentive fees payable |
(94 | ) | 5,356 | 6,786 | ||||||
Increase (decrease) in administrative services expense payable |
219 | 1,235 | 259 | |||||||
Increase (decrease) in interest payable |
158 | 883 | 1,427 | |||||||
Increase (decrease) in trustees' fees payable |
25 | (22 | ) | 251 | ||||||
Increase (decrease) in other accrued expenses and liabilities |
2,209 | 1,271 | 1,334 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |
(170,544 | ) | (1,366,661 | ) | (1,364,979 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities |
||||||||||
Issuance of common shares |
501,904 | 1,119,214 | 1,007,062 | |||||||
Reinvestment of shareholder distributions |
152,401 | 110,766 | 44,910 | |||||||
Repurchases of common shares |
(40,009 | ) | (10,262 | ) | (3,273 | ) | ||||
Offering costs |
(8,950 | ) | (7,536 | ) | (6,000 | ) | ||||
Shareholder distributions |
(238,835 | ) | (173,693 | ) | (70,464 | ) | ||||
Borrowings under credit facilities(3) |
109,600 | 323,826 | 438,942 | |||||||
Borrowings under repurchase agreement(4) |
135,871 | 189,113 | | |||||||
Repayments of credit facilities(3) |
(295,390 | ) | (46,700 | ) | | |||||
Deferred financing costs paid |
(2,311 | ) | (4,021 | ) | (4,100 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by financing activities |
314,281 | 1,500,707 | 1,407,077 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total increase (decrease) in cash |
143,737 | 134,046 | 42,098 | |||||||
Cash at beginning of year |
225,130 | 91,084 | 48,986 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Cash at end of year |
$ | 368,867 | $ | 225,130 | $ | 91,084 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Supplemental disclosure |
||||||||||
Excise and state taxes paid |
$ | 400 | $ | 264 | $ | | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-9
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments
As of December 31, 2015
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien38.5% |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC |
(g)(i)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+700 | 1.0 | % | 11/20/20 | $ | 60,938 | $ | 57,911 | $ | 31,383 | |||||||||
Allied Wireline Services, LLC |
(g)(i)(j)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+400, 5.5% PIK (5.5% Max PIK) | 1.5 | % | 2/28/19 | 103,061 | 101,930 | 96,234 | ||||||||||||
Alon USA Partners, L.P. |
(g)(i)(l) | Downstream | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 11/26/18 | 7,158 | 7,342 | 7,140 | ||||||||||||
Altus Power America, Inc. |
(j) | Power | L+750 | 1.5 | % | 10/10/21 | 46,555 | 46,555 | 46,090 | ||||||||||||
Altus Power America, Inc. |
(e) | Power | L+750 | 1.5 | % | 10/10/21 | 37,820 | 37,820 | 37,441 | ||||||||||||
AP Exhaust Acquisition, LLC |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.5 | % | 1/16/21 | 15,811 | 15,811 | 14,842 | ||||||||||||
BBH Operating LLC |
Upstream | Prime+500 PIK (8.25% Max PIK) | 3.3 | % | 2/26/16 | 24,441 | 24,441 | 17,719 | |||||||||||||
BBH Operating LLC |
(e) | Upstream | Prime+500 PIK (8.25% Max PIK) | 3.3 | % | 2/26/16 | 5,559 | 5,559 | 4,031 | ||||||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P. |
Upstream | Prime+650 | 3.5 | % | 12/17/17 | 36,626 | 31,807 | 34,016 | |||||||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P. |
(e) | Upstream | Prime+650 | 3.5 | % | 12/17/17 | 19,367 | 16,819 | 17,987 | ||||||||||||
Cactus Wellhead, LLC |
(g)(i)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+600 | 1.0 | % | 7/31/20 | 51,844 | 51,012 | 37,457 | ||||||||||||
Cimarron Energy Inc. |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+775, 0.0% PIK (3.75% Max PIK) | 1.0 | % | 12/15/19 | 24,250 | 24,250 | 24,129 | ||||||||||||
Crestwood Holdings LLC |
(f)(g)(j) | Midstream | L+600 | 1.0 | % | 6/19/19 | 30,565 | 30,689 | 19,816 | ||||||||||||
EnergySolutions, LLC |
(i)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+575 | 1.0 | % | 5/29/20 | 20,462 | 20,150 | 18,211 | ||||||||||||
EP Acquisition LLC |
(q)(y) | Upstream | Prime+500 PIK (8.25% Max PIK) | 3.3 | % | 2/26/16 | 525 | 525 | | ||||||||||||
Industrial Group Intermediate Holdings, LLC |
(i) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 5/31/20 | 14,951 | 14,951 | 14,801 | ||||||||||||
MB Precision Holdings LLC |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+725 | 1.3 | % | 1/23/20 | 12,855 | 12,855 | 12,726 | ||||||||||||
Moxie Liberty LLC |
(g)(j) | Power | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 8/21/20 | 32,432 | 32,540 | 30,162 | ||||||||||||
Panda Sherman Power, LLC |
(g)(j) | Power | L+750 | 1.5 | % | 9/14/18 | 22,643 | 22,937 | 20,492 | ||||||||||||
Panda Temple Power, LLC |
(j) | Power | L+625 | 1.0 | % | 3/6/22 | 9,925 | 9,747 | 8,188 | ||||||||||||
Panda Temple Power II, LLC |
(g)(j) | Power | L+600 | 1.3 | % | 4/3/19 | 27,809 | 28,132 | 24,750 | ||||||||||||
ProPetro Services, Inc. |
(i) | Service & Equipment | L+625 | 1.0 | % | 9/30/19 | 11,612 | 11,599 | 7,838 | ||||||||||||
Stallion Oilfield Holdings, Inc. |
(g)(i)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+675 | 1.3 | % | 6/19/18 | 45,025 | 45,045 | 24,404 | ||||||||||||
Stonewall Gas Gathering LLC |
(j) | Midstream | L+775 | 1.0 | % | 1/28/22 | 26,794 | 25,803 | 26,727 | ||||||||||||
Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC |
(j)(z) | Power | 12.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 11/14/21 | 250,138 | 245,363 | 244,510 | ||||||||||||||
Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC |
(e)(z) | Power | 12.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 11/14/21 | 7,167 | 7,167 | 7,006 | ||||||||||||||
Swift Worldwide Resources US Holdings Corp. |
(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 4/30/19 | 59,057 | 59,057 | 59,057 | ||||||||||||
UTEX Industries, Inc. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | L+400 | 1.0 | % | 5/21/21 | 4,485 | 3,443 | 3,091 | ||||||||||||
Warren Resources, Inc. |
(k) | Upstream | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 5/22/20 | 131,175 | 131,175 | 106,907 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
1,122,435 | 997,155 | |||||||||||||||||||
Unfunded Loan Commitments |
(67,365 | ) | (67,365 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
1,055,070 | 929,790 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-10
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2015
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien38.2% |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Alison US LLC |
(f)(j)(l) | Service & Equipment | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 8/29/22 | $ | 17,222 | $ | 16,641 | $ | 13,993 | |||||||||
American EnergyMarcellus, LLC |
Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 8/4/21 | 10,000 | 9,874 | 233 | |||||||||||||
Ameriforge Group Inc. |
(f)(g) | Service & Equipment | L+750 | 1.3 | % | 12/21/20 | 35,950 | 36,433 | 2,831 | ||||||||||||
AP Exhaust Acquisition, LLC |
Service & Equipment | 12.0%, 0.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 9/28/21 | 3,243 | 3,243 | 2,959 | |||||||||||||||
Arena Energy, LP |
(i)(k) | Upstream | L+1000 | 1.0 | % | 1/24/21 | 65,000 | 65,000 | 59,854 | ||||||||||||
Ascent ResourcesUtica, LLC |
(g)(j)(k) | Upstream | L+950, 2.0% PIK (2.0% Max PIK) | 1.5 | % | 9/30/18 | 280,735 | 279,572 | 251,258 | ||||||||||||
Atlas Resource Partners, L.P. |
(i)(k) | Upstream | L+900 | 1.0 | % | 2/23/20 | 100,000 | 97,489 | 79,986 | ||||||||||||
BlackBrush Oil & Gas, L.P. |
(f)(i) | Upstream | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 7/30/21 | 31,519 | 30,708 | 25,268 | ||||||||||||
Brock Holdings III, Inc. |
(f)(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+825 | 1.8 | % | 3/16/18 | 29,605 | 29,766 | 22,796 | ||||||||||||
Chief Exploration & Development LLC |
(f)(i) | Upstream | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 5/16/21 | 19,576 | 19,504 | 13,143 | ||||||||||||
Consolidated Precision Products Corp. |
(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.0 | % | 4/30/21 | 11,574 | 11,529 | 10,532 | ||||||||||||
Emerald Performance Materials, LLC |
(j) | Downstream | L+675 | 1.0 | % | 8/1/22 | 5,319 | 5,296 | 5,055 | ||||||||||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | 11.0% | 5/29/19 | 74,186 | 74,186 | 74,650 | ||||||||||||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | 10.0% | 5/29/19 | 32,462 | 32,462 | 32,259 | ||||||||||||||
Fieldwood Energy LLC |
(f)(i) | Upstream | L+713 | 1.3 | % | 9/30/20 | 41,047 | 41,951 | 6,547 | ||||||||||||
Granite Intermediate Holdings, Inc. |
(f) | Power | L+725 | 1.0 | % | 10/15/22 | 13,150 | 13,047 | 10,257 | ||||||||||||
Gruden Acquisition, Inc. |
(j) | Service & Equipment | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 8/18/23 | 15,000 | 14,281 | 14,288 | ||||||||||||
Horn Intermediate Holdings, Inc. |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.3 | % | 10/2/18 | 50,250 | 50,250 | 49,496 | ||||||||||||
Jonah Energy LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 5/12/21 | 25,133 | 24,821 | 15,960 | ||||||||||||
MD America Energy, LLC |
(f)(g)(j) | Upstream | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 8/4/19 | 41,612 | 40,121 | 34,815 | ||||||||||||
Neff Rental LLC |
(j) | Service & Equipment | L+625 | 1.0 | % | 6/9/21 | 15,145 | 15,182 | 12,570 | ||||||||||||
Oxbow Carbon LLC |
(g) | Midstream | L+700 | 1.0 | % | 1/19/20 | 15,000 | 14,904 | 12,631 | ||||||||||||
P2 Upstream Acquisition Co. |
(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.0 | % | 4/30/21 | 32,599 | 32,862 | 27,302 | ||||||||||||
Templar Energy LLC |
(f)(g)(i) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 11/25/20 | 89,923 | 88,451 | 10,903 | ||||||||||||
Total Safety U.S., Inc. |
(f)(g)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 9/13/20 | 14,795 | 14,978 | 8,335 | ||||||||||||
UTEX Industries, Inc. |
(f)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+725 | 1.0 | % | 5/20/22 | 36,192 | 36,232 | 23,706 | ||||||||||||
Vantage Energy, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 12/20/18 | 30,078 | 29,933 | 19,325 | ||||||||||||
Vantage Energy II, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 5/8/17 | 85,000 | 85,000 | 82,450 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien |
1,213,716 | 923,402 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-11
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2015
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Senior Secured Bonds13.4% |
|||||||||||||||||||||
American EnergyWoodford, LLC |
(h)(q)(y) | Upstream | 12.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 12/30/20 | $ | 7,806 | $ | 5,662 | $ | 1,112 | |||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC |
(j)(k)(o) | Upstream | 8.0% | 12/31/20 | 290,813 | 282,012 | 226,107 | ||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC |
(e)(o) | Upstream | 8.0% | 12/31/20 | 18,563 | 18,470 | 14,432 | ||||||||||||||
Gastar Exploration USA, Inc. |
(h) | Upstream | 8.6% | 5/15/18 | 5,690 | 5,393 | 2,902 | ||||||||||||||
Light Tower Rentals, Inc. |
(h)(n) | Service & Equipment | 8.1% | 8/1/19 | 17,500 | 17,313 | 8,947 | ||||||||||||||
Lightstream Resources Ltd. |
(k)(l) | Upstream | 9.9% | 6/15/19 | 62,400 | 62,400 | 52,104 | ||||||||||||||
Mirant Mid-Atlantic Trust |
(f)(h)(n) | Power | 10.1% | 12/30/28 | 23,344 | 26,097 | 22,556 | ||||||||||||||
SandRidge Energy, Inc. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 8.8% | 6/1/20 | 46,700 | 46,598 | 14,258 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Senior Secured Bonds |
463,945 | 342,418 | |||||||||||||||||||
Unfunded Bond Commitment |
(18,470 | ) | (18,470 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Senior Secured Bonds |
445,475 | 323,948 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Subordinated Debt24.0% |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Alta Mesa Holdings, LP |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 9.6% | 10/15/18 | 18,451 | 18,376 | 6,481 | ||||||||||||||
Archrock Partners, L.P. |
(h)(l) | Midstream | 6.0% | 4/1/21 | 3,055 | 2,625 | 2,452 | ||||||||||||||
Archrock Partners, L.P. |
(h)(l) | Midstream | 6.0% | 10/1/22 | 10,533 | 8,858 | 8,124 | ||||||||||||||
Atlas Energy Holdings Operating Co., LLC |
(h) | Upstream | 7.8% | 1/15/21 | 28,285 | 25,869 | 5,648 | ||||||||||||||
Atlas Energy Holdings Operating Co., LLC |
(h) | Upstream | 9.3% | 8/15/21 | 24,460 | 23,574 | 5,022 | ||||||||||||||
Bellatrix Exploration Ltd. |
(f)(h)(l) | Upstream | 8.5% | 5/15/20 | 45,590 | 44,731 | 30,716 | ||||||||||||||
Brand Energy & Infrastructure Services, Inc. |
(f)(h) | Service & Equipment | 8.5% | 12/1/21 | 27,500 | 27,261 | 23,684 | ||||||||||||||
Calpine Corp. |
(f)(l) | Power | 5.8% | 1/15/25 | 5,100 | 5,093 | 4,501 | ||||||||||||||
Canbriam Energy Inc. |
(h)(j)(l) | Upstream | 9.8% | 11/15/19 | 115,200 | 111,556 | 104,256 | ||||||||||||||
Chaparral Energy Inc. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 7.6% | 11/15/22 | 15,225 | 16,150 | 3,191 | ||||||||||||||
Compressco Partners, LP |
(f)(h)(l) | Service & Equipment | 7.3% | 8/15/22 | 20,050 | 19,889 | 14,862 | ||||||||||||||
Crestwood Equity Partners L.P. |
(f)(l) | Midstream | 6.1% | 3/1/22 | 5,500 | 5,500 | 3,827 | ||||||||||||||
Dynegy Finance I/II Inc. |
(f)(l) | Power | 7.6% | 11/1/24 | 17,080 | 16,654 | 14,603 | ||||||||||||||
Eclipse Resources Corp. |
(h)(l) | Upstream | 8.9% | 7/15/23 | 27,500 | 26,949 | 13,234 | ||||||||||||||
EV Energy Partners, L.P. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 8.0% | 4/15/19 | 25,560 | 21,221 | 12,716 | ||||||||||||||
Everest Acquisition LLC |
(f)(l) | Upstream | 9.4% | 5/1/20 | 14,250 | 14,250 | 9,054 |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-12
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2015
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Genesis Energy, L.P. |
(f)(l) | Midstream | 6.8% | 8/1/22 | $ | 12,100 | $ | 11,688 | $ | 10,179 | |||||||||||
GenOn Energy, Inc. |
(f)(h)(n) | Power | 9.9% | 10/15/20 | 42,698 | 44,669 | 31,383 | ||||||||||||||
GenOn Energy, Inc. |
(h) | Power | 7.9% | 6/15/17 | 5,000 | 4,795 | 4,371 | ||||||||||||||
Global Jet Capital Inc. |
Service & Equipment | 15.0% PIK (15.0% Max PIK) | 1/30/25 | 635 | 635 | 635 | |||||||||||||||
Global Jet Capital Inc. |
Service & Equipment | 15.0% PIK (15.0% Max PIK) | 4/30/25 | 4,030 | 4,030 | 4,030 | |||||||||||||||
Global Jet Capital Inc. |
Service & Equipment | 15.0% PIK (15.0% Max PIK) | 9/3/25 | 828 | 828 | 828 | |||||||||||||||
Global Jet Capital Inc. |
Service & Equipment | 15.0% PIK (15.0% Max PIK) | 9/29/25 | 779 | 779 | 779 | |||||||||||||||
Global Partners L.P. |
(f)(h)(l)(n) | Midstream | 6.3% | 7/15/22 | 68,350 | 68,350 | 54,424 | ||||||||||||||
Jones Energy, Inc. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 6.8% | 4/1/22 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 4,345 | ||||||||||||||
Jupiter Resources Inc. |
(h)(l) | Upstream | 8.5% | 10/1/22 | 71,125 | 67,291 | 28,539 | ||||||||||||||
Kenan Advantage Group, Inc. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 7.9% | 7/31/23 | 11,970 | 11,970 | 11,820 | ||||||||||||||
Legacy Reserves LP |
(h) | Upstream | 8.0% | 12/1/20 | 16,750 | 16,499 | 3,371 | ||||||||||||||
Legacy Reserves LP |
(h) | Upstream | 6.6% | 12/1/21 | 14,000 | 13,847 | 3,028 | ||||||||||||||
Lonestar Resources America Inc. |
(h)(n) | Upstream | 8.8% | 4/15/19 | 21,500 | 21,591 | 13,231 | ||||||||||||||
Martin Midstream Partners L.P. |
(f)(l) | Midstream | 7.3% | 2/15/21 | 15,658 | 16,144 | 13,877 | ||||||||||||||
Memorial Production Partners L.P. |
(h) | Upstream | 6.9% | 8/1/22 | 12,250 | 12,059 | 3,690 | ||||||||||||||
ONEOK, Inc. |
(f)(h)(l)(n) | Midstream | 7.5% | 9/1/23 | 28,000 | 26,771 | 23,363 | ||||||||||||||
Seven Generations Energy Ltd. |
(f)(l) | Upstream | 6.8% | 5/1/23 | 6,150 | 5,612 | 5,220 | ||||||||||||||
Talos Production LLC |
(f)(h)(n) | Upstream | 9.8% | 2/15/18 | 43,250 | 43,258 | 17,841 | ||||||||||||||
Tenrgys, LLC |
(i)(j) | Upstream | L+900 | 2.5 | % | 12/23/18 | 75,000 | 75,000 | 64,875 | ||||||||||||
Whiting Petroleum Corp. |
(f)(l) | Upstream | 5.0% | 3/15/19 | 4,685 | 4,124 | 3,562 | ||||||||||||||
Zachry Holdings, Inc. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 7.5% | 2/1/20 | 14,300 | 14,376 | 13,978 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Subordinated Debt |
860,872 | 579,740 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-13
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2015
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Number of Shares |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||
Equity/Other12.9%(m) |
||||||||||||||
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC, Common Equity |
(q) | Service & Equipment | 6,944,444 | $ | 6,944 | $ | 1,042 | |||||||
Allied Downhole Technologies, LLC, Common Equity |
(k)(p)(q) | Service & Equipment | 6,600,000 | 6,600 | 4,950 | |||||||||
Allied Downhole Technologies, LLC, Warrants, 2/28/2019 |
(k)(p)(q) | Service & Equipment | 5,344,680 | 1,865 | 4,009 | |||||||||
Altus Power America Holdings, LLC, Preferred Equity |
Power | 15,518,478 | 15,464 | 28,709 | ||||||||||
Altus Power America Management, LLC, Class B Units |
(q)(r) | Power | 2,250 | | | |||||||||
AP Exhaust Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(k)(p)(q) | Service & Equipment | 811 | 811 | 405 | |||||||||
Ascent Resources Utica Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(s) | Upstream | 15,657,194 | 14,900 | 3,131 | |||||||||
BBH Operating LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(t) | Upstream | 1,000 | 1,000 | | |||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., Net Profits Interest |
(q)(u) | Upstream | N/A | 4,677 | 5,966 | |||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., Overriding Royalty Interest |
(u) | Upstream | N/A | 668 | 227 | |||||||||
Cimarron Energy Holdco Inc., Common Equity |
(q) | Service & Equipment | 2,500,000 | 2,500 | 1,750 | |||||||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(k)(p)(q) | Upstream | 4,191,800 | 11,250 | 15,090 | |||||||||
Fortune Creek Co-Invest I L.P., LP Interest |
(l)(q)(v)(y) | Midstream | N/A | 16,697 | 3,281 | |||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class C Units |
(k)(o)(p)(q) | Upstream | 66,000 | 66,000 | 46,200 | |||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class D Units |
(k)(o)(p)(q) | Upstream | 12,374 | 8,176 | 8,724 | |||||||||
Global Jet Capital Holdings, LP, Preferred Equity |
(q) | Service & Equipment | 2,448,883 | 2,449 | 2,449 | |||||||||
Industrial Group Intermediate Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(k)(p)(q) | Service & Equipment | 371,901 | 372 | 614 | |||||||||
MB Precision Investment Holdings LLC, Class A-2 Units |
(q) | Service & Equipment | 490,213 | 490 | 466 | |||||||||
Plains Offshore Operations Inc., Preferred Equity |
(f) | Upstream | 21,067 | 26,321 | 25,869 | |||||||||
Plains Offshore Operations Inc., Warrants, 11/18/2019 |
(f)(q) | Upstream | 427,005 | 689 | | |||||||||
Summit Midstream Partners, LLC, Preferred Equity |
Midstream | 39,163 | 39,163 | 37,205 | ||||||||||
Sunnova Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(z) | Power | 1,074,951 | 25,026 | 29,561 | |||||||||
Swift Worldwide Resources Holdco Limited, Common Equity |
(l)(q)(w) | Service & Equipment | 3,750,000 | 6,029 | 3,870 | |||||||||
Synergy Offshore LLC, Preferred Equity |
(k)(x) | Upstream | 50,000 | 61,183 | 89,100 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Equity/Other |
319,274 | 312,618 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
TOTAL INVESTMENTS127.0% |
$ | 3,894,407 | 3,069,498 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
LIABILITIES IN EXCESS OF OTHER ASSETS(27.0%) |
(651,637 | ) | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
NET ASSETS100.0% |
$ | 2,417,861 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-14
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2015
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
||||
(a) | Security may be an obligation of one or more entities affiliated with the named company. | |||
(b) | Certain variable rate securities in the Company's portfolio bear interest at a rate determined by a publicly disclosed base rate plus a basis point spread. As of December 31, 2015, the three-month London Interbank Offered Rate was 0.61% and the U.S. Prime Lending Rate was 3.50%. | |||
(c) | Denominated in U.S. dollars, unless otherwise noted. | |||
(d) | Fair value determined by the Company's board of trustees (see Note 7). | |||
(e) | Security is an unfunded commitment. | |||
(f) | Security or portion thereof held within FSEP Term Funding, LLC and is pledged as collateral supporting the amounts outstanding under the revolving credit facility with Deutsche Bank AG, New York Branch (see Note 8). | |||
(g) | Security or portion thereof held within Energy Funding LLC and is pledged as collateral supporting the amounts outstanding under the revolving credit facility with Natixis, New York Branch (see Note 8). | |||
