Credit Risk. The Fund’s investments are subject to the risk that issuers and/or counterparties will fail to make
payments when due or default completely. If an issuer’s or a counterparty’s financial
condition worsens, the credit quality of the issuer or counterparty may deteriorate. Credit spreads may increase, which may reduce the market values of the Fund’s securities. Credit spread risk is the risk that
economic and market conditions or any actual or perceived credit deterioration may lead to an
increase in the credit spreads (i.e., the difference in yield between two securities of similar maturity but different credit quality) and a decline in price of the issuer’s securities.
Alternative Minimum Tax Risk. The Fund may invest in securities, the interest on which may be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax.
Taxability Risk. The
Fund’s investments in municipal securities rely on the opinion of the issuer’s bond counsel that the interest paid on those securities will not be subject to federal income tax. Tax opinions are generally provided at the
time the municipal security is initially issued. However, after the Fund buys a security, the
Internal Revenue Service may determine that a bond issued as tax-exempt should in fact be taxable and the Fund’s dividends with respect to that bond might be subject to federal income tax.
High Yield Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in securities and instruments of municipal issuers that are highly leveraged, less creditworthy or financially distressed. These investments (also known as junk bonds) are considered to be
speculative and are subject to greater risk of loss, greater sensitivity to economic changes,
valuation difficulties, and potential illiquidity.
In recent years, there has been a broad trend of
weaker or less restrictive covenant protections in the high yield market. Among other things,
under such weaker or less restrictive covenants, borrowers might be able to exercise more flexibility with respect to certain activities than borrowers who are subject to stronger or more protective covenants. For example,
borrowers might be able to incur more debt, including secured debt, return more capital to
shareholders, remove or reduce assets that are designated as collateral securing high yield securities, increase the claims against assets that are permitted against collateral securing high yield securities or otherwise
manage their business in ways that could impact creditors negatively. In addition, certain
privately held borrowers might be permitted to file less frequent, less detailed or less timely financial reporting or other information, which could negatively impact the value of the high yield securities issued by such borrowers.
Each of these factors might negatively impact the high yield instruments held by the
Fund.
No active trading
market may exist for some instruments and certain investments may be subject to restrictions on resale. The inability to dispose of the Fund’s securities and other investments in a timely fashion could result
in losses to the Fund. Because some instruments may have a more limited secondary market,
liquidity and valuation risk may be more pronounced for the Fund. When instruments are prepaid, the Fund may have to reinvest in instruments with a lower yield or fail to recover additional amounts (i.e., premiums) paid for
these instruments, resulting in an unexpected capital loss and/ or a decrease in the amount of
dividends and yield.
Zero-Coupon Bond Risk. The market value of a zero-coupon bond is generally more volatile than the market value of other fixed income securities with similar maturities that pay interest
periodically. In addition, federal income tax law requires that the holder of a zero-coupon bond accrue a portion of the discount at which the bond was purchased as taxable
income each year. The Fund may consequently have to dispose of portfolio securities under
disadvantageous circumstances to generate cash to satisfy its requirement as a regulated
investment company to distribute all of its net income (including non-cash income attributable to
zero-coupon securities). These actions may reduce the assets to which the Fund’s expenses
could otherwise be allocated and may reduce the Fund’s rate of return.
Restricted Securities Risk. Restricted securities are securities that cannot be offered for public resale unless registered under the applicable securities laws or that have a contractual restriction that prohibits or limits their resale.
Restricted securities include private placement securities that have not been registered under
the applicable securities laws, such as Rule 144A securities, and securities of U.S. and non-U.S. issuers that are issued pursuant to Regulation S. Private placements are generally subject to strict restrictions on
resale. Restricted securities may not be listed on an exchange and may have no active trading
market. Restricted securities may be illiquid. The Fund may be unable to sell a restricted security on short notice or may be able to sell them only at a price below current value. It may be more difficult to determine a
market value for a restricted security. Also, the Fund may get only limited information about the
issuer of a restricted security, so it may be less able to predict a loss. In addition, if Fund management receives material non-public information about the issuer, the Fund may as a result be unable to sell the securities.
Certain restricted securities may involve a high degree of business and financial risk and may
result in substantial losses.
General Market Risk. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are becoming increasingly interconnected, which increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one country or region will adversely impact
markets or issuers in other countries or regions. Securities in the Fund’s portfolio may
underperform in comparison to securities in general financial markets, a particular financial
market or other asset classes due to a number of factors, including inflation (or expectations for
inflation), deflation (or expectations for deflation), interest rates, global demand for
particular products or resources, market instability, financial system instability, debt crises and
downgrades, embargoes, tariffs, sanctions and other trade barriers, regulatory events, other
governmental trade or market control programs and related geopolitical events. In addition, the
value of the Fund’s investments may be negatively affected by the occurrence of global events such as war, terrorism, environmental disasters, natural disasters or events, country instability, and infectious disease epidemics or
pandemics.
Industry and Sector Focus Risk. At times, the Fund may increase the relative emphasis of its investments in a particular industry or sector. The prices of securities of issuers in a particular industry or sector may be more susceptible to
fluctuations due to changes in economic or business conditions, government regulations,
availability of basic resources or supplies, contagion risk within a particular industry or sector or to other industries or sectors, or other events that affect that industry or sector more than securities of issuers in other
industries and sectors. To the extent that the Fund increases the relative emphasis of