Municipal obligations may be more
susceptible to downgrades or defaults during recessions or similar periods of economic stress. In
addition, since some municipal obligations may be secured or guaranteed by banks and other institutions, the risk to the Fund could increase if the banking or financial sector suffers an economic downturn and/or if the
credit ratings of the institutions issuing the guarantee are downgraded or at risk of being
downgraded by a national rating organization. Such a downward revision or risk of being downgraded may have an adverse effect on the market prices of the bonds and thus the value of the Fund’s
investments.
In addition to being downgraded, an insolvent municipality may file for bankruptcy. The reorganization of a municipality’s debts may significantly affect the rights of
creditors and the value of the securities issued by the municipality and the value of the
Fund’s investments. Interest on municipal bonds, while generally exempt from federal income
tax, may not be exempt from federal alternative minimum tax.
General Market Risk. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are becoming increasingly interconnected, which increases the likelihood that events or
conditions in one country or region will adversely impact markets or issuers in other countries
or regions. Securities in the Fund’s portfolio may underperform in comparison to securities in general financial markets, a particular financial market or other asset classes due to a number of factors, including inflation
(or expectations for inflation), deflation (or expectations for deflation), interest rates,
global demand for particular products or resources, market instability, financial system instability, debt crises and downgrades, embargoes, tariffs, sanctions and other trade barriers, regulatory events, other governmental
trade or market control programs and related geopolitical events. In addition, the value of the
Fund’s investments may be negatively affected by the occurrence of global events such as war, terrorism, environmental disasters, natural disasters or events, country instability, and infectious disease epidemics or
pandemics.
Alternative Minimum Tax Risk. The Fund may invest in securities, the interest on which may be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax.
Cash
Transactions Risk. Unlike certain ETFs, the Fund may effect creations and redemptions in cash or
partially in cash. Therefore, it may be required to sell portfolio securities and subsequently
recognize gains on such sales that the Fund might not have recognized if it were to distribute portfolio securities in-kind. As such, investments in Shares may be less tax-efficient than an investment in an ETF that
distributes portfolio securities entirely in-kind.
High Yield Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in securities and instruments of municipal issuers that are highly leveraged, less creditworthy or financially distressed. These
investments (also known as junk bonds) are considered to be speculative and are subject to
greater risk of loss, greater sensitivity to economic changes, valuation difficulties, and potential illiquidity.
In recent years, there has been a broad trend of weaker or less restrictive covenant protections in the high yield market. Among other things, under such weaker or less
restrictive covenants, borrowers might be able to exercise more flexibility with respect to
certain activities than borrowers who are subject to stronger or more protective covenants. For example, borrowers might be able to incur more debt, including secured debt, return more capital to shareholders, remove or reduce assets
that are
designated as
collateral securing high yield securities, increase the claims against assets that are permitted against collateral securing high yield securities or otherwise manage their business in ways that could impact creditors
negatively. In addition, certain privately held borrowers might be permitted to file less
frequent, less detailed or less timely financial reporting or other information, which could
negatively impact the value of the high yield securities issued by such
borrowers.
Each of these factors might negatively impact the high yield instruments held by the Fund. No active trading market may exist for some instruments and certain investments
may be subject to restrictions on resale. The inability to dispose of the Fund’s securities
and other investments in a timely fashion could result in losses to the Fund. Because some instruments may have a more limited secondary market, liquidity and valuation risk may be more pronounced for the Fund.
When instruments are prepaid, the Fund may have to reinvest in instruments with a lower yield or
fail to recover additional amounts (i.e., premiums) paid for these instruments, resulting in an
unexpected capital loss and/or a decrease in the amount of dividends and yield.
Interest Rate Risk.
The Fund mainly invests in bonds and other debt securities. These securities will increase or
decrease in value based on changes in interest rates. If rates increase, the value of the
Fund’s investments generally declines. Securities with greater interest rate sensitivity and longer maturities generally are subject to greater fluctuations in value. The Fund may face a heightened level of interest rate
risk due to certain changes in monetary policy. It is difficult to predict the pace at which
central banks or monetary authorities may change interest rates or the timing, frequency, or magnitude of such changes. Any such changes could be sudden and could expose debt markets to significant volatility and reduced
liquidity for Fund investments.
Credit Risk. The Fund’s investments are subject to the risk that issuers and/or counterparties will fail to make payments when due or default completely. If an issuer’s
or a counterparty’s financial condition worsens, the credit quality of the issuer or
counterparty may deteriorate. Credit spreads may increase, which may reduce the market values of
the Fund’s securities. Credit spread risk is the risk that economic and market conditions
or any actual or perceived credit deterioration may lead to an increase in the credit spreads (i.e., the difference in yield between two securities of similar maturity but different credit quality) and a decline in price of the
issuer’s securities.
Floating and Variable Rate Securities Risk. Floating and variable rate securities provide for a periodic adjustment in the interest rate paid on the securities. The rate adjustment intervals may be regular and range from daily up to annually,
or may be based on an event, such as a change in the prime rate. Floating and variable rate
securities may be subject to greater liquidity risk than other debt securities, meaning that there may be limitations on the Fund’s ability to sell the securities at any given time. Such securities also may lose
value.
Structured Product Risk. Structured products, such as tender option bonds, involve structural complexities and potential risks that may not be present where a municipal security is owned directly. These enhanced risks may include
additional counter-party risk (the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its contractual
obligations) and call risk (the risk that the instruments will be called and the proceeds may need to be