(h) | Security or portion thereof held within Berwyn Funding LLC and is pledged as collateral supporting the amounts outstanding under the prime brokerage facility with BNP Paribas Prime Brokerage, Inc., or BNP. Securities held within Berwyn Funding LLC may be rehypothecated from time to time as permitted under Rule 15c-1(a)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, subject to the terms and conditions governing the prime brokerage facility with BNP (see Note 8). | |||
(i) | Security or portion thereof held within Wayne Funding LLC and is pledged as collateral supporting the amounts outstanding under the revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC (see Note 8). | |||
(j) | Security or portion thereof held within Gladwyne Funding LLC and is pledged as collateral supporting the obligations outstanding under the repurchase transaction with Goldman Sachs Bank USA (see Note 8). | |||
(k) | Security or portion thereof held within Foxfields Funding LLC and is pledged as collateral supporting the obligations outstanding under the term loan facility with Fortress Credit Co LLC (see Note 8). | |||
(l) | The investment is not a qualifying asset under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act. A business development company may not acquire any asset other than a qualifying asset, unless, at the time the acquisition is made, qualifying assets represent at least 70% of the business development company's total assets. As of December 31, 2015, 87.8% of the Company's total assets represented qualifying assets. | |||
(m) | Listed investments may be treated as debt for U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, or tax purposes. | |||
(n) | Security or portion thereof held within Berwyn Funding LLC has been rehypothecated under Rule 15c-1(a)(1) of the Exchange Act, subject to the terms and conditions governing the prime brokerage facility with BNP (see Note 8). As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of securities rehypothecated by BNP was $108,340. | |||
(o) | Under the 1940 Act, the Company generally is deemed to be an "affiliated person" of a portfolio company if it owns 5% or more of the portfolio company's voting securities. As of December 31, 2015, the Company held investments in a portfolio company of which it is deemed to be an "affiliated person" but is not deemed to "control." The following table presents certain information with respect to such portfolio company for the year ended December 31, 2015: |
Portfolio Company | Purchases | Sales and Repayments |
Interest Income |
Fee Income |
Net Realized Gain (Loss) |
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured Bonds |
|||||||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC |
$ | 67,722 | | $ | 21,503 | $ | 681 | | $ | (32,843 | ) | ||||||||
Equity/Other |
|||||||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class C Units |
| | | | | $ | (37,950 | ) | |||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class D Units |
| | | | | $ | (7,177 | ) |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-15
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2015
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
||
---|---|---|
(p) | Security held within FSEP Investments, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Foxfields Funding LLC. | |
(q) | Security is non-income producing. | |
(r) | Security is held within EP Altus Investments, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. | |
(s) | Security held within EP American Energy Investments, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. | |
(t) | Security held within FSEP-BBH, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. | |
(u) | Security held within EP Burnett Investments, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. | |
(v) | Investment denominated in Canadian dollars. Amortized cost and fair value are converted into U.S. dollars as of December 31, 2015. | |
(w) | Investment denominated in British pounds. Amortized cost and fair value are converted into U.S. dollars as of December 31, 2015. | |
(x) | Security held within EP Synergy Investments, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Foxfields Funding LLC. | |
(y) | Security was on non-accrual as of December 31, 2015. | |
(z) | Under the 1940 Act, the Company generally is deemed to "control" a portfolio company if it owns 25% or more of the portfolio company's voting securities or it has the power to exercise control over the management or policies of a portfolio company. As of December 31, 2015, the Company held investments in a portfolio company of which it is deemed to be an "affiliated person" and is also deemed to "control." The following table presents certain information with respect to such portfolio company for the year ended December 31, 2015: |
Portfolio Company | Purchases | Sales and Repayments |
Interest Income |
Fee Income |
Net Realized Gain (Loss) |
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
|||||||||||||||||||
Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC |
$ | 187,636 | | $ | 19,950 | $ | 2,162 | | $ | (1,014 | ) | ||||||||
Equity/Other |
|||||||||||||||||||
Sunnova Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
$ | 25,026 | | | $ | 6,523 | | $ | 4,535 |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-16
Consolidated Schedule of Investments
As of December 31, 2014
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien33.3% |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC |
(h)(j)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+700 | 1.0 | % | 11/20/20 | $ | 62,500 | $ | 58,795 | $ | 59,063 | |||||||||
Allied Wireline Services, LLC |
(h)(j)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.5 | % | 2/28/19 | 105,875 | 104,405 | 105,081 | ||||||||||||
Alon USA Partners, L.P. |
(h)(j)(m) | Downstream | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 11/26/18 | 7,231 | 7,468 | 7,308 | ||||||||||||
Altus Power America, Inc. |
(k) | Power | L+750 | 1.5 | % | 10/10/21 | 20,568 | 20,568 | 20,568 | ||||||||||||
Altus Power America, Inc. |
(e) | Power | L+750 | 1.5 | % | 10/10/21 | 63,807 | 63,807 | 63,807 | ||||||||||||
AP Exhaust Acquisition, LLC |
(h) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.5 | % | 1/16/21 | 14,595 | 14,595 | 14,157 | ||||||||||||
Atlas Energy, L.P. |
(g)(m) | Midstream | L+550 | 1.0 | % | 7/31/19 | 5,486 | 5,443 | 5,404 | ||||||||||||
Azure Midstream Energy LLC |
(g) | Midstream | L+550 | 1.0 | % | 11/15/18 | 12,825 | 12,669 | 11,543 | ||||||||||||
BBH Operating LLC |
Upstream | Prime+500 | 3.3 | % | 2/26/15 | 19,850 | 19,850 | 18,957 | |||||||||||||
BBH Operating LLC |
(e) | Upstream | Prime+500 | 3.3 | % | 2/26/15 | 10,150 | 10,150 | 9,693 | ||||||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P. |
Upstream | Prime+650 | 3.5 | % | 12/17/17 | 20,206 | 17,548 | 19,423 | |||||||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P. |
(e) | Upstream | Prime+650 | 3.5 | % | 12/17/17 | 38,292 | 33,254 | 36,808 | ||||||||||||
Boomerang Tube, LLC |
(f)(g) | Service & Equipment | L+950 | 1.5 | % | 10/11/17 | 18,584 | 18,441 | 16,122 | ||||||||||||
Cactus Wellhead, LLC |
(g)(h)(j)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+600 | 1.0 | % | 7/31/20 | 52,369 | 51,384 | 42,550 | ||||||||||||
Cimarron Energy Inc. |
(h) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.0 | % | 12/15/19 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 25,000 | ||||||||||||
Crestwood Holdings LLC |
(g)(h)(k) | Midstream | L+600 | 1.0 | % | 6/19/19 | 32,255 | 32,406 | 30,622 | ||||||||||||
EnergySolutions, LLC |
(f)(j) | Service & Equipment | L+575 | 1.0 | % | 5/29/20 | 21,709 | 21,314 | 21,702 | ||||||||||||
EP Acquisition LLC |
Upstream | Prime+500 | 3.3 | % | 3/31/15 | 750 | 750 | 720 | |||||||||||||
FR Dixie Acquisition Corp. |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+475 | 1.0 | % | 12/18/20 | 10,173 | 10,184 | 8,443 | ||||||||||||
FR Utility Services LLC |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+575 | 1.0 | % | 10/18/19 | 15,009 | 14,919 | 14,952 | ||||||||||||
Harvey Gulf International Marine, LLC |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+450 | 1.0 | % | 6/18/20 | 1,910 | 1,893 | 1,551 | ||||||||||||
Hudson Products Holdings Inc. |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+400 | 1.0 | % | 3/15/19 | 1,773 | 1,769 | 1,720 | ||||||||||||
Industrial Group Intermediate Holdings, LLC |
(j) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 5/31/20 | 14,886 | 14,886 | 14,886 | ||||||||||||
Larchmont Resources, LLC |
(g)(j) | Upstream | L+725 | 1.0 | % | 8/7/19 | 20,370 | 20,379 | 19,809 | ||||||||||||
MB Precision Holdings LLC |
(h) | Service & Equipment | L+725 | 1.3 | % | 1/23/20 | 13,365 | 13,365 | 13,231 | ||||||||||||
Moxie Liberty LLC |
(g)(h)(k) | Power | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 8/21/20 | 32,432 | 32,562 | 32,270 | ||||||||||||
Moxie Patriot LLC |
(k) | Power | L+575 | 1.0 | % | 12/19/20 | 2,000 | 2,041 | 1,990 | ||||||||||||
Panda Sherman Power, LLC |
(g)(h) | Power | L+750 | 1.5 | % | 9/14/18 | 19,872 | 20,258 | 19,773 | ||||||||||||
Panda Temple Power, LLC (TLA) |
(k) | Power | L+700 | 1.5 | % | 7/17/18 | 13,949 | 13,799 | 14,141 | ||||||||||||
Panda Temple Power, LLC (TLB) |
(g)(h)(k) | Power | L+1000 | 1.5 | % | 7/17/18 | 40,000 | 39,447 | 40,600 | ||||||||||||
Panda Temple Power II, LLC |
(g)(h) | Power | L+600 | 1.3 | % | 4/3/19 | 23,809 | 24,274 | 23,452 | ||||||||||||
PeroxyChem LLC |
(h)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 2/28/20 | 11,900 | 11,793 | 11,781 | ||||||||||||
ProPetro Services, Inc. |
(j)(l) | Service & Equipment | L+625 | 1.0 | % | 9/30/19 | 12,267 | 12,246 | 11,899 | ||||||||||||
RGL Reservoir Operations Inc. |
(g)(m) | Service & Equipment | L+500 | 1.0 | % | 8/13/21 | 9,120 | 8,859 | 7,357 | ||||||||||||
Southcross Holdings Borrower LP |
(g)(j) | Midstream | L+500 | 1.0 | % | 8/4/21 | 18,952 | 18,862 | 16,962 | ||||||||||||
Sprint Industrial Holdings LLC |
(h) | Service & Equipment | L+575 | 1.3 | % | 11/14/19 | 14,775 | 14,760 | 14,110 | ||||||||||||
Stallion Oilfield Holdings, Inc. |
(f)(g)(h)(j)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+675 | 1.3 | % | 6/19/18 | 63,538 | 63,425 | 54,404 | ||||||||||||
Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC |
(k) | Power | 12.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 11/14/21 | 62,502 | 62,502 | 62,502 | ||||||||||||||
Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC |
(e) | Power | 12.0% PIK (12.0% Max PIK) | 11/14/21 | 110,909 | 110,909 | 110,909 |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-17
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2014
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Swift Worldwide Resources US Holdings Corp. |
(h)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 4/30/19 | $ | 59,660 | $ | 59,660 | $ | 58,467 | |||||||||
Total Safety U.S., Inc. |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+450 | 1.3 | % | 3/13/20 | 4,394 | 4,451 | 4,240 | ||||||||||||
United Components, Inc. |
(h)(l) | Service & Equipment | L+400 | 1.5 | % | 7/26/17 | 4,987 | 4,975 | 4,968 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
1,100,065 | 1,072,945 | |||||||||||||||||||
Unfunded Loan Commitments |
(218,120 | ) | (218,120 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
881,945 | 854,825 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien38.6% |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Alison US LLC |
(f)(m) | Service & Equipment | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 8/29/22 | 22,222 | 21,363 | 20,806 | ||||||||||||
American EnergyMarcellus, LLC |
(g) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 8/4/21 | 10,000 | 9,858 | 9,200 | ||||||||||||
American EnergyUtica, LLC |
(h)(k) | Upstream | L+400, 5.5% PIK (5.5% Max PIK) | 1.5 | % | 9/30/18 | 122,646 | 122,646 | 120,194 | ||||||||||||
American EnergyUtica, LLC |
Upstream | L+400, 5.5% PIK (5.5% Max PIK) | 1.5 | % | 9/30/18 | 83,297 | 83,297 | 81,631 | |||||||||||||
Ameriforge Group Inc. |
(f)(h)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+750 | 1.3 | % | 12/21/20 | 35,950 | 36,516 | 35,478 | ||||||||||||
BlackBrush Oil & Gas, L.P. |
(f)(j) | Upstream | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 7/30/21 | 27,500 | 27,286 | 22,825 | ||||||||||||
Brock Holdings III, Inc. |
(f)(h)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+825 | 1.8 | % | 3/16/18 | 29,605 | 29,829 | 23,832 | ||||||||||||
Callon Petroleum Co. |
(j)(m) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 8/29/21 | 10,000 | 9,804 | 9,475 | ||||||||||||
Chief Exploration & Development LLC |
(j)(k) | Upstream | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 5/16/21 | 19,576 | 19,494 | 17,717 | ||||||||||||
Consolidated Precision Products Corp. |
(f)(g)(h)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.0 | % | 4/30/21 | 28,500 | 28,375 | 27,218 | ||||||||||||
Drew Marine Group Inc. |
(k)(m) | Service & Equipment | L+700 | 1.0 | % | 5/19/21 | 10,000 | 9,978 | 9,950 | ||||||||||||
Emerald Performance Materials, LLC |
(k) | Downstream | L+675 | 1.0 | % | 8/1/22 | 5,319 | 5,294 | 5,186 | ||||||||||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC |
(j)(k) | Upstream | 11.0% | 5/29/19 | 74,186 | 74,186 | 74,928 | ||||||||||||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC |
(j)(k) | Upstream | 10.0% | 5/29/19 | 32,462 | 32,462 | 32,137 | ||||||||||||||
Fieldwood Energy LLC |
(f)(j)(k) | Upstream | L+713 | 1.3 | % | 9/30/20 | 41,047 | 42,100 | 30,298 | ||||||||||||
Filtration Group Corp. |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+725 | 1.0 | % | 11/21/21 | 2,632 | 2,608 | 2,635 | ||||||||||||
Granite Intermediate Holdings, Inc. |
(f)(k)(l) | Power | L+725 | 1.0 | % | 10/15/22 | 10,150 | 10,049 | 10,254 | ||||||||||||
Horn Intermediate Holdings, Inc. |
(h) | Service & Equipment | L+775 | 1.3 | % | 10/2/18 | 57,750 | 57,750 | 56,306 | ||||||||||||
Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. |
(f)(m) | Service & Equipment | L+625 | 1.0 | % | 6/30/22 | 4,000 | 4,048 | 3,850 | ||||||||||||
Jonah Energy LLC |
(j)(k) | Upstream | L+650 | 1.0 | % | 5/8/21 | 26,185 | 25,808 | 22,650 | ||||||||||||
Magnum Hunter Resources Corp. |
(j)(m) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 10/17/19 | 6,983 | 6,780 | 6,878 | ||||||||||||
MD America Energy, LLC |
(f)(g)(h)(k) | Upstream | L+850 | 1.0 | % | 8/4/19 | 78,000 | 74,506 | 74,879 | ||||||||||||
Neff Rental LLC |
(f)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+625 | 1.0 | % | 6/9/21 | 17,989 | 18,019 | 18,068 | ||||||||||||
Oxbow Carbon LLC |
(h) | Midstream | L+700 | 1.0 | % | 1/19/20 | 15,000 | 14,874 | 13,325 | ||||||||||||
P2 Upstream Acquisition Co. |
(f)(h)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.0 | % | 4/30/21 | 32,599 | 32,901 | 31,377 | ||||||||||||
Power Buyer, LLC |
(g) | Service & Equipment | L+725 | 1.0 | % | 11/6/20 | 2,500 | 2,520 | 2,422 | ||||||||||||
Templar Energy LLC |
(f)(h)(j)(k) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 11/25/20 | 89,923 | 88,196 | 65,014 | ||||||||||||
Total Safety U.S., Inc. |
(g)(h) | Service & Equipment | L+800 | 1.3 | % | 9/13/20 | 14,795 | 15,013 | 14,352 | ||||||||||||
UTEX Industries, Inc. |
(g)(k) | Service & Equipment | L+725 | 1.0 | % | 5/20/22 | 39,192 | 39,224 | 35,469 | ||||||||||||
Vantage Energy II, LLC |
(j)(k) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 5/8/17 | 85,000 | 85,000 | 84,575 | ||||||||||||
Vantage Energy, LLC |
(j)(k) | Upstream | L+750 | 1.0 | % | 12/20/18 | 30,385 | 30,197 | 27,043 | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien |
1,059,981 | 989,972 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-18
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2014
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Senior Secured Bonds11.1% |
|||||||||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC |
(j)(k)(p) | Upstream | 8.0% | 12/31/20 | $ | 222,750 | $ | 213,158 | $ | 196,020 | |||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC |
(e)(p) | Upstream | 8.0% | 12/31/20 | 86,625 | 86,192 | 76,230 | ||||||||||||||
Gastar Exploration USA, Inc. |
(i) | Upstream | 8.6% | 5/15/18 | 22,000 | 21,548 | 18,855 | ||||||||||||||
Globe Luxembourg SCA |
(f)(m) | Service & Equipment | 9.6% | 5/1/18 | 10,000 | 9,706 | 7,748 | ||||||||||||||
Light Tower Rentals, Inc. |
(j) | Service & Equipment | 8.1% | 8/1/19 | 17,500 | 17,273 | 14,000 | ||||||||||||||
Mirant Mid-Atlantic Trust |
(f)(i) | Power | 10.1% | 12/30/28 | 33,087 | 37,072 | 34,990 | ||||||||||||||
Permian Tank & Manufacturing, Inc. |
(g) | Service & Equipment | 10.5% | 1/15/18 | 3,499 | 3,562 | 2,712 | ||||||||||||||
Prince Mineral Holding Corp. |
(i)(o) | Service & Equipment | 11.5% | 12/15/19 | 15,345 | 16,748 | 15,671 | ||||||||||||||
Ryerson Inc. |
(f)(g) | Service & Equipment | 9.0% | 10/15/17 | 2,300 | 2,362 | 2,371 | ||||||||||||||
Tervita Corp. |
(i)(m) | Service & Equipment | 8.0% | 11/15/18 | 3,500 | 3,534 | 3,080 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Senior Secured Bonds |
411,155 | 371,677 | |||||||||||||||||||
Unfunded Bond Commitments |
(86,192 | ) | (86,192 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Senior Secured Bonds |
324,963 | 285,485 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Subordinated Debt36.6% |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Alta Mesa Holdings, L.P. |
(f)(i) | Upstream | 9.6% | 10/15/18 | 34,951 | 34,870 | 29,637 | ||||||||||||||
American EnergyWoodford, LLC |
(i) | Upstream | 9.0% | 9/15/22 | 10,500 | 10,078 | 6,602 | ||||||||||||||
Atlas Energy Holdings Operating Co., LLC |
(f)(i)(m) | Upstream | 7.8% | 1/15/21 | 21,450 | 20,713 | 15,551 | ||||||||||||||
Atlas Energy Holdings Operating Co., LLC |
(f)(i)(m) | Upstream | 9.3% | 8/15/21 | 19,763 | 20,040 | 15,193 | ||||||||||||||
Brand Energy & Infrastructure Services, Inc. |
(f)(i)(o) | Service & Equipment | 8.5% | 12/1/21 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 22,625 | ||||||||||||||
BWAY Holding Co. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 9.1% | 8/15/21 | 3,100 | 3,080 | 3,116 | ||||||||||||||
Calpine Corp. |
(f)(m) | Power | 5.8% | 1/15/25 | 7,100 | 7,100 | 7,224 | ||||||||||||||
Canbriam Energy Inc. |
(f)(i)(m) | Upstream | 9.8% | 11/15/19 | 88,200 | 82,990 | 83,349 | ||||||||||||||
Chaparral Energy Inc. |
(f) | Upstream | 8.3% | 9/1/21 | 2,000 | 2,053 | 1,319 | ||||||||||||||
Chaparral Energy Inc. |
(f)(g) | Upstream | 7.6% | 11/15/22 | 15,225 | 16,254 | 10,011 | ||||||||||||||
CHC Helicopter S.A. |
(f)(i)(m)(o) | Service & Equipment | 9.4% | 6/1/21 | 8,125 | 8,276 | 7,698 | ||||||||||||||
Clayton Williams Energy, Inc. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 7.8% | 4/1/19 | 9,300 | 9,288 | 7,797 | ||||||||||||||
Compressco Partners, LP |
(f)(i)(m) | Service & Equipment | 7.3% | 8/15/22 | 20,000 | 19,830 | 17,338 | ||||||||||||||
Comstock Resources, Inc. |
(f)(m) | Upstream | 9.5% | 6/15/20 | 5,000 | 4,821 | 3,375 | ||||||||||||||
Crestwood Midstream Partners L.P. |
(i)(m) | Midstream | 6.1% | 3/1/22 | 5,500 | 5,500 | 5,207 | ||||||||||||||
Crew Energy Inc. |
(i)(m)(v) | Upstream | 8.4% | 10/21/20 | C$ | 10,343 | 11,502 | 10,085 | |||||||||||||
CrownRock, L.P. |
(f)(i) | Upstream | 7.1% | 4/15/21 | $ | 37,500 | 37,500 | 35,257 | |||||||||||||
Dynegy Finance I/II Inc. |
(f)(m) | Power | 7.4% | 11/1/22 | 1,950 | 1,950 | 1,999 | ||||||||||||||
Dynegy Finance I/II Inc. |
(f)(m) | Power | 6.8% | 11/1/19 | 950 | 950 | 969 | ||||||||||||||
Dynegy Finance I/II Inc. |
(f)(m) | Power | 7.6% | 11/1/24 | 8,680 | 8,710 | 8,886 | ||||||||||||||
Eco Services Operations LLC |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 8.5% | 11/1/22 | 5,000 | 5,000 | 5,075 | ||||||||||||||
Energy XXI Gulf Coast, Inc. |
(i)(m)(o) | Upstream | 7.5% | 12/15/21 | 4,000 | 3,983 | 2,200 | ||||||||||||||
Energy XXI Gulf Coast, Inc. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 9.3% | 12/5/17 | 5,000 | 5,145 | 3,325 | ||||||||||||||
Era Group Inc. |
(f)(m) | Service & Equipment | 7.8% | 12/15/22 | 7,750 | 7,638 | 8,060 | ||||||||||||||
Everest Acquisition LLC |
(f) | Upstream | 9.4% | 5/1/20 | 14,250 | 14,250 | 14,468 |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-19
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2014
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Principal Amount(c) |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Gardner Denver, Inc. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 6.9% | 8/15/21 | $ | 8,948 | $ | 9,426 | $ | 8,501 | |||||||||||
GenOn Energy, Inc. |
(f)(i)(o) | Power | 9.9% | 10/15/20 | 40,698 | 42,923 | 40,299 | ||||||||||||||
Global Jet Capital, Inc. |
Service & Equipment | 8.0% PIK (8.0% Max PIK) | 1/30/15 | 313 | 313 | 313 | |||||||||||||||
Global Partners L.P. |
(f)(i)(m) | Midstream | 6.3% | 7/15/22 | 83,350 | 83,350 | 81,266 | ||||||||||||||
The Hillman Group, Inc. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 6.4% | 7/15/22 | 5,000 | 5,024 | 4,825 | ||||||||||||||
Ithaca Energy Inc. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 8.1% | 7/1/19 | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1,518 | ||||||||||||||
Jones Energy, Inc. |
(i) | Upstream | 6.8% | 4/1/22 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 6,120 | ||||||||||||||
Jupiter Resources Inc. |
(f)(i)(m) | Upstream | 8.5% | 10/1/22 | 67,125 | 63,660 | 50,344 | ||||||||||||||
The Kenan Advantage Group, Inc. |
(f)(i) | Service & Equipment | 8.4% | 12/15/18 | 18,000 | 18,447 | 18,585 | ||||||||||||||
Legacy Reserves L.P. |
(f)(m) | Upstream | 8.0% | 12/1/20 | 16,750 | 16,460 | 13,999 | ||||||||||||||
Legacy Reserves L.P. |
(f)(i)(m) | Upstream | 6.6% | 12/1/21 | 14,000 | 13,827 | 11,486 | ||||||||||||||
Lightstream Resources Ltd. |
(f)(i)(m)(o) | Upstream | 8.6% | 2/1/20 | 48,745 | 49,119 | 34,358 | ||||||||||||||
Lonestar Resources America Inc. |
(i) | Upstream | 8.8% | 4/15/19 | 21,500 | 21,615 | 16,206 | ||||||||||||||
Martin Midstream Partners L.P. |
(f)(m) | Midstream | 7.3% | 2/15/21 | 18,607 | 19,172 | 17,486 | ||||||||||||||
Memorial Production Partners L.P. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 7.6% | 5/1/21 | 7,000 | 6,815 | 5,653 | ||||||||||||||
Memorial Production Partners L.P. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 6.9% | 8/1/22 | 12,500 | 12,284 | 9,469 | ||||||||||||||
The Pantry Inc. |
(f)(m) | Service & Equipment | 8.4% | 8/1/20 | 250 | 270 | 275 | ||||||||||||||
Resolute Energy Corp. |
(i)(o) | Upstream | 8.5% | 5/1/20 | 6,230 | 6,550 | 2,951 | ||||||||||||||
RKI Exploration & Production, LLC |
(f)(i)(o) | Upstream | 8.5% | 8/1/21 | 58,704 | 58,655 | 47,848 | ||||||||||||||
Samson Investment Co. |
(i) | Upstream | 9.8% | 2/15/20 | 56,300 | 52,952 | 23,646 | ||||||||||||||
Sanchez Energy Corp. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 7.8% | 6/15/21 | 14,500 | 14,265 | 13,731 | ||||||||||||||
SandRidge Energy, Inc. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 8.8% | 1/5/20 | 22,075 | 20,428 | 15,066 | ||||||||||||||
SandRidge Energy, Inc. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 8.1% | 10/15/22 | 3,500 | 3,314 | 2,301 | ||||||||||||||
SandRidge Energy, Inc. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 7.5% | 3/15/21 | 5,000 | 4,487 | 3,244 | ||||||||||||||
SandRidge Energy, Inc. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 7.5% | 2/15/23 | 2,500 | 2,371 | 1,597 | ||||||||||||||
Sidewinder Drilling Inc. |
(i) | Service & Equipment | 9.8% | 11/15/19 | 18,700 | 18,783 | 10,940 | ||||||||||||||
Silver II US Holdings, LLC |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 7.8% | 12/15/20 | 1,835 | 1,968 | 1,743 | ||||||||||||||
Swift Energy Co. |
(f)(i)(o) | Upstream | 7.9% | 3/1/22 | 20,000 | 20,045 | 10,253 | ||||||||||||||
Talos Production LLC |
(f)(i)(o) | Upstream | 9.8% | 2/15/18 | 43,250 | 43,267 | 39,140 | ||||||||||||||
Teine Energy Ltd. |
(i)(m) | Upstream | 6.9% | 9/30/22 | 12,900 | 12,802 | 10,303 | ||||||||||||||
Tenrgys, LLC |
(j)(k) | Upstream | L+900 | 2.5 | % | 12/23/18 | 75,000 | 75,000 | 74,250 | ||||||||||||
Warren Resources, Inc. |
(f)(i) | Upstream | 9.0% | 8/1/22 | 38,900 | 38,377 | 24,313 | ||||||||||||||
Zachry Holdings, Inc. |
(f) | Service & Equipment | 7.5% | 2/1/20 | 11,800 | 12,022 | 11,918 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Subordinated Debt |
1,124,512 | 940,313 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-20
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2014
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | |
|
|
Number of Shares |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Equity/Other11.9%(n) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Abaco Energy Technologies LLC, Common Equity |
(r) | Service & Equipment | 6,944,444 | $ | 6,944 | $ | 6,944 | ||||||||||||||
Allied Downhole Technologies, LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(r) | Service & Equipment | 6,600,000 | 6,600 | 10,890 | ||||||||||||||||
Allied Downhole Technologies, LLC, Warrants |
(q)(r) | Service & Equipment | 5,344,680 | 1,865 | 4,810 | ||||||||||||||||
Altus Power America Holdings, LLC, Preferred Equity |
(r) | Power | 6,855,978 | 6,856 | 6,856 | ||||||||||||||||
American Energy Appalachia Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(r)(s) | Upstream | 15,657,194 | 14,900 | 15,657 | ||||||||||||||||
AP Exhaust Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(r) | Service & Equipment | 811 | 811 | 580 | ||||||||||||||||
BBH Operating LLC, Common Equity |
(r)(t) | Upstream | 1,000 | 1,000 | 931 | ||||||||||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., Net Profits Interest |
(r)(u) | Upstream | N/A | 2,499 | 2,614 | ||||||||||||||||
BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., Overriding Royalty Interest |
(u) | Upstream | N/A | 357 | 322 | ||||||||||||||||
Cimarron Energy Inc., Common Equity |
(r) | Service & Equipment | 2,500,000 | 2,500 | 2,500 | ||||||||||||||||
Extraction Oil & Gas Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(r) | Upstream | 4,191,800 | 11,250 | 10,480 | ||||||||||||||||
Fortune Creek Co-Invest I L.P., LP Interest |
(m)(v) | Midstream | N/A | 16,904 | 15,111 | ||||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class C Units |
(p)(q)(r) | Upstream | 66,000 | 66,000 | 84,150 | ||||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class D Units |
(p)(q)(r) | Upstream | 12,374 | 8,176 | 15,901 | ||||||||||||||||
Industrial Group Intermediate Holdings, LLC, Common Equity |
(q)(r) | Service & Equipment | 371,901 | 372 | 521 | ||||||||||||||||
MB Precision Holdings LLC, Common Equity |
(r) | Service & Equipment | 490,213 | 490 | 490 | ||||||||||||||||
Plains Offshore Operations Inc., Preferred Equity |
(f) | Upstream | 21,067 | 24,689 | 26,712 | ||||||||||||||||
Plains Offshore Operations Inc., Warrants |
(f)(r) | Upstream | 427,005 | 689 | 811 | ||||||||||||||||
Summit Midstream Partners, LLC, Preferred Equity |
Midstream | 37,095 | 37,095 | 36,910 |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-21
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2014
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portfolio Company(a) | Footnotes | Industry | Rate(b) | Floor | Maturity | Number of Shares |
Amortized Cost |
Fair Value(d) |
|||||||||||||
Swift Worldwide Resources Holdco Limited, Common Equity |
(m)(r)(w) | Service & Equipment | 3,750,000 | $ | 6,029 | $ | 5,842 | ||||||||||||||
Synergy Offshore LLC, Preferred Equity |
(x) | Upstream | 50,000 | 55,623 | 55,550 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Equity/Other |
271,649 | 304,582 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
TOTAL INVESTMENTS131.5% |
$ | 3,663,050 | 3,375,177 | ||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
LIABILITIES IN EXCESS OF OTHER ASSETS(31.5%) |
(809,456 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
NET ASSETS100.0% |
$ | 2,565,721 | |||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-22
FS Energy and Power Fund
Consolidated Schedule of Investments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2014
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
Portfolio Company | Purchases | Sales and Repayments |
Interest Income | Fee Income | Net Realized Gain (Loss) | Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) |
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured Bonds |
|||||||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC |
$ | 212,346 | | $ | 6,254 | $ | 2,228 | | $ | (27,100 | ) | ||||||||
Equity/Other |
|||||||||||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class C Units |
$ | 66,000 | | | | | $ | 18,150 | |||||||||||
FourPoint Energy, LLC, Common Equity, Class D Units |
$ | 8,176 | | | | | $ | 7,725 |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-23
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 1. Principal Business and Organization
FS Energy and Power Fund, or the Company, was formed as a Delaware statutory trust under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act on September 16, 2010 and formally commenced investment operations on July 18, 2011 upon raising gross proceeds in excess of $2,500, or the minimum offering requirement, from sales of its common shares of beneficial interest, or common shares, in its continuous public offering to persons who were not affiliated with the Company or the Company's investment adviser, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, or FS Advisor, a private investment firm that is registered as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, or the Advisers Act, and an affiliate of the Company.
The Company has elected to be regulated as a business development company, or BDC, under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act. The Company is an externally managed, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intends to qualify annually, as a regulated investment company, or RIC, as defined under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had seven wholly-owned financing subsidiaries, and six wholly-owned subsidiaries through which it holds interests in certain non-controlled portfolio companies. The audited consolidated financial statements include both the Company's accounts and the accounts of its wholly-owned subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes.
The Company's investment objective is to generate current income and long-term capital appreciation by investing primarily in privately-held U.S. companies in the energy and power industry. The Company's investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its total assets in securities of energy and power related, or Energy, companies. The Company considers Energy companies to be those companies that engage in the exploration, development, production, gathering, transportation, processing, storage, refining, distribution, mining, generation or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined products, coal or power, including those companies that provide equipment or services to companies engaged in any of the foregoing.
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation: The accompanying audited consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. The Company is considered an investment company under GAAP and follows the accounting and reporting guidance applicable to investment companies. The Company has evaluated the impact of subsequent events through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.
Use of Estimates: The preparation of the audited consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Many of the amounts have been rounded, and all amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts.
F-24
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Cash and Cash Equivalents: The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company's cash and cash equivalents are maintained with high credit quality financial institutions, which are members of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Valuation of Portfolio Investments: The Company determines the net asset value of its investment portfolio each quarter. Securities are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by the Company's board of trustees. In connection with that determination, FS Advisor provides the Company's board of trustees with portfolio company valuations which are based on relevant inputs, including, but not limited to, indicative dealer quotes, values of like securities, recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts, and valuations prepared by independent third-party valuation services.
Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure, or ASC Topic 820, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, clarifies the definition of fair value and requires companies to expand their disclosure about the use of fair value to measure assets and liabilities in interim and annual periods subsequent to initial recognition. ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 also establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, which includes inputs such as quoted prices for similar securities in active markets and quoted prices for identical securities where there is little or no activity in the market; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.
With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, the Company undertakes a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:
F-25
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Determination of fair value involves subjective judgments and estimates. Accordingly, the notes to the Company's consolidated financial statements refer to the uncertainty with respect to the possible effect of such valuations and any change in such valuations on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In making its determination of fair value, the Company's board of trustees may use any approved independent third-party pricing or valuation services. However, the Company's board of trustees is not required to determine fair value in accordance with the valuation provided by any single source, and may use any relevant data, including information obtained from FS Advisor or any approved independent third-party valuation or pricing service that it deems to be reliable in determining fair value under the circumstances. Below is a description of factors that FS Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and the Company's board of trustees may consider when determining the fair value of its investments.
Valuation of fixed income investments, such as loans and debt securities, depends upon a number of factors, including prevailing interest rates for like securities, expected volatility in future interest rates, call features, put features and other relevant terms of the debt. For investments without readily available market prices, the Company may incorporate these factors into discounted cash flow models to arrive at fair value. Other factors that may be considered include the borrower's ability to adequately service its debt, the fair market value of the portfolio company in relation to the face amount of its outstanding debt and the quality of collateral securing its debt investments.
For convertible debt securities, fair value generally approximates the fair value of the debt plus the fair value of an option to purchase the underlying security (i.e. the security into which the debt may convert) at the conversion price. To value such an option, a standard option pricing model may be used.
The Company's equity interests in portfolio companies for which there is no liquid public market are valued at fair value. The Company's board of trustees, in its determination of fair value, may consider various factors, such as multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, cash flows, net income, revenues or, in limited instances, book value or liquidation value. All of these factors may be subject to adjustments based upon the particular circumstances of a portfolio company or the Company's actual investment position. For example, adjustments to EBITDA may take into account compensation to previous owners or acquisition, recapitalization, restructuring or other related items.
FS Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and the Company's board of trustees may also consider private merger and acquisition statistics, public trading multiples discounted for illiquidity and other factors, valuations implied by third-party investments in the portfolio companies or industry practices in determining fair value. FS Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and the Company's board of trustees may also consider the size and scope of a portfolio company and its specific strengths and weaknesses and may apply discounts or premiums, where and as appropriate, due to the higher (or lower) financial risk and/or the smaller size of portfolio companies relative to comparable firms, as well as such other factors as its board of trustees, in consultation with FS Advisor's management team and any approved independent third-party valuation services, if applicable, may consider relevant in assessing fair value. Generally, the value of the Company's equity interests in public companies for which market quotations
F-26
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
are readily available is based upon the most recent closing public market price. Portfolio securities that carry certain restrictions on sale are typically valued at a discount from the public market value of the security.
When the Company receives warrants or other equity securities at nominal or no additional cost in connection with an investment in a debt security, the cost basis in the investment will be allocated between the debt securities and any such warrants or other equity securities received at the time of origination. The Company's board of trustees subsequently values these warrants or other equity securities received at their fair value.
The fair values of the Company's investments are determined in good faith by its board of trustees. The Company's board of trustees is solely responsible for the valuation of the Company's portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to the Company's valuation policy and consistently applied valuation process. The Company's board of trustees has delegated day-to-day responsibility for implementing its valuation policy to FS Advisor's management team, and has authorized FS Advisor's management team to utilize independent third-party valuation and pricing services that have been approved by its board of trustees. The valuation committee is responsible for overseeing FS Advisor's implementation of the valuation process.
Revenue Recognition: Security transactions are accounted for on the trade date. The Company records interest income on an accrual basis to the extent that it expects to collect such amounts. The Company records dividend income on the ex-dividend date. The Company does not accrue as a receivable interest or dividends on loans and securities if it has reason to doubt its ability to collect such income. The Company's policy is to place investments on non-accrual status when there is reasonable doubt that interest income will be collected. The Company considers many factors relevant to an investment when placing it on or removing it from non-accrual status including, but not limited to, the delinquency status of the investment, economic and business conditions, the overall financial condition of the underlying investment, the value of the underlying collateral, bankruptcy status, if any, and any other facts or circumstances relevant to the investment. If there is reasonable doubt that the Company will receive any previously accrued interest, then the previously recognized interest income will be written-off. Payments received on non-accrual investments may be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon the collectability of the remaining principal and interest. Non-accrual investments may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest payments become current and are likely to remain current based on the Company's judgment.
Loan origination fees, original issue discount and market discount are capitalized and the Company amortizes such amounts as interest income over the respective term of the loan or security. Upon the prepayment of a loan or security, any unamortized loan origination fees and original issue discount are recorded as interest income. Structuring and other non-recurring upfront fees are recorded as fee income when earned. The Company records prepayment premiums on loans and securities as fee income when it receives such amounts.
Net Realized Gains or Losses, Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation and Net Change in Unrealized Gains or Losses on Foreign Currency: Gains or losses on the sale of investments are calculated by using the specific identification method. The Company measures realized gains or losses by the difference between the net proceeds from the repayment or sale and the amortized cost basis of
F-27
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
the investment, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized, but considering unamortized fees. Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation reflects the change in portfolio investment values during the reporting period, including any reversal of previously recorded unrealized gains or losses when gains or losses are realized and the respective unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency for any foreign denominated investments it may hold. Net change in unrealized gains or losses on foreign currency reflects the change in the value of foreign currency held, receivables or accruals during the reporting period due to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations.
Capital Gains Incentive Fee: The Company entered into an investment advisory and administrative services agreement with FS Advisor, dated as of April 28, 2011, which was amended on August 10, 2012, and which, as amended, is referred to herein as the investment advisory and administrative services agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the incentive fee on capital gains is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of such agreement). Such fee equals 20.0% of the Company's incentive fee capital gains (i.e., the Company's realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis), less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gains incentive fees. On a quarterly basis, the Company accrues for the capital gains incentive fee by calculating such fee as if it were due and payable as of the end of such period.
While the investment advisory and administrative services agreement with FS Advisor neither includes nor contemplates the inclusion of unrealized gains in the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee, pursuant to an interpretation of an American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Technical Practice Aid for investment companies, the Company includes unrealized gains in the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee expense and related accrued capital gains incentive fee. This accrual reflects the incentive fees that would be payable to FS Advisor as if the Company's entire portfolio was liquidated at its fair value as of the balance sheet date even though FS Advisor is not entitled to an incentive fee with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized.
In addition, the Company historically treated all net settlement payments received by the Company pursuant to its total return swap, or TRS (which was terminated on May 24, 2013), as realized capital gains and included only the aggregate amount of unrealized depreciation on the TRS as a whole in calculating the capital gains incentive fee payable to FS Advisor with respect to realized gains, in each case, in accordance with GAAP. However, the staff of the Division of Investment Management of the SEC informed the Company that it is their interpretation of the applicable language in the Advisers Act that the Company should "look through" the TRS in calculating its capital gains incentive fee. Under this "look through" methodology, the portion of the net settlement payments received by the Company pursuant to the TRS which would have represented net investment income to the Company had the Company held the loans or securities underlying the TRS directly would be treated as net investment income subject to the subordinated incentive fee on income payable to FS Advisor pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, rather than as realized capital gains in accordance with GAAP, and any unrealized depreciation on individual loans or securities underlying the TRS would further reduce the capital gains incentive fee payable to FS Advisor with respect to realized gains. FS Advisor voluntarily agreed to waive any capital gains incentive fee calculated in
F-28
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
accordance with GAAP to which it would otherwise be entitled in respect of the TRS if and to the extent that the amount of such fee exceeds the sum of (i) the amount of capital gains incentive fee determined in respect of the TRS on a "look through" basis under which the Company treats the reference assets underlying the TRS as investments of the Company and (ii) the aggregate amount of subordinated incentive fees on income which would have been payable to FS Advisor with respect to the portion of the net settlement payments received by the Company pursuant to the TRS which represent net investment income on the loans or securities underlying the TRS on a "look through" basis. As of June 30, 2013, the aggregate capital gains incentive fees paid to FS Advisor in prior periods and accrued as of such date with respect to realized gains in accordance with GAAP were less than the fees which would have been payable in accordance with the "look through" methodology.
Subordinated Income Incentive Fee: Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FS Advisor may also be entitled to receive a subordinated incentive fee on income. The subordinated incentive fee on income, which is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, equals 20.0% of the Company's "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and is subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. As a result, FS Advisor does not earn this incentive fee for any quarter until the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter exceeds the hurdle rate of 1.625%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of the Company's common shares (including its distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for distributions from non-liquidating dispositions of the Company's investments paid to shareholders and amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to the Company's share repurchase program. Once the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income in any quarter exceeds the hurdle rate, FS Advisor is entitled to a "catch-up" fee equal to the amount of the pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate, until the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter equals 2.031%, or 8.125% annually, of adjusted capital. Thereafter, FS Advisor is entitled to receive 20.0% of pre-incentive fee net investment income.
Offering Costs: The Company's offering costs primarily include, among other things, marketing expenses and printing, legal and due diligence fees and other costs pertaining to the Company's continuous public offering of its common shares. The Company has charged offering costs against capital in excess of par value on the consolidated balance sheets.
Income Taxes: The Company has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intends to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. To maintain qualification as a RIC and maintain RIC tax treatment, the Company must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements, as well as distribute to its shareholders, in respect of each tax year, dividends of an amount generally at least equal to 90% of its "investment company taxable income," which is generally the Company's net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses, determined without regarding to any deduction for dividends paid. As a RIC, the Company will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that it distributes as dividends to its shareholders. The Company intends to make distributions in an amount sufficient to
F-29
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
qualify for and maintain its RIC tax treatment each tax year and to not pay any U.S. federal income taxes on income so distributed. The Company will also be subject to nondeductible U.S. federal excise taxes if it does not timely distribute dividends each calendar year of an amount at least equal to the sum of 98% of ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, 98.2% of any capital gain net income (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such calendar year, and any recognized and undistributed ordinary income from prior years for which it paid no income taxes. Certain of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company accrued $313, $912 and $800, respectively, in estimated income and excise taxes payable in respect of income received.
Uncertainty in Income Taxes: The Company evaluates its tax positions to determine if the tax positions taken meet the minimum recognition threshold in connection with accounting for uncertainties in income tax positions taken or expected to be taken for the purposes of measuring and recognizing tax benefits or liabilities in the consolidated financial statements. Recognition of a tax benefit or liability with respect to an uncertain tax position is required only when the position is "more likely than not" to be sustained assuming examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax liabilities as income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company did not incur any such interest or penalties.
The Company has analyzed the tax positions taken on federal and state income tax returns for all open tax years, and has concluded that no provision for income tax is required in the Company's financial statements. The Company's federal and state income and federal excise tax returns for tax years for which the applicable statutes of limitations have not expired are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and state departments of revenue.
Distributions: Distributions to the Company's shareholders are recorded as of the record date. Subject to the discretion of the Company's board of trustees and applicable legal restrictions, the Company intends to authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on either a weekly or monthly basis and pay such distributions on a monthly basis. Net realized capital gains, if any, are distributed or deemed distributed at least annually.
Reclassifications: Certain amounts in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 have been reclassified to conform to the classifications used to prepare the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015. These reclassifications had no material impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows as previously reported.
F-30
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 3. Share Transactions
Below is a summary of transactions with respect to the Company's common shares during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||
|
Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||
Gross Proceeds from Offering |
59,008,526 | $ | 547,181 | 115,484,191 | $ | 1,243,930 | 104,681,518 | $ | 1,105,083 | ||||||||||
Reinvestment of Distributions |
18,641,269 | 152,401 | 11,419,099 | 110,766 | 4,665,928 | 44,910 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Gross Proceeds |
77,649,795 | 699,582 | 126,903,290 | 1,354,696 | 109,347,446 | 1,149,993 | |||||||||||||
Commissions and Dealer Manager Fees |
| (48,351 | ) | | (114,862 | ) | | (97,927 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Proceeds to Company |
77,649,795 | 651,231 | 126,903,290 | 1,239,834 | 109,347,446 | 1,052,066 | |||||||||||||
Share Repurchase Program |
(4,833,902 | ) | (40,009 | ) | (1,041,178 | ) | (10,262 | ) | (340,096 | ) | (3,273 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Proceeds from Share Transactions |
72,815,893 | $ | 611,222 | 125,862,112 | $ | 1,229,572 | 109,007,350 | $ | 1,048,793 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Status of Continuous Public Offering
Since commencing its continuous public offering and through March 1, 2016, the Company has sold 386,582,293 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for gross proceeds of $3,896,873, including common shares issued under its distribution reinvestment plan. As of March 1, 2016, the Company had raised total gross proceeds of $3,917,077, including $200 of seed capital contributed by the principals of FS Advisor in December 2010 and $20,004 in proceeds raised from the principals of FS Advisor, other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor, certain members of the Company's board of trustees and certain individuals and entities affiliated with GSO Capital Partners LP, or GSO, the Company's investment sub-adviser, in a private placement conducted in April 2011 (see Note 4).
During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company sold 77,649,795, 126,903,290 and 109,347,446 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for gross proceeds of $699,582, $1,354,696 and $1,149,993, respectively, at an average price per share of $9.01, $10.68 and $10.52, respectively. The gross proceeds received during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 include reinvested shareholder distributions of $152,401, $110,766 and $44,910, respectively, for which the Company issued 18,641,269, 11,419,099 and 4,665,928 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), respectively. During the period from January 1, 2016 to March 1, 2016, the Company sold 10,379,833 common shares for gross proceeds of $70,555 at an average price per share of $6.80.
The proceeds from the issuance of common shares as presented on the Company's consolidated statements of changes in net assets and consolidated statements of cash flows are presented net of selling commissions and dealer manager fees of $48,351, $114,862 and $97,927 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
F-31
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 3. Share Transactions (Continued)
Share Repurchase Program
The Company intends to conduct quarterly tender offers pursuant to its share repurchase program. The Company's board of trustees will consider the following factors, among others, in making its determination regarding whether to cause the Company to offer to repurchase common shares and under what terms:
The Company currently intends to limit the number of common shares to be repurchased during any calendar year to the number of common shares it can repurchase with the proceeds it receives from the issuance of common shares under its distribution reinvestment plan. At the discretion of the Company's board of trustees, the Company may also use cash on hand, cash available from borrowings and cash from the liquidation of securities investments as of the end of the applicable period to repurchase common shares. In addition, the Company will limit the number of common shares to be repurchased in any calendar year to 10% of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding in the prior calendar year, or 2.5% in each quarter, though the actual number of common shares that the Company offers to repurchase may be less in light of the limitations noted above. The Company intends to offer to repurchase such common shares on each date of repurchase at a price equal to 90% of the offering price in effect on the date of repurchase. In months in which the Company repurchases common shares pursuant to its share repurchase program, it expects to conduct repurchases on the same date that it holds its first weekly closing in such month for the sale of common shares in its public offering. The Company's board of trustees may amend, suspend or terminate the share repurchase program at any time, upon 30 days' notice.
F-32
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 3. Share Transactions (Continued)
The following table provides information concerning the Company's repurchases of common shares pursuant to its share repurchase program during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
For the Three Months Ended | Repurchase Date | Shares Repurchased |
Percentage of Shares Tendered That Were Repurchased |
Repurchase Price Per Share |
Aggregate Consideration for Repurchased Shares |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiscal 2013 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2012 |
January 2, 2013 | 24,249 | 100 | % | $ | 9.405 | $ | 228 | |||||||
March 31, 2013 |
April 1, 2013 | 82,689 | 100 | % | $ | 9.540 | $ | 789 | |||||||
June 30, 2013 |
July 1, 2013 | 76,858 | 100 | % | $ | 9.675 | $ | 744 | |||||||
September 30, 2013 |
October 2, 2013 | 156,300 | 100 | % | $ | 9.675 | $ | 1,512 | |||||||
Fiscal 2014 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2013 |
January 2, 2014 | 174,181 | 100 | % | $ | 9.720 | $ | 1,693 | |||||||
March 31, 2014 |
April 2, 2014 | 158,723 | 100 | % | $ | 9.810 | $ | 1,557 | |||||||
June 30, 2014 |
July 2, 2014 | 401,302 | 100 | % | $ | 9.900 | $ | 3,973 | |||||||
September 30, 2014 |
October 1, 2014 | 306,972 | 100 | % | $ | 9.900 | $ | 3,039 | |||||||
Fiscal 2015 |
|||||||||||||||
December 31, 2014 |
January 7, 2015 | 450,293 | 100 | % | $ | 8.820 | $ | 3,972 | |||||||
March 31, 2015 |
April 1, 2015 | 716,857 | 100 | % | $ | 8.730 | $ | 6,258 | |||||||
June 30, 2015 |
July 1, 2015 | 955,664 | 100 | % | $ | 8.820 | $ | 8,429 | |||||||
September 30, 2015 |
October 7, 2015 | 2,711,088 | 100 | % | $ | 7.875 | $ | 21,350 |
On January 6, 2016, the Company repurchased 2,716,924 common shares (representing 100% of common shares tendered for repurchase) at $6.75 per share for aggregate consideration totaling $18,339.
Note 4. Related Party Transactions
Compensation of the Investment Adviser and Dealer Manager
Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FS Advisor is entitled to an annual base management fee of 2.0% of the average value of the Company's gross assets and an incentive fee based on the Company's performance. The Company commenced accruing fees under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement on July 18, 2011, upon commencement of the Company's investment operations. Base management fees are paid on a quarterly basis in arrears.
The incentive fee consists of two parts. The first part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the subordinated incentive fee on income, is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, equals 20.0% of the Company's "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and is subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital, equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. As a result, FS Advisor does not earn this incentive fee for any quarter until the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter exceeds the hurdle rate of 1.625%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of the Company's common shares (including proceeds from its distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for distributions from non-liquidating dispositions of the Company's
F-33
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 4. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
investments paid to shareholders and amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to the Company's share repurchase program. Once the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income in any quarter exceeds the hurdle rate, FS Advisor is entitled to a "catch-up" fee equal to the amount of the pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate, until the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter equals 2.031%, or 8.125% annually, of adjusted capital. This "catch-up" feature allows FS Advisor to recoup the fees foregone as a result of the existence of the hurdle rate. Thereafter, FS Advisor is entitled to receive 20.0% of pre-incentive fee net investment income.
The second part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the incentive fee on capital gains, is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement). This fee equals 20.0% of the Company's incentive fee capital gains, which equal the Company's realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis, less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gains incentive fees. The Company accrues for the capital gains incentive fee, which, if earned, is paid annually. The Company accrues the capital gains incentive fee based on net realized and unrealized gains; however, under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the fee payable to FS Advisor is based on realized gains and no such fee is payable with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized. See Note 2 for a discussion of the treatment of the TRS with respect to the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee.
The Company reimburses FS Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to the Company's administration and operations, including FS Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings, L.P., or Franklin Square Holdings, the Company's sponsor and an affiliate of FS Advisor, providing administrative services to the Company on behalf of FS Advisor. The amount of the reimbursement payable to FS Advisor is the lesser of (1) FS Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that the Company estimates it would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FS Advisor is required to allocate the cost of such services to the Company based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. The Company's board of trustees reviews the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to the Company and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among the Company and certain affiliates of FS Advisor. The Company's board of trustees then assesses the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to the Company based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to the Company of obtaining similar services from third-party providers known to be available. In addition, the Company's board of trustees considers whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, the Company's board of trustees, among other things, compares the total amount paid to FS Advisor for such services as a percentage of the Company's net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. The Company will not reimburse FS Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FS Advisor.
F-34
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 4. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
Under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the Company, either directly or through reimbursement to FS Advisor or its affiliates, is responsible for its organization and offering costs in an amount up to 1.5% of gross proceeds raised in the Company's continuous public offering. Organization and offering costs primarily include legal, accounting, printing and other expenses relating to the Company's continuous public offering, including costs associated with technology integration between the Company's systems and those of its selected broker-dealers, marketing expenses, salaries and direct expenses of FS Advisor's personnel, employees of its affiliates and others while engaged in registering and marketing the Company's common shares, which includes the development of marketing materials and presentations, training and educational meetings, and generally coordinating the marketing process for the Company.
Prior to satisfaction of the minimum offering requirement and for a period of time thereafter, Franklin Square Holdings funded certain of the Company's organization and offering costs. Following this period, the Company paid certain of its organization and offering costs directly and reimbursed FS Advisor for offering costs incurred by FS Advisor on the Company's behalf, including marketing expenses, salaries and other direct expenses of FS Advisor's personnel and employees of its affiliates while engaged in registering and marketing the Company's common shares. Organization and offering costs funded directly by Franklin Square Holdings were recorded by the Company as a contribution to capital. The offering costs were offset against capital in excess of par value on the consolidated financial statements and the organization costs were charged to expense as incurred by the Company. All other offering costs, including costs incurred directly by the Company, amounts reimbursed to FS Advisor for ongoing offering costs and any reimbursements paid to Franklin Square Holdings for organization and offering costs previously funded, are recorded as a reduction of capital.
The dealer manager for the Company's continuous public offering is FS2 Capital Partners, LLC, or FS2, which is one of the Company's affiliates. Under the dealer manager agreement among the Company, FS Advisor and FS2, or the dealer manager agreement, FS2 is entitled to receive sales commissions and dealer manager fees in connection with the sale of common shares in the Company's continuous public offering, all or a portion of which may be re-allowed to selected broker-dealers and financial representatives.
F-35
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 4. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
The following table describes the fees and expenses accrued under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement and the dealer manager agreement during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
|
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Related Party | |
|
||||||||||||
Source Agreement | Description | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
FS Advisor | Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement | Base Management Fee(1) | $ | 75,997 | $ | 61,970 | $ | 30,840 | ||||||
FS Advisor |
Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement |
Capital Gains Incentive Fee(2) |
|
$ |
(10,993 |
) |
$ |
8,321 |
||||||
FS Advisor |
Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement |
Subordinated Incentive Fee on Income(3) |
$ |
31,016 |
$ |
32,072 |
$ |
7,634 |
||||||
FS Advisor |
Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement |
Administrative Services Expenses(4) |
$ |
4,056 |
$ |
3,831 |
$ |
2,246 |
||||||
FS Advisor |
Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement |
Offering Costs(5) |
$ |
4,238 |
$ |
3,279 |
$ |
2,737 |
||||||
FS2 |
Dealer Manager Agreement |
Dealer Manager Fee(6) |
$ |
9,251 |
$ |
22,194 |
$ |
20,016 |
F-36
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 4. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
expenses of FS Advisor's personnel and employees of its affiliates while engaged in registering and marketing the Company's common shares.
Capital Contribution by FS Advisor and GSO
In December 2010, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the principals of FS Advisor, contributed an aggregate of $200 to purchase 22,444 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share, which represents the initial public offering price (as adjusted for share distributions), net of selling commissions and dealer manager fees. The principals have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains the Company's investment adviser.
In April 2011, pursuant to a private placement, Messrs. Forman and Adelman agreed to purchase, through affiliated entities controlled by each of them, 224,444 additional common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) at $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). The principals have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FS Advisor remains the Company's investment adviser. In connection with the same private placement, certain members of the Company's board of trustees and other individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor agreed to purchase 1,459,320 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), and certain individuals and entities affiliated with GSO agreed to purchase 561,111 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions), in each case at a price of $8.91 per share (as adjusted for share distributions). In connection with the private placement, the Company issued an aggregate of 2,244,875 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate proceeds of $20,004, upon satisfaction of the minimum offering requirement on July 18, 2011. As of March 1, 2016, the Company has issued an aggregate of 4,491,309 common shares (as adjusted for share distributions) for aggregate gross proceeds of $40,131 to members of its board of trustees and individuals and entities affiliated with FS Advisor and GSO, including common shares sold to Messrs. Forman and Adelman in December 2010 and common shares sold in the private placement conducted in April 2011.
Potential Conflicts of Interest
FS Advisor's senior management team is comprised of substantially the same personnel as the senior management teams of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC, the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' other affiliated BDCs and affiliated closed-end management investment company. As a result, such personnel provide investment advisory services to the Company and each of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. While none of FS Advisor, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC or FS Global Advisor, LLC is currently making private corporate debt investments for clients other than the Company, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, respectively, any, or all, may do so in the future. In the event that FS Advisor undertakes to provide investment advisory services to other clients in the future,
F-37
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 4. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
it intends to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner consistent with the Company's investment objectives and strategy, if necessary, so that the Company will not be disadvantaged in relation to any other client of FS Advisor or its management team. In addition, even in the absence of FS Advisor retaining additional clients, it is possible that some investment opportunities may be provided to FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and/or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund rather than to the Company.
Exemptive Relief
As a BDC, the Company is subject to certain regulatory restrictions in making its investments. For example, BDCs generally are not permitted to co-invest with certain affiliated entities in transactions originated by the BDC or its affiliates in the absence of an exemptive order from the SEC. However, BDCs are permitted to, and may, simultaneously co-invest in transactions where price is the only negotiated point. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief permitting the Company, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with certain affiliates of FS Advisor, including FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, and any future BDCs that are advised by FS Advisor or its affiliated investment advisers, or collectively the Company's co-investment affiliates. The Company believes this relief has and may continue to enhance its ability to further its investment objectives and strategy. The Company believes this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for the Company, in part, by allowing it to participate in larger investments, together with the Company's co-investment affiliates, than would be available to it if such relief had not been obtained. Because the Company did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with its investment sub-adviser, GSO, and its affiliates, it will continue to be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance.
Expense Reimbursement
Pursuant to an expense support and conditional reimbursement agreement, amended and restated as of May 16, 2013, or the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse the Company for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of the Company's distributions to shareholders will be paid from its offering proceeds or borrowings. However, because certain investments the Company may make, including preferred and common equity investments, may generate dividends and other distributions to the Company that are treated for tax purposes as a return of capital, a portion of the Company's distributions to shareholders may also be deemed to constitute a return of capital for tax purposes to the extent that the Company may use such dividends or other distribution proceeds to fund its distributions to shareholders. Under those circumstances, Franklin Square Holdings will not reimburse the Company for the portion of such distributions to shareholders that represent a return of capital for tax purposes, as the purpose of the expense reimbursement arrangement is not to prevent tax-advantaged distributions to shareholders.
Under the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse the Company quarterly for expenses in an amount equal to the difference between the Company's cumulative distributions paid to its shareholders in each quarter, less the sum of the Company's net
F-38
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 4. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
investment company taxable income, net capital gains and dividends and other distributions paid to the Company on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent such amounts are not included in net investment company taxable income or net capital gains) in each quarter.
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, the Company has a conditional obligation to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for any amounts funded by Franklin Square Holdings under such agreement if (and only to the extent that), during any fiscal quarter occurring within three years of the date on which Franklin Square Holdings funded such amount, the sum of the Company's net investment company taxable income, net capital gains and the amount of any dividends and other distributions paid to the Company on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent not included in net investment company taxable income or net capital gains) exceeds the distributions paid by the Company to its shareholders; provided, however, that (i) the Company will only reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings with respect to any calendar quarter beginning on or after July 1, 2013 to the extent that the payment of such reimbursement (together with any other reimbursement paid during such fiscal year) does not cause "other operating expenses" (as defined below) (on an annualized basis and net of any expense support payments received by the Company during such fiscal year) to exceed the lesser of (A) 1.75% of the Company's average net assets attributable to its common shares for the fiscal year-to-date period after taking such payments into account and (B) the percentage of the Company's average net assets attributable to its common shares represented by "other operating expenses" during the fiscal year in which such expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings was made (provided, however, that this clause (B) shall not apply to any reimbursement payment which relates to an expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings made during the same fiscal year) and (ii) the Company will not reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings if the aggregate amount of distributions per share declared by the Company in such calendar quarter is less than the aggregate amount of distributions per share declared by the Company in the calendar quarter in which Franklin Square Holdings made the expense support payment to which such reimbursement relates. The Company is not obligated to pay interest on the payments it receives from Franklin Square Holdings. "Other operating expenses" means the Company's total "operating expenses" (as defined below), excluding base management fees, incentive fees, organization and offering expenses, financing fees and costs, interest expense, brokerage commissions and extraordinary expenses. "Operating expenses" means all operating costs and expenses incurred, as determined in accordance with GAAP for investment companies.
The Company or Franklin Square Holdings may terminate the expense reimbursement agreement at any time. The specific amount of expenses reimbursed by Franklin Square Holdings, if any, will be determined at the end of each quarter. Upon termination of the expense reimbursement agreement by Franklin Square Holdings, Franklin Square Holdings will be required to fund any amounts accrued thereunder as of the date of termination. Similarly, the Company's conditional obligation to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings pursuant to the terms of the expense reimbursement agreement shall survive the termination of such agreement by either party.
Franklin Square Holdings is controlled by the Company's chairman, president and chief executive officer, Michael C. Forman, and the Company's vice-chairman, David J. Adelman. There can be no
F-39
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 4. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
assurance that the expense reimbursement agreement will remain in effect or that Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse any portion of the Company's expenses in future quarters.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no reimbursements due from Franklin Square Holdings. Under the expense reimbursement agreement, amounts reimbursed to the Company by Franklin Square Holdings may become subject to repayment in the future. During the year ended December 31, 2013, $1,083 of expense recoupments was paid to Franklin Square Holdings. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, no further amounts remained subject to repayment by the Company to Franklin Square Holdings in the future.
FS Benefit Trust
On May 30, 2013, FS Benefit Trust was formed as a Delaware statutory trust for the purpose of awarding equity incentive compensation to employees of Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, FS Benefit Trust purchased $104, $49 and $43, respectively, of the Company's common shares at a purchase price equal to 90% of the offering price in effect on the applicable purchase date.
Note 5. Distributions
The following table reflects the cash distributions per share that the Company has declared and paid on its common shares during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
Distribution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
For the Year Ended December 31, | Per Share | Amount | |||||
2013 |
$ | 0.6616 | $ | 77,815 | |||
2014 |
$ | 0.6882 | $ | 163,043 | |||
2015 |
$ | 0.7085 | $ | 238,833 |
The Company authorizes and declares ordinary cash distributions on a weekly basis and pays such distributions on a monthly basis. On November 11, 2015 and March 9, 2016, the Company's board of trustees declared regular weekly cash distributions for January 2016 through March 2016 and April 2016 through June 2016, respectively. These distributions have been or will be paid monthly to shareholders of record as of weekly record dates previously determined by the Company's board of trustees in the amount of $0.013625 per share. The timing and amount of any future distributions to shareholders are subject to applicable legal restrictions and the sole discretion of the Company's board of trustees.
The Company has adopted an "opt in" distribution reinvestment plan for its shareholders. As a result, if the Company makes a cash distribution, its shareholders will receive distributions in cash unless they specifically "opt in" to the distribution reinvestment plan so as to have their cash distributions reinvested in additional common shares. However, certain state authorities or regulators may impose restrictions from time to time that may prevent or limit a shareholder's ability to participate in the distribution reinvestment plan.
F-40
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 5. Distributions (Continued)
The Company may fund its cash distributions to shareholders from any sources of funds legally available to it, including offering proceeds, borrowings, net investment income from operations, capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, non-capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, dividends or other distributions paid to the Company on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies and expense reimbursements from Franklin Square Holdings. The Company has not established limits on the amount of funds it may use from available sources to make distributions.
For a period of time following commencement of the Company's continuous public offering, substantial portions of the Company's distributions were funded through the reimbursement of certain expenses by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates, including through the waiver of certain investment advisory fees by FS Advisor, that were subject to repayment by the Company within three years. The purpose of this arrangement was to ensure that no portion of the Company's distributions to shareholders was paid from offering proceeds or borrowings. Any such distributions funded through expense reimbursements or waivers of advisory fees were not based on the Company's investment performance.
No portion of the distributions paid during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was funded through the reimbursement of operating expenses by Franklin Square Holdings. However, the Company's repayment of amounts previously reimbursed or waived by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates reduced the distributions that shareholders may otherwise have received during the year ended December 31, 2013. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not repay any amounts to Franklin Square Holdings for expenses previously reimbursed or waived. There can be no assurance that the Company will continue to achieve the performance necessary to sustain its distributions or that the Company will be able to pay distributions at a specific rate or at all. Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates have no obligation to waive advisory fees or otherwise reimburse expenses in future periods.
F-41
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 5. Distributions (Continued)
The following table reflects the sources of the cash distributions on a tax basis that the Company paid on its common shares during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||
Source of Distribution | Distribution Amount |
Percentage | Distribution Amount |
Percentage | Distribution Amount |
Percentage | |||||||||||||
Offering proceeds |
$ | | | $ | | | $ | | | ||||||||||
Borrowings |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
Net investment income (prior to expense reimbursement)(1) |
224,586 | 94 | % | 145,745 | 89 | % | 76,383 | 98 | % | ||||||||||
Short-term capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets |
| | 10,509 | 7 | % | 1,432 | 2 | % | |||||||||||
Long-term capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets |
14,247 | 6 | % | 6,789 | 4 | % | | ||||||||||||
Non-capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
Distributions on account of limited partnership interest |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
Expense reimbursement from sponsor |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 238,833 | 100 | % | $ | 163,043 | 100 | % | $ | 77,815 | 100 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The Company's net investment income on a tax basis for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $234,163, $145,745 and $76,383, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had $9,578 of undistributed ordinary income on a tax basis. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had $14,247 of undistributed net realized gains on a tax basis, all of which was distributed during the year ended December 31, 2015.
For the year ended December 31, 2015 the difference between the Company's GAAP-basis net investment income and its tax-basis net investment income was primarily due to the amount by which tax-basis income on a limited partnership interest differed from its GAAP-basis income, the reclassification of unamortized original issue discount and prepayment fees recognized upon prepayment of loans from income for GAAP purposes to realized gains for tax purposes, the impact of certain subsidiaries that were consolidated for purposes of computing GAAP-basis net investment income but were not consolidated for purposes of computing tax-basis net investment income, income recognized for tax purposes not recorded for GAAP, and, with respect to the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the reversal of the required accrual for GAAP purposes of incentive fees on unrealized gains even though no such incentive fees on unrealized gains are payable by the Company and the reversal of non-deductible excise taxes. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the inclusion of a
F-42
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 5. Distributions (Continued)
portion of the periodic net settlement payments due on the Company's total return swap in tax-basis net investment income was also a factor that resulted in the difference between the Company's GAAP-basis net investment income and its tax-basis net investment income.
The following table sets forth a reconciliation between GAAP-basis net investment income and tax-basis net investment income during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
GAAP-basis net investment income |
$ | 227,595 | $ | 174,889 | $ | 66,804 | ||||
Income on limited partnership interest |
(82 | ) | (1,271 | ) | (802 | ) | ||||
Reversal of incentive fee accrual on unrealized gains |
| (10,993 | ) | 5,464 | ||||||
Excise taxes |
| 560 | 300 | |||||||
Reclassification of unamortized original issue discount and prepayment fees |
(10,185 | ) | (19,579 | ) | (1,166 | ) | ||||
GAAP vs. tax-basis consolidation of subsidiaries |
9,252 | 2,798 | (733 | ) | ||||||
Income recognized for tax purposes not recorded for GAAP purposes |
9,396 | | | |||||||
Tax-basis net investment income portion of total return swap payments |
| | 6,602 | |||||||
Other miscellaneous differences |
(1,813 | ) | (659 | ) | (86 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Tax-basis net investment income |
$ | 234,163 | $ | 145,745 | $ | 76,383 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The Company may make certain adjustments to the classification of shareholders' equity as a result of permanent book-to-tax differences. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company increased accumulated undistributed net investment income and accumulated undistributed net realized gains (losses) on investments and gain/loss on foreign currency by $6,674 and $8,299, respectively, and reduced capital in excess of par value by $14,973. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company increased accumulated undistributed net realized gains (losses) on investments and gain/loss on foreign currency by $20,215, and reduced capital in excess of par value and accumulated undistributed net investment income by $3,358 and $16,857, respectively.
The determination of the tax attributes of the Company's distributions is made annually as of the end of the Company's fiscal year based upon the Company's taxable income for the full year and distributions paid for the full year. The actual tax characteristics of distributions to shareholders are reported to shareholders annually on Form 1099-DIV.
F-43
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 5. Distributions (Continued)
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the components of accumulated earnings on a tax basis were as follows:
|
December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Distributable ordinary income (income and short-term capital gains) |
$ | 9,578 | $ | | |||
Distributable capital gains (accumulated capital losses)(1) |
(200,191 | ) | 13,591 | ||||
Deferral of late year capital losses |
| (6,094 | ) | ||||
Distribution receivable on limited partnership interest |
301 | 57 | |||||
Unamortized organization costs |
(245 | ) | (268 | ) | |||
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments and gain/loss on foreign currency(2) |
(831,920 | ) | (283,310 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | (1,022,477 | ) | $ | (276,024 | ) | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The aggregate cost of the Company's investments for federal income tax purposes totaled $3,895,733 and $3,658,498 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The aggregate net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on a tax basis was $(831,920) and $(283,310), as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
F-44
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 6. Investment Portfolio
The following table summarizes the composition of the Company's investment portfolio at cost and fair value as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:
|
December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Amortized Cost(1) |
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
Amortized Cost(1) |
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
|||||||||||||
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
$ | 1,055,070 | $ | 929,790 | 30 | % | $ | 881,945 | $ | 854,825 | 25 | % | |||||||
Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien |
1,213,716 | 923,402 | 30 | % | 1,059,981 | 989,972 | 29 | % | |||||||||||
Senior Secured Bonds |
445,475 | 323,948 | 11 | % | 324,963 | 285,485 | 9 | % | |||||||||||
Subordinated Debt |
860,872 | 579,740 | 19 | % | 1,124,512 | 940,313 | 28 | % | |||||||||||
Equity/Other |
319,274 | 312,618 | 10 | % | 271,649 | 304,582 | 9 | % | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
$ | 3,894,407 | $ | 3,069,498 | 100 | % | $ | 3,663,050 | $ | 3,375,177 | 100 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31, 2015, except for FourPoint Energy, LLC, in which the Company held a senior secured bond and two equity/other investments, Sunnova Holdings, LLC, in which it held one equity/other investment and its wholly-owned subsidiary Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC, in which the Company held one first lien senior secured loan, the Company was not an "affiliated person" of any of its portfolio companies, as defined in the 1940 Act. As of December 31, 2015, except for Sunnova Holdings, LLC, in which the Company held one equity/other investment and its wholly-owned subsidiary Sunnova Asset Portfolio 5 Holdings, LLC, in which the Company held one first lien senior secured loan, the Company did not "control" any of its portfolio companies, as defined in the 1940 Act. In general, under the 1940 Act, the Company would be presumed to "control" a portfolio company if it owned 25% or more of its voting securities or it had the power to exercise control over the management or policies of a portfolio company, and would be an "affiliated person" of a portfolio company if it owned 5% or more of its voting securities.
The Company's investment portfolio may contain loans or bonds that are in the form of lines of credit or revolving credit facilities, or other investments, pursuant to which the Company may be required to provide funding when requested by portfolio companies in accordance with the terms of the underlying agreements. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had four senior secured loan investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $67,365, one senior secured bond investment with an unfunded commitment of $18,470 and five equity/other investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $33,890. As of December 31, 2015, these unfunded equity/other investments were Altus Power America Holdings, LLC, BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., net profits interest, BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., overriding royalty interest, Sunnova Holdings, LLC and Synergy Offshore LLC. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had four senior secured loan investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $218,120, one senior secured bond investment with an unfunded commitment of $86,192 and three equity/other investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $26,109. As of December 31, 2014, these unfunded equity/other investments were Altus Power America
F-45
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 6. Investment Portfolio (Continued)
Holdings, LLC, BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., net profits interest and BL Sand Hills Unit, L.P., overriding royalty interest. The Company maintains sufficient cash on hand, available borrowings and liquid securities to fund such unfunded commitments should the need arise.
The table below describes investments by industry classification and enumerates the percentage, by fair value, of the total portfolio assets in such industries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:
|
December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Industry Classification | Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
Fair Value | Percentage of Portfolio |
|||||||||
Upstream |
$ | 1,689,705 | 55 | % | $ | 1,815,456 | 54 | % | |||||
Midstream |
215,906 | 7 | % | 233,836 | 7 | % | |||||||
Downstream |
12,195 | 0 | % | 12,494 | 0 | % | |||||||
Power |
519,593 | 17 | % | 326,773 | 10 | % | |||||||
Service & Equipment |
632,099 | 21 | % | 986,618 | 29 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 3,069,498 | 100 | % | $ | 3,375,177 | 100 | % | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Note 7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Under existing accounting guidance, fair value is defined as the price that the Company would receive upon selling an investment or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction to a market participant in the principal or most advantageous market for the investment. This accounting guidance emphasizes that valuation techniques maximize the use of observable market inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Inputs refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. Inputs may be observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The Company classifies the inputs used to measure these fair values into the following hierarchy as defined by current accounting guidance:
Level 1: Inputs that are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Inputs that are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable for an asset or liability.
A financial instrument's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
F-46
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued)
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company's investments were categorized as follows in the fair value hierarchy:
Valuation Inputs | December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1Price quotations in active markets |
$ | | $ | | |||
Level 2Significant other observable inputs |
| | |||||
Level 3Significant unobservable inputs |
3,069,498 | 3,375,177 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 3,069,498 | $ | 3,375,177 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The Company's investments as of December 31, 2015 consisted primarily of debt investments that were acquired directly from the issuer. Twenty senior secured loan investments, two senior secured bond investments and five subordinated debt investments were valued by independent valuation firms, which determined the fair value of such investments by considering, among other factors, the borrower's ability to adequately service its debt, prevailing interest rates for like investments, call features, anticipated prepayments and other relevant terms of the debt. All of the Company's equity/other investments were also valued by an independent valuation firm, which determined the fair value of such investments by considering, among other factors, contractual rights ascribed to such investments, as well as various income scenarios and multiples of EBITDA, cash flows, net income, revenues or, in limited instances, book value or liquidation value. Except as described above, the Company valued its other investments by using the midpoint of the prevailing bid and ask prices from dealers on the date of the relevant period end, which were provided by an independent third-party pricing service and screened for validity by such service.
The Company's investments as of December 31, 2014 consisted primarily of debt investments that were traded on a private over-the-counter market for institutional investors. Seventeen senior secured loan investments, one senior secured bond investment and two subordinated debt investments, were valued by an independent valuation firm, which determined the fair value of such investments by considering, among other factors, the borrower's ability to adequately service its debt, prevailing interest rates for like investments, call features, anticipated prepayments and other relevant terms of the debt. All of the Company's equity/other investments were valued by an independent valuation firm, which determined the fair value of such investments by considering, among other factors, contractual rights ascribed to such investments, as well as various income scenarios and multiples of EBITDA cash flows, net income, revenues or, in limited instances, book value or liquidation value. Except as described above, the Company valued its other investments by using the midpoint of the prevailing bid and ask prices from dealers on the date of the relevant period end, which were provided by an independent third-party pricing service and screened for validity by such service.
The Company periodically benchmarks the bid and ask prices it receives from the third-party pricing service and/or dealers, as applicable, against the actual prices at which the Company purchases and sells its investments. Based on the results of the benchmark analysis and the experience of the Company's management in purchasing and selling these investments, the Company believes that these prices are reliable indicators of fair value. However, because of the private nature of this marketplace (meaning actual transactions are not publicly reported), the Company believes that these valuation inputs are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The Company may also use other
F-47
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued)
methods, including the use of independent valuation firms, to determine fair value for securities for which it cannot obtain prevailing bid and ask prices through third-party pricing services or independent dealers or where the Company's board of trustees otherwise determines that the use of such methods is appropriate. The Company periodically benchmarks the valuations provided by the independent valuation firms against the actual prices at which it purchases and sells its investments. The Company's valuation committee of the board of trustees, or the valuation committee, and the board of trustees reviewed and approved the valuation determinations made with respect to these investments in a manner consistent with the Company's valuation policy.
The following is a reconciliation for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 of investments for which significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) were used in determining fair value:
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Senior Secured Loans First Lien |
Senior Secured Loans Second Lien |
Senior Secured Bonds |
Subordinated Debt |
Equity/ Other |
Total | |||||||||||||
Fair value at beginning of period |
$ | 854,825 | $ | 989,972 | $ | 285,485 | $ | 940,313 | $ | 304,582 | $ | 3,375,177 | |||||||
Accretion of discount (amortization of premium) |
3,300 | 2,101 | 1,376 | 1,716 | 1,425 | 9,918 | |||||||||||||
Net realized gain (loss) |
(34,084 | ) | (2,776 | ) | (16,753 | ) | (147,946 | ) | | (201,559 | ) | ||||||||
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) |
(98,160 | ) | (220,305 | ) | (82,049 | ) | (96,933 | ) | (39,589 | ) | (537,036 | ) | |||||||
Purchases |
439,617 | 261,831 | 196,821 | 258,418 | 39,260 | 1,195,947 | |||||||||||||
Paid-in-kind interest |
13,605 | 5,503 | 238 | 611 | 7,628 | 27,585 | |||||||||||||
Sales and redemptions |
(249,313 | ) | (112,924 | ) | (61,170 | ) | (376,439 | ) | (688 | ) | (800,534 | ) | |||||||
Net transfers in or out of Level 3 |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Fair value at end of period |
$ | 929,790 | $ | 923,402 | $ | 323,948 | $ | 579,740 | $ | 312,618 | $ | 3,069,498 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The amount of total gains or losses for the period included in changes in net assets attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to investments still held at the reporting date |
$ | (109,244 | ) | $ | (243,622 | ) | $ | (80,665 | ) | $ | (226,309 | ) | $ | (39,589 | ) | $ | (699,429 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
F-48
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued)
|
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Senior Secured Loans First Lien |
Senior Secured Loans Second Lien |
Senior Secured Bonds |
Subordinated Debt |
Equity/ Other |
Total | |||||||||||||
Fair value at beginning of period |
$ | 634,919 | $ | 683,723 | $ | 82,484 | $ | 789,834 | $ | 109,241 | $ | 2,300,201 | |||||||
Accretion of discount (amortization of premium) |
2,009 | 3,936 | 622 | 1,886 | 1,822 | 10,275 | |||||||||||||
Net realized gain (loss) |
(23 | ) | (1,284 | ) | (3,396 | ) | (64 | ) | (915 | ) | (5,682 | ) | |||||||
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) |
(37,712 | ) | (80,220 | ) | (42,409 | ) | (206,950 | ) | 29,171 | (338,120 | ) | ||||||||
Purchases |
579,698 | 669,846 | 314,897 | 706,530 | 166,718 | 2,437,689 | |||||||||||||
Paid-in-kind interest |
116 | 8,877 | | | 6,132 | 15,125 | |||||||||||||
Sales and redemptions |
(324,182 | ) | (294,906 | ) | (66,713 | ) | (350,923 | ) | (7,587 | ) | (1,044,311 | ) | |||||||
Net transfers in or out of Level 3 |
| | | | | | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Fair value at end of period |
$ | 854,825 | $ | 989,972 | $ | 285,485 | $ | 940,313 | $ | 304,582 | $ | 3,375,177 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The amount of total gains or losses for the period included in changes in net assets attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to investments still held at the reporting date |
$ | (21,055 | ) | $ | (61,138 | ) | $ | (39,448 | ) | $ | (161,668 | ) | $ | 32,206 | $ | (251,103 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
F-49
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued)
The valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in recurring Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:
Type of Investment | Fair Value at December 31, 2015 |
Valuation Technique(1) | Unobservable Input | Range | Weighted Average |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
$ | 670,131 | Market Comparables | Market Yield (%) | 8.5% - 19.0% | 13.0 | % | |||||
|
Production Multiples | $95,000.0 - $100,000.0 | $97,500.0 | |||||||||
|
(Mmb/d) |
|||||||||||
|
Proved Reserves | $7.8 - $8.3 | $8.0 | |||||||||
|
Multiples (Mmboe) |
|||||||||||
|
PV-10 Multiples (x) | 0.4x - 0.4x | 0.4x | |||||||||
|
259,659 | Market Quotes | Indicative Dealer | 46.5% - 100.3% | 77.8 | % | ||||||
|
Quotes |
|||||||||||
Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien |
632,912 |
Market Comparables |
Market Yield (%) |
9.3% - 19.9% |
14.8 |
% |
||||||
|
290,490 | Market Quotes | Indicative Dealer | 1.8% - 96.0% | 73.1 | % | ||||||
|
Quotes |
|||||||||||
Senior Secured Bonds |
274,173 |
Market Comparables |
Market Yield (%) |
14.0% - 16.5% |
14.6 |
% |
||||||
|
49,775 | Market Quotes | Indicative Dealer | 14.0% - 96.8% | 65.0 | % | ||||||
|
Quotes |
|||||||||||
Subordinated Debt |
64,875 |
Market Comparables |
Market Yield (%) |
17.3% - 17.8% |
17.5 |
% |
||||||
|
508,593 | Market Quotes | Indicative Dealer | 19.9% - 99.0% | 73.2 | % | ||||||
|
Quotes |
|||||||||||
|
6,272 | Other(2) | Other(2) | N/A | N/A | |||||||
Equity/Other |
284,300 |
Market Comparables |
Market Yield (%) |
13.0% - 14.0% |
13.5 |
% |
||||||
|
EBITDA Multiples (x) | 5.0x - 14.3x | 9.9x | |||||||||
|
Production Multiples | $50,000.0 - $100,000.0 | $56,271.9 | |||||||||
|
(Mmb/d) |
|||||||||||
|
Proved Reserves | $7.8 - $14.0 | $9.0 | |||||||||
|
Multiples (Mmboe) |
|||||||||||
|
PV-10 Multiples (x) | 0.4x - 1.0x | 0.5x | |||||||||
|
Capacity Multiple | $2,000.0 - $2,500.0 | $2,250.0 | |||||||||
|
($/kW) |
|||||||||||
|
Discounted Cash Flow | Discount Rate (%) | 12.0% - 31.3% | 30.1 | % | |||||||
|
28,318 | Other(2) | Other(2) | N/A | N/A | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 3,069,498 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
F-50
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued)
Type of Investment | Fair Value at December 31, 2014 |
Valuation Technique(1) | Unobservable Input | Range | Weighted Average |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior Secured LoansFirst Lien |
$ | 356,089 | Market Comparables | Market Yield (%) | 8.5% - 12.3% | 10.2 | % | |||||
|
498,736 | Market Quotes | Indicative Dealer | 78.8% - 102.3% | 93.9 | % | ||||||
|
Quotes |
|||||||||||
Senior Secured LoansSecond Lien |
449,771 |
Market Comparables |
Market Yield (%) |
8.5% - 12.0% |
10.6 |
% |
||||||
|
540,201 | Market Quotes | Indicative Dealer | 71.6% - 101.6% | 89.6 | % | ||||||
|
Quotes |
|||||||||||
Senior Secured Bonds |
186,058 |
Market Comparables |
Market Yield (%) |
10.5% - 11.0% |
10.8 |
% |
||||||
|
99,427 | Market Quotes | Indicative Dealer | 76.5% - 106.3% | 94.2 | % | ||||||
|
Quotes |
|||||||||||
Subordinated Debt |
74,250 |
Market Comparables |
Market Yield (%) |
11.5% - 12.0% |
11.8 |
% |
||||||
|
865,750 | Market Quotes | Indicative Dealer | 41.5% - 110.5% | 84.9 | % | ||||||
|
Quotes |
|||||||||||
|
313 | Other(2) | Other(2) | N/A | N/A | |||||||
Equity/Other |
304,582 |
Market Comparables |
Market Yield (%) |
11.0% - 15.8% |
13.1 |
% |
||||||
|
EBITDA Multiples (x) | 4.5x - 10.5x | 8.9x | |||||||||
|
Production Multiples | $37,500.0 - $174,000.0 | $47,173.9 | |||||||||
|
(Mmb/d) |
|||||||||||
|
Proved Reserves | $6.5 - $27.2 | $7.2 | |||||||||
|
Multiples (Mmboe) |
|||||||||||
|
PV-10 Multiples (x) | 0.3x - 1.8x | 1.2x | |||||||||
|
Discounted Cash Flow | Discount Rate (%) | 11.5% - 30.3% | 16.0 | % | |||||||
|
Option Valuation Model | Volatility (%) | 45.0% - 52.5% | 51.6 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 3,375,177 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
F-51
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements
The following table presents a summary of information with respect to the Company's outstanding financing arrangements as of December 31, 2015:
Facility | Type of Arrangement |
Rate | Amount Outstanding |
Amount Available |
Maturity Date | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BNP Facility |
Prime Brokerage | L+1.10% | $ | 113,737 | $ | 186,263 | September 26, 2016(1) | |||||
Deutsche Bank Credit Facility |
Revolving | L+1.80% | $ | 280,000 | $ | 60,000 | June 11, 2016 | |||||
Fortress Facility |
Term | L+5.00%(2) | $ | 89,600 | $ | 65,400 | November 6, 2020 | |||||
Goldman Facility |
Repurchase | L+2.75% | $ | 324,984 | $ | 16 | September 15, 2017 | |||||
Natixis Credit Facility |
Revolving | CP+2.25% | $ | 92,173 | | July 11, 2023 | ||||||
Wells Fargo Credit Facility |
Revolving | L+2.50% to 2.75% | $ | 140,000 | $ | 60,000 | September 9, 2019 |
The Company's average borrowings and weighted average interest rate, including the effect of non-usage fees, for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $1,010,699 and 2.77%, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the Company's weighted average effective interest rate on borrowings was 2.95%.
BNP Facility
On December 11, 2013, Berwyn Funding LLC, or Berwyn Funding, the Company's wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiary, entered into a committed facility arrangement, or the BNP facility, with BNP Paribas Prime Brokerage, Inc., or BNP. As amended to date, Berwyn Funding can borrow, from time to time, up to $300,000 from BNP. The BNP facility was effected through a committed facility agreement by and between Berwyn Funding and BNP, or the committed facility agreement, a U.S. PB Agreement by and between Berwyn Funding and BNP and a special custody and pledge agreement by and among Berwyn Funding, BNP and State Street Bank and Trust Company, or State Street, as custodian, each dated as of December 11, 2013, and which are collectively referred to herein as the BNP financing agreements.
The Company may contribute securities to Berwyn Funding from time to time, subject to certain restrictions set forth in the committed facility agreement, and will retain a residual interest in any securities contributed through its ownership of Berwyn Funding or will receive fair market value for any securities sold to Berwyn Funding. Berwyn Funding may purchase additional securities from various sources. Berwyn Funding has appointed the Company to manage its portfolio of securities pursuant to the terms of an investment management agreement. Berwyn Funding will pledge certain of its securities as collateral to secure borrowings under the BNP facility. Such pledged securities will be held in a segregated custody account with State Street. The value of securities required to be pledged by Berwyn Funding is determined in accordance with the margin requirements described in the BNP financing agreements. Berwyn Funding's obligations to BNP under the facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of Berwyn Funding, including its portfolio of securities. The obligations of Berwyn Funding under the facility are non-recourse to the Company and the
F-52
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
Company's exposure under the facility is limited to the value of the Company's investment in Berwyn Funding.
Borrowings under the BNP facility accrue interest at a rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 1.10% per annum. Berwyn Funding is required to pay a non-usage fee of 0.55% per annum to the extent the aggregate principal amount available under the facility is not borrowed. Berwyn Funding may terminate the committed facility agreement upon 270 days' notice. Subject to certain cancellation rights, and absent a default or facility termination event, BNP is required to provide Berwyn Funding with 270 days' notice prior to terminating or amending the committed facility agreement.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $113,737 and $223,000, respectively, was outstanding under the BNP facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. The Company incurred costs of $449 in connection with obtaining and amending the facility, which the Company recorded as deferred financing costs on its consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the 270 day period following the closing date of the BNP facility or the amendment thereto, as applicable. As of December 31, 2015, all of the deferred financing costs had been amortized to interest expense.
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the components of total interest expense for the BNP facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 2,983 | $ | 1,822 | $ | 28 | ||||
Non-usage fees |
507 | 573 | 50 | |||||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
76 | 349 | 24 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 3,566 | $ | 2,744 | $ | 102 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the BNP facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 3,528 | $ | 2,132 | $ | | ||||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 209,117 | $ | 134,436 | $ | 38,000 | ||||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
1.71 | % | 1.36 | % | 1.35 | % | ||||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
1.67 | % | 1.78 | % | 3.52 | % |
F-53
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
In connection with the BNP facility, Berwyn Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar facilities. The BNP facility contains customary events of default and other termination events for similar financing transactions, including (a) the occurrence of a default or similar condition under certain third-party contracts by the Company and Berwyn Funding; (b) any change in BNP's interpretation of applicable law that, in the reasonable opinion of counsel to BNP, has the effect of impeding or prohibiting the facility; (c) certain events of insolvency or bankruptcy by the Company or Berwyn Funding; (d) specified material reductions in the Company's or Berwyn Funding's net asset value; (e) any change in the Company's fundamental or material investment policies; and (f) the termination of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement or if FS Advisor otherwise ceases to act as investment adviser to the Company and is not immediately replaced by an affiliate or other investment adviser acceptable to BNP.
Under the terms of the BNP financing agreements, BNP has the ability to borrow a portion of the pledged collateral, or, collectively, the rehypothecated securities, subject to certain limits. Berwyn Funding may designate any security within the pledged collateral as ineligible to be a rehypothecated security, provided there remain securities eligible to be rehypothecated within the segregated custody account in an amount equal to the outstanding borrowings owed by Berwyn Funding to BNP. Berwyn Funding may recall any rehypothecated security at any time and BNP must return such security or an equivalent security within a commercially reasonable period. In the event BNP does not return the security, Berwyn Funding will have the right to, among other things, apply and set off an amount equal to 100% of the then-current fair market value of such rehypothecated securities against any outstanding borrowings owed to BNP under the facility. Rehypothecated securities are marked-to-market daily and if the value of all rehypothecated securities exceeds 100% of the outstanding borrowings owed by Berwyn Funding under the facility, BNP may either reduce the amount of rehypothecated securities to eliminate such excess or deposit into the segregated custody account an amount of cash equal to such excess. Berwyn Funding will continue to receive interest and the scheduled repayment of principal balances on rehypothecated securities. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Berwyn Funding received a fee of $1, $19 and $0, respectively, from BNP for securities that had been rehypothecated pursuant to the BNP financing agreements. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the fair value of those securities rehypothecated by BNP was $108,340 and $68,487, respectively.
Borrowings of Berwyn Funding will be considered borrowings by the Company for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Citibank Credit Facility
On March 24, 2015, EP Funding LLC, or EP Funding, the Company's wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiary, repaid and terminated the revolving credit facility, or the Citibank credit facility, with Citibank, N.A., or Citibank, as administrative agent, and the financial institutions and other lenders from time to time party thereto. The Citibank credit facility provided for borrowings in an aggregate principal amount up to $175,000 on a committed basis. Prior to the termination of the Citibank credit facility, borrowings under the facility accrued interest at a rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.75% per annum. Under the Citibank credit facility, EP Funding was subject to a
F-54
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
non-usage fee of 0.50% per annum to the extent that the aggregate principal amount available under the facility was not borrowed.
As of December 31, 2015, no amounts remained outstanding under the Citibank credit facility. As of December 31, 2014, $128,300 was outstanding under the Citibank credit facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximated its fair value. The Company incurred costs of $657 in connection with obtaining the facility, which the Company recorded as deferred financing costs on its consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the life of the facility.
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the components of total interest expense for the Citibank credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 471 | $ | 4,763 | $ | 2,222 | ||||
Non-usage fees |
| 1 | 30 | |||||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
130 | 328 | 199 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 601 | $ | 5,092 | $ | 2,451 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Citibank credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 1,011 | $ | 4,903 | $ | 1,573 | ||||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 70,020 | $ | 171,151 | $ | 140,217 | ||||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
| 2.98 | % | 2.81 | % | |||||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
2.99 | % | 2.78 | % | 2.90 | % |
Borrowings of EP Funding were considered borrowings by the Company for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Deutsche Bank Credit Facility
On June 24, 2011, FSEP Term Funding, LLC, or FSEP Funding, the Company's wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiary, entered into a revolving credit facility, or the Deutsche Bank credit facility, with Deutsche Bank AG, New York Branch, or Deutsche Bank, as administrative agent
F-55
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
and the lender party thereto. The Deutsche Bank credit facility subsequently was amended to increase the maximum commitments under the facility to $340,000 and extend the maturity date to June 11, 2016.
Under the Deutsche Bank credit facility, the Company has transferred from time to time cash or securities to FSEP Funding as a contribution to capital and retains a residual interest in the contributed cash or securities through the Company's ownership of FSEP Funding. The Company may contribute additional cash or securities to FSEP Funding from time to time and FSEP Funding may purchase additional securities from various sources. FSEP Funding has appointed the Company to manage its portfolio of securities pursuant to the terms of an investment management agreement. FSEP Funding's obligations to the lenders under the facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of FSEP Funding, including its portfolio of securities. The obligations of FSEP Funding under the facility are non-recourse to the Company and the Company's exposure under the facility is limited to the value of the Company's investment in FSEP Funding.
Pricing under the Deutsche Bank credit facility is based on LIBOR for an interest period closest to the weighted average LIBOR interest period of eligible securities owned by FSEP Funding, plus 1.80% per annum. FSEP Funding is subject to a non-usage fee of 0.75% per annum to the extent that the aggregate principal amount available under the facility is not borrowed. Any amounts borrowed under the Deutsche Bank credit facility will mature, and all accrued and unpaid interest thereunder will be due and payable, on June 11, 2016.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $280,000 was outstanding under the Deutsche Bank credit facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. The Company incurred costs of $3,340 in connection with obtaining and amending the facility, which the Company has recorded as deferred financing costs on its consolidated balance sheets and amortizes to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $529 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the components of total interest expense for the Deutsche Bank credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 5,951 | $ | 5,046 | $ | 4,509 | ||||
Non-usage fees |
456 | 385 | 191 | |||||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
1,036 | 763 | 637 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 7,443 | $ | 6,194 | $ | 5,337 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
F-56
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Deutsche Bank credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 6,316 | $ | 5,294 | $ | 4,546 | ||||
Average borrowings under the facility |
$ | 280,000 | $ | 245,260 | $ | 216,410 | ||||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
2.30 | % | 2.04 | % | 2.04 | % | ||||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
2.29 | % | 2.21 | % | 2.17 | % |
Borrowings under the Deutsche Bank credit facility are subject to compliance with a borrowing base, pursuant to which the amount of funds advanced to FSEP Funding varies depending upon the types of assets in FSEP Funding's portfolio. The occurrence of certain events described as "Super-Collateralization Events" in the credit agreement that governs the Deutsche Bank credit facility, or a decline in the Company's net asset value below a specified threshold, results in a lowering of the amount of funds that will be advanced against such assets. Super-Collateralization Events include, without limitation: (i) certain key employees ceasing to be directors, principals, officers or investment managers of GSO; (ii) the bankruptcy or insolvency of GSO or FS Advisor; (iii) GSO ceasing to act as the Company's sub-adviser or FS Advisor ceasing to act as the Company's investment adviser; (iv) the Company ceasing to act as FSEP Funding's investment manager, becoming bankrupt or insolvent, defaulting on certain material agreements or failing to maintain a net asset value above a specified threshold; and (v) the Company, GSO or FS Advisor committing fraud or other illicit acts in its or their investment advisory capacities.
In connection with the Deutsche Bank credit facility, FSEP Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar facilities. The Deutsche Bank credit facility contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including (a) the failure to make principal payments when due or interest payments within three business days of when due; (b) borrowings under the facility exceeding the applicable advance rates; (c) the purchase by FSEP Funding of certain ineligible assets; (d) the insolvency or bankruptcy of FSEP Funding or the Company; (e) the Company ceasing to act as investment manager of FSEP Funding's assets; (f) the decline of the Company's net asset value below a specified threshold; and (g) fraud or other illicit acts by the Company, FS Advisor or GSO in its or their investment advisory capacities. During the continuation of an event of default, FSEP Funding must pay interest at a default rate.
Borrowings of FSEP Funding will be considered borrowings by the Company for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
F-57
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
Fortress Facility
On November 6, 2015, Foxfields Funding LLC, or Foxfields Funding, a wholly-owned financing subsidiary of the Company, entered into a senior secured multiple draw term loan facility, or the Fortress facility, with Fortress Credit Co LLC as administrative agent, or Fortress, the lenders from time to time party thereto and the other loan parties from time to time party thereto. The Fortress facility, as amended, provides for $155,000 of term loans available to be borrowed during the first two years after the initial closing date of November 6, 2015 with an option for the Company to request, at one or more times during the first two years after the closing date, that existing or new lenders, at their election provide up to $45,000 of additional commitments.
Interest under the Fortress facility for (i) loans bearing interest by reference to LIBOR accrues at a rate equal to LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0.75%) plus 5.00% per annum, and (ii) loans bearing interest by reference to the base rate accrues at 4.00% per annum plus the greater of: (x) the per annum rate of interest announced, from time to time, within Wells Fargo Bank, National Association at its principal office in San Francisco as its "prime rate," and (y) 1.75% per annum. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears beginning with the quarter ending March 31, 2016. During the first year after the closing date, Foxfields Funding is subject to a commitment fee at a rate equal to 100 basis points on the average daily undrawn initial facility amount of $125,000. Under certain conditions, Foxfields Funding will be subject to a prepayment premium if all or any part of the principal balance of the borrowings is prepaid prior to a date that is two years after the closing date. Foxfields Funding incurred certain customary fees, costs and expenses in connection with obtaining the facility.
As of December 31, 2015, $89,600 was outstanding under the Fortress facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. The Company incurred costs of $1,121 in connection with obtaining and amending the Fortress facility, which the Company has recorded as deferred financing costs on its consolidated balance sheets and amortizes to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $1,094 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, the components of total interest expense for the Fortress facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct interest expense |
$ | 507 | ||
Non-usage fees |
140 | |||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
27 | |||
| | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 674 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
F-58
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
For the year ended December 31, 2015, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Fortress facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | | ||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 56,714 | ||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
5.75 | % | ||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
7.33 | % |
In connection with the Fortress facility, Foxfields Funding has made certain representations and warranties and must comply with various covenants and reporting requirements customary for facilities of this type, including the following financial covenants: (a) the Company's minimum consolidated shareholders' equity, as determined in accordance with GAAP and measured as of each fiscal quarter-end, must be greater than $1,500,000; (b) the Company must maintain at all times a 200% asset coverage ratio; (c) Foxfields Funding must maintain, as of each quarter-end, an asset coverage ratio of either 300% or 325% depending on the relative composition of its portfolio between debt and equity investments; and (d) the portfolio investments must be issued by not fewer than 10 unrelated obligors at all times, measured as of each quarter-end.
The Fortress facility contains events of default customary for facilities of this type as described in the loan documentation. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, Fortress, at the instruction or with the consent of the lenders, may terminate the commitments and declare the outstanding advances and all other obligations under the facility immediately due and payable. During the continuation of certain events of default, the Company must pay interest at a default rate.
Borrowings of Foxfields Funding will be considered borrowings by the Company for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Goldman Financing
On September 11, 2014, through its two wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiaries, Gladwyne Funding LLC, or Gladwyne Funding, and Strafford Funding LLC, or Strafford Funding, the Company entered into a debt financing arrangement with Goldman Sachs Bank USA, or Goldman. The amount available under the financing arrangement, as amended, is $325,000. The Company elected to structure the financing in the manner described more fully below in order to, among other things, obtain such financing at a lower cost than would have been available through alternate arrangements.
Under the financing arrangement, assets in the Company's portfolio may be sold and/or contributed by it from time to time to Gladwyne Funding, pursuant to an Amended and Restated Sale
F-59
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
and Contribution Agreement, dated as of September 11, 2014, between the Company and Gladwyne Funding, or the Sale and Contribution Agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of assets held by Gladwyne Funding was $642,954, which includes an initial contribution by the Company of a portfolio of assets with an aggregate par value of $427,061. The assets held by Gladwyne Funding secure the obligations of Gladwyne Funding under certain Floating Rate Notes, or the Notes, to be issued from time to time by Gladwyne Funding to Strafford Funding, pursuant to an indenture, dated as of September 11, 2014, as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 15, 2014, or the Indenture, with Citibank N.A., as trustee. Pursuant to the Indenture, the aggregate principal amount of Notes that may be issued by Gladwyne Funding from time to time is $577,750. Interest on the Notes under the Indenture accrues at three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 4.00% per annum. Principal and any unpaid interest on the Notes will be due and payable on the stated maturity date of November 15, 2025. As of December 31, 2015, Strafford Funding had purchased $577,750 of Notes, the maximum principal amount of Notes that may be purchased under the Goldman facility (as defined below). Strafford Funding purchased $241,550 of Notes during the year ended December 31, 2015.
Pursuant to the Indenture, Gladwyne Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar transactions. The Indenture contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including: (a) the failure to make principal payments on the Notes at their stated maturity or any earlier redemption date or to make interest payments on the Notes within five business days of when due; (b) the failure to disburse amounts in excess of $1 in accordance with the priority of payments; and (c) the occurrence of certain bankruptcy and insolvency events with respect to Gladwyne Funding.
Strafford Funding, in turn, entered into a repurchase transaction with Goldman, pursuant to the terms of a master repurchase agreement and the related annex thereto, each dated as of September 11, 2014, and an amended and restated master confirmation dated as of December 15, 2014, or collectively, the Goldman facility. Pursuant to the Goldman facility, on one or more occasions beginning December 15, 2014, Goldman began purchasing Notes held by Strafford Funding for an aggregate purchase price equal to approximately 56.25% of the principal amount of the Notes purchased. As of December 31, 2015, Goldman had purchased Notes in the principal amount of $577,750 from Strafford Funding, the maximum principal amount of Notes available to be purchased under the Goldman facility, for a total purchase price equal to $324,984.
Strafford Funding will repurchase the Notes sold to Goldman under the Goldman facility no later than September 15, 2017. The repurchase price paid by Strafford Funding to Goldman will be equal to the purchase price paid by Goldman for the repurchased Notes, plus financing fees accrued at the applicable pricing rate under the Goldman facility. Through March 15, 2015, financing fees accrued on the greater of $225,000 or the aggregate purchase price paid by Goldman for such Notes. Thereafter, financing fees accrue on $325,000 (even in prior periods when the aggregate purchase price paid for Notes purchased by Goldman was less than that amount), unless and until the outstanding amount is reduced in accordance with the terms of the Goldman facility.
F-60
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
If the Goldman facility is accelerated prior to September 15, 2017 due to an event of default or the failure of Gladwyne Funding to commit to sell any underlying assets that become defaulted obligations within 30 days and thereafter to use commercially reasonable efforts to sell any such defaulted obligations, then Strafford Funding must pay to Goldman a fee equal to the present value of the aggregate amount of the financing fees that would have been payable to Goldman through September 15, 2017 had the acceleration not occurred. The financing fee under the Goldman facility is equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of up to 2.75% per annum for the relevant period.
Pursuant to the Goldman facility, Strafford Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar transactions. The Goldman facility contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including: (a) failure to transfer the Notes to Goldman on the applicable purchase date or repurchase the Notes from Goldman on the applicable repurchase date; (b) failure to pay certain fees and make-whole amounts when due; (c) failure to post cash collateral as required; (d) the occurrence of insolvency events with respect to Strafford Funding; and (e) the admission by Strafford Funding of its inability to, or its intention not to, perform any of its obligations under the Goldman facility.
Goldman may require Strafford Funding to post cash collateral if the market value of the Notes (measured by reference to the market value of Gladwyne Funding's portfolio of assets) declines and is less than the required margin amount under the Goldman facility. In such event, in order to satisfy any such margin-posting requirements, Strafford Funding has the option to borrow funds from the Company pursuant to an uncommitted revolving credit agreement, dated as of September 11, 2014 and amended and restated on December 15, 2014, between Strafford Funding, as borrower, and the Company, as lender, or the Revolving Credit Agreement. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement may not exceed $325,000 and will accrue interest at a rate equal to one-month LIBOR plus a spread of 0.75% per annum.
As of December 31, 2015, Notes in an aggregate principal amount of $577,750 had been purchased by Strafford Funding from Gladwyne Funding and subsequently sold to Goldman under the Goldman facility for aggregate proceeds of $324,984. The carrying amount outstanding under the Goldman facility approximates its fair value. The Company funded each purchase of Notes by Strafford Funding through a capital contribution to Strafford Funding. As of December 31, 2015, Strafford Funding's liability under the Goldman facility was $324,984, plus $474 of accrued interest expense. The Notes issued by Gladwyne Funding and purchased by Strafford Funding eliminate in consolidation on the Company's financial statements.
The Company incurred costs of $380 in connection with obtaining and amending the Goldman facility, which the Company has recorded as deferred financing costs on its consolidated balance sheets and amortizes to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $220 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
F-61
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the components of total interest expense for the Goldman facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 9,448 | $ | 445 | |||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
128 | 32 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 9,576 | $ | 477 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Goldman facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 9,419 | $ | | |||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 251,427 | $ | 49,721 | |||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
3.09 | % | 2.98 | % | |||
Weighted average interest rate |
3.76 | % | 2.98 | % |
In connection with the Notes and the Indenture, Gladwyne Funding also entered into (i) an amended and restated investment management agreement with the Company, as investment manager, dated as of September 11, 2014, pursuant to which the Company will manage the assets of Gladwyne Funding; and (ii) a collateral administration agreement with Virtus Group, LP, or Virtus, as collateral administrator, dated as of September 11, 2014, pursuant to which Virtus will perform certain administrative services with respect to the assets of Gladwyne Funding.
Amounts outstanding under the Goldman facility will be considered borrowings of the Company for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Natixis Credit Facility
On July 11, 2013, Energy Funding LLC, or Energy Funding, the Company's wholly-owned, special-purpose financing subsidiary, entered into a revolving credit facility, or the Natixis credit facility, with Natixis, New York Branch, or Natixis, as administrative agent and lender, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as collateral agent and custodian, and the other lenders from time to time party thereto. The Natixis credit facility provided for revolving borrowings through January 11, 2015 in an aggregate
F-62
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
principal amount up to $150,000 on a committed basis. After that date, the Company was no longer permitted to borrow under the facility and outstanding amounts began to amortize. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company repaid $57,827 of outstanding borrowings under the facility.
The Company contributed cash and debt securities to Energy Funding from time to time, prior to the commencement of the amortization period under the facility, subject to certain restrictions set forth in the Natixis credit facility. The Company continues to retain a residual interest in any assets contributed through its ownership of Energy Funding or it received fair market value for any debt securities sold to Energy Funding. Energy Funding was also permitted to purchase additional debt securities from various sources prior to the commencement of the amortization period under the facility. Energy Funding has appointed the Company to manage its portfolio of debt securities pursuant to the terms of a collateral management agreement. Energy Funding's obligations to the lenders under the facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of Energy Funding, including its portfolio of debt securities. The obligations of Energy Funding under the facility are non-recourse to the Company and the Company's exposure under the facility is limited to the value of the Company's investment in Energy Funding.
Borrowings under the Natixis credit facility accrue interest at a rate equal to the applicable commercial paper rate plus 2.25% per annum. Prior to the commencement of the amortization period, Energy Funding was subject to a non-usage fee of 1.00% per annum to the extent that the aggregate principal amount available under the Natixis credit facility had not been borrowed. Any amounts borrowed under the facility will mature, and all accrued and unpaid interest thereunder will be due and payable, on July 11, 2023.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $92,173 and $150,000, respectively, was outstanding under the Natixis credit facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. The Company incurred costs of $2,544 in connection with obtaining the facility, which the Company has recorded as deferred financing costs on its consolidated balance sheets and amortizes to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $1,386 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the components of total interest expense for the Natixis credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 3,041 | $ | 3,733 | $ | 1,102 | ||||
Non-usage fees |
| | 185 | |||||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
782 | 256 | 120 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 3,823 | $ | 3,989 | $ | 1,407 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
F-63
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Natixis credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 3,195 | $ | 3,810 | $ | 771 | ||||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 116,357 | $ | 150,000 | $ | 118,820 | ||||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
2.77 | % | 2.57 | % | 2.94 | % | ||||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
2.61 | % | 2.54 | % | 2.99 | % |
In connection with the Natixis credit facility, Energy Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar facilities. The Natixis credit facility contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including (a) the failure to make principal payments when due or interest payments within five business days of when due; (b) Energy Funding becoming an investment company required to be registered under the 1940 Act; (c) certain events of insolvency or bankruptcy of Energy Funding; (d) the resignation or removal of the Company as Energy Funding's collateral manager; (e) FS Advisor or any replacement thereof approved in writing by the majority lenders no longer serving as the investment adviser to the Company; and (f) GSO or any replacement thereof approved in writing by the majority lenders no longer serving as the investment sub-adviser to the Company. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the majority lenders or Natixis (acting at the direction of the majority lenders) may declare the outstanding principal and interest and all other amounts owing under the facility immediately due and payable. During the continuation of an event of default, Energy Funding must pay interest at a default rate.
Borrowings of Energy Funding will be considered borrowings of the Company for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
Wells Fargo Credit Facility
On September 9, 2014, Wayne Funding LLC, or Wayne Funding, the Company's wholly-owned, special purpose financing subsidiary, entered into a revolving credit facility, or the Wells Fargo credit facility, with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as administrative agent, each of the conduit lenders and institutional lenders from time to time party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, collectively referred to herein as Wells Fargo, as the collateral agent, account bank and collateral custodian under the Wells Fargo credit facility. The Wells Fargo credit facility provided for borrowings in an aggregate principal amount up to $200,000 on a committed basis. On February 23, 2016, Wayne
F-64
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
Funding and Wells Fargo entered into an amendment to reduce the aggregate borrowings available under the facility to $125,000.
The Company may contribute cash, loans or bonds to Wayne Funding from time to time and will retain a residual interest in any assets contributed through its ownership of Wayne Funding or will receive fair market value for any assets sold to Wayne Funding. Wayne Funding may purchase additional assets from various sources. Wayne Funding has appointed the Company to manage its portfolio of assets pursuant to the terms of a collateral management agreement. Wayne Funding's obligations to Wells Fargo under the Wells Fargo credit facility are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of Wayne Funding, including its portfolio of assets. The obligations of Wayne Funding under the Wells Fargo credit facility are non-recourse to the Company and the Company's exposure under the facility is limited to the value of its investment in Wayne Funding.
Borrowings under the Wells Fargo credit facility accrue interest at a rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread ranging between 2.50% and 2.75% per annum, depending on the composition of the portfolio of assets for the relevant period. During the period beginning October 10, 2014 through June 5, 2015, Wayne Funding was subject to a non-usage fee to the extent the aggregate principal amount available under the Wells Fargo credit facility was not borrowed. Beginning June 6, 2015, the non-usage fee increased to the sum of (a) 0.50% per annum on the first $40,000 of unborrowed principal amount available under the Wells Fargo credit facility and (b) 2.00% on any unborrowed principal amount available under the facility in excess of $40,000. Any amounts borrowed under the Wells Fargo credit facility will mature, and all accrued and unpaid interest thereunder will be due and payable, on September 9, 2019. Borrowings under the Wells Fargo credit facility are subject to compliance with a borrowing base, pursuant to which the amount of funds advanced to Wayne Funding varies depending upon the types of assets in Wayne Funding's portfolio.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $140,000 and $120,000, respectively, was outstanding under the Wells Fargo credit facility. The carrying amount outstanding under the facility approximates its fair value. The Company incurred costs of $2,641 in connection with obtaining the facility, which the Company has recorded as deferred financing costs on its consolidated balance sheets and amortizes to interest expense over the life of the facility. As of December 31, 2015, $1,950 of such deferred financing costs had yet to be amortized to interest expense.
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the components of total interest expense for the Wells Fargo credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Direct interest expense |
$ | 3,917 | $ | 219 | |||
Non-usage fees |
575 | 191 | |||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs |
528 | 163 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total interest expense |
$ | 5,020 | $ | 573 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
F-65
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 8. Financing Arrangements (Continued)
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the cash paid for interest expense, average borrowings, effective interest rate and weighted average interest rate for the Wells Fargo credit facility were as follows:
|
Year Ended December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
Cash paid for interest expense(1) |
$ | 4,369 | $ | 156 | |||
Average borrowings under the facility(2) |
$ | 129,575 | $ | 120,000 | |||
Effective interest rate on borrowings |
3.23 | % | 2.74 | % | |||
Weighted average interest rate (including the effect of non-usage fees) |
3.47 | % | 2.27 | % |
In connection with the Wells Fargo credit facility, Wayne Funding has made certain representations and warranties and is required to comply with various covenants, reporting requirements and other customary requirements for similar facilities. The Wells Fargo credit facility contains customary events of default for similar financing transactions, including: (a) the failure to make principal or interest payments within three business days of when due; (b) a borrowing base deficiency that is not cured in accordance with the terms of the facility; (c) the insolvency or bankruptcy of Wayne Funding or the Company; (d) the resignation or removal of the Company as collateral manager; (e) the failure of the Company to maintain an asset coverage ratio of greater than or equal to 2:1; (f) the failure of the Company to have a net asset value of at least $300,000; and (g) the failure of Wayne Funding to qualify as a bankruptcy-remote entity. Upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an event of default, Wells Fargo may declare the outstanding advances and all other obligations under the facility immediately due and payable. During the continuation of an event of default, Wayne Funding must pay interest at a default rate.
In addition, the occurrence of certain events described as "Collateral Manager Events of Default" in the loan and servicing agreement which governs the Wells Fargo credit facility may trigger (i) a requirement that Wayne Funding obtain the consent of Wells Fargo prior to entering into any transaction with respect to portfolio assets and (ii) the right of Wells Fargo to direct Wayne Funding to enter into transactions with respect to any portfolio assets, in each case in Wells Fargo's sole discretion. Collateral Manager Events of Default include non-performance of any obligation under the transaction documents by Wayne Funding, the Company, FS Advisor or GSO, and other events with respect to such entities that are adverse to Wells Fargo and the secured parties under the Wells Fargo credit facility.
Borrowings of Wayne Funding will be considered borrowings of the Company for purposes of complying with the asset coverage requirements under the 1940 Act applicable to BDCs.
F-66
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company enters into contracts that contain a variety of indemnification provisions. The Company's maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown; however, the Company has not had prior claims or losses pursuant to these contracts. Management of FS Advisor has reviewed the Company's existing contracts and expects the risk of loss to the Company to be remote.
The Company is not currently subject to any material legal proceedings and, to the Company's knowledge, no material legal proceedings are threatened against the Company. From time to time, the Company may be party to certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including proceedings relating to the enforcement of the Company's rights under contracts with its portfolio companies. While the outcome of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company does not expect that any such proceedings will have a material effect upon its financial condition or results of operations.
See Note 6 for a discussion of the Company's unfunded commitments.
Note 10. Senior Securities Asset Coverage
Information about the Company's senior securities is shown in the table below for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Year Ended December 31,
|
Total Amount Outstanding Exclusive of Treasury Securities(1) |
Asset Coverage Per Unit(2) |
Involuntary Liquidation Preference per Unit(3) |
Average Market Value per Unit (Exclude Bank Loans)(4) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 |
$ | 27,627 | 3.45 | | N/A | ||||||
2012 |
$ | 263,299 | 3.29 | | N/A | ||||||
2013 |
$ | 624,174 | 3.69 | | N/A | ||||||
2014 |
$ | 1,090,413 | 3.35 | | N/A | ||||||
2015 |
$ | 1,040,494 | 3.32 | | N/A |
F-67
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 11. Financial Highlights
The following is a schedule of financial highlights of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||||||||
Per Share Data:(1) |
||||||||||||||||
Net asset value, beginning of period |
$ | 8.57 | $ | 9.66 | $ | 9.34 | $ | 8.74 | $ | 8.91 | ||||||
Results of operations(2) |
||||||||||||||||
Net investment income (loss) |
0.67 | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.33 | 0.16 | |||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments and total return swap and gain/loss on foreign currency |
(2.18 | ) | (1.46 | ) | 0.36 | 1.05 | 0.07 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
(1.51 | ) | (0.72 | ) | 0.94 | 1.38 | 0.23 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Shareholder distributions(3) |
||||||||||||||||
Distributions from net investment income |
(0.67 | ) | (0.62 | ) | (0.65 | ) | (0.49 | ) | (0.27 | ) | ||||||
Distributions from net realized gain on investments |
(0.04 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.01 | ) | (0.10 | ) | (0.01 | ) | ||||||
Distributions representing tax return of capital |
| | | (0.04 | ) | | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net decrease in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions |
(0.71 | ) | (0.69 | ) | (0.66 | ) | (0.63 | ) | (0.28 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Capital share transactions |
||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common shares(4) |
0.18 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.10 | |||||||||||
Repurchases of common shares(5) |
| | | | | |||||||||||
Offering costs(2) |
(0.03 | ) | (0.03 | ) | (0.05 | ) | (0.12 | ) | (0.39 | ) | ||||||
Payments to investment adviser for organization and offering costs(2) |
| | | (0.07 | ) | (0.26 | ) | |||||||||
Capital contributions of investment adviser(2) |
| | | 0.02 | 0.43 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from capital share transactions |
0.15 | 0.32 | 0.04 | (0.15 | ) | (0.12 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period |
$ | 6.50 | $ | 8.57 | $ | 9.66 | $ | 9.34 | $ | 8.74 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Shares outstanding, end of period |
372,210,264 | 299,394,371 | 173,532,259 | 64,524,909 | 7,746,643 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total return(6) |
(15.87 | )% | (4.14 | )% | 10.49 | % | 14.07 | % | 1.23 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio/Supplemental Data: |
||||||||||||||||
Net assets, end of period |
$ | 2,417,861 | $ | 2,565,721 | $ | 1,676,237 | $ | 602,889 | $ | 67,685 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assets(7) |
8.31 | % | 7.71 | % | 6.04 | % | 3.64 | % | 1.83 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assets(7) |
5.55 | % | 5.07 | % | 5.89 | % | 7.09 | % | 4.11 | % | ||||||
Ratio of expenses reimbursed by sponsor to average net assets(7) |
| | | (0.51 | )% | (2.03 | )% | |||||||||
Ratio of expense recoupment payable to sponsor to average net assets(7) |
| | | 0.51 | % | | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assets(7) |
5.55 | % | 5.07 | % | 5.89 | % | 7.09 | % | 2.08 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio turnover(8) |
22.70 | % | 35.55 | % | 53.26 | % | 75.24 | % | 12.77 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total amount of senior securities outstanding, exclusive of treasury securities(9) |
$ | 1,040,494 | $ | 1,090,413 | $ | 624,174 | $ | 263,299 | $ | 27,627 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Asset coverage per unit(10) |
3.32 | 3.35 | 3.69 | 3.29 | 3.45 |
F-68
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 11. Financial Highlights (Continued)
|
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||||||||
Ratio of accrued capital gains incentive fees to average net assets |
| (0.48 | )% | 0.75 | % | 2.30 | % | 0.19 | % | |||||||
Ratio of subordinated income incentive fees to average net assets |
1.13 | % | 1.41 | % | 0.69 | % | | | ||||||||
Ratio of interest expense to average net assets |
1.12 | % | 0.84 | % | 0.84 | % | 0.77 | % | 0.79 | % | ||||||
Ratio of income and excise taxes to average net assets |
0.01 | % | 0.04 | % | 0.07 | % | | |
F-69
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 12. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
The following is the quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The following information reflects all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the information for the periods presented. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.
|
Quarter Ended | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
December 31, 2015 |
September 30, 2015 |
June 30, 2015 |
March 31, 2015 |
|||||||||
Investment income |
$ | 102,898 | $ | 98,758 | $ | 92,410 | $ | 85,587 | |||||
Operating expenses |
|||||||||||||
Total expenses |
42,328 | 40,122 | 36,746 | 32,862 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income |
60,570 | 58,636 | 55,664 | 52,725 | |||||||||
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) |
(407,886 | ) | (340,600 | ) | 9,329 | 263 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | (347,316 | ) | $ | (281,964 | ) | $ | 64,993 | $ | 52,988 | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Per share information-basic and diluted |
|||||||||||||
Net investment income |
$ | 0.17 | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.17 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | (0.96 | ) | $ | (0.81 | ) | $ | 0.20 | $ | 0.17 | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average shares outstanding |
362,553,878 | 348,739,636 | 329,285,131 | 310,241,395 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Quarter Ended | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
December 31, 2014 |
September 30, 2014 |
June 30, 2014 |
March 31, 2014 |
|||||||||
Investment income |
$ | 88,786 | $ | 72,621 | $ | 72,007 | $ | 56,556 | |||||
Operating expenses |
|||||||||||||
Total expenses |
30,385 | 19,451 | 34,977 | 30,268 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income |
58,401 | 53,170 | 37,030 | 26,288 | |||||||||
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) |
(337,427 | ) | (49,904 | ) | 15,089 | 27,844 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | (279,026 | ) | $ | 3,266 | $ | 52,119 | $ | 54,132 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Per share information-basic and diluted |
|||||||||||||
Net investment income |
$ | 0.20 | $ | 0.21 | $ | 0.17 | $ | 0.14 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations |
$ | (0.98 | ) | $ | 0.01 | $ | 0.24 | $ | 0.29 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average shares outstanding |
285,577,757 | 252,878,585 | 219,030,100 | 188,276,979 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The sum of quarterly per share amounts does not necessarily equal per share amounts reported for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. This is due to changes in the number of weighted average shares outstanding and the effects of rounding for each period.
F-70
FS Energy and Power Fund
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 13. Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In April 2015, the FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2015-03, InterestImputation of Interest, to simplify the presentation in the financial statements of debt issuance costs. Under existing guidance, debt issuance costs are recognized as a deferred charge and presented as an asset on the balance sheet. The amendments to the guidance require that debt issuance costs related to a recognized liability for indebtedness be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that liability, consistent with debt discounts. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-15, InterestImputation of Interest, to update the guidance to include SEC views regarding the presentation and subsequent measurement of debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements. Given the absence of authoritative guidance within ASU 2015-03 for debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements, the SEC has indicated that it would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs as an asset and subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected by the amendments to the guidance. The amendments to the FASB codification guidance are to be applied retrospectively with applicable disclosures for a change in accounting principle upon transition. For public entities, the amendments are effective during interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Early application by public entities is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.
F-71
FS Energy and Power Fund Subscription Agreement V4.4 The undersigned hereby tenders this subscription and applies for the purchase of the dollar amount of common shares of beneficial interest (the Shares) of FS Energy and Power Fund, a Delaware statutory trust (sometimes referred to herein as the Company), set forth below. 1. Investment (Mark initial or additional investment) Subscription Amount $ Initial Investment ($5,000 minimum) Additional Investment ($500 minimum) 2. Investment Type (Select only one Mark the appropriate box under brokerage or advisory) BROKERAGE If your investment is greater than $500,000, (individual, combined with related accounts, or previous purchases), please refer to the prospectus for volume discounts. ADVISORY Public Offering Price Net of Commission By a registered representative on his or her own behalf Wrap Fee Agreement at your Broker Dealer Advisory options determined by agreement on file with FS2 Capital Partners, LLC RIA RIA must designate a qualified custodian in Section 3 3. Ownership (Select only one) Please complete part A of Section 4. SINGLE OWNER Individual To make a transfer on death (TOD) designation, attach a completed TOD form. TOD forms can be found at www.franklinsquare.com. MULTIPLE OWNERS Community Property MINOR ACCOUNT UGMA: State of Tenants in Common UTMA: State of Joint Tenants with Rights of Survivorship To make a TOD designation, attach a completed TOD form. TOD forms can be found at www.franklinsquare.com. OTHER ACCOUNT Please complete part B of Section 4. Qualified Pension Corporation: S-Corp Corporation: C-Corp Profit-Sharing Plan Keogh Partnership Estate Trust Other Please attach the pages of the trust or plan document (or corporate resolution) which list the names of the trust or plan, trustees, signatures and date. The FS Trustee Certification of Investment Powers Form for Trust Accounts may be completed in lieu of providing trust documents. You can obtain this form by visiting www.franklinsquare.com. QUALIFIED PLAN ACCOUNT Please complete part A of Section 4. Traditional IRA Roth IRA Rollover IRA SIMPLE IRA SEP IRA Other CUSTODIAL ARRANGEMENT (Please select custodian) Name of Custodian Custodian Phone # Mailing Address (street) (city/state) (zip) Custodian Tax ID # Custodian Authorization: Custodian Account # 4. Investor Information (Please print) Individual Owner/Beneficial Owner A (first, middle, last) SSN Date of Birth (mm/dd/yyyy) Joint Owner/Beneficial Owner (first, middle, last) SSN Date of Birth (mm/dd/yyyy) A 1 V4.4 FS Energy and Power Fund To be completed by custodian above
FS Energy and Power Fund | Subscription Agreement V4.4 4. Investor Information (continued) Individual Owner/Beneficial Owner Mailing Address A (You must include a permanent street address even if your mailing address is a P.O. Box) (city/state) (zip) U.S. Street Address (Leave blank if your U.S. street address and mailing address are the same) (city/state) (zip) Phone # E-mail Address Country of Citizenship In lieu of receiving documents by mail, you can enroll in the Franklin Square Paperless Green Program. Please visit www.franklinsquare.com, and click the Investor Log-In button. Follow this link to the E-Consent and fill out the required account information. Trust/Corp/Partnership/Other B SSN/Tax ID # Date of Trust (mm/dd/yyyy) Mailing Address (You must include a permanent street address even if your mailing address is a P.O. Box) (city/state) (zip) U.S. Street Address (Leave blank if your street address and mailing address are the same) (city/state) (zip) Trustee(s)/Authorized Person(s) SSN Date of Birth (mm/dd/yyyy) Trustee/Authorized Person U.S. Street Address (city/state) (zip) 5. Distributions If this election is not completed, the Company will default to sending the investors cash distributions out by check to his or her address of record provided in section 4 or to the custodian indicated in section 3, as applicable. I hereby elect the distribution option indicated below: I choose to participate in the Companys Distribution Reinvestment Plan. The Company requests each investor who elects to have his or her distributions reinvested pursuant to the Companys Distribution Reinvestment Plan to notify the Company and the broker dealer, financial institution or registered investment advisor named in this Subscription Agreement in writing at any time there is a material change in his or her financial condition, including failure to meet the minimum gross income and net worth standards set forth in section 6 below. I choose to have distributions sent to the address in section 4. (Or section 3 for custodial accounts. Cash distributions for custodial accounts will be sent to the custodian of record.) I choose to have distributions sent to me at the following address: I choose to have distributions deposited in a checking, savings or brokerage account. (Complete information below.) I authorize the Company or its agent to deposit my distributions into the account indicated below. This authority will remain in force until I notify the Company in writing to cancel it. In the event that the Company deposits funds erroneously into my account, the Company is authorized to debit my account for the amount of the erroneous deposit. I also hereby acknowledge that funds and/ or Shares in my account may be subject to applicable abandoned property, escheat or similar laws and may be transferred to the appropriate governmental authority in accordance with such laws, including as a result of account inactivity for the period of time specified in such laws or otherwise. None of the Company, its affiliates, its agents or any other person shall be liable for any property delivered in good faith to a governmental authority pursuant to applicable abandoned property, escheat or similar laws. I acknowledge that distributions may be funded from offering proceeds or borrowings, which may constitute a return of capital and reduce the amount of capital available to the Company for investment. Any capital returned to shareholders through distributions will be made after payment of fees and expenses, as well as the sales load. Name of Financial Institution Account Type Mailing Address (street) (city/state) (zip) ABA Routing Number (if applicable) Account Number 6. Investor Representations (Initials required for letters ad and any state suitability requirement that may apply) Please carefully read and separately initial each of the representations below. In the case of joint investors, each investor must initial. Except in the case of fiduciary accounts, you may not grant any person power of attorney to make such representations on your behalf. In order to induce the Company to accept this subscription, I (we) hereby represent and warrant that: Joint Owner Owner (initials) (initials) a) I (we) have received a Prospectus for the Company relating to the Shares for which I am (we are) subscribing at least (five) 5 business days prior to the signing of this Subscription Agreement, wherein the terms and conditions of the offering are described. b) I (we) certify that I (we) have either (1) a net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $70,000 and an annual gross income of at least $70,000, or (2) a net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles) of at least $250,000, or that I (we) meet the higher suitability requirements imposed by my (our) state of primary residence as set forth below and in the Prospectus for the Company relating to the Shares under Suitability Standards. c) I am (we are) purchasing Shares for my (our) own account. d) I (we) acknowledge that the Shares are not liquid, there is no public market for the Shares, and I (we) may not be able to sell the Shares. A 2 V4.4
FS Energy and Power Fund | Subscription Agreement V4.4 6. Investor Representations (continued) Please carefully read and separately initial each of the representations below. In the case of joint investors, each investor must initial. Except in the case of fiduciary accounts, you may not grant any person power of attorney to make such representations on your behalf. In order to induce the Company to accept this subscription, I (we) hereby represent and warrant that: Joint Owner (initials) Owner (initials) e) If I am (we are) a resident of Alabama, I (we) certify that I (we) have a liquid net worth of at least 10 times my (our) investment in the Company and its affiliates and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. For these purposes, liquid net worth shall be defined as that portion of total net worth (total assets minus liabilities) that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. f) If I am (we are) a resident of Idaho, I (we) certify that my (our) investment in the Shares does not exceed 10% of my (our) liquid net worth and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. Liquid net worth is defined as that portion of my (our) net worth consisting of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. g) If I am (we are) a resident of Iowa, I (we) certify that my (our) total investment in FS Energy and Power Fund does not exceed 10% of my (our) liquid net worth and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. Liquid net worth is defined as that portion of an investors net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. h) If I am (we are) a resident of Kansas, I (we) hereby acknowledge that the Office of the Securities Commissioner of Kansas recommends that I (we) should not invest, in the aggregate, more than 10% of my (our) liquid net worth in FS Energy and Power Fund and other non-traded business development companies and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. Liquid net worth is that portion of my (our) net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. i) If I am (we are) a resident of Kentucky, I (we) certify that I (we) have either (1) a liquid net worth of $85,000 and annual gross income of $85,000 or (2) a liquid net worth of $300,000. I (we) further certify that my (our) total investment in FS Energy and Power Fund does not exceed 10% of my (our) liquid net worth. j) If I am (we are) a resident of Maine, I (we) hereby acknowledge that the Maine Office of Securities recommends that my (our) aggregate investment in this offering of FS Energy and Power Fund and similar direct participation investments not exceed 10% of my (our) liquid net worth and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. Liquid net worth is that portion of net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. k) If I am (we are) a resident of Massachusetts, I (we) should not invest, in the aggregate, more than 10% of my (our) liquid net worth in the Companys shares and in other non-traded direct participation programs and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. Liquid net worth shall be defined as that portion of my (our) net worth (total assets minus liabilities) that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. l) If I am (we are) a resident of Nebraska, I (we) certify that I (we) will limit my (our) investment in FS Energy and Power Fund and in the securities of other non-traded direct-participation programs to 10% of my (our) net worth (not including home, furnishings and personal automobiles) and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. An investment in FS Energy and Power Fund by a Nebraska investor who is an accredited investor as defined in 17 CFR 230.501 is not subject to the suitability limitations in this section (l). m) If I am (we are) a resident of New Jersey, I (we) cer tify that I (we) have either (a) a minimum liquid net worth of $100,000 and an annual income of $85,000 or (b) a minimum liquid net worth of $350,000. For these purposes, liquid net worth is defined as that por tion of net worth (total assets exclusive of home, home furnishings and automobiles, minus total liabilities) that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. In addition, my (our) total investment in this offering, and in other related offerings with FS Energy and Power Funds affiliates may not exceed ten percent (10%) of my (our) liquid net worth. n) If I am (we are) a resident of New Mexico, I (we) cer tify that I (we) will limit my (our) investment in non-traded business development companies, including my (our) investment in FS Energy and Power Funds Shares and in FS Energy and Power Funds affiliates, to a maximum of 10% of my (our) liquid net worth and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. Liquid net worth is that por tion of my (our) net worth that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. o) If I am (we are) a resident of North Dakota, I (we) certify that I (we) have a net worth of at least 10 times my (our) investment in FS Energy and Power Fund and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. p) If I am (we are) a resident of Ohio, I (we) certify that my (our) investment in non-traded business development companies, including my (our) investment in FS Energy and Power Funds Shares and any affiliates of FS Energy and Power Fund, does not exceed 10% of my (our) liquid net worth and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. Liquid net worth is that portion of my (our) net worth that is comprised of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities. q) If I am (we are) a resident of Oklahoma or Oregon, I (we) certify that my (our) investment in FS Energy and Power Funds Shares does not exceed 10% of my (our) net worth and I (we) meet one of the established suitability standards described under (b) above. r) If I am (we are) a resident of Tennessee, I (we) certify that I (we) have either (1) a liquid net worth of $85,000 and a minimum annual gross income of $85,000 or (2) a minimum liquid net worth of $300,000. 7. Important Information (Rights, Certifications, Authorizations) By signing below, you hereby acknowledge receipt of the Prospectus of the Company relating to the Shares for which you have subscribed, as supplemented and amended through the date hereof (as so supplemented and amended, the Prospectus), not less than five (5) business days prior to the signing of this Subscription Agreement. The Prospectus is available at www.sec.gov. You are encouraged to read the Prospectus carefully before making any investment decisions. You agree that if this subscription is accepted, it will be held, together with the accompanying payment, on the terms described in the Prospectus. You agree that subscriptions may be rejected in whole or in part by the Company at its sole and absolute discretion. You understand that you will receive a confirmation of your purchase, subject to acceptance by the Company, within fifteen (15) days from the date your subscription is received and accepted, and that the sale of Shares pursuant to this Subscription Agreement will not be effective until at least five (5) business days after the date you have received a final Prospectus. By signing below, you also acknowledge that you have been advised that the assignability and transferability of the Shares is restricted and governed by the terms of the Prospectus; there are risks associated with an investment in the Shares, and you should not invest in the Shares unless you have an adequate means of providing for your current needs and personal contingencies and have no need for liquidity in this investment. The Company is required by law to obtain, verify and record certain personal information from you or persons on your behalf in order to establish the account. Required information includes name, date of birth, permanent residential address and Social Security/taxpayer identification number. The Company may also ask to see other identifying documents. If you do not provide the information, the Company may not be able to open your account. By signing the Subscription Agreement, you agree to provide this information and confirm that this information is true and correct. You further agree that the Company may discuss your personal information and your investment in the Shares at any time with your then current financial advisor. If the Company is unable to verify your identity, or that of another person(s) authorized to act on your behalf, or if we believe we have identified potentially criminal activity, the Company reserves the right to take action as the Company deems appropriate, which may include closing your account. A 3 V4.4 Substitute IRS Form W-9 Certification: I (we) declare that the information supplied in this Subscription Agreement is true and correct and may be relied upon by the Company in connection with my (our) investment in the Company. Under penalties of perjury, each investor signing below certifies that (1) the number shown in the Investor Social Security Number/Taxpayer Identification Number field in section 4 of this form is my correct taxpayer identification number (or I am waiting for a number to be issued to me), (2) I am not subject to backup withholding because (a) I am exempt from backup withholding, (b) I have not been notified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that I am subject to backup withholding as a result of a failure to report all interest or dividends, or (c) the IRS has notified me that I am no longer subject to backup withholding, and (3) I am a U.S. person (including a non-resident alien). NOTE: You must cross out item (2) above if you have been notified by the IRS that you are currently subject to backup withholding because you have failed to report all interest and dividends on your tax return.
FS Energy and Power Fund | Subscription Agreement V4.4 7. Important Information (continued) By signing below, you also acknowledge that: You do not expect to be able to sell your Shares regardless of how the Company performs. If you are able to sell your Shares before we complete a liquidity event, you will likely receive less than your purchase price. The Company does not intend to list the Shares on any securities exchange during the offering period or for what may be a significant time thereafter, and it does not expect a secondary market in the Shares to develop. Although the Company has implemented a share repurchase program, only a limited number of Shares are eligible for repurchase. Any such repurchases will be at a 10% discount to the current offering price in effect on the date of repurchase. The Company may amend, suspend or terminate its share repurchase program at any time. You may not have access to the money you invest for an indefinite period of time until the Company completes a liquidity event. Moreover, there is no assurance that the Company will ever complete a liquidity event. An investment in the Shares is not suitable for you if you need access to the money you invest in the foreseeable future. Distributions may be funded from offering proceeds or borrowings, which may constitute a return of capital and reduce the amount of capital available to the Company for investment. Any capital returned to shareholders through distributions will be distributed after payment of fees and expenses. The Companys previous distributions to shareholders were funded in significant part from the reimbursement of certain expenses, including through the waiver of certain investment advisory fees, that are subject to repayment to its affiliate, Franklin Square Holdings, L.P., or Franklin Square Holdings, and the Companys future distributions may be funded from such waivers and reimbursements. Significant portions of these distributions were not based on the Companys investment performance, and such waivers and reimbursements by Franklin Square Holdings may not continue in the future. If Franklin Square Holdings had not agreed to reimburse certain of the Companys expenses, including through the waiver of certain of its advisory fees, significant portions of these distributions would have come from offering proceeds or borrowings. The repayment of the fees owed to Franklin Square Holdings will reduce the future distributions to which you would otherwise be entitled. 8. Financial Representative The undersigned confirm on behalf of the Broker Dealer, Financial Institution or Registered Investment Adviser that they (i) are registered and/or properly licensed in the state in which the sale of the Shares to the investor executing this Subscription Agreement has been made and that the offering of the Shares is registered for sale in such state; (ii) have reasonable grounds to believe that the information and representations concerning the investor identified herein are true, correct and complete in all respects; (iii) have discussed such investors prospective purchase of Shares with such investor; (iv) have advised such investor of all pertinent facts with regard to the fundamental risks of the investment, including the lack of liquidity and marketability of the Shares; (v) have delivered a current Prospectus and related supplements, if any, to such investor; (vi) have reasonable grounds to believe that the investor is purchasing these Shares for his or her own account; (vii) have reasonable grounds to believe that the purchase of Shares is a suitable investment for such investor, that the undersigned will obtain and retain records relating to such investors suitability for a period of six years, that such investor meets the suitability standards applicable to such investor set forth in the Prospectus and related supplements, if any, that such investor is in a financial position to enable such investor to realize the benefits of such an investment and to suffer any loss that may occur with respect thereto and that such investor has an understanding of the fundamental risks of the investment, the background and qualifications of the persons managing the Company and the tax consequences of purchasing and owning Shares; and (viii) in the case of a Registered Investment Adviser, that the purchase of Shares is in the best interests of the investor. The undersigned Financial Representative further represents and certifies that in connection with this subscription for Shares, he or she has complied with and has followed all applicable policies and procedures under his or her firms existing Anti-Money Laundering Program and Customer Identification Program. Broker Dealer or RIA Firm Name Financial Representative Name (first, middle, last) Mailing Address (street) (city/state) (zip) Advisor Number Branch Number Phone E-mail Address Fax 9. Investment Instructions By Wire Transfer UMB Bank, N.A., ABA Routing #101000695, FS Energy and Power Fund, Account #9871916758 Beneficial Owner(s) (include in memo field) By Mail (Checks should be made payable to FSEP) FS Energy and Power Fund c/o DST Systems Inc. (877) 628-8575 Regular Mail P.O. Box 219095 Kansas City, MO 64121-9095 Express/Overnight Delivery 430 W. 7th Street Kansas City, MO 64105 Custodial Accounts Forward Subscription Agreement to the custodian FAP-FSEP-INV MERFE16 A 4 V4.4 Financial Representative SignaturePrincipal Signature (if applicable) DateDate (mm/dd/yyyy)(mm/dd/yyyy) Owner or Authorized Person SignatureDate (mm/dd/yyyy)Joint Owner or Authorized Person SignatureDate (mm/dd/yyyy) The IRS does not require your consent to any provision of this Subscription Agreement other than the certifications required to avoid backup withholding.
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. No dealer, salesperson or other individual has been authorized to give any information or to make any representations that are not contained in this prospectus. If any such information or statements are given or made, you should not rely upon such information or representation. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell any securities other than those to which this prospectus relates, or an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, to any person in any jurisdiction where such an offer or solicitation would be unlawful. This prospectus speaks as of the date set forth below. You should not assume that the delivery of this prospectus or that any sale made pursuant to this prospectus implies that the information contained in this prospectus will remain fully accurate and correct as of any time subsequent to the date of this prospectus.
Up to 92,200,000
Common Shares
PROSPECTUS
April 29, 2016